Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
15
,
No.
1
,
Febr
uary
20
25
, pp.
24
~
35
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ij
ece.v
15
i
1
.
pp
24
-
35
24
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
Negativ
e
-
seque
nce cur
rent filte
r bas
ed on indu
ctance c
oils
Ma
r
k Kle
tsel
1
, Ba
uyrz
han
Mashr
apov
1
,
Riza
gu
l
Mash
rapova
1
,
A
le
x
an
dr
Kislo
v
2
1
Dep
artm
en
t of
E
l
ectric
Po
w
er
Ind
u
stry
,
Facu
lty
of
Ene
rgetics
,
To
raigh
y
rov
Univ
ersity
,
Pav
l
o
d
ar,
Kaza
k
h
stan
2
Dep
artm
en
t of
El
ectrica
l
E
n
g
in
eerin
g
and
Auto
m
atio
n
,
Facu
lty
of E
n
e
rge
tics, T
o
ra
ig
h
y
rov
Univ
ersity
,
Pav
lo
d
ar,
Kazakh
stan
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
un
18, 2
024
Re
vised
A
ug 9, 20
24
Accepte
d
Se
p 3, 2
024
The
construction
of
n
ew
r
el
ay
pr
ote
c
ti
on
sys
te
ms
without
th
e
us
e
of
cur
ren
t
tra
nsformer
s
is
a
fund
am
en
tal
p
roble
m
of
elec
tr
o
en
erg
etics
,
wh
ic
h
has
no
t
yet
b
ee
n
solved
.
Th
is
works
s
uggests
a
neg
ative
-
seque
n
ce
cu
rre
nt
fil
t
er
which
r
ec
e
ive
s
i
nforma
t
ion
fro
m
i
nduc
ta
n
ce
coil
s
(ICs)
mounted
at
a
saf
e
dista
nc
e
in
th
e
ma
gne
ti
c
fi
el
d
o
f
phase
cur
r
ent
s.
Thi
s
filter
does
not
req
uir
e
cur
ren
t
tra
nsfor
me
rs,
thus
savin
g
high
-
quality
c
opper
,
ste
el,
an
d
expe
nsive
high
-
volt
ag
e
in
sulat
ion
in
amount
unpre
ce
d
e
nte
d
for
re
la
y
pro
tecti
on
(a
6
to
110
kV
cur
ren
t
tr
ansforme
r
h
as
19
to
4
80
kg
in
weigh
t
).
A
ci
r
cui
t
(inc
ludi
ng
func
ti
onal
dia
gnost
i
cs)
and
a
tec
hnique
for
se
l
ec
t
ing
the
par
amete
rs
of
filter
com
pon
ent
s a
nd
th
e
point
s
where
ICs
should
be
fix
ed
ar
e
pre
sente
d
;
a
stru
ct
ure
for
IC
fast
eni
ng
is
desc
ribed.
Comput
er
sim
ula
ti
on
an
d
expe
ri
me
nt
wer
e
used
for
data
col
l
ec
t
ion.
Th
e
dat
a
show
th
at
i
)
th
e
f
il
t
er
conve
rsion
coe
f
fic
i
ent
=
1.
6,
and
im
b
al
an
ce
inc
r
ea
ses
by
7
%
a
t
th
e
net
work
fre
qu
en
cy
=
48
–
52
Hz;
ii
)
prote
c
ti
ons
bas
ed
on
th
is
filter
should
have
a
ti
m
e
delay;
iii
)
th
e
filte
r
is
not
infe
r
ior
to
well
-
known
well
-
t
este
d
fil
ters
with
cur
re
nt
tr
ansforme
rs;
and
iv
)
it
is f
unc
ti
onal,
but
c
an
o
nly
b
e
used
for
single
-
st
anding e
l
ec
tr
ical inst
al
l
at
ions.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Current
filt
er
Ex
per
ime
nt
Ind
uctance c
oil
Neg
at
ive
se
qu
e
nce
Simulat
io
n
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ba
uyrzh
a
n Ma
sh
ra
pov
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ele
ct
ric Power
Industr
y, Fac
ul
ty of E
nergeti
cs, T
or
ai
ghyro
v Un
i
ver
sit
y
16
T
kach
e
v St
r
eet
, P
avl
od
a
r 1
40000,
Kazak
hst
an
Emai
l:
bokama
sh
ra
pov@mai
l.
ru
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Informati
on
a
bout
t
he
ma
gnit
ud
e
of
neg
at
iv
e
seq
uen
ce
cu
r
ren
ts
is
c
omm
on
l
y
us
ed
not
on
l
y
in
relay
protect
ion
[1]
–
[
3]
,
but
al
s
o
in
el
ect
rical
i
nst
al
la
ti
on
c
on
t
ro
l
de
vices
[
4],
[
5]
.
I
n
rela
y
protect
io
n
de
vices,
con
t
ro
l
of
the
se
c
urren
ts
e
na
bles
i
ncr
easi
ng
sensiti
vity
t
o
asy
mmetric
a
l
operati
ng
m
od
e
s
of
a
n
el
e
ct
rical
instal
la
ti
on
,
in
cl
ud
in
g
short
c
ircuit
s
(
SC)
[1].
T
he
refor
e
,
protect
io
ns
a
re
desig
ne
d
base
d
on
filt
ers
[6]
,
w
hich
detect
these
c
urre
nts,
f
or
al
l
gen
e
rato
rs
wit
h
of
higher
th
an
1
,
200
MW
in
powe
r,
pow
er
tra
nsmi
ssio
n
li
ne
s,
and
po
wer
tra
ns
f
ormer
s
with
of
22
0
to
750
kV
in
vo
lt
age;
these
filt
ers
are
t
he
main
c
omp
onents
of
protect
ion
s
a
nd
must
be
i
ns
t
al
le
d
[
7],
[
8]
.
The
main
disa
dv
a
ntage
of
s
uc
h
filt
ers,
incl
ud
i
ng
mic
rop
r
ocess
or
on
e
s,
is
that
t
hey
receive
in
formati
on
on
currents
i
n
the
ph
a
se
s
of
a
n
el
ect
rical
instal
la
ti
on
from
meta
l
-
intensive
an
d
bu
l
ky
cu
rr
e
nt
trans
forme
rs
(
CTs),
w
hich
i
ntr
oduce
a
ddit
ion
al
e
rror
s
in
the
ma
gnit
ude
of
neg
at
ive
se
qu
e
nce c
urren
ts
, e
sp
eci
al
ly
wh
e
n sat
ur
at
e
d.
Ab
a
ndonme
nt
of
CTs
remain
s
one
of
the
f
undame
ntall
y
un
s
o
l
ved
pro
bl
ems
in
the
el
ect
ric
powe
r
industr
y
[9],
[
10]
.
T
his
is
to
pro
vid
e
not
only
sa
ving
in
c
oppe
r,
ste
el
,
a
nd
hi
gh
-
volt
age
insu
la
ti
on
i
n
a
moun
ts
unprece
de
nted
for
rela
y
pr
otect
ion
te
ch
nology,
but
al
so
an
inc
rease
in
el
ect
ric
power
sy
ste
m
reli
abili
ty
by
fu
ll
y
du
plica
ti
ng
the
rela
y
protect
ion
(es
pec
ia
ll
y
majorizat
i
on).
To
da
y,
ma
jorizat
ion
is
e
xt
remely s
el
do
m
use
d
because
relay
protect
ion
CTs
are
not
duplic
at
ed
due
to
hi
gh
cost
a
nd
bu
l
kin
ess
(a
10
to
110
kV
CT
w
ei
gh
s
19
to
480
kg)
.
Re
placeme
nt
of
CTs
with
oth
e
r
se
nsors
will
require
ne
w
r
el
ay
prote
ct
ion
dev
ic
es
.
Th
us,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Ne
gati
ve
-
seq
ue
nce c
ur
re
nt fi
lt
er based o
n
i
nduct
an
ce
co
il
s
(
Mar
k Kl
et
sel
)
25
creati
on
of
ne
w
rela
y
pr
otect
ion
s
for
el
ect
ri
c
powe
r
syst
ems
bec
om
e
s
a
n
ur
gen
t
pro
blem.
Atte
m
pts
to
s
olv
e
it
beg
a
n
i
n
the
pa
st
centu
ry.
Ma
gn
et
ic
c
urre
nt
trans
f
or
me
rs
[
11]
,
ree
d
s
witc
hes
[12
]
–
[16
]
,
Rogowski
c
oils
[
9],
[17]
–
[23]
,
Hal
l
sens
or
s
[
24]
–
[
26]
,
a
nd
in
duct
ance
coils
(I
Cs)
[
27]
we
r
e
sug
gested
to
be
us
e
d
as
c
urren
t
sens
or
s
.
The
quest
io
n
of
w
hich
of
t
hese
se
nsors
is
pr
e
fer
a
bl
e
can
be
a
nsw
ered
on
l
y
a
fter
accum
ulati
ng
c
ertai
n
serv
ic
e
e
xp
e
rience
of
relay
protect
ion
devi
ces
create
d
on
t
heir
ba
sis.
Howe
ver,
t
his
ex
pe
rience
is
li
mit
e
d
tod
a
y,
a
s
well
as the
li
st o
f
s
uc
h dev
ic
es
.
Th
us
,
neg
at
iv
e
-
seq
ue
nce
cu
rr
e
nt
filt
ers
w
it
ho
ut
CTs
w
ere
sug
gested
to
desig
n
only
b
ase
d
o
n
Rogowski
c
oils
[28
],
[
29]
a
nd
ree
d
s
witc
he
s
[30
],
[31]
.
T
he
f
ormer
det
ect
neg
at
ive
-
se
qu
e
nce
c
urre
nts
by
con
t
ro
ll
in
g
t
he
su
m
o
f
volt
age
s
ph
ase
s
hifte
d
in
a
sp
eci
fied
an
gle
usi
ng
a
c
apacit
or
a
nd
a
r
esi
stor
c
onnec
te
d
to
the
outp
uts
of
the
Ro
gows
ki
coils
w
hich
e
nc
ircl
e
the
phas
e
cond
ucto
rs.
The
la
tt
er
dete
ct
these
cu
rr
e
nt
s
by
con
t
ro
ll
in
g
th
e
total
inducti
on
of
ma
gn
et
i
c
fiel
ds
pr
oduc
ed
by
c
urre
nt
s
in
the
phas
es
of
a
n
el
ect
rical
instal
la
ti
on
an
d
act
in
g
on
a
r
eed
s
witc
h
fix
ed
at
a
sa
fe
distance
f
rom
the
m.
Howe
ver
,
they
can
not
be
us
e
d
i
n
protect
ion
s
f
or
el
ect
rical
instal
la
ti
on
s
of
330
kV
a
nd
hi
gh
e
r
i
n
vo
lt
ag
e
in
mo
st
ca
s
es.
Fil
te
rs
bas
ed
on
Rogowsk
i
c
oils
are
bu
l
ky,
sin
ce
high
-
volt
ag
e
insu
la
ti
on
is
need
e
d
t
o
m
ount
Ro
gows
ki
c
oils,
w
hich
ma
kes
the
weig
ht
an
d
siz
e
of
a
c
urre
nt
s
ens
or
become
al
mo
st
the
sa
m
e
as
tho
se
of
a
CT.
Fil
te
rs
bas
ed
on
reed
s
wi
tc
hes
are
ins
uffici
en
tl
y
sensiti
vity
,
since
reed
s
w
it
c
hes
ha
ve
a
respo
ns
e
t
hr
es
ho
l
d,
a
nd
the
furthe
r
the
y
a
r
e
from
bu
s
ba
rs,
t
he hi
gh
e
r
c
urre
nt is
require
d
to
trig
ger them
.
In
this
wor
k,
we
sug
gest
a
ne
gative
-
se
que
nc
e
current
filt
e
r
with
ou
t
a
c
urren
t
tra
ns
f
orm
er
base
d
on
inducta
nce
c
oils,
w
hich
,
li
ke
r
eed
s
wit
ches,
a
re
sp
a
ced
a
pa
rt
from
t
he
phas
es
of
an
el
ect
ri
cal
instal
la
ti
on
to
a
distance
acce
pt
able
in
te
rm
s
of
sa
fety.
I
nd
uctance
c
oils
have
bee
n
ch
os
e
n
because
t
hey
a
re
fr
ee
of
t
he
a
bove
li
ste
d
disa
dv
a
ntages
of
Ro
gows
ki
c
oils
a
nd
ree
d
s
witc
he
s,
do
no
t
re
quire
sta
ble
po
wer
s
upply,
ha
ve
no
resid
ual
volt
ag
e
and
la
rg
e
spread
of
pa
ram
et
ers
li
ke
Hall
sens
or
s
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion
,
the
y
ar
e
mu
c
h
small
e
r
an
d
li
gh
te
r
t
han ma
gn
et
ic
c
urre
nt tran
s
f
or
me
rs.
2.
PROP
OSE
D MET
HO
D
2.1.
Diagra
m
of
the
sugges
ted
f
il
ter
Neg
at
ive
-
se
quence
c
urre
nt
I
2
filt
er
for
el
ect
rical
instal
la
ti
on
s
w
her
e
the
phase
bus
duct
s
are
locat
e
d
at
the
ve
rtic
es o
f
a
n
e
quil
at
eral
tria
ngle
c
ons
ist
s
of
t
wo
i
de
ntica
l
du
plica
tin
g fil
te
rs
F
1
a
nd F2
i
n
Fig
ure
1.
T
he
duplica
ti
on
inc
reases
t
he
r
el
ia
bili
ty
of
detect
ion
of
I
2
an
d
e
nab
le
s
desi
gn
i
ng
a
sim
ple
fa
ult
diag
nosis
s
cheme.
Fil
te
r
F1
(
F2)
con
ta
in
s
as
s
how
n
in
Fi
g
ur
e
1:
inducta
nc
e
coils
(1)
an
d
(
2)
((3)
a
nd
(4))
with
the
same
par
a
mete
rs
fix
ed
at
a
safe
dis
ta
nce
fro
m
the
bu
s
duct
s
of
phases
A,
B,
a
nd
C
in
thei
r
cr
os
s
-
sect
ion
al
pl
an
e
N
1
(N
2
);
am
plifie
r
s
(
5)
a
nd
(
6)
((7)
an
d
(
8));
and
ph
as
e
s
hif
ti
ng
ci
rcu
it
(PSC
)
(9)
(
(10))
.
Fa
ult
detect
ion
is
performe
d b
y
c
omparis
on circ
uit (CC)
(
11).
2.2.
Pri
ncipl
e of d
esi
gn
[32
]
Let
us
co
ns
ide
r
the
de
sig
n
of
filt
er
F1
.
T
he
e
le
ct
ro
m
otive
f
or
ce
(E
M
F)
Е
1
at
te
rmin
al
s
12
a
nd
13
is
pro
portion
al
t
o
2
if t
he
filt
er
pa
rameters
and c
oor
din
at
es
of IC
s 1
a
nd
2
a
re
sel
ect
ed
so as
(
1)
,
Е
1
=
Е
5
+
Е
9
=
К
1
2
,
(1)
wh
e
re
Е
5
an
d
Е
9
are
the E
M
F
at o
ut
pu
ts
of am
plif
ie
r
5 an
d PSC
9;
К
1
is t
he pr
oport
ion
al
it
y
c
onst
ant.
Let
u
s
re
pr
ese
nt
2
from
(1) as
[
33]
:
3
2
=
(
−
)
+
(
В
−
С
)
⋅
−
12
0
,
(2)
wh
e
re
,
В
,
and
С
are
the
total
currents
in
ph
ases
А,
В,
a
nd
С;
−
120
is
the
com
plex
numbe
r
w
hic
h
char
act
e
rizes
the
c
ountercl
oc
kw
ise
pha
se
s
hi
ft
by
–
120°.
T
his
re
pr
e
sentat
ion
has
bee
n
c
hose
n
with
the
a
im
of
exclu
ding
t
he
eff
ect
of
mag
ne
ti
c
fiel
ds
pro
duced
by
r
esi
du
al
cu
rr
e
nts
on
an
IC.
W
he
n
de
com
posin
g
t
he
phase
currents
int
o
s
ym
met
rical
c
omp
on
e
nts,
the
s
e
c
urren
ts
c
ompen
sat
e
eac
h
ot
her
w
he
n
subt
racti
ng.
Acc
ordin
g
to
(1)
a
nd (2), the
foll
ow
i
ng con
diti
on
s
sho
uld
be
e
vid
e
ntly
m
et
w
he
n desi
gning
a
f
il
te
r:
Е
5
=
1
(
−
)
;
Е
9
=
1
(
−
)
−
1
20
,
(3)
wh
e
re
Е
5
=
1
Е
1
;
Е
9
=
2
Е
2
,
(4)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng,
V
ol.
15
, No
.
1
,
Febr
uary
20
25
:
24
-
35
26
Е
IC
1
an
d
Е
IC
2
a
re
t
he
E
MFs
at
te
rmi
nals
of
I
Cs
1
a
nd
2;
is
the
ph
a
se
s
hift
of
PSC
9;
1
an
d
2
are
the
gains
of am
plif
ie
rs
5 an
d 6.
The
E
M
Fs
Е
IC
1
an
d
Е
IC2
a
re
induce
d
in
ICs
1
a
nd
2
by
t
he
inducti
ons
В
1
a
nd
В
2
of
t
he
ma
gnet
ic
fiel
ds
prod
uce
d
by p
hase
cu
r
ren
ts
al
on
g
t
he
lo
ng
it
ud
i
nal
a
xis o
f
t
he
ICs w
it
h
a
phase
la
g
of 90°
f
rom
В
1
and
В
2
, and, as is
known
from
basic
el
ect
rical
en
gine
erin
g,
a
re
dete
rmin
e
d from
(
5a
)
a
nd (5b)
,
Е
1
=
2
1
1
В
1
−
90
=
2
В
1
−
90
(5
a
)
Е
2
=
2
1
1
В
2
−
90
=
2
В
2
−
90
,
(5
b
)
wh
e
re
W
1
a
nd
S
1
a
re
the
nu
mb
e
r
of
tu
r
ns
and
the
c
ro
s
s
-
sect
ion
al
a
rea
of
IC
1
a
nd
2
(their
pa
ramet
ers
a
re
equ
al
);
K
2
is t
he
prop
or
ti
onal
it
y
co
ns
ta
nt.
Substi
tuti
ng
(5
a
)
a
nd (5b)
i
n
(
4) an
d
e
quat
in
g (4) a
nd
(
3),
we deri
ve
,
В
1
=
1
(
−
)
(
2
1
−
90
)
(6
a
)
В
2
=
1
(
−
)
−
120
(
2
2
(
−
90
)
)
.
(6
b
)
F
rom
(6
a
)
a
nd
(6b)
sho
ws
tha
t
to
detect
I
2
I
C
1
(
2)
s
hould
be
mou
nting
s
o
as
t
o
be
af
fe
ct
ed
by
t
he
ma
gn
et
ic
fiel
d
pro
du
ce
d
by
c
urre
nts
of
on
l
y
phases
A
a
nd
С
(В
a
nd
С)
.
Let
us
sh
ow
ho
w
t
his
can
be
done.
Let
us
def
i
ne
the
in
du
ct
ion
В
IC
1
us
i
ng
the
Bi
ot
–
Sa
va
rt
la
w
an
d
ta
ki
ng
int
o
acc
ount
the
ef
fect
o
f
the
ma
gn
et
ic
f
ie
lds
pro
du
ce
d b
y
c
urren
ts
of th
ree
phases
on
IC
1 (
В
IC
2
is de
fin
ed
in
the
same
way):
В
IC
1
=
В
А1
А1
+
В
1
В1
+
В
1
С1
=
0
(
А1
1
1
+
1
1
1
+
1
1
1
)
2
,
(7)
wh
e
re
В
А1
,
В
1
,
В
1
are
the
ma
gn
et
ic
inducti
ons
at
the
point
of
IC
1
in
du
c
ed
by
currents
1
,
1
,
1
in
ph
a
ses
А,
В,
a
nd
С;
А1
,
В1
,
an
d
С1
are
the
a
ngle
s
be
tween
t
he
lo
ngit
ud
i
nal
axis
of
IC
1
an
d
В
А1
,
В
1
,
an
d
В
1
,
res
pecti
vely;
µ
0
is
the
pe
rme
abili
ty
of
ai
r;
l
A
1
,
l
В
1
,
an
d
l
С
1
are
the
distanc
es
from
the
a
xe
s
of
bus
duct
s
of
ph
a
ses
А,
В
, a
nd С to
the ce
nt
er of gr
a
vity
of I
C
1.
Fo
r
В
IC
1
(
В
IC
2
)
(
7)
to
be
pro
portio
nal
to
the
di
ff
e
rence
bet
ween
the
cu
rr
e
nts
of
phases
А
a
nd
С
(
В
and С),
the
f
ollow
i
ng
co
ndit
ion
s s
houl
d be m
et
:
С1
С1
=
−
А1
А1
;
1
1
=
0
;
(8
a
)
2
2
=
−
2
2
;
А2
2
=
0
.
(8
b
)
To
f
ulfill
co
nd
it
ion
s
(8),
ICs
1
a
nd
2
are
m
ounted
in
plan
e
N
1
in
Fig
ure
1
at
a
sa
fe
dis
ta
nce
from
the
phase
bu
s
du
ct
s
s
o
a
s
the
lo
ng
it
udi
nal
a
xis
of
IC
1
c
oin
ci
des
wi
th
the
bisect
in
g
li
ne
of
the
a
ng
le
bet
ween
t
he
li
ne
s
connecti
ng
t
he
bus
duct
s
of
phases
A
a
nd
B
and
the
bu
s
duct
s
of
phases
B
an
d
C,
a
nd
t
he
lo
ng
it
udinal
a
xis
of
IC
2
coi
ncides
with
the b
ise
ct
ing
li
ne
of
t
he
a
ng
le
b
et
wee
n
the
li
nes
co
nne
ct
ing
the b
us
ducts
of
phases B
and
ph
a
se
A
a
nd
t
he
bus
du
ct
s
of
phases
A
an
d
C.
The
safe
di
sta
nce
de
pe
nd
s
on
the
volt
age
cl
ass
and
inc
r
eases
with
the
volt
ag
e,
f
or
e
xam
ple,
it
sh
ou
ld
be
no
le
ss
tha
n
0.4
m
at
35
kV,
1
m
at
110
kV,
and
2
m
at
22
0
kV.
The
EMF
at
the
te
r
minals
of
a
n
IC
a
nd,
hen
ce
,
t
he
i
nduced
in
duct
ion
in
t
he
IC
i
n
(5)
a
nd
(7)
de
crea
s
e
inv
e
rsely
pro
portio
nal
to
t
he
distance.
Ex
pe
riments
a
nd
cal
culat
ion
s
sho
w
their
va
lues
t
o
be
of
mil
li
vo
lt
s,
an
d
they
ca
n be
am
plifie
d
t
o
r
eq
ui
red val
ues.
He
nce,
t
he
s
ugges
te
d
filt
er
will
perf
orm it
s fu
nc
ti
on
.
To
sim
plif
y
th
e
cal
culat
ion
s
,
it
is
conve
nien
t
to
set
the
cen
te
rs
of
gr
a
vity
of
ICs
1
a
nd
2
at
po
i
nts
on
horizo
ntal
li
ne
14
wh
i
c
h
passe
s
th
rou
gh
ph
as
e
C
par
al
le
l
to
li
ne
15
co
nnect
ing
phases
A
a
nd
B
i
n
plane
N
1
,
a
t
distances
x
1
=
–
0,5
d
и
x
2
=1
.5
d
(
d
is
the
dis
ta
nce
betwee
n
co
nduct
or
s
of
adjace
nt
phas
es)
from
point
16
of
intersect
io
n
of
the
ver
ti
cal
whic
h
passes
th
rough
the
bus
du
ct
o
f
phase
A
with
li
ne
14,
a
nd
at
a
ngle
s
γ
1
=30
°
and
γ
2
=
150
°
be
tween
li
ne
14
a
nd
the
lo
ng
it
ud
inal
axes
of I
C
s
1
an
d
2.
T
he
n,
l
A
1
=
l
B
1
=
l
B
2
=
l
C
2
=
d
, α
A
1
=α
C
2
=
120
°
,
α
C
1
=α
B
2
=6
0
°
, a
nd α
B
1
=α
A
2
=9
0
°
, a
nd from
(7)
w
e
de
rive
,
В
1
=
0
4
(
−
)
;
В
2
=
0
4
(
−
)
,
(
9)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Ne
gati
ve
-
seq
ue
nce c
ur
re
nt fi
lt
er based o
n
i
nduct
an
ce
co
il
s
(
Mar
k Kl
et
sel
)
27
l
et
K
a
1
=
K
a
2
. Th
en,
from
(
1),
(4),
(5), an
d (9),
we have
(
10)
,
Е
1
=
0
2
1
4
(
−
)
−
90
+
0
2
1
4
(
−
)
(
−
90
)
=
=
1
[
(
−
)
+
(
−
)
ФП
С
]
;
(10)
Fr
om
(2)
a
nd (10) s
hows
that
Е
Σ1
is p
rop
or
ti
on
al
t
o
I
2
if
β
PS
C
=
–
120°.
Fil
te
r
2
is
de
sig
ned
in
t
he
sa
m
e
wa
y.
Ind
ucta
nce
c
oils
3
an
d
4
a
re
mou
nted
in
plane
2
relat
ive
to
the
phase
bus
du
ct
s
li
ke
ICs
1
a
nd
2
in
pla
ne
1
(
x
3
=
x
1
,
x
4
=
x
2
,
γ
3
=γ
1
,
γ
4
=γ
2
).
T
he
pa
ramet
ers
of
am
plifie
rs
7
and
8
a
nd
PSC
10
are
sel
ect
ed
the
same
as
t
ho
s
e
of
am
plifi
ers
5
an
d
6
a
nd
PSC
9.
Th
en
,
Е
2
at
te
rmina
ls
17
and
18
is
pro
portio
nal
to
I
2
an
d
e
qual
to
Е
1
.
The
e
qu
al
it
y
Е
2
=
Е
1
is
necessa
ry
to
pe
rform
f
un
ct
io
na
l
diag
nost
ic
s of t
he fil
te
r.
2.3.
Fau
lt
dia
gnos
t
ic
s
Fil
te
r
fa
ults
are
detect
ed
b
y
c
ompa
rison
ci
rcui
t
11
in
Fi
g
ure
1,
w
hich
ca
n
be
impleme
nte
d
base
d
on
a
diff
e
re
ntial
am
plifie
r
with
a
r
el
ay
c
onnected
to
it
s
outp
ut
(like
in
the
filt
er
prot
otype
pres
ented
bel
ow).
I
n
t
his
case,
EMF
Е
Σ2
an
d
Е
Σ1
are
fe
d
t
o
the
in
pu
ts
of
the
diff
e
re
ntial
amplifie
r
,
a
nd
E
M
F
11
=
Е
1
−
Е
2
is
fe
d
t
o
the
relay
.
Du
e
to
er
rors
i
n
m
ountin
g
the
IC
an
d
in
t
he
pa
rameters
of
c
omp
on
e
nts
of
fi
lt
ers
F
1
an
d
F
2
,
this
diff
e
re
nce
is
e
qu
al
to
the
im
ba
la
nce
E
MF
E
imb
in
t
he
abse
nc
e
of
fa
ults.
I
f
a
fa
ult
occ
ur
s
i
n
t
he
ci
rc
uit
of
,
e.
g.
,
IC
3,
t
hen
Е
11
>
,
co
mp
a
rison
ci
rc
ui
t
11
ope
rates
a
nd
sig
nals
a
bo
ut
a
fa
ult
in
t
he
filt
er.
The
set
po
i
nt
E
op
of
ci
rcu
it
11
operati
on
is
offs
et
from
the
ma
ximal
E
imb
in
t
he
loa
d
m
ode.
This
e
nab
le
s
i
de
ntify
i
ng
fa
ults
in
the
filt
er
be
fore
a
sh
ort
ci
rc
uit
(SC
)
occ
urs
in
a
n
el
e
ct
rical
ins
ta
ll
at
ion
.
H
owever,
in
t
his
ca
se,
ci
rc
uit
11
operate
s
in
th
e
cas
e
of
this
SC
e
ven
i
n
t
he
abse
nce
of
fa
ults.
F
or
t
he
sig
nal
from
ci
rc
uit
11
to
no
t
in
duce
i
nc
orrect
op
e
rati
on
of
t
he
pr
otect
ion
de
vice,
it
s
hould
be
bl
ock
e
d
in
t
he
case
w
her
e
bo
t
h
me
as
ur
i
ng
el
e
ments
c
onnected
to
F
1
an
d
F
2
operate.
We
permi
t
this
behav
ior
of
t
he
fa
ult
diag
nosti
c
ci
rcu
it
,
since
t
he
functi
onal
it
y
of
th
e
relay
protect
io
n dev
ic
e is
ch
e
cked after
clea
rin
g
a s
hort cir
cuit.
Figure
1. Dia
gram of t
he
neg
a
ti
ve
-
seq
ue
nce
current
filt
er
w
it
h
f
un
ct
io
nal
di
agnostic
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng,
V
ol.
15
, No
.
1
,
Febr
uary
20
25
:
24
-
35
28
3.
METHO
D
3.1
.
Co
m
pu
ter sim
ulat
i
on
To
c
hec
k
filt
er
perf
or
ma
nce
,
we
car
ried
out
simulat
io
n
in
M
A
TLAB
ta
ki
ng
into
acco
un
t
the
w
or
st
eff
ect
of
er
ror
s
on
Е
Σ1
a
nd
Е
Σ2
.
A
11
0
-
kV
on
e
-
en
d
tra
nsmi
ssion
li
ne
80
km
l
ong
in
Fig
ure
2
at
a
load
of
30
MW
an
d
=
0.95
was
sim
ulate
d.
Th
e
dista
nc
e
betwee
n
t
he
ph
a
ses w
as
ta
ke
n
to
be
1
m
(t
he
mi
nim
um
permi
ssible
saf
e
distance)
.
T
he
current
in
t
he
li
ne
ph
a
ses
was
meas
ured
by
c
u
rr
e
nt
tran
sforme
rs
T
A1
–
T
A3.
Bl
ock
s
“
G
oto
”
an
d
“
Fr
om
”
i
n
Fi
g
ures
2
a
nd
3(a)
we
re
us
e
d
to
cal
cul
at
e
the
ma
gne
ti
c
ind
uc
ti
on.
Bl
ock
s
“
Con
st
an
t
,”
“
Con
st
an
t
1
,”
“
Divi
de
,”
an
d
“
From
”
in
Fig
ure
3(
a
)
sim
ulate
d
the
in
duct
ion
of
a
ma
gn
e
ti
c
fiel
d
pro
du
ce
d
by
t
he
c
urren
t
in
ph
a
se
C
an
d
aff
ect
in
g
IC
1.
The
i
nductio
ns
of
mag
netic
fiel
ds
pro
duced
by
currents
i
n
ph
ases
A
a
nd
B
and
a
ff
ect
in
g
IC
1
in
Fig
ure
3(
a
)
are
s
imulat
ed
by
bl
ock
s
“
C
onsta
nt
4
,”
“
Con
st
an
t
5
,”
“
Divi
de
2
,”
“
From
2
,
”
a
nd
“
C
onstan
t
2
,”
“
C
ons
tan
t
3
,”
“
Divi
de
1
,”
an
d
“
Fr
om
1
”
res
pecti
vely
.
T
h
e
va
l
ue
s
i
n
“
C
o
n
s
t
an
t
,”
“
C
on
s
t
a
nt
2
,”
a
n
d
“
C
o
n
s
t
an
t
4
”
bl
oc
ks
c
or
r
e
s
p
on
d
t
o
t
he
r
a
t
i
os
С1
С1
,
1
1
,
a
n
d
1
1
with
al
l
ow
a
nc
e
f
or
mou
ntin
g
e
rro
rs
of
5%
to
wards
in
creasin
g
t
he
di
sta
nces
l
A
1
,
l
B
1
,
a
nd
l
C
1
;
in
blo
c
ks
“
Con
st
an
t
1
,”
“
Con
st
an
t
3
,”
a
nd
“
Co
ns
t
an
t
5
,”
the
val
ues
c
orrespo
nd
to
the
rati
o
0
2
.
“
Ad
d
”
bl
ock
cal
c
ulate
s
the
total
inducti
on
act
ing
al
ong
the
lo
ngit
udinal
axis
of
IC
1.
The
i
nductio
ns
of
ma
gnet
ic
f
ie
lds
af
fecti
ng
IC
3
wer
e
sim
ulate
d
in
the
same
w
ay
an
d
with
th
e
same
nume
rical
values
in
bl
ocks
“
Co
ns
ta
nt
”
–
“
Co
ns
ta
nt
5
”
.
The
inducti
ons
of
the
mag
netic
fi
el
ds
a
ff
ect
in
g
I
C
2
a
nd
IC
4
wer
e
sim
ulati
ng
by
re
placi
ng
the
value
s
in
blo
c
ks
“
Con
st
an
t
,”
“
Con
st
an
t
2
,”
an
d
“
C
on
st
an
t
4
”
with
–
0.5
15,
0.
5
3,
a
nd
–
0.0
17
,
res
pecti
vel
y.
These
val
ues
e
ns
ure
maximal
im
bal
ance
of
the
filt
er.
T
he
E
M
F
a
t
the
te
r
minals
of
an
y
of
the
I
Cs
(
with
22
,
50
0
tu
r
ns
a
nd
a
c
ro
ss
-
sect
ion
al
area
of
236
m
m
2
)
was
sim
ulate
d
us
i
ng
blo
c
ks
“
Con
st
an
t
6
”
–
“
Co
ns
ta
nt
8
”
(wher
e
“
314
”
is
the
pro
du
ct
2πf)
a
nd
“
Divi
de
3
”
with
the
same
sp
eci
fied
num
erical
values
.
The
filt
er
ci
rc
uit
model
is
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
3(
b)
.
Bl
ocks
“
IC
1
”
–
“
IC
4
”
are
ma
de
accor
ding
to
t
he
ci
rcu
it
in
Fig
ur
e
3(
a
),
bu
t
w
it
h
the
co
rr
es
pondin
g
coeffic
ie
nts.
Bl
ock
s
“
Swit
ch
1
,”
“
Swit
ch
3
,”
“
Swit
ch
4
,”
“
Off
Delay
1
,”
“
Off
Delay
3
,”
“
Off
Delay
,”
“
Con
st
an
t
1
,”
“
Con
st
an
t
3
,”
a
nd
“
Co
ns
ta
nt
4
”
wer
e
us
e
d
t
o
sim
ulate
filt
er
da
mag
e
at
diff
e
re
nt
ti
me
po
i
nts
.
Bl
ock
s
“
Tr
ans
po
rt
Del
ay
”
pr
ov
i
de
a
n
E
M
F
sh
ift
by
t
he
a
ngle
β
PSC
=
–
120
0
.
Bl
ock
s
“
Swit
c
h
,”
“
Swit
ch
2
,”
“
Off
Delay
,”
“
Off
Delay
2
,”
“
C
onstan
t
,”
a
nd
“
C
on
st
ant
2
”
c
ompen
sat
e
for
th
e
ti
me
delay
c
ause
d
by
“
Tr
ansport
Delay
”
blo
c
ks
.
Bl
ock
“
Su
btrac
t
”
simulat
es
a
par
t
of
co
mp
a
rison
ci
rcu
it
11
in
Fig
ure
1)
wh
e
re
the
differenc
e
betwee
n vo
lt
a
ge
s E
Σ1
a
nd E
Σ2
is cal
culat
ed.
Vo
lt
age
s
Е
5
,
Е
9
, E
11
,
Е
Σ1
,
and
Е
Σ2
are p
ic
ke
d up f
rom
ou
t
pu
t
s 1
–
5.
Figure
2. Mo
de
l of a
110
-
kv
powe
r
tra
ns
mis
sion l
ine
3.2.
Fil
ter prot
ot
y
pe and experi
ment
al setup
f
or
its
study
Figures
4
sho
ws
t
he
la
bo
ratory
set
up
:
it
s
di
agr
am
in
Fig
ure
4(
a
)
a
nd
ass
embled
set
up
in
Fi
gure
4(b
)
.
The
la
borat
ory
set
up
i
nclu
de
s:
load
tra
ns
f
ormer
“
1
”
of
35
kV
A
in
pow
er
with
t
he
tra
ns
f
ormer
rati
o
38
0/2
connecte
d
by
the
pri
mar
y
w
ind
in
g
t
o
38
0
-
V
el
ect
rical
ne
twork;
busb
a
r
s
“
2
”
l
ocated
at
the
ve
rtic
es
of
an
equ
il
at
eral
t
riang
le
(
d
=
40
cm
;
it
is
dif
ficult
t
o
sp
ace
the
m
f
ur
t
her
a
par
t
in
la
boratory
c
onditi
on
s
);
a
loa
d
in
the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Ne
gati
ve
-
seq
ue
nce c
ur
re
nt fi
lt
er based o
n
i
nduct
an
ce
co
il
s
(
Mar
k Kl
et
sel
)
29
form
of
balla
st
rh
eo
sta
ts
“
3
”
(t
yp
e
RB
-
30
2,
resist
ance
of
0.2
ohm
);
ci
r
cuit
br
ea
ker
“
4
”
(
ty
pe
В
А57Ф
35
-
340010,
rated
current
of
200
А,
a
nd
rated
vo
lt
age
of
38
0
V)
;
DC
sourc
e
“
5
”
(
GP
C
-
76
030D
ty
pe,
ma
xima
l
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
if
60
V
)
f
or
powe
rin
g
filt
er
“
6
”
;
f
our
-
c
ha
nn
el
osc
il
losc
op
e
s
A
KI
P
4119
/
2
“
7
”
a
nd
AKIP
4119/4
“
8
”
for
adjustin
g
t
he
filt
er.
Th
e
co
nt
act
s
of
br
ea
ke
r
4
on
on
e
sid
e
are
s
hort
-
ci
r
cuite
d
to
impl
ement
two
-
an
d
th
ree
-
phase
(sho
wn
by
das
he
d
li
ne
in
Fig
ur
e
3)
sh
ort
ci
rc
uits.
Sing
le
-
phase
s
hort
ci
rcu
it
s
ca
nnot
be
impleme
nted
in
la
borato
r
y
c
onditi
ons.
I
nd
uctance
c
oils
“
9
–
12
”
(c
ro
s
s
s
ect
ion
of
the
I
C
f
rame
is
r
ound
;
th
e
numb
e
r
of
tu
r
ns
is
22,50
0;
the
heig
ht
is
36
m
m;
the
windi
ng
thickne
ss
is
5
mm,
a
nd
t
he
in
ner
diamet
er
of
the
fr
ame
is
10
m
m
incl
ud
i
ng
th
e
wall
)
are
m
ounte
d
e
xactl
y
li
ke
in
Fig
ure
1
(
x
1
=
–
20
c
m
a
nd
x
2
=
60
cm,
γ
1
=
300
and
γ
2
=
1,500).
Fig
ur
es
5
sho
ws
the
la
borat
ory
protot
yp
e
of
a
ne
gative
-
s
equ
e
nce
c
urre
nt
filt
er:
it
s
sc
hemati
c
diag
ram
is
s
ho
wn
in
Fig
ur
e
5(a),
an
d
t
he
as
semble
d
filt
er
is
show
n
i
n
Fi
gure
5(b)
(
w
he
re
СС
is
c
omp
ariso
n
ci
rcu
it
11
from
Fig
ure
1)
.
The
la
borat
ory
pro
totyp
e
of
filt
er
has
bee
n
asse
mb
le
d
from
a
dj
us
ta
ble
R
1
(
500
kΩ
)
and
R
2
(5
kΩ
)
a
nd
non
-
adj
us
ta
ble
R3
(
10
kΩ
)
resist
or
s,
op
e
rati
onal
amplifie
rs
OA
(ty
pe
L
M
35
8),
a
nd
capaci
tors C
1 (
3.3 μF) f
or de
monstrati
ng a
po
s
sibil
it
y
of i
mp
le
me
ntin
g
t
he
the
oret
ic
al
calc
ulati
on
s.
The
e
xperime
nt
al
procedu
re
i
s
as
fo
ll
ows.
A
fter
asse
mb
li
ng
the
la
borat
ory
set
up
in
acc
orda
nce
with
the
ab
ov
e
-
desc
ribe
d
sche
me,
DC
cu
rr
e
nt
source
“
5
”
a
nd
os
ci
ll
os
co
pes
“
7
”
an
d
“
8
”
a
re
switc
he
d
on.
T
he
so
urce
“
5
”
vo
lt
age
is
set
t
o
15
V
(
op
e
rat
ion
al
am
plifie
r
vo
lt
age
).
T
he
n,
tra
ns
f
ormer
“
1
”
is
switc
he
d
on
(breake
r
“
4
”
is
open
at
this
ti
me).
The
gai
n
facto
rs
of
vo
l
ta
ge
am
plifie
rs
G
1
–
G
4
a
nd
t
he
a
ngle
s
of
phase
-
sh
ifti
ng circ
uits PSC1
a
nd PSC
2
are a
dju
ste
d
un
der
t
he
loa
d
m
od
e
. T
o do
t
his,
Е
Σ1
,
Е
Σ2
, a
nd
Е
11
are c
on
t
ro
ll
e
d
by
os
ci
ll
ogra
ms
rec
orde
d
by
os
ci
ll
os
co
pe
s
“
7
”
a
nd
“
8
”
,
an
d
t
he
re
sist
ances
of
resis
tors
R
1
a
nd
R2
are
change
d
unti
l
Е
Σ1
,
Е
Σ2
,
a
nd
Е
11
bec
om
e
min
imum
possi
ble.
A
fter
that,
al
l
con
ta
ct
s
of
bre
aker
“
4
”
on
on
e
side
as
s
how
n
i
n
Figure
4(a)
a
re
bonde
d;
th
e
br
e
aker
is
cl
os
e
d,
thu
s
producin
g
a
t
hr
ee
-
ph
ase
sh
ort
ci
rcu
it
.
V
oltag
e
os
ci
ll
ograms
a
re
rec
orde
d.
B
reak
e
r
“
4
”
is
opene
d.
T
o
c
he
ck
the
filt
e
r
op
erati
on
in
t
he
even
t
of
a
tw
o
-
phase
sh
ort
ci
rcu
it
,
t
he
same
ope
rati
on
s
are
rep
eat
ed,
but
only
tw
o
of
t
he
t
hr
ee
con
ta
ct
s
of
bre
aker
“
4
”
a
re
bonde
d.
The
filt
er
ope
r
at
es
as
fo
ll
ows
under
al
l
thes
e
modes.
T
he
EMF
s
Е
IC1
–
Е
IC
4
fr
om
te
rmi
na
ls
of
ICs
“
9
–
12
”
are
fed
to
t
he
e
ntr
ances
of
the
fi
lt
er.
T
hese
E
M
Fs
are
am
plifie
d
i
n
a
mp
li
fi
ers
G1
–
G4
in
Figure
5(a).
V
oltage
s
from
the
e
xits
of
am
plifie
rs
G1
a
nd
G3
a
re
fe
d
to
s
om
e
e
ntra
nces
of
a
dders
S
1
a
nd
S
2,
a
nd
from
the
exits
of
amplifie
rs
G
2
and
G
4,
to
othe
r
entra
nces
of
these
a
dd
e
rs
thr
ough
phase
-
sh
ifti
ng
ci
rc
uits
PSC1
a
nd
P
SC2,
wh
e
re
the
y
are
sh
ifte
d
by
–
120°
.
As
a
re
su
lt
,
add
e
rs
S
1
an
d
S2
outp
ut
volt
ages
Е
Σ1
an
d
Е
Σ2
,
wh
ic
h
are
f
ed
t
o
the in
pu
ts
of c
omparis
on circ
uit СС
, which
ou
t
pu
ts
volt
age
Е
11
.
(a)
(b)
Figure
3. Mo
de
l of (a
)
IC
and
(b)
ne
gative
-
s
equ
e
nce c
urre
nt
f
il
te
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng,
V
ol.
15
, No
.
1
,
Febr
uary
20
25
:
24
-
35
30
(a)
(b)
Figure
4.
Lab
orat
ory set
up (
a
)
d
ia
gram
an
d
(
b) assem
bly
(a)
(b)
Figure
5. Lab
orat
ory p
ro
t
otyp
e of the
f
il
te
r (
a) circ
uit
an
d
(
b) to
p view
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Ne
gati
ve
-
seq
ue
nce c
ur
re
nt fi
lt
er based o
n
i
nduct
an
ce
co
il
s
(
Mar
k Kl
et
sel
)
31
3.
3.
St
ruc
tu
re
f
or
fa
s
tenin
g
I
C
A
str
uctu
re
f
or
fasteni
ng
IC
is
sho
wn
in
Fig
ur
e
6
[
34]
.
It
i
nclu
des
bar
“
1
”
at
ta
ched
by
c
la
mp
“
2
”
t
o
su
pp
or
t
“
3
”
;
pl
at
es
“
4
”
;
casi
ng
s
“
5
”
C
Is
a
re
m
ounted
i
nsi
de;
rods
“
6
”
and
“
7
”
with
scal
es;
beam
“
8
”
;
fastenin
g
cl
ips
“
9
”
;
regular
t
rian
gle
“
10
”
w
it
h
bu
s
duct
s
of
phases
A
,
B,
an
d
C
at
ta
che
d
t
o
with
in
su
l
at
or
s
“
11
”
.
T
rian
gle
10
is
at
ta
che
d
to
a
cr
os
s
ar
m
(
no
t
sho
wn
in
F
ig
ure
6).
Be
am
8
co
nnect
s
rod
7
a
nd
s
uppo
r
t
3
t
o
ens
ur
e
rigid
it
y
of
t
he
str
uctu
r
e.
The
posit
ion
of
plate
s
4
is
change
d
by
m
ov
i
ng
t
hem
al
ong
r
od
s
6
a
nd
7.
An
IC
is
fixe
d
insi
de
ca
sin
g
5
an
d
ca
n
r
otate
a
nd
move
in
the
cro
ss
-
sect
io
nal
pla
ne
of
phas
es
A,
B,
a
nd
C
.
T
he
structu
re
is
si
mp
le
,
eas
y
-
to
-
handle,
a
nd
is
made
of
no
nma
gnet
ic
mate
rial
s;
it
s
weig
ht
with
t
he
IC
(10
0
to
200 g
) do
es
no
t exceed
5
to
7
kg.
Figure
6.
Str
uc
ture fo
r fast
eni
ng I
C
nea
r ph
a
se bus
duct
s
4.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
4.1
.
Simul
at
i
on
re
sults
Figure
7
s
how
s
os
ci
ll
ograms
of
vo
lt
age
s
Е
Σ1
and
Е
Σ2
at
exits
of
filt
ers
F1
a
nd
F
2;
Е
5
and
Е
9
a
fte
r
amplific
at
ion
(
after
a
mp
li
fie
r
s
5
a
nd
9
i
nn
Fig
ure
1
an
d
a
fter
blo
c
ks
“
G
ain
2
”
a
nd
“
G
ai
n
4
”
i
n
Fig
ure
3(b
),
and
11
E
at
the
e
xi
t
of
bl
ock
“
S
ubtract
”
in
Fi
g
ure
3(b).
Unde
r
the
loa
d
mode,
Е
1
=
1
a
nd
Е
2
=
2
(
1
and
2
are
the
i
mb
al
anc
e
vo
lt
ages
of
filt
ers
F
1
an
d
F
2
w
he
n
t
he
maximal
loa
d
c
urre
nt
f
lows
in
ph
a
ses
of
the
100
-
kV
li
ne).
In
this
case
,
|
11
|
<
and
ci
rc
uit
11
do
es
not
ope
rate.
I
n
the
ev
ent
of
a
three
-
phase
S
C
in
Fig
ure
7(a)
in
a
ste
ad
y
sta
te
,
E
5
and
E
9
are
opposit
e
in
phase;
there
fore,
Е
1
=
1
(
3
)
an
d
Е
2
=
2
(
3
)
(
1
(
3
)
an
d
2
(
3
)
are
the
imbala
nce
E
M
F
at
te
rmi
na
ls
18
a
nd
19,
20
a
nd
21
w
he
n
t
hr
ee
-
phase
SC
currents
flow
i
n
the
bu
s
bar
s
),
a
nd
1
(
3
)
>
1
an
d
2
(
3
)
>
2
.
In
a
tra
ns
ie
nt
mode,
Е
Σ1
and
Е
Σ2
strongl
y
inc
re
ase
and
bec
ome
com
men
s
ur
at
e
wit
h
th
e
EMF
at
th
e
filt
er
te
rmin
al
s
duri
ng
a
two
in
Fig
ure
7(b)
an
d
sin
gle
-
phase
in
Fig
ure
7(c)
sh
ort
ci
rc
uits,
wh
e
n
ne
gative
-
seq
ue
nce
c
urr
ents
ap
pea
r.
T
o
a
vo
i
d
unnecessa
r
y
operati
on
of
a
protect
io
n
de
vice
base
d
on
t
he
su
ggest
e
d
filt
er,
a
ti
me
delay
sh
oul
d
be
i
ntrodu
ce
d.
Durin
g
al
l
SC
typ
es,
|
11
|
>
.
I
n
th
e
case
of
br
ea
king
cables
from
IC
1,
|
11
|
>
an
d
ci
rc
uit
15
op
e
rates
in
Fi
g
ure
7(d
).
Usi
ng
a
m
odel
,
filt
er
qual
it
y
pa
rameters
cha
ra
ct
erizi
ng
we
re
deter
mi
ne
d
[26]
:
t
he
conve
rsion
coe
ff
ic
ie
nt
=
1.
6
a
nd
t
he
coe
ff
ic
ie
nt
=
0.11
w
hich
char
act
e
rizes
a
cha
nge
in
the
imbala
nce
value
at
the
filt
er
outp
ut
wh
e
n
the
netw
ork
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
de
viate
s
N
ote
that
the
co
ef
fici
ent
is
the
same
a
s
f
or
filt
ers
with
c
ur
ren
t
tran
sf
orm
ers
a
nd
t
hose
mentio
ned
a
bo
ve
[
26]
–
[
29],
and
the
im
bala
nce
volt
age
str
onge
r
dep
e
nds
on
a
change
in
t
he
netw
ork
f
re
quency
(at
=
48
–
52
Hz
,
the
unba
la
nce
increa
s
es
by
7%
).
F
or
a
micro
process
or f
il
te
r, t
his im
balance
can
b
e
reduce
d by adj
us
ti
ng the
volt
ages
phase s
hif
t ang
le
s
.
4.2.
Ex
peri
menta
l
resul
ts
Figure
8
sho
w
s
the
os
ci
ll
ogra
ms
of
volt
ages
Е
Σ2
,
Е
5
,
Е
9
,
Е
11
,
an
d
U
р
rec
orded
under
different
modes
durin
g
our
e
xperiments.
Und
er
t
he
l
oad
m
ode,
Е
2
=
2
an
d
E
11
=
E
imb
.
I
n
the
ca
se
of
a
s
hort
c
ircuit
in
Figures
8(a)
t
o
8
(c)
,
Е
Σ2
,
Е
5
,
Е
9
,
a
nd
Е
11
inc
rease.
I
n
a
tra
ns
ie
nt
m
ode,
Е
Σ2
du
rin
g
a
th
ree
-
phase
SC
i
s
com
me
nsurate
with
the
E
M
F
duri
ng
a
tw
o
-
ph
a
se
SC
a
nd
is
m
uch
lo
wer
in
the
ste
ad
y
sta
te
;
E
11
are
near
l
y
equ
al
i
n
bo
t
h
modes.
If
a
ca
ble
f
rom
IC
2
t
o
am
plifie
r
6
i
n
Fi
gure
8(d)
breaks
,
E
11
>
E
imb
,
and
the
ou
t
put
relay
(not
sho
wn
i
n
Figure
5)
of
the
com
pa
rison
ci
rc
uit
(U
р
≠
0)
act
uates
.
The
analysis
of
F
igure
8
s
hows
th
e
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
an
d
co
rrec
t
op
e
ra
ti
on
of
t
he
sugg
e
ste
d
ne
gative
-
se
quence
c
urren
t
filt
er
in
the
e
ven
ts
of
s
hor
t
ci
rcu
it
s and
br
eaks i
n
c
onnec
ti
ng
c
onduct
or
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng,
V
ol.
15
, No
.
1
,
Febr
uary
20
25
:
24
-
35
32
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure
7. Oscil
lograms
of E
MF
Е
Σ1
,
Е
Σ2
,
Е
5
,
Е
9
, and
Е
11
in t
he
case
of
(a
),
(b),
(
c)
SC i
n
t
he
el
ect
rical
instal
la
ti
on
and
(d)
fa
ults in th
e filt
er
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure
8. Oscil
lograms
of
vo
lt
ages
Е
Σ2
,
Е
5
,
Е
9
, and
Е
11
i
n
th
e eve
nt of
(a) t
hr
ee
-
a
nd (b
)
a
nd
(
c
)
tw
o
-
pha
se
SCs an
d (
d)
ca
ble brea
ks
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Ne
gati
ve
-
seq
ue
nce c
ur
re
nt fi
lt
er based o
n
i
nduct
an
ce
co
il
s
(
Mar
k Kl
et
sel
)
33
4.3
.
Discussio
n
4.3.1
.
N
ov
el
ty
of t
he
su
ggest
ed so
lu
tio
n
A
ne
gative
-
se
qu
e
nce
c
urren
t
filt
er
was
de
sign
e
d.
Its
dif
fer
e
nce
f
rom
the
kn
own
on
e
s
[28]
–
[31
]
consi
sts
in
the
fo
ll
owin
g:
i
)
inf
or
mati
on
a
bout
t
he
cu
rr
e
nt
in
an
el
ect
ric
al
instal
la
ti
o
n
is
receive
d
f
rom
an
inducta
nce
c
oil
without
us
in
g
cu
rr
e
nt
trans
forme
rs,
a
Ro
gows
ki
coil,
or
a
reed
s
witc
h
and
ii
)
it
has
bu
il
t
-
in
functi
onal
diag
no
sti
cs,
wh
ic
h
ens
ur
es
real
ti
me
detect
ion
of
fau
lt
s
in
the
f
il
te
r.
Fil
te
r
qua
li
ty
pa
rameters
(t
he
coeffic
ie
n
ts
and
)
wer
e
dete
rmin
e
d.
M
et
hods
f
or
sel
ect
in
g
filt
er
par
a
me
te
rs
(am
plifie
r
gain
a
nd
phase
sh
ift
a
ng
le
in
the
phase
-
r
otati
on
ci
rcu
it
)
a
nd
determi
ning
t
he
IC
fixi
ng
points
near
t
he
ph
a
se
bus
duct
s
(at
the
ver
ti
ces
of an
e
qu
il
at
eral t
ria
ngle
) were
d
e
ve
lop
e
d.
4.3.2
.
Be
nefits
of the rese
arc
h
The
s
uggeste
d
filt
er
is
to
e
nabl
e
bu
il
di
ng
up
highly
se
ns
it
iv
e
filt
er
protect
ion
s
of
powe
r
tr
ansmissi
on
li
nes
and
c
urre
nt
trans
forme
r
s
(CTs)
of
6
to
75
0
kV
in
volt
age,
e
nab
li
ng
savi
ng
unpre
ceden
te
d
am
ount
of
high
-
qual
it
y
c
oppe
r,
ste
el
,
a
nd
hi
gh
-
volt
ag
e
insu
la
ti
on
(t
ens
a
nd
hu
ndr
eds
of
kilo
gr
a
ms
pe
r
c
onnec
ti
on
)
.
I
n
te
rms
of
reli
abili
ty,
it
shou
l
d
e
xceed
both
tradit
iona
l
pr
otect
ion
s
a
nd
oth
e
r
me
ntio
ne
d
protect
ion
s
due
to
duplica
ti
on o
f
I
C
a
nd
c
onnect
ing
cables
a
nd b
uilt
-
in
f
ault di
agnostic
s of f
il
te
r
c
ompone
nts
. U
se
of
t
he
filt
er
as
backu
p
t
o
tra
di
ti
on
al
on
es
is
t
o
pro
vid
e
an
increase
in
the
reli
abili
ty
of
a
relay
protect
io
n
s
ys
te
m
as
a
whole,
consi
der
i
ng
th
at
current
tra
nsfo
rme
rs
will
be
du
plica
te
d,
wh
ic
h
are
no
t
duplica
te
d
now
a
nd
intr
od
uce
the
main
e
rro
r
i
n
t
he
filt
er
operat
ion
due
to
sat
urat
ion.
T
he
re
i
s
no
rea
son
to
doubt
a
possi
bi
li
ty
of
bu
il
di
ng
up
simi
la
r
filt
ers
i
n
t
he
case
of
ot
her
a
rran
geme
nt
of
phase
bu
s
duct
s
by
a
nal
ogy
with
the
s
uggeste
d
m
et
hod
f
or
filt
er
des
i
gn
i
ng
an
d
te
sti
ng.
N
ote
that,
unli
ke
Rogo
ws
ki
coi
ls
and
cu
rr
e
nt
t
ran
s
f
or
me
rs,
m
ountin
g
ICs
at
safe
distances
from
ph
a
ses all
ows t
heir
sa
fe s
e
r
vice eve
n wh
e
n
a
n
el
ect
rical
inst
al
la
ti
on
is tu
rned
on.
4.3.3
.
Li
mi
t
at
i
on
s
of the s
uggeste
d
techniq
ue for
design
i
ng
th
e
filter
Pr
otect
io
ns
ba
sed
on
the
s
ugge
ste
d
filt
er
sh
oul
d
hav
e
a
ti
me
la
g
lo
nger
tha
n
t
he
durati
on
of
a
transient
proce
ss
durin
g
a
th
r
ee
-
phase
s
hort
ci
rcu
it
in
orde
r
to
pr
e
ve
nt
un
necessa
ry
oper
at
ion
.,
The
tra
ns
ie
nt
process
la
sts
no
m
or
e
tha
n
0.03
s
i
n
simulat
ion
with
a
volt
age
of
110
kV
and
4
ms
i
n
ex
per
ime
nts
at
0.4
kV.
Howe
ver,
this
ti
me
inc
rease
s
with
vo
lt
age
an
d
upon
ch
ang
e
s
the
network
c
onfig
urat
ion
;
the
refo
r
e,
th
e
require
d
ti
me
delay
is
unknown
.
Th
e
filt
er
can
only
be
use
d
f
or
si
ng
le
-
s
ta
nd
in
g
el
ect
ri
cal
instal
la
ti
on
s
(for
exam
ple,
f
or
a
dead
-
e
nd
powe
r
tra
nsmi
ssio
n
li
ne)
.
A
nothe
r
on
e
disad
va
ntage
is
a
ne
ed
in
de
sig
ning
dif
f
erent
structu
res f
or
f
ast
enin
g
ICs
fo
r
el
ect
rical
inst
al
la
ti
on
s w
it
h a
d
if
fer
e
nt arra
ngeme
nt of
phas
e bus
duct
s.
4.3.4
.
Futur
e r
esearch
direct
ions
Fu
tu
re
researc
h
directi
ons
in
cl
ud
e:
i
)
Eli
minati
on
of
the
a
bove
ti
me
la
g
;
ii
)
Desig
n
of
struct
ur
es
f
or
fastenin
g
in
duct
ance
c
oils
of
the
filt
er
f
or
supe
r
-
high
volt
age
el
ect
rical
instal
la
tio
ns
a
nd
a
di
ff
e
ren
t
arr
a
ng
e
ment
of
phase
bus
d
ucts
;
an
d
iii)
Study
of
t
he
f
il
te
r
beh
a
vior
unde
r
inter
fer
e
nce
f
rom
c
urr
ents
in
adjace
nt elec
tri
cal
instal
la
ti
on
s and
wa
ys
of
avo
i
ding th
em.
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
desig
n
of
a
ne
gative
-
se
quence
cu
rr
e
nt
f
il
te
r
based
on
i
nductance
coil
s
for
el
ect
rical
instal
la
ti
on
s
with
phase
bu
s
duct
s
locat
e
d
at
the
ve
rtic
es
of
a
n
eq
uilat
er
al
tria
ngle
is
s
ugge
ste
d
f
or
t
he
fi
rst
ti
me.
T
hi
s
filt
er
so
lves
one
of
f
undame
ntall
y
un
s
ol
ved
pr
ob
l
ems
in
the
el
ect
ric
powe
r
i
ndus
t
ry,
i.e
.
,
t
he
pro
blem
of
a
voidin
g
the
use
of
cu
rrent
tra
ns
f
orme
rs.
This
filt
er
be
ing
im
pleme
nt
ed
is
to
ena
bl
e
savi
ng
hi
gh
-
qu
al
it
y
co
pper,
ste
el
,
and
high
-
volt
age
i
nsula
ti
on
in
a
mou
nts
un
pr
ece
de
nted
f
or
relay
protect
ion
.
We
belie
ve
t
hat
t
he
s
ugge
ste
d
filt
er
will
no
t
be
in
fer
i
or
t
o
known
filt
ers
in
te
rms
of
al
l
par
a
mete
rs
e
xc
ept
sp
ee
d
a
nd
will
be
supe
rior
i
n
reli
abili
ty
due
to
the
pr
ese
nc
e
of
f
unct
io
na
l
diag
nosti
cs.
The
stu
dy
of
the
filt
er
be
ha
vior
under
diff
e
ren
t
conditi
ons
(int
erphase
an
d
sing
le
-
phase
sho
rt
ci
rc
uits,
loa
d
mode,
fail
ur
es
of
filt
er
el
e
ments)
in
ex
pe
riments
and
c
omp
uter
simulat
ion
c
onfirme
d
t
he
co
rrec
tness
of
it
s
operati
on.
T
he
f
il
te
r
desi
gn
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
ca
n
be
us
e
d
to ma
nufactu
re
simil
ar f
il
te
rs for ele
ct
rical
in
sta
ll
at
ion
s w
it
h an
y
a
rr
a
ng
e
m
ent of
phases.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
w
ork
was
su
pp
or
te
d
by
the
M
inist
r
y
of
Scie
nce
an
d
Hi
gh
e
r
E
ducat
ion
of
the
Re
public
of
Kazak
hs
ta
n
(
gr
ant no.
AP1
32
68753).
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
F.
A.
Ro
m
an
iu
k
,
V.
Y.
Ru
m
ian
tsev
,
an
d
Y.
V
Ru
m
ia
n
tsev
,
“
Sy
m
m
et
ric
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
d
ig
ital
filter
s
for
m
ic
rop
rocess
o
r
-
b
ased
p
rotectio
n
in
p
u
t
si
g
n
als,
”
ENER
G
ET
IKA.
Pro
ce
ed
in
g
s
o
f
CIS
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
stitu
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
p
o
wer
en
g
i
n
eerin
g
a
ss
o
cia
tio
n
s
,
v
o
l.
6
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
–
1
7
,
Feb
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i: 10
.21
1
2
2
/1
0
2
9
-
7448
-
2
0
2
3
-
66
-
1
-
5
-
17.
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