Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
El
e
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
15
,
No.
1
,
Febr
uary
20
25
, pp.
767
~
782
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ij
ece.v
15
i
1
.
pp
767
-
782
767
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
A new
ent
erpris
e arc
hitecture
-
based app
roac
h for
smart
city
va
l
ue co
-
creation
Merye
me El
Ho
u
ari
, M'
b
ar
ek
El
H
alo
ui
,
Badi
a
Et
taki
Labo
ratory o
f
Res
earc
h
in Co
m
p
u
ter
Science,
Data
Sci
en
ces and
Kno
wled
g
e E
n
g
in
eering
,
Sch
o
o
l of I
n
form
ati
o
n
Sciences,
Rab
at,
Moro
cco
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
M
a
y 18,
2024
Re
vised
A
ug 8, 20
24
Accepte
d
Se
p 3, 2
024
I
n
a
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p
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t
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c
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l
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h
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s
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
v
a
l
u
e
c
o
-
c
r
e
a
t
i
o
n
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
m
a
r
t
e
r
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
,
a
n
d
s
u
p
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t
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Comm
unit
y
e
ngage
ment
Digital
transf
ormat
ion
Enter
pr
i
se a
rc
hi
te
ct
ur
e
Ser
vice d
esi
gn
Smart cit
y
Smart se
r
vices
Value c
o
-
creati
on
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
M
er
yeme
El
H
ou
a
ri
Lab
or
at
or
y of
Re
search
in
C
omp
uter Sci
enc
e, D
at
a
Scie
nc
es an
d K
nowle
dg
e
E
ng
i
neer
i
ng, Sch
ool o
f
Informati
on
Sc
ie
nces
Av
e
nue
Alla
l Al Fassi,
Rabat
, Morocc
o
Emai
l:
M
er
ye
me.el
-
houar
i
@
esi
.ac.ma
or
m
ery
e
me.el.
houa
ri@gmai
l.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
To
day,
se
ver
a
l
fiel
ds
a
re
e
xpos
e
d
t
o
c
ha
ng
e
due
t
o
th
e
ra
pid
gro
wth
a
nd
di
ver
sit
y
of
dig
it
al
te
chnolo
gies.
This
c
ha
ng
e
is
cal
le
d
di
gital
tr
ansfo
rmati
on
.
The
la
tt
er
is
de
fine
d
as
the
in
corp
or
at
io
n
of
dig
it
al
te
chnolo
gy
int
o
al
l
fiel
ds
an
d
act
ivit
ie
s
of
an
o
r
ga
nizat
ion,
wh
ic
h,
i
n
harmo
ny,
le
a
ds
to
in
fr
ast
r
uc
tural
changes
to deli
ver ad
de
d valu
e to its c
us
to
m
ers
[1],
[
2]
.
The
co
nce
pt
of
a
s
mart
ci
ty
is
ra
pid
l
y
pro
gressi
ng.
A
sma
rt
ci
ty
is
a
so
c
ia
l
struct
ur
e
th
at
pro
vid
e
s
bu
si
ness,
s
ocie
ty,
a
nd
te
c
hnol
ogy
[
3]
.
An
e
nt
erp
rise
arc
hitec
ture
(E
A)
re
fe
rs
t
o
t
he
fun
da
mental
str
uctu
r
e
an
d
connecti
ons
of
el
eme
nts
of
a
sy
ste
m,
the
e
nvir
onment,
a
nd
the
gui
ding
pri
nciples
t
hat
gove
r
n
s
ys
te
m
desig
n
and
ev
ol
ution
[3],
[
4]
.
T
he
a
dv
a
ntage
s
of
a
doptin
g
e
nter
pri
se
arc
hitec
tu
re
ar
e
im
porta
nt
in
the
e
nha
nced
sta
bili
ty o
f
a
n
orga
nizat
ion
i
n an e
nvir
onme
nt of c
onsta
nt c
hange.
Im
plementin
g
smart
ci
ti
es
in
vo
l
ves
m
ore
th
an
just
a
ddress
ing
te
c
hnologi
cal
chall
eng
es
.
It
re
qu
ire
s
arti
culat
ing
sm
art
pr
oject
s
f
or
co
mm
un
it
y
in
it
ia
ti
ves
to
ac
hi
eve
desira
ble
ou
tc
om
es
.
S
m
art
c
it
y
a
dopts
s
mart
te
chnolo
gies
a
nd
s
olu
ti
ons
to
ser
ve
the
c
ommu
nity,
e
nha
nc
e
the
se
r
vices
offe
red
to
ci
ti
zens,
pa
rtic
ula
rly
i
n
sect
or
s
li
ke
he
al
th,
ed
ucati
on
,
el
ect
rici
ty,
tr
ans
portat
ion
,
c
om
m
unic
at
ions,
an
d
oth
e
rs
[
5]
.
I
n
res
ponse
to
the
chall
enges
po
s
ed
by
ur
ban
iz
a
ti
on
,
t
he
s
mart
ci
t
y
tra
ns
f
orm
at
ion
is
i
ncr
ea
sing
l
y
becomi
ng
a
ce
ntral
goal
f
or
numer
ous
m
oder
n
ci
ti
es
[6]
.
The
re
is
a
myria
d
of
sm
art
ci
ty
resear
ch
w
orks
,
incl
ud
i
ng
st
ud
ie
s
on
t
he
con
ce
ptu
al
iz
at
ion
of
E
A
f
or
s
mart
c
it
y.
A
n
EA
f
or
s
mart
c
it
ie
s
shou
l
d
s
uppo
rt
c
om
m
on
an
d
c
omplem
entar
y
con
ce
r
ns
of
ur
ban
co
mm
un
it
i
es
with
t
he
ai
m
of
pro
du
ci
ng
the
ri
gh
t
a
nd
best
se
rv
ic
es
f
or
it
s
act
or
s
.
A
s
ci
ti
e
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng,
V
ol.
15
, No
.
1
,
Febr
uary
20
25
:
767
-
782
768
unde
rgo
tran
sf
ormat
ion
int
o
dig
it
al
ly
e
nhan
ced
la
ndscape
s
,
the
a
bs
e
nce
of
a
c
oh
esi
ve
tr
ansfo
rmati
on
model
po
s
es sig
nifica
nt ch
al
le
ng
es
[
6]
.
Ba
sed
on
e
xis
ti
ng
resea
rch
,
an
E
A
f
or
the
sma
rt
ci
ty
shou
l
d
a
ddress
s
ta
keholde
rs'
c
on
ce
r
ns
t
o
eff
ect
ivel
y
im
pro
ve
ci
ty
ser
vi
ces
.
To
this
e
nd,
we
present
the
EA
-
ba
sed
value
c
o
-
c
reat
ion
a
ppr
oach,
wh
ic
h
ai
ms
at
fed
e
ra
ti
ng
the
desig
n
of
sm
art
ser
vi
ces
.
Our
stu
dy
presents
t
he
main
c
omponents
a
nd
co
nc
ept
s
essenti
al
to
ge
ner
at
e
colla
bo
r
at
ive
value
cre
at
ion
.
Ba
se
d
on
EA
pr
i
nciple
s,
t
he
pro
pose
d
so
l
ution
int
r
oduces
seq
uen
ti
al
met
hodolo
gy
ai
mi
ng
to
op
ti
mize
sma
rt
se
rv
ic
es
f
or
bette
r
al
ig
nm
e
nt
of
sm
ar
t
ci
ty
i
ni
ti
at
ives
wit
h
commu
nity
ne
eds.
T
he
e
va
luati
on
de
monstrate
s
i
mpro
ved
sma
rt
se
rv
ic
e
ef
fici
en
cy
a
nd
sta
ke
ho
l
der
eng
a
geme
nt.
T
hu
s
,
th
e
stu
dy
innov
at
ivel
y
i
nt
egr
at
es
the
pri
nciples
of
val
ue
co
-
cre
at
io
n,
offer
i
ng
a
new
wa
y
of d
esi
gn
i
ng a
nd implem
enti
ng
sma
rt c
ity
s
olu
ti
ons.
The
pa
per
is
orga
nized
as
f
ol
lows
:
we
intr
oduce
the
st
udy
by
a
t
he
or
et
ic
al
f
oundat
ions
sect
io
n
t
o
pr
ese
nt
the
bac
kgr
ound
of
t
he
study.
A
fter,
we
pr
ese
nt
the
resear
ch
meth
odolog
y
a
dopt
ed
f
or
our
paper.
We
then
present
a
com
pa
rati
ve
assessme
nt
of
existi
ng
EA
f
or
sma
rt
c
it
ie
s.
F
ollow
i
ng
th
is,
we
intr
oduc
e
th
e
importa
nce
of
consi
der
i
ng
ar
chite
ct
ur
al
re
quireme
nts,
se
r
vice
desi
gn,
a
nd
val
ue
c
o
-
c
re
at
ion
to
overc
ome
the
smart
ci
ty
li
mit
at
ion
s
.
Ne
xt,
we
de
velo
p
our
ap
proac
h,
ou
tl
inin
g
it
s
diff
e
re
nt
ph
as
es.
We
e
valua
te
the
eff
ect
ive
ness
of
t
he
propose
d
a
ppro
ac
h
vi
a
simulat
io
n
te
chn
i
qu
e
ap
plied
to
a
sma
rt
parkin
g
us
e
case
t
o
dem
onstrat
e
it
s
eff
ect
ive
ness
.
Finall
y,
we
a
rgue
that
the
presente
d
ap
pro
ach
co
uld
ad
dress
the
co
nce
r
ns
of
smart cit
y st
ak
eho
l
der
s
,
resu
lt
ing
i
n
a
n
im
pro
veme
nt in
sma
rt ser
vices a
nd
value
c
o
-
creati
on
.
2.
THE
ORETI
C
AL FO
U
NDA
TIONS
2.1.
Sma
r
t
ci
ty
backgr
ou
n
d
Smart
c
it
ie
s
ha
ve
bee
n
c
on
si
der
e
d
as
ec
os
yst
ems,
wh
ic
h
are
gen
e
rall
y
def
i
ned
as
c
ommu
niti
es
o
f
orga
nizat
ion
s
i
nteracti
ng
with
their
e
nviro
nme
nt
a
nd
are
usual
ly
desc
ribe
d
as
c
omple
x
netw
orks
f
or
m
ed
du
e
to
the
inte
rd
e
pe
nd
e
nce o
f
res
ources
[7]
. Th
e
pr
e
fix
“
smart”
ind
ic
at
es
that
t
he
ta
r
get
so
l
ution
is
e
nha
nced
in
it
s
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
a
nd
functi
on
us
in
g
Informati
on
an
d
C
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
Tec
hnology
[
8]
.
Ne
ver
t
heless,
im
portant
consi
der
at
io
ns
includi
ng
the
i
nteracti
on
a
nd
interfe
ren
ce
s
of
di
ff
e
ren
t
fact
or
s
with
sma
rt
inf
rastr
uctu
re
need
al
so
to
b
e
d
ee
pl
y
ad
dresse
d
in
the e
ra
of
rese
arch.
Smart
c
it
y
im
pl
ementat
ion
is
a comple
x p
rocess t
hat r
e
quir
es the inte
gr
at
ion
of v
a
rio
us
t
echnolo
gies,
sta
keholde
rs,
a
nd
s
olu
ti
on
domains.
Tec
hnic
al
[8]
–
[
11]
,
f
inancial
an
d
le
gal
[12
],
[
13]
,
so
ci
al
an
d
c
ultur
a
l
chall
enges
[
14]
–
[
16]
a
re
a
mong
t
he
most
pro
mine
nt
factors
t
hat
hi
nd
e
r
smart
c
it
y
im
plement
at
ion.
Addressi
ng
th
ese
chall
en
ges
requires
a
co
ll
abo
rati
ve
an
d
in
novative
a
ppr
oach
t
hat
involve
s
al
l
act
or
s
t
o
pro
vid
e
intel
li
gen
t
s
olu
ti
ons
.
T
o
be
def
i
ned
as
s
mart,
sma
rt
ci
ty
s
hould
i
nvolv
e
the
te
ch
nolo
gical
,
env
i
ronme
ntal,
and s
ocial
aspe
ct
s
[17
],
[18
]
.
Smart
c
omm
unit
ie
s
ai
m
to
use
te
ch
no
l
ogy
to
e
nh
a
nce
ci
ti
zen
well
-
bein
g
an
d
li
ving
sta
nd
a
r
ds
by
dig
it
iz
ing
an
d
moder
nizin
g
tr
aditi
on
al
proce
sses
[
19]
.
F
rom
a
gen
e
ral
c
omp
reh
e
ns
io
n,
a
smart
c
omm
un
it
y
is
an
e
mer
ging
model
desig
ne
d
t
o
us
e
inte
rn
et
te
ch
no
l
ogy
t
o
e
nhance
both
wor
k
a
nd
li
fe
ex
per
i
ences.
Esta
blishin
g
a
n
e
ff
ic
ie
nt
i
nformat
ion
s
ys
te
m
is
c
ru
ci
al
for
sma
rt
c
omm
un
it
y
im
pleme
ntati
on
,
to
gat
her
an
d
process
in
for
mati
on
in
a
n
eff
ic
ie
nt
wa
y.
T
he
s
mart
ci
ty
se
e
ks
to
cr
eat
e
an
a
dv
a
nc
ed
te
c
hnol
ogy
a
n
d
inf
or
mati
on
-
ric
h
c
om
m
unit
y
that
pr
ov
i
des
a
va
riet
y
of
ser
vices
ai
m
ed
at
c
reati
ng
a
li
vab
le
a
nd
sa
fe
env
i
ronme
nt c
har
act
erize
d b
y co
nv
e
nienc
e a
nd ex
te
ns
ive
se
rv
ic
es
[
20]
.
2.2.
Service
de
sign
for sm
art co
mmunity
New
forms
of
par
t
ner
s
hip
s
be
tween
public
s
ect
or
entit
ie
s
a
re
e
mer
ging,
pro
vid
i
ng
bette
r
va
lue
tha
n
the
c
ollec
ti
ve
e
ffor
ts
of
i
nd
i
vid
ual
pa
rts
[21
]
.
A
se
rv
ic
e
eco
sy
ste
m
ap
proa
ch
se
r
ves
a
s
a
model
that
en
ha
nces
unde
rstan
ding
of
valu
e
creati
on,
the
re
by
e
mpowe
rin
g
bu
sinesses
with
gr
eat
er
insi
gh
t
s
[
22]
.
Seve
ral
stud
ie
s
disti
nguish
between
th
ree
m
a
in
le
vels
of
a
n
ecos
ys
te
m:
ma
cro,
mes
o,
a
nd
micr
o
[23]
.
Indeed,
t
he
sma
r
t
ci
ty
model, mai
nly
centere
d on
t
he
co
ll
ab
or
at
io
n amo
ng stake
ho
lders
e
ngage
d
i
n
se
rv
ic
e
pro
vision
proces
s,
c
an be
examine
d
i
n
the
ser
vice
do
minant
lo
gic
c
on
te
xt
that
en
han
ce
t
he
e
ng
ageme
nt
of
di
ver
se
act
or
s
,
not
just
a
s
consu
mers
of
t
hese
se
rv
ic
es
bu
t
al
s
o
as
act
ive
co
ntri
bu
t
ors
to
value
c
rea
ti
on
process
t
hro
ugh
fee
db
ac
k
a
nd
colla
borati
on. T
heir
c
ontrib
ut
ion
is
cr
ucial
in gene
rati
ng
va
lue that e
xcee
ds
t
he
s
um
of i
nd
i
vidual p
arts
.
Val
ue
c
o
-
c
reati
on
in
volves
in
te
racti
ve
act
ivit
ie
s
among
m
ul
ti
ple
sta
keh
ol
der
s
,
that
co
ul
d
enc
ompass
orga
nizat
ion
s
or
e
ntit
ie
s
within
a
stu
died
ecos
ys
te
m.
T
he
pa
rtic
ipants
colla
borate
by
co
m
bin
in
g
as
set
s
to
co
-
c
reate
valu
e
pro
posit
ion
s
within
the
soc
ia
l
env
ir
onm
ent
in
w
hich
t
hey
ope
rate
[
24]
.
T
he
inte
ra
ct
ion
s
amo
ng
act
ors
prom
ote
c
o
-
c
re
at
ion
,
acce
ssibi
li
ty,
cl
arit
y,
a
nd
ris
k
-
be
nef
it
a
re
the
fun
dame
ntal
for
t
his
pr
ocess
[25]
.
Var
i
ou
s
ci
ty
mem
bers
are
e
ncou
rag
e
d
in
c
o
-
c
reati
ng
value,
if
t
he
y
a
re
gu
i
ded
by
c
om
m
on
obje
ct
ives.
This
colla
bora
ti
ve
effor
t,
t
he
n,
becomes
e
ffe
ct
ive
with
the
support
of
a
dvance
d
te
c
hnol
ogy
[26]
.
T
his
la
st,
represe
nts
a
m
od
el
c
ompara
bl
e
to
a
ser
vice
ecos
ys
te
m
in
wh
ic
h
people
,
te
ch
no
l
ogy,
and
i
ns
ti
tuti
ons,
a
r
e
appr
opriat
el
y
c
ombine
d
to
ge
ner
at
e
val
ue
th
at
is
t
hen
r
edist
rib
uted
to
al
l
t
ho
s
e
w
ho,
i
n
di
ff
e
ren
t
meas
ures
a
nd
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
A
new en
te
r
pri
se a
rc
hitec
tur
e
-
base
d appr
oach
for
smart c
it
y valu
e c
o
-
c
r
eation
(
Me
rye
me
El
H
ouar
i
)
769
way,
par
ti
ci
pat
e
in
it
s
deter
minati
on
[
27]
.
Fi
gure
1
re
pr
ese
nts
c
o
-
c
reati
on
as
a
li
near
pro
cess,
w
hen
in
f
act
it
con
ti
nual
ly
im
pro
ves results
as incre
mental
process
ch
a
nge
and tra
nsfo
rm
at
ive inno
vatio
n
[28]
.
Figure
1. Co
-
cr
eat
ion
process
adap
te
d
from
[
28]
Thro
ugh
a
c
omplex
i
nteract
ion
betwee
n
al
ign
me
nt
an
d
integrati
on,
a
co
-
c
reati
on
proce
ss
for
modeli
ng
knowle
dge
-
i
ntensi
ve
business
se
rv
ic
es
is
de
ve
lop
e
d
th
at
inc
lud
es
tw
o
ess
entia
l
sub
-
pro
cesses:
al
ign
me
nt
a
nd
integ
rati
on
[
29]
.
T
he
al
ig
nm
e
nt
process
bri
ngs
the
hi
gh
-
le
vel
intere
sts
of
sta
ke
holders,
per
cei
ved
be
ne
fits,
val
ue
propositi
ons,
or
gan
iz
e
d
resou
rces,
a
nd
a
rtic
ul
at
ed
delive
rab
le
s
t
og
et
he
r
in
a
com
plex
wa
y.
Converse
ly,
t
he
integrati
on
pr
ocess
revolve
s ar
ou
nd
how
stakeholde
rs
e
val
uate
an
d
proce
ss
the
resu
lt
s
of
en
ga
geme
nt.
Sta
ke
ho
l
der
s
meti
cu
lou
sl
y
asses
s
t
he
qu
al
it
y
of
t
he
delivera
bles
an
d
ou
tc
om
es
of
the
colla
bora
ti
ve
process
,
with
po
sit
ive
asses
sments
le
adin
g
t
o
th
e
inc
orp
or
at
io
n
of
t
he
outc
om
e
s
as
ne
w
orga
nized
res
ources
.
These
i
nteg
rated
res
ul
ts
are
the
n
e
va
luate
d
ac
co
rd
i
ng
to
the
high
-
le
vel
i
nterests
of
t
he
act
or
s,
leadi
ng
to a
posit
ive d
e
te
rmin
at
io
n of
the v
al
ue of
th
e en
gag
e
me
nt
[
29]
.
2
.
3.
EA for
s
mar
t c
ity
EA
f
rame
w
ork
(EAF)
ref
e
rs
t
o
a
lo
gical
str
uc
ture
to
ar
rang
e
an
d
cl
assif
y
com
plex
i
nformat
ion
.
The
EAF
is
de
fine
d
as
a
colle
ct
ion
of
p
racti
ces
an
d
co
nventio
ns
t
o
de
pict
arch
it
ect
ur
es o
f
a
n
orga
nizat
ion
w
it
hin
a
par
ti
cula
r
do
main
[
30]
.
E
A
a
re
str
uctu
r
ed
meth
odol
ogie
s
us
e
d
to
desig
n
an
d
m
anag
e
t
he
i
nf
ormat
ion
te
chno
lo
gy
(
IT
)
a
nd
inf
rastr
uc
ture
of
a
n
organ
iz
at
io
n.
Th
ey
pro
vid
e
a
s
et
of
best
prac
ti
ces
and
guid
el
ines
arr
a
ng
i
ng
a
nd
al
ign
in
g
a
n
or
gan
iz
at
io
n's
di
ver
se
I
T
c
omp
on
e
nts
t
o
ac
hi
eve
it
s
busine
ss
goal
s.
E
nterprise
Ar
c
hitec
ture
is
b
eco
min
g
incr
easi
ng
l
y
us
e
d by
moder
n org
anizat
ion
s t
o
orga
nize their c
apab
il
it
ie
s in
r
esp
on
se
to
t
he
c
omplex
it
y
a
nd
dynami
ci
ty
of
their
business
en
vir
onments
[
31]
.
T
he
m
odel
of
la
ye
red
a
rch
it
ect
ure
w
a
s
pro
po
se
d
t
o
m
inimi
ze
dif
ficu
lt
y
an
d
e
nh
a
nc
e
the
str
uctu
re
of
orga
nizat
io
nal
de
velo
pm
e
nt
an
d
a
dvanc
ement
.
So
me
popula
r
f
rame
wor
ks
are
t
he
Zach
man
f
rame
w
ork
[
32]
,
T
he
op
e
n
gr
oup
ar
chite
ct
ur
e
f
ra
mew
ork
(TOG
AF
)
[
33]
,
fe
der
al
e
nter
pri
se arc
hitec
tur
e fr
a
mew
ork
(
FEA
F
)
[34
]
, a
nd
the
G
a
rtne
r
E
A
f
rame
w
ork
[
35]
.
Ci
ti
es
are
gro
wingly
us
in
g
te
chnolo
gy
to
culti
vate
ne
w
possibil
it
ie
s
that
create
nove
l
or
igi
n
of
com
petit
ive
a
dvanta
ge.
Als
o,
EA
pro
vid
e
s
a
bl
ueprint
f
rom
wh
ic
h
t
he
s
ys
te
m
can
be
dep
l
oy
e
d,
it
e
nt
ai
ls
the
essenti
al
struc
ture
of
a
n
orga
nizat
ion
an
d
fa
ci
li
ta
te
s
dig
it
al
trans
f
or
mati
on
by
pr
ov
i
ding
a
gl
ob
al
vie
w
[
36]
.
EA
is
em
ploye
d
to
facil
it
at
e
al
ign
me
nt
between
the
strat
e
gic
s
us
ta
ina
bili
ty
obje
ct
ives
of
the
c
it
y
a
nd
I
T
that
su
pp
or
ts
sma
rt
serv
ic
es
f
or cit
iz
ens
[
37]
.
Ci
sco
f
rame
w
ork
de
fines
in
st
udy
[
38]
a
c
onceptual
s
mart
c
it
y
f
rame
work
that
hel
ps
sta
ke
ho
l
der
s
to
perform
sma
rt
ci
ty
init
ia
ti
ves
.
T
he
fr
a
mew
ork
c
omprises
four
la
ye
rs
c
onside
rin
g
t
he
c
it
y´
s
go
al
s
in
so
ci
al
,
env
i
ronme
ntal,
an
d
ec
onomi
c
aspects.
T
his
fr
ame
w
ork
pr
e
sents
a
holi
sti
c
over
view
of
c
it
y
goal
s
a
nd
t
heir
relat
ion
s
hip
wi
th
c
it
y
i
nd
ic
at
ors.
The
ci
ty
c
onte
nt
la
yer
dea
ls
with
the
im
pl
ementat
ion
of
smart
ci
ty
s
olut
ion
s.
M
ore
ov
e
r,
an
EA
model
is
de
velo
ped
to
pr
ov
i
de
s
olu
ti
on
s
f
or
Ci
rebo
n
.
The
fin
dings
s
uggest
t
hat
the
s
mart
c
it
y
EA,
base
d
on
TO
G
AF
,
c
an
be
ad
opte
d
as
a
ref
e
re
nce
model
f
or
s
ma
rt
[39
]
.
A
bi
g
data
w
ork
is
st
udying
innov
at
ive
s
ol
utions
for
c
oo
per
at
in
g
busin
esses
a
nd
is
pro
posin
g
a
n
E
A
t
hat
e
nab
le
s
busi
ne
sses
to
us
e
a
commo
n data s
pace to
create
value
-
ad
de
d
se
rv
ic
es
by
rem
ovin
g
te
ch
nical
and or
gan
iz
at
ion
al
ba
rr
ie
rs
[
40]
.
Thro
ugh
the
in
te
rn
et
of
t
hings
(
IoT)
op
ti
c,
re
search
pr
e
sents
a
f
rame
wor
k
f
or
the
im
pleme
ntati
on
of
smart
ci
ti
es
as
an
urba
n
in
f
ormat
io
n
sy
ste
m
,
f
rom
the
se
ns
or
y
le
vel
an
d
net
work
i
ng
s
upport
str
uctu
r
e
[41]
.
This
fr
ame
w
ork
pro
poses
a
n
Io
T
in
fr
ast
r
uctu
re
f
r
om
t
hr
ee
dif
fere
nt
domain
s:
net
work
-
ce
ntric
I
oT
fo
r
commu
nicat
io
n,
cl
ou
d
-
ce
ntri
c
I
oT
f
or
ma
na
geme
nt,
an
d
data
-
ce
ntric
I
oT
f
or
c
omp
uta
ti
on
.
T
his
fr
a
mew
ork
encompa
sses
ne
tworki
ng m
odules a
nd their
integ
rati
on w
it
h t
he
c
om
m
unic
at
ion
stac
k
[41]
.
A
co
mm
un
it
y
arch
it
ect
ure
f
ra
mew
ork
f
or
sm
art
ci
ti
es
is
pr
e
sented
t
o
ad
dr
e
ss
the
intric
ac
y
associat
ed
with ma
na
ging
mu
lt
iple st
a
ke
ho
l
der
s
, th
ei
r
interrelat
io
nships,
a
nd the
con
flic
t
-
of
-
int
ere
st res
olu
ti
on
[42]
. T
his
fr
ame
w
ork
is
us
e
d
to
dev
el
op
a
to
ol
to
s
uppo
rt
de
velo
pe
rs,
plan
ner
s
,
a
nd
c
omm
un
it
ie
s
to
en
ga
ge
i
n
ci
ty
plan
ning b
y
sugg
e
sti
ng
i
nnov
at
ive
ide
as
in
their
a
reas o
f
i
nt
erest.
The
rese
arch
work
is b
ased o
n
the
Za
chma
n
fr
ame
w
ork.
T
he
co
nce
pt
of
a
n
U
rb
a
n
Ente
rpr
ise
is
intr
oduce
d
i
n
[
43]
w
hic
h
e
na
bles
to
vi
ew
a
sma
rt
ci
ty
fro
m
the
e
nter
pr
ise
per
s
pecti
ve.
U
rb
a
n
e
nter
pri
se
is
c
omp
os
ed
of
m
ulti
ple
c
omp
on
e
nts
that
can
be
exa
min
ed
a
nd
evaluate
d
se
pa
ratel
y.
Accor
ding
to
the
st
udy
pr
e
se
nted
i
n
[44]
,
a
n
E
AF
f
or
sma
rt
ci
ti
es
shou
l
d
co
ns
ide
r
s
peci
fic
co
nce
rn
s
of
t
he
sta
ke
holders
a
nd
their
world
’s
issu
es
with
the
ai
m
of
im
pro
ving
t
he
qual
it
y
of
l
ife
for
ci
ti
zens
.
The
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng,
V
ol.
15
, No
.
1
,
Febr
uary
20
25
:
767
-
782
770
fr
ame
w
ork
int
rod
uces
a
str
uc
ture
d
ap
proa
ch
that
ca
n
m
anag
e
sma
rt
c
it
ie
s
.
This
f
ra
mew
ork
fo
c
use
s
on
est
ablishin
g
c
on
te
xtu
al
requ
irements
an
d
def
i
niti
on
s
f
or
s
mart
ser
vic
es.
Also
,
a
c
loud
base
d
ge
ner
al
arch
it
ect
ure
f
or
smart
ci
ti
es
is
pr
ese
nted
i
n
[45]
,
facil
it
at
i
ng
acce
ss
t
o
r
eal
-
ti
me
data
colle
ct
ed
via
I
oT
f
or
serv
ic
e
pr
ov
i
de
rs,
ci
ty
man
ager
s
,
a
nd
res
idents.
T
his
e
ns
ures
the
de
li
ver
y
of
nec
essar
y
se
r
vices
a
nd
amel
iorates
qu
al
it
y
of
urba
n
sta
nd
a
rds
of
li
ving
for
resi
de
nts.
A
resea
rc
h
w
ork
st
udy,
co
nducte
d
by
[
46]
,
pro
po
ses a
n
E
AF
f
or cit
ie
s.
The
no
vel ele
ments of this
framew
ork
are
DataxC
hange, t
he
v
al
ue
-
a
dd
e
d
ser
vice
s
and
virt
ual
ent
erprise
la
ye
rs
.
This
w
ork
ca
rri
ed
out
as
pa
rt
of
t
he
E
U
H
20
20
smart
c
it
y
project
+C
it
yx
C
hange
[47]
.
T
he
obje
ct
ive
outl
ined
in
this
E
AF
is
to
help
t
he
ci
ty
in
t
heir
i
niti
at
ives
to
e
nha
nce
s
ys
te
m
a
nd
data
al
ign
me
nt
i
n
offer
in
g
sma
rt
se
rv
ic
es.
T
his pr
oject
is fo
c
us
i
ng on d
e
velo
ping v
al
ue
-
a
dd
e
d solutio
ns
that
c
an
be
rep
li
cat
ed
i
n other EU
cit
ie
s an
d ex
plo
it
at
io
n i
n
c
om
me
rcial
market
s
beyo
nd it
s
durati
on
[
46]
.
T
h
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
s
m
a
r
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
m
a
i
m
s
t
o
l
e
v
e
r
a
g
e
s
m
a
r
t
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
a
n
d
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
t
o
o
l
s
t
o
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
m
f
o
r
s
h
a
r
i
n
g
u
s
e
f
u
l
d
a
t
a
,
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
n
g
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
,
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
t
o
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
s
m
a
r
t
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
[48]
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
a
t
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
f
o
u
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
m
a
r
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
i
t
s
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
m
o
f
f
e
r
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
t
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
f
o
u
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
ng
s
m
a
r
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
s
a
d
e
t
a
i
l
e
d
a
n
a
l
ys
i
s
a
n
d
d
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
t
h
e
u
n
d
e
r
l
y
i
n
g
i
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
m
,
a
n
d
b
a
s
i
c
d
a
t
a
b
a
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
m
[
4
8
]
.
Ind
us
tria
l
data
sp
ace
(IDS
),
de
fine
d
in
[
49]
,
is
a
virtu
al
dat
a
sp
ace
le
ve
ra
ging
e
xisti
ng
s
ta
nd
a
rd
s
a
nd
te
chnolo
gies,
as
well
as
acc
epted
gove
rn
a
nce
m
odel
s
f
or
the
data
ec
on
omy
.
T
his
fa
ci
li
ta
te
s
secur
e
an
d
sta
nd
a
rd
iz
e
d
e
xch
a
nge
a
nd
e
asy
li
nka
ge
of
data
withi
n
a
truste
d
busines
s
ecos
ys
te
m
.
As
a
res
ult,
it
there
by
pro
vid
es
a
ba
s
is
for
s
mart
s
e
rv
ic
e
sce
na
rios
an
d
in
nova
ti
ve
cr
os
s
-
c
ompa
ny
busi
ness
processes
,
wh
il
e
at
the
same
ti
m
e
ma
king
s
ur
e
data
so
ve
reig
nty
is
gu
a
ra
nteed
f
or
the
par
ti
ci
pati
ng
data
ow
ners
[
49]
.
T
he
st
udy
[
50]
examine
s
the
data
mana
ge
m
ent
nee
ds
of
s
mart
ci
ti
es
and
sug
gests
a
f
rame
work
f
or
data
gove
r
nance
to
su
pp
or
t
decisi
on
-
ma
king,
i
mpro
ve
op
e
ra
ti
on
al
pe
rformance,
est
ablish
data
qual
it
y,
a
nd
c
ompl
y
with
regulat
ory
c
om
pliance.
It
is
feasible
to
preser
ve
the
goal
s
an
d
pe
r
sp
ect
ives
of
sta
keholde
rs,
ac
cordin
g
to
the
co
mm
un
it
y
arch
it
ect
ure
f
ra
mew
ork
pr
ese
nted
in
[
51]
,
w
hich
ca
n
ena
bl
e
them
to
fin
d
commo
n
gr
ou
nd
with
out
ha
vin
g
t
o
enfor
ce
sta
nda
rd
iz
e
d
op
ti
ons
for
the
m
to
co
ns
ide
r
[
51]
.
T
hi
s
con
t
rasts
with
tra
diti
on
al
E
A
f
rame
w
orks
wh
ic
h
seek
to
represe
nt
the
str
uctured
goal
s
an
d
pe
rsp
ect
ive
of
a
sing
le
or
gan
iz
at
ion
.
T
he
ope
ning
of
ave
nue
s
for
innov
at
io
n
i
n
t
he desig
n of
s
mart cit
ie
s
is cr
u
ci
al
b
eca
us
e i
t would
o
t
herw
ise
b
e
da
un
ti
ng
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
i
n
[52]
a
i
m
s
t
o
a
d
o
p
t
E
A
f
o
r
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
i
t
y
.
T
h
e
m
a
i
n
g
o
a
l
o
f
t
h
i
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
t
u
d
y
i
s
t
o
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
t
e
r
o
p
e
r
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
i
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l
f
l
e
xi
b
i
l
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
i
n
c
i
t
i
e
s
t
o
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
i
n
b
u
s
i
n
e
s
s
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
h
e
l
p
s
t
o
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
c
i
t
y
’
s
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
g
o
a
l
b
y
a
c
h
i
e
v
i
n
g
a
c
o
h
e
r
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
r
o
p
e
r
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
a
n
d
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
i
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
d
e
p
l
o
y
e
d
i
n
s
m
a
r
t
c
i
t
y
[52]
.
F
i
r
d
a
u
s
y
e
t
a
l
.
[
5
3
]
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
t
h
i
s
i
s
s
u
e
b
y
r
e
c
o
n
c
i
l
i
n
g
d
a
t
a
s
o
v
e
r
e
i
g
n
t
y
a
n
d
e
n
t
e
r
p
r
i
s
e
i
n
t
e
r
o
p
e
r
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
w
i
t
hi
n
a
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
E
A
.
I
t
s
e
e
k
s
t
o
h
e
l
p
c
o
m
p
a
n
i
e
s
c
r
e
a
t
e
i
n
s
t
a
nt
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
r
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
ns
of
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
on
a
l
a
n
d
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
t
o
m
e
e
t
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
b
u
s
i
n
e
s
s
n
e
e
d
s
.
Otto
et
a
l.
[
49]
pr
ese
nte
d
an
E
AF
to
h
el
p
co
mp
a
nies
dete
r
mine the
de
ployme
nt of
organi
zat
ion
al
and
so
ft
war
e
co
m
pone
nts
before
enteri
ng
a
n
I
DS
ecos
ys
te
m.
T
he
f
rame
work
is
desi
gned
to
sim
plify
the
integrati
on
pro
cess
by
pr
ov
i
ding
a
str
uctu
red
ap
proac
h.
In
ad
diti
on,
it
imp
roves
the
acce
ssibil
it
y
of
th
e
gu
i
deli
nes
des
cribe
d
in
t
he
I
DS
ref
e
rence
a
rch
it
ect
ure
m
odel
,
ma
king
it
easy
for
c
omp
anies
wis
hing
to
join
ID
S
ec
os
ys
te
m
s to u
nd
e
rstan
d an
d fo
ll
ow t
he
n
ecessa
r
y
ste
ps.
Give
n
the
c
omplex
c
on
te
xt
of
smart
ci
ti
es,
the
stu
dy
prese
nted
in
[
54]
discuss
es
t
he
op
portu
nity
of
us
in
g
c
ommu
ni
ty
enter
pr
ise
arch
it
ect
ure
to
deal
with
th
e
li
mit
at
ion
s
of
existi
ng
E
A
f
rame
works.
A
no
t
her
study
is
de
ve
lop
e
d
to
str
uc
ture
the
relat
ion
s
hip
bet
w
een
ci
ti
zens’
feedba
c
k
an
d
con
ti
nu
ou
s
s
erv
ic
e
impro
veme
nt
t
o
meet
the
nee
d
of
ci
ti
zens
[
55]
.
It
pro
pose
s
a
proces
s
m
od
el
bas
ed
on
the
gu
i
delines
of
the
TOGAF
f
ram
ewor
k
a
nd
th
e
colla
borati
on
with
pr
act
i
ti
on
ers
that
would
assist
loca
l
aut
horiti
es
in
con
ti
nu
ously
pro
vid
i
ng imp
roved ser
vices t
o t
he
ci
ti
zens
[
55]
.
3.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
This
researc
h
pr
ese
nts
a
n
E
A
based
ap
pr
oach
f
oc
us
ed
on
val
ue
c
o
-
c
r
eat
ion
within
smart
ci
ti
es,
sp
eci
fical
ly
ai
ming
t
o
ad
dres
s
chall
en
ges
fa
ced
du
rin
g
thei
r
impleme
ntati
on.
T
he
stu
dy
is
insp
ire
d
by
desig
n
sci
ence
re
searc
h
met
hodolo
gy
(DSRM
)
a
nd
has
bee
n
a
dap
t
ed
to
meet
the
study’s
obje
ct
ives
a
nd
phases
[56
]
.
By
re
fining
t
he
met
hodolo
gy
ac
co
rd
i
ng
l
y,
the
resea
rc
h
ai
ms
to
pro
vid
e
s
olu
ti
ons
that
can
e
ff
e
ct
ively
con
t
rib
ute to t
he
su
cces
sf
ul
de
velo
pm
e
nt
of
s
mart cit
y.
The
ad
opti
on
of
DS
R
M
within
our
stu
dy
is
dri
ve
n
by
s
ever
al
fact
or
s
.
Firstl
y,
D
SRM
sta
nds
as
a
sta
nd
a
rd
met
hodolo
gy
i
n
i
nfo
rmati
on
sy
st
em
domain
,
r
enow
ned
f
or
augmenti
ng
th
e
pro
blem
-
s
olv
in
g
capab
il
it
ie
s
of
ind
ivi
du
al
s
a
nd
orga
niz
at
io
ns
amid
st
com
plex
sce
nar
i
os
[56]
.
Sec
ondl
y,
DS
R
M
f
urn
ishes
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
A
new en
te
r
pri
se a
rc
hitec
tur
e
-
base
d appr
oach
for
smart c
it
y valu
e c
o
-
c
r
eation
(
Me
rye
me
El
H
ouar
i
)
771
str
uctu
re
d
f
ra
mew
ork
for
c
r
afti
ng,
e
valuati
ng,
a
nd
re
fining
arti
facts
,
the
r
eby
en
surin
g
t
he
cal
ibe
r
a
nd
eff
ic
acy
of
resu
lt
a
nt
so
l
utions.
Last
ly
,
DS
R
M
facil
it
at
es
the
seaml
e
ss
integ
rati
on
of
div
e
rse
re
se
arch
meth
odol
og
ie
s
,
facil
it
at
ing
a
com
pr
e
hensi
ve
eval
uati
on
and
ref
ine
m
ent
traj
ect
ory.
Peff
e
rs
de
fi
ned
si
x
phas
es
for
impleme
nting
t
he
DS
R
M
[
56]
.
T
he
fir
st
sta
ge
ide
ntifie
s
t
he
pr
ob
le
m
a
nd
e
xp
la
in
s
t
he
i
m
portance
to
s
ol
ve
it
.
The
sec
ond
sta
ge
is
to
determ
ine
the
obje
ct
ives
of
the
pro
pose
d
ap
proac
h
for
so
l
ving
the
identifie
d
pro
blem
.
The
t
hir
d
sta
ge
is
to
desi
gn
a
nd
de
vel
op
an
ar
ti
fact
that
ca
n
be
a
co
ns
tr
uc
t,
m
od
el
,
met
hod,
or
i
ns
ta
nt
ia
ti
on
.
This
necessit
at
es
a
good
unde
rstan
ding
of
t
he
t
heoreti
cal
fou
nd
at
io
ns
th
at
can
be
ap
pl
ic
able
f
or
fi
nding
a
so
luti
on.
T
he
f
ourth
sta
ge
is
to
de
monstrate
the
eff
ic
ac
y
an
d
ef
fici
ency
of
the
arti
fact
by
us
in
g
it
to
so
l
ve
the
pro
blem.
The
fifth
sta
ge
is
to
e
valuate
res
ults
by
obser
vi
ng
an
d
meas
uri
ng
how
ef
fect
ive
the
so
l
utio
n
is
i
n
addressi
ng
the
ide
ntifie
d
pr
oble
m.
T
he
la
st
sta
ge
is
t
o
co
mmunica
te
t
he
de
velo
pe
d
so
l
ution
to
th
e
sc
ie
ntific
commu
nity.
A
ccordin
g
t
o
the
D
SR
M
phases
, our r
e
searc
h
a
ppr
oach is de
s
cribe
d
a
nd m
odel
ed
i
n
Fi
gure
2
.
a.
Pr
oble
m
i
de
ntific
at
ion
a
nd
m
otivati
on
:
The
existi
ng
li
te
ratur
e
on
E
A
ap
proac
hes
f
or
s
mart
ci
ty
rar
el
y
addresses
val
ue
co
-
creati
on
.
Stud
ie
s
usual
ly
f
ocu
s
o
n
te
c
hn
ology
an
d
i
nfra
structu
re,
omi
tt
ing
t
he
po
te
ntial
of
inte
racti
on
of
ci
ty
sta
ke
holde
rs.
T
he
re
su
lt
is
a
la
c
k
of
ap
proac
he
s
f
or
act
ive
c
ollaborat
io
n
a
nd
commu
nity
-
ce
ntere
d
se
rv
ic
e
desig
n
.
b.
Def
i
ning
the
obje
ct
ives:
The
ob
je
ct
ive
of
our
st
udy
fo
c
use
s
on
s
upporting
t
he
im
plem
entat
ion
of
sm
art
ci
ti
es
throu
gh
EA
pr
i
nciples
and
va
lue
c
o
-
c
reati
on
to
en
ha
nce
t
he
desig
n
of
sma
rt
se
r
vices
to
res
po
nd
eff
ic
ie
ntly
to
t
he
c
om
m
unit
y need
s, wit
h
t
he
u
lt
imat
e goal
of r
ei
nf
or
ci
ng
eng
a
geme
nt
of cit
y
me
mb
e
rs.
c.
Desig
n
a
nd
d
e
velo
pm
e
nt:
T
he
pro
pose
d
a
ppr
oac
h
dev
el
ops
a
ste
p
-
by
-
st
ep
meth
odolog
y
t
o
desig
n
sm
art
serv
ic
es
an
d
ge
ner
at
e
c
o
-
crea
te
d
value
a
cco
rd
i
ng
to
co
mm
un
it
y
c
on
te
xt.
This
pro
posed
appr
oach
ena
bl
es
ci
ty
sta
ke
holde
rs
t
o
desi
gn
a
f
eder
at
e
d
s
mart
ci
ty
a
rc
hitec
ture
t
ow
a
rd
s
mar
te
r
se
rv
ic
es,
w
hich
is
es
senti
al
for
al
ig
ning cit
y
se
rv
ic
es
w
it
h com
munit
y ne
eds.
d.
Dem
onstrat
ion:
The
us
e
of
th
e
ap
proac
h
is
i
niti
al
ly
de
mon
strat
ed
by
ap
pl
ying
it
to
one
c
ase
stu
dy
of
s
mart
parkin
g. F
ur
th
er
dem
on
st
rati
on m
us
t t
ake
p
l
ace b
y
a
pp
l
ying i
t t
o
a
n
e
w fi
el
d.
T
his is t
o be
done yet.
e.
Evaluati
on:
T
he
pro
posed
a
ppr
oac
h
is
sim
ul
at
ed
by
a
sim
ulati
on
to
ol
to
evaluate
t
he
e
f
fecti
ven
es
s
of
the
dev
el
op
e
d
a
ppr
oach.
f.
Comm
unic
at
ion
:
The
resea
rc
h
fi
nd
i
ng
s
will
be
s
har
e
d
with
the
sci
e
ntific
com
munit
y
th
rou
gh
publica
ti
ons
in con
fer
e
nces
and re
puta
ble j
our
nals.
Figure
2. D
SRM
a
ppli
ed
to
our
resea
rch w
ork
4.
PROP
OSE
D APP
ROAC
H
4.1.
Ex
isting EA
f
or
sm
ar
t
ci
ty
This
s
ub
-
sect
ion
pro
vid
es
a
high
-
le
vel
com
par
is
on
stu
dy,
analyzin
g
t
he
existi
ng
EA
a
ppr
oac
hes
in
the
era
of
s
mar
t
ci
t
ie
s.
It
co
m
piles
ho
w
m
uc
h
researc
h
w
orks
meet
co
re prer
e
qu
isi
te
s f
r
om
an
E
A
per
s
pe
ct
ive.
Each
of
t
he
e
xamine
d
arc
hitec
tures
ha
s
it
s
ow
n
per
s
pecti
ve
on
how
to
address
co
mp
l
ex
iss
ues.
Althou
gh
so
me
of
t
he
ar
chite
ct
ur
es
ha
ve
consi
der
e
d
st
akeholde
rs
as
on
e
of
the
ar
c
hitec
tural
co
m
pone
nts,
none
of
t
he
sel
ect
ed
fr
a
me
works
detai
l
ac
tor’s
interact
io
ns
in
s
mart
c
it
y,
a
nd
the
inc
orp
or
at
io
n
of
sta
kehold
e
r’s
co
ncerns
in co
-
c
reati
ng
serv
ic
e a
nd
val
ue.
T
o
co
nduct
the co
m
par
is
on an
al
ys
is o
f
s
el
ect
ed
EA
a
ppro
ac
hes,
we
est
ablish
the foll
owin
g
c
rite
ria:
a.
Ar
c
hitec
tural c
ompone
nts:
co
ntext, se
r
vice,
bu
si
ness,
data,
app
li
cat
io
n,
tec
hnolog
y
.
−
Con
te
xt:
Enc
ompasse
s
desi
re
s,
nee
ds
,
an
d
requireme
nts
r
el
at
ed
to
sma
r
t
ci
ty
con
ce
r
ns,
al
ong
with
associat
ed
ke
y
performa
nce
i
ndic
at
or
s
(
KPIs)
that
en
ha
nce
t
he
qu
al
it
y
of
li
fe
of
s
mart
ci
t
y.
It
incl
ud
es
ob
je
ct
ives
,
c
ha
ll
eng
es,
pr
in
ci
ples,
an
d
main
re
quireme
nts
per
ti
ne
nt
t
o
sm
art
ci
ty
ef
forts.
A
ddit
ion
al
ly
,
the conte
xt
ual
la
yer
a
ddresse
s
the inte
rests
of cit
y
me
mb
e
rs and co
mm
un
it
i
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng,
V
ol.
15
, No
.
1
,
Febr
uary
20
25
:
767
-
782
772
−
Ser
vice:
I
nclu
des
the
f
ound
at
ion
al
el
eme
nts
a
nd
s
peci
ficat
ion
s
incl
udin
g
dicta
te
t
he
struct
ur
e
,
functi
onal
it
y,
and
inter
opera
bili
ty
f
or
the
arch
it
ect
ure
of
ser
vices
with
in
the
sma
rt
ci
ty
to
meet
bu
si
ness o
bject
ives.
−
Business:
Ca
pt
ur
es
al
l
enter
pri
ses
that
co
ntri
bu
te
f
un
ct
io
ns
and
pr
ocesses
t
o
deliver
di
gital
serv
ic
es
.
I
t
encompa
sses
operati
onal
acti
viti
es p
r
ovidi
ng a
nd d
el
ive
rin
g bu
si
ness
ser
vi
ces.
−
Data:
Com
pr
is
es
real
-
ti
me
da
ta
from
onli
ne
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns,
hist
or
ic
al
da
ta
,
exter
nal
data,
a
nd
util
knowle
dge
bas
es.
−
Applic
at
ion
:
Incl
ud
e
al
l s
ys
te
ms in
volve
d
in
providi
ng serv
ic
es f
or
mem
be
rs of sma
rt cit
y.
−
Tech
no
l
ogy:
E
ncompa
sses
te
chnolo
gies
im
plemente
d
acr
os
s
sma
rt
ci
ti
es,
li
ke
cl
oud
te
chnolo
gies,
bi
g
data, a
nd I
o
T.
b.
Sp
eci
fic c
rite
ria:
commu
nity i
nteracti
on, se
r
vice d
e
sig
n,
va
lue co
-
cre
at
ion
.
−
Comm
unit
y
i
nt
eracti
on
:
Re
fe
rs
t
o
the
le
vel
of
en
ga
geme
nt
an
d
c
ollab
or
a
ti
on
betwee
n
the
s
mart
ci
t
y
act
or
s.
It
f
ocuses
on
in
vo
l
vin
g
in
div
i
du
al
s
,
bu
si
nesses,
a
nd
oth
er
sta
ke
ho
l
der
s
in
dec
isi
on
-
maki
ng
processes
, feed
back mec
ha
nisms,
a
nd c
o
-
des
ign
in
g ser
vices
.
−
Ser
vice
d
esi
gn:
Fo
c
us
on
pl
ann
i
ng
an
d
st
r
uctu
rin
g
of
se
rv
ic
es.
It
e
xp
l
or
es
the
i
ntricaci
es
of
ho
w
serv
ic
es
are
c
oncei
ve
d,
de
vel
op
e
d, an
d
im
pl
emented
to
ali
gn w
it
h
sma
rt
ci
ty v
isi
on
.
−
Value
c
o
-
c
reati
on
:
E
ncompas
ses
the
colla
borati
ve
de
velo
pm
e
nt
an
d
im
plementat
io
n
of
so
l
utions
b
y
var
i
ou
s
sta
keholde
rs
f
rom
va
riet
y
of
busi
ness
in
a
co
m
plementa
ry
wa
y
t
o
delive
r
s
mart
ser
vices
.
Co
-
c
reati
on
in
vo
l
ves
sh
a
rin
g
ideas
,
knowle
dg
e
,
a
nd
res
ou
rces
t
o
create
innov
at
ive
a
nd
val
ue
-
a
dded
smart cit
y sol
ut
io
ns
.
The
e
valuati
on
of
the
li
ste
d
crit
eria
is
c
onduct
ed
acc
ordin
g
to
the
sc
or
i
ng
syst
em
descr
i
bed
in
Table
1.
T
his
scor
i
ng
ens
ure
s
that
each
crit
erio
n
is
assess
ed
c
on
sist
e
ntly
.
Th
us,
the
c
ompa
rati
ve
of
EA
for
smart cit
y gai
ns cl
arit
y
a
nd
prov
i
des
a
clea
re
r
int
er
pret
at
ion.
Table
1.
C
omp
arati
ve
sc
or
i
ng
Evalu
atio
n
Descripti
o
n
++
Ap
p
roach
hig
h
ly
s
u
p
p
o
rts cr
iteria
+
Ap
p
roach
partially
su
p
p
o
rts cr
iteria
-
Ap
p
roach
do
es n
o
t
su
p
p
o
rts cr
iteria
The
ex
amine
d
EA
ap
proac
he
s
pr
ese
nted
i
n
Table
2
hav
e
s
ever
al
po
i
nts
in
co
mm
on
:
th
ey
hi
gh
li
ght
the
al
ignment
of
E
A
with
bu
siness
ob
je
ct
iv
es
an
d
re
qu
i
re
ments,
t
he
pr
omoti
on
of
in
no
vation
an
d
a
gili
ty,
an
d
the
imp
ort
ance
of
colla
bo
rati
on.
Our
li
te
ratur
e
re
view
i
de
ntifie
s
va
rio
us
fr
ame
w
orks
w
hich
deal
with
smart
ci
ty
goa
ls.
H
oweve
r,
the
y
do
not prov
i
de
a
zo
ome
d
insi
ght
on
thei
r
fun
da
mental
la
ye
rs
su
c
h
as
busine
ss,
data,
app
li
cat
io
n,
a
nd
te
ch
no
l
ogy.
Ra
re
fr
a
me
works
descr
i
be
how
t
o
c
o
-
create
sma
rt
s
erv
ic
es
t
ow
a
r
d
dig
it
al
trans
formati
on
.
Althou
gh
a
ppr
oach
e
s
yield
va
luable
in
sig
ht
s,
it
i
s
im
porta
nt
t
o
rec
ognize
their
i
nh
e
ren
t
li
mit
at
ion
s,
as
s
how
n
i
n
Table
2.
T
he
li
mit
at
ion
s
in
the
e
xisti
ng
E
A
fr
a
mew
orks
desi
gned
f
or
sma
rt
ci
ti
es
can
be
su
m
marized
as
foll
ow
s:
a.
Lack
of
c
ommu
nity
as
pect
s
en
ha
nceme
nt
an
d
pros
pec
ts
in
act
or
s
’
i
nteracti
ons.
T
her
e
is
a
li
mit
ed
consi
der
at
io
n
of
c
om
m
unit
y
-
centric
el
eme
nts
su
c
h
as
co
mmunica
ti
on,
colla
borati
on,
eng
a
geme
nt,
a
nd
co
-
c
reati
on
in
the
E
AF
f
or
s
mart
ci
ty
.
Als
o,
there
is
a
m
inim
al
ex
plora
ti
on
of
inte
racti
on
s
am
ong
s
mart
ci
ty
act
or
s
within
e
xisti
ng
framew
orks,
with
a
pa
rtic
ular
s
hortage
i
n
un
de
rstan
ding
the
po
te
ntial
of
va
lu
e
co
-
c
reati
on am
ong
act
or
s
in
t
he
ec
osystem
of sma
rt cit
y.
b.
Scarcit
y
of
holi
sti
c
arch
it
ect
ur
al
re
qu
ir
eme
nts
c
ov
e
ra
ge
i
n
s
mart
ci
t
y
de
velo
pm
e
nt.
It
has
been
noti
ced
that
the
c
urre
nt
sma
rt
E
A
f
rame
works
do
not
ad
dress
e
ssentia
l
re
qu
ir
ements
a
nd
th
ei
r
relat
io
ns
hi
ps
,
includi
ng gaps
in add
ressin
g
c
on
te
xtu
al
facto
rs
a
nd servic
e
-
relat
ed
as
pects.
c.
Def
ic
ie
nc
y
i
n
t
he
us
age
of
se
r
vice
de
sig
n
pa
r
adigm
f
or
the
c
on
ce
ptio
n
of
s
mart
se
rv
ic
es.
Ther
e
is
a
sca
r
ce
integrati
on
of
t
he
se
rv
ic
e
desi
gn
pa
rad
i
gm
i
n
the
modell
in
g
of
a
rch
it
ect
ure
f
or
sma
rt
ci
ti
es,
ind
ic
at
in
g
a
la
ck
of
fo
c
us o
n
c
om
m
unit
y
-
c
entere
d desig
n pr
i
nciple
s.
d.
Lack
of u
ti
li
zat
ion
of v
al
ue
c
o
-
creati
on in
the
d
e
velo
pm
e
nt
of
smart cit
y ar
chite
ct
ur
al
a
ppro
ac
hes. Li
mit
ed
exp
l
or
at
io
n
of
the
interact
io
ns
betwee
n
s
ma
rt
ci
ty
act
ors,
with
a
par
ti
cul
ar
dea
rth
i
n
unde
rstan
ding
a
nd
harnessi
ng
t
he
po
te
ntial
fo
r
value
c
o
-
cr
e
at
ion
f
or
desi
gn
i
ng
a
n
e
ff
e
ct
ive
and
val
uab
le
E
A
to
w
ard
connecte
d sma
rt comm
un
it
y.
M
a
ny
a
rc
hitec
tural
a
ppr
oach
e
s
pr
e
sent
s
mart
ci
ty
li
ke
a
set
of
is
olate
d
sil
os.
Ne
ver
t
heless
,
the
fo
c
us
on
relat
ion
s
hips
betwee
n
di
fferent
act
ors
of
the
evaluate
d
f
rame
work
s
is
sti
ll
absen
t
or
li
mit
ed.
O
ur
pro
po
s
e
d
appr
oach
f
ocuses
on
c
o
-
crea
ti
ng
value
an
d
smart
ser
vices.
F
rom
our
pe
rsp
ect
ive
,
t
he
smart
ci
t
y
ca
n
be
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
A
new en
te
r
pri
se a
rc
hitec
tur
e
-
base
d appr
oach
for
smart c
it
y valu
e c
o
-
c
r
eation
(
Me
rye
me
El
H
ouar
i
)
773
per
cei
ved
as
a
set
of
i
nterac
ti
ve
s
ub
-
c
om
m
un
it
ie
s.
It
re
qu
ires
more
li
nked
sma
rt
proje
ct
s
with
resp
e
ct
ing
sp
eci
fic
a
sp
ect
s
of
c
omm
un
it
ie
s.
Also, we
ca
n
noti
ce
that ra
re f
ram
ew
orks
involve
a meth
odologica
l ro
a
dm
a
p
to ach
ie
ve fede
rati
ve
a
nd tra
nsfo
rmati
onal
goal
s.
With
t
he
ve
rtiginous
c
hang
es
faci
ng
our
w
or
l
d,
sma
rt
ci
ti
es,
c
on
ce
ptu
al
iz
ed
as
commu
nity
enter
pr
ise
s,
s
houl
d
posit
ion
themsel
ves
t
o
a
dep
tl
y
al
ig
n
a
nd
a
dju
st
t
heir
inf
ormat
io
n
s
ys
te
ms
ef
fici
ently
by
creati
ng
value
to
ac
hieve
it
s
ob
je
ct
ives
a
nd
reali
ze
it
s
visio
n.
I
n
the
abse
nce
of
a
cl
ear
met
hodo
log
ic
al
blu
e
pr
i
nt,
ada
pt
at
ion
s
are
oft
en
co
m
plex
to
i
mp
le
me
nt,
ti
m
e
-
co
nsumin
g
a
nd
c
os
tl
y.
T
he
main
c
halle
ng
e
her
e
reli
es on the
a
bi
li
ty o
f
s
mart ci
ty to q
uickl
y
tr
ansfo
rm
t
ow
a
r
d
s
mart c
omm
un
it
y
[
54]
.
Ba
sed
on
the
analysis
of
t
he
existi
ng
st
ud
i
es
an
d
in
re
spon
s
e
to
the
li
mit
at
ion
s
ide
ntifie
d
in
the
stud
ie
d
ap
proa
ches,
we
will
ref
ine
the
obje
ct
ives
of
t
he
pro
po
s
ed
a
ppr
oac
h.
Our
a
ppro
ac
h
ai
ms
to
le
a
rn
fro
m
the
li
te
ratur
e
r
eview,
wh
il
e
proacti
vely
a
ddressi
ng
the
c
halle
ng
e
s
a
nd
li
mit
at
ion
s
ide
ntifie
d,
to
pre
ci
sel
y
or
ie
nt
the
obje
ct
ives
of
t
he
ne
w
pro
posed
a
ppr
oach.
T
hus,
the
ke
y
obje
ct
ives
a
nd
c
omp
on
e
nts
of
the
model
are s
um
ma
rize
d
in
Ta
ble 3.
Table
2.
C
omp
arati
ve of EA
f
or sma
rt cit
y
Ref.
Ap
p
roach
Co
n
tex
t
Service
Bu
sin
ess
Ap
p
licatio
n
Data
Techn
o
lo
g
y
Co
m
m
u
n
ity
in
terac
tio
n
Service
d
esig
n
Valu
e
c
o
-
crea
tio
n
[56
]
Enterp
rise
a
rchitec
tu
re
for the
trans
form
atio
n
of
p
u
b
lic services
-
+
+
-
-
-
++
-
-
[52
]
Enterp
rise
a
rchitec
tu
re
for
d
ig
italizatio
n
of sm
art
cities
++
++
++
++
++
++
+
-
+
[53
]
Refere
n
ce
en
terpri
se arc
h
itectu
r
e
to
enfo
rce
d
ig
ital s
o
v
ereign
ty
in
in
ternatio
n
al data sp
aces
-
+
++
+
++
++
++
+
-
[42
]
A
co
m
m
u
n
ity
ar
ch
itectu
re
fr
a
m
ewo
rk
for s
m
a
rt
cities
-
-
-
+
+
++
++
-
+
[48
]
Sm
ar
t
city
co
m
m
u
n
ity
service
in
teg
rated m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
-
+
+
++
++
++
++
+
-
[49
]
IDS
-
RA
M
f
ra
m
ew
o
rk
-
+
++
+
++
++
+
+
-
[46
]
Enterp
rise
a
rchitec
tu
re
for
+
City
x
Ch
an
g
e
++
++
++
+
++
+
++
+
+
[44
]
Desig
n
in
g
E
A f
o
r
smar
t
cities
++
++
+
+
+
+
-
++
-
[43
]
Urban
en
terprise
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
fr
o
m
an
en
terprise
architectu
r
e
p
ersp
ectiv
e
-
-
+
+
+
+
++
-
-
[45
]
Sm
art
city
a
rchitec
tu
re
for
co
m
m
u
n
ity
level s
ervices
th
rou
g
h
the in
terne
t of thin
g
s
-
++
-
+
+
++
++
+
+
[40
]
A
b
ig
data analy
tic
s architectu
re
for sm
art
cities
an
d
smar
t
co
m
p
an
ies
-
+
++
+
++
++
++
-
-
[39
]
Sm
art
city
Cir
eb
o
n
fr
a
m
ewo
rk
-
+
++
+
+
++
-
-
-
Ta
bl
e
3
.
Th
e ta
r
get
ed
appr
o
ac
h
purposes
Co
n
cerns
Why
(Purp
o
se)
W
h
at (
Co
n
ten
t)
Ho
w (
I
m
p
le
m
en
tat
io
n
)
EA
fo
r
sm
art
city
valu
e co
-
crea
tio
n
Sm
art
s
ervices
Sm
art
c
ity
Service
d
esig
n
Valu
e
c
o
-
cr
eatio
n
Sm
art
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
EA
Alig
n
in
g
strategy
,
co
n
tex
t,
acto
r's int
erac
tio
n
,
b
u
sin
ess
,
d
ata,
ap
p
licatio
n
and
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
Prov
id
in
g
a
h
o
listi
c blu
ep
rint
for sm
art
co
m
m
u
n
ity
Sm
art
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
E
A
4.2.
Dev
el
op
me
nt
ap
pr
oach
f
or E
A
-
b
as
ed
sm
ar
t
ci
ty
va
lue
c
o
-
cre
at
i
on
The
pro
posed
appr
oach
pr
ovides
a
hi
gh
-
le
vel
ov
e
rv
ie
w
of
the
relat
io
nship
bet
ween
strat
egy
a
nd
relat
ion
s
hip
m
anag
e
ments
,
c
om
m
unit
y
c
on
te
xt
,
E
A
pri
nc
iples,
se
r
vice
desig
n
an
d
i
m
plementat
io
n
,
and
the
dev
el
opment
of
a
sma
rt
ci
ti
es
to
ward
a
n
E
A
-
base
d
sma
rt
c
it
y
val
ue
c
o
-
cr
eat
ion
a
ppr
oac
h
i
n
Fig
ur
e
2.
In
thi
s
work,
we
ai
m
to
de
velo
p
a
n
E
A
-
base
d
a
ppr
oa
ch
f
or
co
-
crea
ti
ng
value
i
n
s
mart
c
ity
in
Fi
gure
3.
T
he
ap
proac
h
il
lustrate
s
a
model
in
w
hi
ch
i
nputs
fro
m
strat
e
gy
a
nd
relat
ion
s
hip
ma
nag
e
ment
are
us
e
d
to
gu
i
de
t
he
dev
el
opment
of
sma
rt
ser
vic
es
that
fee
d
in
to
the
c
om
m
unit
y
c
on
te
xt
.
Strate
gy
m
a
na
geme
nt
re
fer
s
to
the
strat
egic
pla
nn
ing
a
nd
decisi
on
-
ma
king
pro
cesses
that
det
ermine
the
visi
on
an
d
obje
ct
ives
of
the
sma
rt
ci
ty
.
Re
la
ti
on
sh
i
p
m
anag
e
ment
i
nvolv
es
mana
ging
the
c
onnecti
on
s
a
nd
intera
ct
ion
s
betwee
n
the
va
rio
us
ac
tors
in
the
sma
rt
ci
ty
ecos
ys
te
m,
su
c
h
as
in
div
id
ual
s,
bu
si
nesses
,
and
pu
blic
aut
horiti
es,
or
ext
ern
al
pa
rtners.
The
commu
nity
c
onte
xt
is
create
d
usi
ng
the
i
nputs
pro
vide
d
t
o
identif
y
s
har
e
d
or
m
utu
al
l
y
s
upportive
nee
ds
a
nd
ob
je
ct
ives
am
ong t
he va
rio
us
sta
keholde
rs
i
nvol
ved in t
he
s
mart cit
y
ec
osy
ste
m.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng,
V
ol.
15
, No
.
1
,
Febr
uary
20
25
:
767
-
782
774
Figure
3. O
verview
of the
propo
s
ed
EA
-
base
d
value
c
o
-
crea
ti
on
m
odel
Accor
ding
to
the
ide
ntifie
d
commu
nity
c
onte
xt,
t
he
bl
ue
pr
i
nt
of
sma
r
t
ci
ty
is
struc
ture
d
as
a
ref
e
ren
ce
to
e
f
fecti
vely
a
da
pt
to
c
om
m
unit
y
nee
ds
a
nd
goa
ls.
It
is
gu
i
ding
the
desi
gn
a
nd
impleme
nta
ti
on
of
diff
e
re
nt
s
har
e
d
or
par
ti
al
ly
s
har
e
d
a
rc
hitec
tural
c
omp
onen
ts
(
bu
si
ness,
da
ta
,
ap
p
li
cat
io
n,
an
d
te
c
hnol
ogy)
to
desig
n
an
d
im
plement
sma
rt
ser
vices
that
gen
e
rate
valu
e
.
E
A
pri
nci
ples
gu
i
de
t
he
cu
stomiza
ti
on
of
these
pr
i
nciples
to
fi
t
the
s
pecific
c
on
te
xt,
wh
ic
h
ens
ur
es
the
res
ulti
ng
ci
t
y
blu
e
pr
i
nt
is
fit
to
a
ddress
t
he
nee
ds
a
nd
dynamics
of
th
e
co
mm
unit
ie
s.
Se
r
vice
desig
n
is
im
pleme
nted
t
o
create
va
lue,
en
ha
ncin
g
co
-
cr
eat
ion
a
mong
ci
ty
act
ors.
I
nteracti
on
is
c
ruci
al
throu
ghout
the
process
,
i
nvol
ving
s
ha
rin
g
a
nd
c
ollabor
at
ion
e
ffor
ts
be
twee
n
ci
ty
sta
keholde
rs
to
c
on
ti
nual
ly
adju
st
an
d
imp
r
ove
sma
rt
serv
ic
es
.
This
create
s
an
it
er
at
ive
an
d
co
ntinuo
us
amel
iorati
on
c
ycle
f
oc
us
ed
on
c
on
sta
nt
a
da
ptati
on
t
o
ma
xi
mize
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
a
nd
sma
rt
co
mmunit
y
e
xper
ie
nce
.
The
res
ults
of
imple
mentin
g
sma
rt
se
r
vices
are
t
hen
me
asur
e
d
in
te
rm
s
of
val
ue
ge
ne
rated
a
nd
fee
db
a
c
k
gathe
red
wh
ic
h
fee
ds
t
he
kn
ow
le
dg
e
base.
Th
us
,
the
tra
nsfo
rmati
on
is
ac
hieve
d
by
a
nal
yzin
g
t
he
c
ommu
nity
con
te
xt
an
d
co
-
creati
on
op
portu
niti
es,
dev
el
op
i
ng
a
s
uitabl
e
arch
it
ect
ural
blu
e
pr
i
nt
for
smart
ci
ti
es
toward,
ai
med
at
desig
ning s
mart se
r
v
ic
es that
meet
the c
om
m
unit
y's nee
ds
.
We
detai
l
the
commo
n
pr
oc
ess
phases
in
sp
ire
d
f
rom
c
o
-
c
reati
on
pro
cess
presente
d
in
[
28]
f
or
dev
el
op
i
ng
our
EA
-
base
d
federat
ive
ap
proa
ch.
T
he
m
et
ho
d
is
de
picte
d
grap
hical
ly
in
F
igure
4.
We
use
the
no
ta
ti
on
prese
nted
in
[57
]
,
w
hich
is
ba
sed
on
sta
ndar
d
U
ML
conve
ntio
ns
,
with
some
mi
nor
ada
ptati
on
s.
The
process
s
hows
the
E
A
-
base
d
smart
ci
ty
value
c
o
-
c
reati
on
p
r
ocess,
wh
ic
h
be
gin
s
wi
th
a
meti
culo
us
unde
rstan
ding
of
c
om
m
unit
y
need
s
a
nd
go
al
s,
le
adin
g
to
the
de
velo
pme
nt
of
a
resil
ie
nt
EA,
desi
gn,
a
nd
impleme
ntati
on
of
s
mart
se
rv
ic
es
t
ow
a
rd
co
-
c
reati
ng
va
lue.
Co
ntin
uous
im
proveme
nt
is
the
f
oc
us
as
it
it
erates i
n
a c
yc
li
cal
r
et
urn
to
the
co
mm
unit
y c
onte
xt.
Ph
ase
1
is
co
m
muni
ty
c
onte
xt
ide
ntific
at
ion
.
D
ur
i
ng
t
he
i
niti
al
ph
ase
of
th
e
pr
ocess,
the
f
ocus
is
o
n
locat
ing
the
c
ommu
nity
c
on
te
xt
a
nd
i
den
ti
f
yi
ng
sta
ke
holde
rs
w
ho
a
re
rel
evan
t
to
the
focus
of
interest
[58]
.
Ba
sed
on
c
ommu
nity
e
ngage
ment
st
rategie
s
an
d
strat
egic
ci
ty
visio
n,
the
a
im
of
this
phase
is
to
id
entify
opport
un
it
ie
s
and
c
halle
nges
that
may
imp
act
the
op
e
rati
on
s
of
t
he
sm
art
ci
ty
.
With
this
com
pr
e
he
ns
ive
unde
rstan
ding,
the
s
mart
c
it
y
stoc
khold
e
r
is
bette
r
e
qu
i
pp
e
d
t
o
r
esp
ond
e
ff
ect
i
vely
t
o
c
ommu
nity
exp
ect
at
io
ns
.
Ph
ase
2
is
a
na
lyzing
r
eq
uire
ments
a
nd
val
ue
c
o
-
c
reati
on
op
portu
niti
es.
The
ce
ntral
obje
ct
ive
is
t
o
analyze
ci
ty
requirem
ents
,
deter
mine
relat
ion
s
hip
s
betwee
n
sta
ke
ho
l
der
s
,
an
d
exp
l
or
e
c
o
-
creati
on
opport
un
it
ie
s.
In
t
his
phase,
sta
keholde
rs
a
re
ma
pp
e
d
acc
ordin
g
to
t
he
ir
ro
le
s,
i
nclu
di
ng
c
ommu
nity
act
or
s
and
me
mb
e
rs.
Dev
el
op
i
ng
th
ei
r
interest
s
,
c
on
st
raints,
ex
pe
ct
at
ion
s,
a
nd
i
nf
l
uen
ce
is
ce
nt
ral
to
per
cei
ve
valu
e
co
-
c
reati
on
in
the
s
mart
c
ommu
nity.
I
n
t
his
sta
ge
,
in
volvin
g
t
he
c
ommu
nity
i
n
va
lue
co
-
cre
at
io
n
is
a
n
import
ant
as
pe
ct
,
with
orga
ni
zed
meet
i
ng
s
a
nd
eve
nts
desi
gn
e
d
t
o
e
ncou
r
age
c
ollab
or
at
ion,
inte
racti
ons,
a
nd
a
sense
of
s
ha
red
owne
rs
hip
[59]
.
As
the
s
mart
ci
ty
e
xec
utes
it
s
co
-
cre
at
ion
init
ia
ti
ve
s,
it
not
only
de
li
ver
s
val
ue
to
the
c
om
m
unit
y
but
al
so
s
olidifie
s
it
s
posit
ion
as
a
n
i
nclusi
ve
pa
rtic
ipant
within
the
c
ommu
nity
con
te
xt.
T
hus, t
his phase a
nal
ys
es
how
ci
ty
a
ct
or
s c
ould i
nteract t
oget
her
and
un
der
sta
nd
releva
nt expe
r
ie
nces
and ideas
for p
os
sible
smart
s
cenari
os
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
A
new en
te
r
pri
se a
rc
hitec
tur
e
-
base
d appr
oach
for
smart c
it
y valu
e c
o
-
c
r
eation
(
Me
rye
me
El
H
ouar
i
)
775
Figure
4. EA
-
ba
sed
de
velo
pme
nt app
ro
ac
h f
or sma
rt cit
y v
al
ue
co
-
cr
eat
io
n
Ph
ase
3
is
de
fi
ning
E
A
b
l
ueprint.
I
n
this
sta
ge,
the
smart
c
it
y
transiti
ons
f
rom
colla
bo
rati
ve
plan
ni
ng
to
str
uctu
re
de
finiti
on,
fo
c
us
i
ng
on
the
de
ve
lop
me
nt
of
a
f
eder
at
ive
E
A
s
tr
uctu
re
for
the
co
mm
un
it
y
c
onte
xt.
Ba
sed
on
co
-
c
reated
strat
e
gies
a
nd
sta
keho
lder
in
pu
t,
t
his
phase
is
devo
te
d
t
o
sh
a
ping
gu
i
delines
that
al
ig
n
with
c
ommu
nit
y
nee
ds
an
d
al
ign
with
ci
ty
goal
s.
T
hro
ugh
m
et
ic
ulo
us
def
i
ni
ti
on
,
a
rc
hitec
ture
is
de
fine
d
t
o
be
fed
e
rati
ve
a
nd
r
esp
onsive
t
o
the
dy
namic
era
of
c
ommu
nity
needs
an
d
goa
ls.
The
desig
n
of
ci
ty p
r
ocess
es
is
a
pr
i
or
it
y,
e
nsur
ing
that
the
y
al
ign
with
t
he
implemente
d
arch
it
ect
ure,
a
nd
t
hat
they
s
upport
the
sea
mless
execu
ti
on
of jo
int
value
c
o
-
cr
eat
ion
init
ia
ti
v
es.
The
fed
e
rated
ap
proach
to
EA
is
desig
ne
d
based
on
a
com
munit
y
con
te
xt
an
d
i
nvolv
e
s
th
e
colla
borati
on
a
nd
c
oord
i
natio
n
of
m
ulti
ple
s
mart
ci
ty
act
or
s
to
create
a
nd
ma
nag
e
a
sh
a
red
arc
hitec
tur
e
that
al
ign
s
with
co
mmon
or
c
ompleme
nta
ry
goal
s
an
d
obje
ct
ive
s
to
wa
rd
va
lue
c
o
-
c
reati
on
.
I
n
t
his
sta
ge
,
w
e
pr
i
or
it
iz
e
valu
e
co
-
c
reati
on
amo
ng
sta
ke
holde
rs
to
e
nsu
re
that
sma
rt
ci
ty
serv
ic
es
meet
the
nee
ds
of
t
he
commu
nity.
T
his in
volves a
r
chite
ct
ur
al
c
omp
on
e
nts a
dopt
ed
f
rom T
O
G
AF
[33
]
descr
i
bed in t
he follo
wing.
a.
Business
co
mpon
e
nts
in
cl
ude
arch
it
ect
ural
models
of
ci
ty
operati
ons
a
nd
process,
lo
okin
g
s
pecifica
ll
y
at
sh
are
d
a
nd
c
ompleme
ntar
y
s
erv
ic
es
t
hat
m
otivate
the
co
mmunit
y
an
d
how
t
he
ci
ty
is
orga
nizat
io
na
ll
y
structu
r
e
d.
b.
Informati
on
s
yst
em comp
one
nts ca
ptu
re
arc
hitec
ture mo
de
ls of IT
syst
em
s,
lo
ok
i
ng at m
utu
al
a
pp
li
cat
ion
s
and d
at
a t
hat s
erv
e
the c
omm
un
it
y.
c.
Tech
no
l
ogy
c
ompone
nts
in
cl
ud
in
g
arc
hitec
tural
te
ch
no
logy
th
at
are
us
e
d
to
imple
ment
a
nd
r
eal
iz
e
inf
or
mati
on
syst
e
m so
l
utions.
d.
Th
us
,
by
def
i
nin
g
E
A
blu
e
pr
i
nt,
we
ai
m
to
s
hap
e
value
c
o
-
creati
on
fou
ndat
ion
to
ward
ci
ty
ser
vice
d
esi
gn
.
The
re
fine
d
E
A
se
r
ves
a
s
t
he
bac
kbone
of
smart
ci
ti
es,
re
ady
to
e
ff
ect
iv
el
y
meet
co
m
munit
y
nee
ds
and
ob
je
ct
ives
,
a
nd
t
o
facil
it
at
e
the
im
plement
at
ion
of
in
nova
ti
ve
init
ia
ti
ves
in
the
ne
xt
sta
ges
of
se
rv
i
ce
desig
n
a
nd im
pl
ementat
ion.
Ph
ase
4
is
de
s
ign
in
g
ci
ty
se
r
vices
.
T
he
sm
art
ci
ty
transit
ion
s
from
st
ruct
ur
al
pla
nn
i
ng
to
se
rv
ic
e
desig
n,
buil
ding
on
t
he
so
li
d
f
oundat
ions
est
ablishe
d
du
rin
g
the
E
A
ph
a
s
e.
The
pri
mar
y
ob
je
ct
ive
is
t
o
create
and
ref
i
ne
sp
e
ci
fic
ser
vices
that
res
pond
dir
ect
ly
to
c
om
m
un
it
y
nee
ds
an
d
al
i
gn
with
ci
ty
act
or
's
pr
e
fe
ren
ce
s
and
e
xp
ect
at
io
ns
.
P
ha
se
4
e
ns
ures
al
ignm
ent
betwee
n
s
erv
ic
e
desi
gn,
arc
hitec
tural
bl
ueprint
,
an
d
t
he
co
-
c
reati
on str
at
egies.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng,
V
ol.
15
, No
.
1
,
Febr
uary
20
25
:
767
-
782
776
Ph
ase
5
is
im
plementi
ng
sm
art
ser
vices
.
T
he
se
rv
ic
es
de
sign
e
d
a
re
pro
totyp
e
d,
im
plemented
a
nd
dep
l
oy
e
d
withi
n
the
co
mm
un
i
ty
duri
ng
this
s
ta
ge.
It
i
s
ab
ou
t
implementi
ng
the
plan
ned
se
rv
ic
es
a
nd
ma
king
them
a
vaila
ble
and
acce
ssi
ble
to
c
om
m
unit
y
act
or
s.
T
his
sta
ge
mar
ks
a
mil
est
on
e
wh
e
re
t
he
s
mart
ci
t
y
move
s
from
se
rv
ic
e
d
esi
gn
to
t
he
co
ncr
et
e
im
plem
entat
ion
of
in
novatio
n
th
rou
gh
sma
rt
serv
ic
es
.
Im
pleme
nt
ing
t
he
ci
ty
ser
vices
de
sign
e
d
t
o
im
pro
ve
ci
ty
act
ors'
en
gag
e
me
nt
and
inclu
sivit
y.
This
phase
re
qu
i
res
c
ompre
hensi
ve
integrati
on
pla
nn
i
ng
f
or
i
ntell
igent
te
ch
no
l
ogie
s,
s
uc
h
as
machine
le
ar
nin
g
an
d
a
rtific
ia
l
intel
li
gen
ce
,
into
existi
ng
se
r
vice
fr
ame
w
orks.
Pil
ot
impleme
ntati
on
s
a
re
an
importa
nt
ste
p,
ena
bling
t
he
smart
ci
ty
to
va
li
date
the ef
fecti
ve
ne
ss of select
ed
s
mart se
rv
ic
es i
n real
-
li
fe s
ce
na
rios.
Ph
ase
6
is
e
va
luati
on
a
nd
co
ntinuo
us
im
prov
e
ment
.
D
ur
i
ng
t
his
phase
,
the
co
-
create
d
val
ues
a
re
assessed
,
this
include
s
no
t
only
t
he
ta
ng
i
bl
e
ge
ner
at
ed
va
lue
bu
t
al
s
o
the
fee
dback
receive
d
from
the
commu
nity
a
nd
it
s
e
ng
a
gem
ent.
More
over,
areas
of
im
prov
e
ments
are
identifie
d,
a
s
w
el
l
as
how
pre
viou
s
ph
a
ses
wer
e
a
chieve
d,
fee
db
acks
a
nd
le
ss
ons
le
a
rn
e
d
by
the
va
r
io
us
c
it
y
sta
ke
ho
l
ders
[
60]
.
Esta
blishin
g
measu
rab
le
K
PI
s
is
a
ce
ntra
l
po
i
nt,
e
nab
li
ng
the
s
mart
c
it
y
to
re
gula
rl
y
asses
s
the
s
uccess
a
nd
im
pact
of
co
-
c
reati
on
init
ia
ti
ves.
The
a
dap
ta
bili
ty
an
d
it
erati
ve
nat
ur
e
of
this
phase
is
importa
nt,
as
strat
egi
es
are
ref
ine
d base
d o
n
c
on
ti
nu
ous fee
db
ac
k
a
nd e
vo
l
ving c
omm
un
it
y d
ynamic
s
.
In
this
wa
y,
th
e
sma
rt
ci
ty
w
orks
t
o
a
da
pt
t
o
t
he
c
hangi
ng
co
ntext
of
t
he
co
mm
un
it
y
a
nd
al
ig
n
it
s
strat
egies
to
r
e
main
per
ti
nen
t.
By
retu
r
ning
t
o
a
n
i
niti
al
ph
a
se
of
unde
rstan
ding
of
the
co
mmunit
y,
this
ph
a
se
serv
e
s
as
a
c
r
ucial
br
i
dg
e
f
or
t
he
f
uture
c
o
-
c
reati
on
cycl
e.
Co
ntinuo
us
impro
veme
nt
init
ia
ti
ves,
r
oo
t
ed
in
commu
nity
in
te
racti
on
s,
c
ul
ti
vate
a
cultu
re
of
in
novation.
T
his
invo
lves
on
go
i
ng
commu
nicat
io
n
a
nd
colla
borati
on
betwee
n
act
ors
of
th
e
co
mm
un
it
y.
T
he
fee
db
ac
k
receive
d
is
us
e
d
to
it
erate
an
d
imp
r
ov
e
t
he
serv
ic
es
conti
nual
ly,
e
nsuri
ng they re
main
re
sp
onsi
ve
to
the
evolvin
g nee
ds o
f
the
sma
rt c
om
m
unit
y
.
The
outp
uts
of
the
pr
ese
nted
process
c
ondu
ct
a
no
vel
arc
hi
te
ct
ur
e
-
based
appr
oach,
w
hi
ch
i
nvol
ves
giv
in
g
fe
de
ral
gu
i
dan
ce
a
nd
desig
ning
the
ov
e
rall
blu
e
pr
i
nt
of
sm
art
ci
t
y
t
ow
a
r
d
value
co
-
cre
at
ion
in
sma
rt
ci
ty
.
T
he
dev
e
lop
me
nt
ap
pro
ach
ser
ves
as
a
bl
ue
pr
int
ou
t
li
nin
g
the
str
uc
ture
an
d
design
pr
i
nciples
w
hic
h
gu
i
des
the
de
velo
pm
e
nt
of
smart
se
rv
ic
es
acco
rd
i
ng
to
the
c
om
m
unit
y's
r
eq
uire
ments,
a
nd
hig
hlig
ht
s
sta
nd
a
rd
iz
at
io
n,
an
d
co
ntin
uous
i
mpro
vem
ent.
T
he
tra
nsi
ti
on
al
ev
olu
t
ion
of
s
mart
ci
ty
into
a
smart
commu
nity
m
otivate
s
di
gital
transfo
rmati
on
of
ur
ban
a
r
ea.
This
im
plies
a
commu
ni
ty
that
be
nef
it
s
from
strat
egic
a
nd
c
us
to
mize
d
ser
vi
ces,
act
ively
e
ng
a
ges
in
co
-
c
reati
ng
value,
and
e
xp
e
rience
s
posit
ive
outc
om
es
because
of
t
he i
mp
le
me
nted
c
o
-
c
reati
on init
ia
ti
ves.
5.
EXPERI
MEN
T
This
sect
io
n
in
tro
du
ces
a
sma
rt
pa
r
king
case
study
an
d
pr
e
sents
the
a
pp
li
ed
meth
od
to
s
imulat
e
the
EA
base
d
val
ue
c
o
-
c
reati
on
ap
proac
h.
It
ai
ms
to
eval
ua
te
imp
rovem
ents
in
inte
rac
ti
on
a
nd
c
ollaborat
io
n
amo
ng
mem
be
rs
of
t
he
parkin
g
c
om
m
unit
y.
To
ac
hieve
the
se
goal
s,
t
wo main
e
xp
e
rime
nts
we
r
e
c
ondu
ct
ed
t
o
simulat
e
the
i
mp
act
of
dif
fere
nt
c
onfig
ur
at
i
on
s
a
nd
strat
e
gi
es
on
sy
ste
m
l
at
ency
an
d
the
numb
e
r
of
pro
cessed
entit
ie
s ser
ve
d.
5.1.
Ca
se
s
t
udy
Stud
ie
s
hav
e
s
how
n
t
hat
30
%
of
tra
ff
ic
c
ongestio
n
in
c
it
ie
s
is
cau
sed
by
dr
ive
rs
who
sp
e
nd
ti
me
searchi
ng
for
a
pa
r
king
place
[61]
.
I
n
fact,
it
is
im
portant
f
or
ci
ti
zens
an
d
visit
ors
to
fin
d
a
parkin
g
spot
in
a
smart
ma
nner
.
A
s
mart
park
ing
s
ys
te
m
tha
t
is
well
-
desi
gned
re
duces
th
e
ti
me
an
d
f
r
ust
rati
on
of
pa
r
king
searche
s,
w
hile
al
so
im
pro
ving
t
raffic
flo
w
a
nd
reducin
g
c
onge
sti
on.
Th
us,
th
e
res
ult
is
a
more
acce
ssibl
e
a
nd
orga
nized ur
ba
n
e
nv
i
ronme
nt
that be
nef
it
s
both
reside
nts a
nd v
isi
to
rs.
The
backg
rou
nd
an
d
the
co
ntext
of
our
st
udy
c
om
es
f
rom
a
pu
blic
de
scriptio
n
of
t
he
Ett
el
br
üc
k
smart
parkin
g
in
Lu
xem
bour
g
[
60]
,
[
62]
.
T
he
project
us
es
smart
parkin
g
te
chnolo
gy
wi
th
the
ai
m
of
making
th
e
ci
ty
s
marte
r
a
nd
ena
blin
g
real
-
ti
me
mon
it
or
in
g
of
pa
rki
ng
s
paces
f
or
diff
e
re
nt
dr
i
ve
rs'
gro
ups,
incl
ud
i
ng
people
with
re
du
ce
d
m
obil
ity
,
el
ect
ric
ve
hi
cl
es,
deliv
er
y
dri
ve
rs
a
nd
t
axis.
T
he
obje
ct
ives
a
re
t
o
r
edu
ce
parkin
g
ti
mes
, C
O
2
emissi
ons
, v
e
hicle
ope
r
at
ing
c
os
ts a
nd a
ir and
noise
po
ll
ution
[60],
[62]
.
Accor
din
g
to
our
a
ppr
oach,
by
bl
ueprinti
ng
c
o
-
c
reati
on
e
ffor
t
to
wa
rd
va
lue
exc
ha
ng
e
s
amo
ng
ci
t
y
sta
keholde
rs,
t
he
desi
gn
a
nd
i
mp
le
me
ntati
on
of
sma
rt
parki
ng
s
ys
te
m
ai
m
to
reduce
cr
uis
ing
ti
mes
f
or
dri
vers
and
imp
rove
urba
n
m
obil
it
y.
The
fo
ll
ow
i
ng
descr
i
ption
of
st
eps
sta
nds
on
the
pro
pose
d
E
A
-
base
d
value
co
-
c
reati
on me
thodo
l
ogy
.
a.
Ph
ase
1
:
C
ommu
nity
c
on
te
xt
identi
ficat
ion:
identif
y
ur
ba
n
m
obil
it
y
ch
al
le
ng
es,
with
a
f
ocus
on
t
he
sign
ific
a
nt ti
m
e that d
rive
r’
s
commu
nity s
pe
nd searc
hing
f
or p
a
rk
i
ng s
po
t
s.
b.
Ph
ase
2
:
A
nal
yzin
g
r
eq
uire
ments
a
nd
val
ue
c
o
-
c
reati
on
opport
un
it
ie
s
:
analyze
t
he
pa
rk
i
ng
re
qu
i
rem
ents
and
i
den
ti
f
y
oppo
rtu
niti
es
for
imp
rovin
g
pa
rk
i
ng
se
r
vices
thr
ough
colla
borati
ve
value
c
o
-
c
reati
on
am
ong
the
ci
ty
sta
ke
holde
rs
(au
t
hori
ti
es,
pa
rk
i
ng
mana
ger
s
,
a
nd
se
r
vice
pro
vide
rs),
to
mi
nimi
ze
pa
r
king
sea
rch
ti
mes, enha
nce
sy
ste
m
r
es
ponsi
ven
es
s,
a
nd
maximize
park
ing
sp
ace
u
ti
li
zat
ion
.
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