I
n
t
e
r
n
at
ion
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
E
lec
t
r
ical
an
d
Com
p
u
t
e
r
E
n
gin
e
e
r
in
g
(
I
JE
CE
)
Vol.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
,
pp.
435
~
447
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DO
I
:
10
.
11591/i
jec
e
.
v
15
i
1
.
pp
4
35
-
447
435
Jou
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al
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n
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MI
ab
s
o
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b
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.
K
e
y
w
o
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d
s
:
C
a
r
bon
C
e
r
a
mi
c
E
lec
tr
omagne
ti
c
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
M
icr
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
S
a
wdus
t
S
il
icon
c
a
r
bide
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
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t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
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t
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e
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
ce
n
s
e.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
Nur
S
ha
f
ikah
R
os
li
C
e
ntr
e
of
E
lec
tr
ica
l
E
nginee
r
ing
S
tud
ies
,
Unive
r
s
it
i
T
e
knologi
M
AR
A
C
a
wa
nga
n
P
ulau
P
inang
,
Ka
mpung
T
ok
E
bot
,
135
00
P
e
r
mata
ng
P
a
uh
,
P
ulau
P
inang,
M
a
lays
ia
E
mail:
s
ha
f
ikahr
os
li
99@gmail
.
c
om
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
E
lec
tr
omagne
ti
c
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
(
E
M
I
)
is
the
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
of
d
is
r
upti
ve
e
lec
tr
omagne
ti
c
e
ne
r
gy
be
twe
e
n
e
lec
tr
onic
de
vice
s
,
whic
h
c
a
n
oc
c
ur
thr
ough
r
a
diate
d,
c
onduc
ted
pa
thwa
ys
,
or
both
[
1]
.
R
a
diate
d
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
oc
c
ur
s
whe
n
e
lec
tr
omagne
ti
c
e
ne
r
gy
ge
ne
r
a
ted
by
a
de
vice
is
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
d
thr
ough
s
pa
c
e
to
a
r
e
c
e
pt
or
,
while
c
onduc
ted
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
,
on
the
other
ha
nd,
ha
ppe
ns
whe
n
e
lec
tr
omagne
ti
c
e
ne
r
gy
f
r
o
m
a
de
vice
is
t
r
a
ns
f
e
r
r
e
d
to
a
r
e
c
e
ptor
via
c
a
bles
[
1]
.
M
a
gne
ti
c
pe
r
mea
bil
it
y
a
nd
e
lec
tr
ic
pe
r
mi
tt
ivi
ty
a
r
e
two
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
of
a
bs
or
be
r
s
.
I
n
a
n
e
lec
tr
omagne
ti
c
wa
ve
,
a
mate
r
ial's
pe
r
mea
bil
it
y
de
ter
mi
ne
s
how
it
a
f
f
e
c
ts
it
s
magne
ti
c
c
omponent,
while
it
s
pe
r
mi
tt
ivi
ty
de
ter
mi
ne
s
how
it
a
f
f
e
c
ts
i
ts
e
lec
tr
ic
c
omponent
[
2
]
.
Die
lec
tr
ic
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
e
xplain
a
mate
r
ial's
be
ha
vior
a
t
mi
c
r
owa
ve
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
[
2]
,
[
3]
.
Va
r
ious
a
bs
or
be
r
types
a
r
e
of
ten
ut
i
li
z
e
d
in
e
lec
tr
omagne
ti
c
c
ompatibi
li
ty
(
E
M
C
)
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
ba
s
e
d
on
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
[
4
]
,
s
uc
h
a
s
holl
ow
py
r
a
mi
da
l
a
bs
or
be
r
s
,
pyr
a
mi
da
l
a
bs
or
be
r
s
,
twis
ted
pyr
a
mi
d
a
l
a
bs
or
be
r
s
,
f
lat
a
bs
or
be
r
s
,
we
dge
a
bs
or
be
r
s
,
m
ult
il
a
ye
r
diele
c
tr
ic
a
bs
or
be
r
s
,
a
nd
hyb
r
id
diele
c
tr
ic
a
bs
or
be
r
s
[
5]
.
I
n
r
e
c
e
nt
ye
a
r
s
,
the
c
e
ment
-
c
a
r
bon
f
lat
a
bs
or
be
r
h
a
s
ga
ined
s
igni
f
ica
nt
a
tt
e
nti
on
wi
thi
n
the
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
c
omm
unit
y,
e
mer
ging
a
s
a
pr
o
mi
ne
nt
mate
r
ial
of
int
e
r
e
s
t
in
the
f
ield
of
E
M
I
mi
ti
ga
ti
on
.
I
ts
gr
owing
popular
it
y
c
a
n
be
a
tt
r
ibut
e
d
to
it
s
unique
c
om
bination
of
c
os
t
-
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
,
s
tr
uc
tur
a
l
r
obus
tnes
s
,
a
nd
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
435
-
447
436
pr
omi
s
ing
a
bs
or
pti
on
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
.
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
ha
ve
inc
r
e
a
s
ingl
y
e
xplor
e
d
it
s
potential
,
r
e
c
ogn
izing
it
s
c
a
pa
bil
it
y
to
mee
t
the
de
manding
r
e
quir
e
ments
o
f
moder
n
E
M
I
r
e
duc
ti
on
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
.
De
s
pit
e
the
pr
omi
s
ing
r
e
s
ult
s
s
hown
by
pr
ior
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
on
c
e
ment
-
c
a
r
bon
c
ompos
it
e
f
lat
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
s
in
a
bs
or
bing
r
a
diation,
s
e
ve
r
a
l
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
r
e
main.
C
onve
nti
ona
l
c
e
me
nt
-
c
a
r
bon
c
ompos
it
e
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
s
ha
ve
be
e
n
e
xtens
ively
s
tudi
e
d
due
to
their
f
a
vor
a
ble
mate
r
ial
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
a
nd
c
os
t
-
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
.
How
e
ve
r
,
thes
e
a
bs
or
be
r
s
ha
ve
pr
e
domi
na
ntl
y
be
e
n
de
s
igned
with
a
f
lat
c
onf
igu
r
a
ti
on,
whic
h
im
pos
e
s
s
igni
f
ica
nt
li
mi
tations
on
a
bs
or
bing
a
wide
r
a
nge
o
f
e
lec
tr
omagne
ti
c
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly.
T
he
f
lat
de
s
ign,
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pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l,
of
ten
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e
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ult
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mal
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r
f
or
manc
e
,
pa
r
ti
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ular
ly
in
high
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f
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e
que
nc
y
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ppli
c
a
ti
ons
whe
r
e
e
f
f
icie
nt
E
M
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r
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duc
ti
on
is
c
r
it
ica
l.
T
his
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
oc
us
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on
im
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oving
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nd
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ns
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nd
incor
por
a
ti
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c
e
r
a
mi
c
a
s
a
n
e
w
mate
r
ial.
T
his
a
pp
r
oa
c
h
a
im
s
to
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ddr
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s
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li
mi
tations
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y
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u
r
ther
im
pr
ove
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M
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r
e
duc
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c
r
os
s
a
br
oa
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r
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
.
T
he
s
h
a
pe
of
a
mi
c
r
o
wa
v
e
a
b
s
or
be
r
i
s
a
c
r
it
i
c
a
l
f
a
c
tor
in
d
e
t
e
r
mi
nin
g
it
s
r
e
f
le
c
ti
vit
y
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
[
6]
,
with
the
pyr
a
mi
d
a
l
s
h
a
p
e
be
ing
th
e
mos
t
c
o
mm
only
u
s
e
d
d
e
s
i
gn
in
a
ne
c
hoi
c
c
h
a
mber
s
.
Ac
c
or
ding
to
Nor
nikm
a
n
e
t
al.
[
6]
,
the
p
yr
a
mi
da
l
mi
c
r
ow
a
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
ha
s
d
e
mon
s
tr
a
t
e
d
th
a
t
thi
s
s
ha
p
e
ha
s
the
be
s
t
pe
r
f
or
man
c
e
c
om
pa
r
e
d
to
oth
e
r
s
ha
p
e
s
.
T
he
m
ult
i
-
r
e
f
le
c
ti
o
ns
of
th
e
s
e
p
yr
a
mi
d
a
l
m
icr
o
wa
v
e
a
bs
or
b
e
r
s
c
ontr
ib
ute
to
s
ign
if
ica
nt
a
tt
e
nu
a
ti
o
n
a
nd
bo
os
t
mi
c
r
ow
a
ve
a
b
s
or
pti
o
n
r
e
lat
ive
to
t
he
f
lat
[
7]
.
T
he
high
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
n
e
s
s
of
t
he
pyr
a
mi
d
a
l
a
b
s
or
be
r
i
s
pr
im
a
r
il
y
due
t
o
the
numer
ou
s
r
e
f
le
c
ti
on
s
th
a
t
e
xi
s
t
be
t
we
e
n
th
e
pyr
a
mi
d
s
[
6]
,
[
8]
.
Ad
dit
io
na
ll
y,
thi
s
s
t
udy
i
nve
s
ti
g
a
te
s
th
e
in
c
or
por
a
ti
on
of
c
e
r
a
mi
c
mat
e
r
ial
s
int
o
th
e
c
e
me
nt
-
c
a
r
bon
c
ompo
s
it
e
,
a
im
i
ng
to
d
e
mon
s
tr
a
te
that
the
c
e
r
a
mi
c
-
c
a
r
bo
n
s
y
ne
r
g
y
c
a
n
f
ur
t
he
r
e
nh
a
nc
e
the
a
bs
or
be
r
'
s
pe
r
f
or
m
a
n
c
e
a
c
r
os
s
a
br
o
a
de
r
f
r
e
q
ue
nc
y
s
p
e
c
tr
u
m.
C
e
r
a
m
ic
s
ha
v
e
e
xc
e
ll
e
nt
me
c
ha
n
ica
l
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
,
in
c
lu
ding
h
igh
h
a
r
dne
s
s
,
low
de
n
s
it
y
,
high
s
tr
e
ngt
h,
a
nd
e
xc
e
ll
e
nt
w
e
a
r
r
e
s
i
s
ta
nc
e
—
e
ve
n
a
t
e
xtr
e
m
e
ly
high
t
e
mp
e
r
a
t
ur
e
s
[
9]
.
C
e
r
a
mi
c
s
a
r
e
de
f
ined
a
s
inor
g
a
ni
c
no
n
-
met
a
ll
ic
mat
e
r
ial
s
t
ha
t
a
r
e
h
e
a
te
d
to
f
or
m
meta
ll
ic
a
nd
non
-
m
e
tall
ic
c
on
s
ti
tu
e
nt
s
bo
n
de
d
by
ioni
c
or
c
ova
lent
bond
s
[
1
0]
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
s
il
ica
t
e
s
,
oxide
s
,
a
n
d
non
-
m
e
tal
li
c
c
a
r
bid
e
s
[
11]
.
S
il
ic
on
c
a
r
bid
e
'
s
ve
r
s
a
ti
li
ty
hold
s
th
e
pr
omi
s
e
of
tr
a
n
s
f
or
mativ
e
br
e
a
kt
hr
oug
hs
a
c
r
o
s
s
a
s
pe
c
tr
um
of
in
du
s
tr
ie
s
a
nd
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
s
.
Ov
e
r
the
p
a
s
t
f
e
w
d
e
c
a
d
e
s
,
s
ig
nif
ica
nt
e
f
f
or
ts
h
a
v
e
be
e
n
dir
e
c
te
d
tow
a
r
d
s
S
iC
gr
owth
[
1
2]
.
An
or
din
a
r
y
non
-
o
xid
e
c
e
r
a
mi
c
i
n
the
indu
s
tr
i
a
l
s
e
c
to
r
is
s
il
ic
on
c
a
r
bid
e
[
13]
.
Out
s
ta
ndin
g
ther
m
o
-
mec
h
a
nic
a
l
pr
op
e
r
ti
e
s
of
s
il
i
c
on
c
a
r
bid
e
in
c
lud
e
high
we
a
r
a
nd
oxidat
ion
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
nc
e
,
e
xc
e
ll
e
nt
m
e
c
h
a
ni
c
a
l
pr
o
pe
r
ti
e
s
,
a
nd
hi
gh
th
e
r
mal
c
ond
uc
ti
vit
y
[
13]
.
R
e
l
a
te
d
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
indi
c
a
te
s
that
th
e
S
iC
mat
e
r
ia
l
e
xhib
it
s
go
od
a
b
s
or
pti
on
qu
a
li
ti
e
s
in
th
e
giga
he
r
t
z
(
GH
z
)
ba
n
d
r
e
g
ion
[
14]
.
M
a
n
y
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
ha
v
e
a
c
kn
owl
e
dg
e
d
th
a
t
S
i
C
i
s
a
goo
d
f
it
f
or
r
a
ndo
m
-
a
c
c
e
s
s
me
mor
y
(
R
A
M
)
d
ue
to
i
ts
na
tur
a
l
tr
a
it
s
,
but
th
e
y
ha
v
e
mai
nly
c
o
nc
e
ntr
a
t
e
d
on
im
pr
o
ving
it
s
di
e
le
c
tr
ic
pr
o
pe
r
ti
e
s
.
F
or
ins
t
a
nc
e
,
L
i
e
t
al
.
[
15]
ha
ve
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
S
iC
powd
e
r
s
with
N
-
d
ope
d
by
c
omb
us
t
ion
s
y
nthe
s
i
s
(
C
S
)
[
16]
.
Z
he
ng
e
t
al
.
[
17]
ha
ve
c
r
e
a
ted
S
i
3
N
4
–
S
i
C
1
c
e
r
a
mi
c
thr
oug
h
c
h
e
mi
c
a
l
va
por
inf
il
tr
a
ti
o
n
with
por
ou
s
S
i
3
N
4
c
e
r
a
mi
c
[
16]
.
B
y
mer
ging
t
he
uni
que
pr
ope
r
t
ie
s
of
c
a
r
bon,
s
uc
h
a
s
i
ts
c
o
ndu
c
ti
vit
y
a
nd
li
ghtw
e
ig
ht
na
t
ur
e
,
with
t
he
d
ur
a
bil
it
y
a
nd
ther
m
a
l
s
t
a
bil
it
y
of
c
e
r
a
mi
c
s
,
the
s
e
c
omp
os
it
e
mate
r
i
a
l
s
of
f
e
r
pr
omi
s
i
ng
a
v
e
nu
e
s
f
or
e
nha
n
c
ing
mi
c
r
ow
a
ve
a
b
s
or
p
ti
on
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
.
T
his
innov
a
ti
ve
c
ombi
na
ti
on
of
mate
r
ial
c
om
po
s
it
io
n
a
nd
s
t
r
uc
tur
a
l
de
s
ign
s
e
e
k
s
to
ove
r
c
o
me
the
e
xi
s
ti
ng
c
ha
l
leng
e
s
of
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
a
nd
e
f
f
ici
e
n
c
y
in
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
b
e
r
s
,
pr
ovidi
n
g
a
mor
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
s
olut
i
on
f
or
a
dva
nc
e
d
E
M
I
r
e
duc
ti
on.
M
or
e
ov
e
r
,
while
ma
ter
ia
l
innov
a
ti
on
ha
s
pr
ogr
e
s
s
e
d,
the
i
nte
gr
a
ti
o
n
of
diver
s
e
mat
e
r
ial
s
li
k
e
c
e
r
a
mi
c
s
int
o
c
e
m
e
nt
-
b
a
s
e
d
a
bs
or
be
r
s
ha
s
y
e
t
to
be
f
ull
y
e
xplor
e
d.
T
he
p
oten
ti
a
l
of
c
e
r
a
mi
c
m
a
ter
ial
s
to
e
nha
nc
e
the
a
b
s
or
pti
on
c
a
pa
bil
it
i
e
s
of
s
uc
h
a
b
s
or
b
e
r
s
,
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
ll
y
in
mor
e
c
om
ple
x
de
s
ig
ns
li
ke
pyr
a
mi
da
l
s
tr
u
c
tur
e
s
,
s
ti
ll
n
e
e
ds
t
o
be
e
xp
lor
e
d.
T
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
ne
e
d
f
or
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
that
not
o
nly
e
x
plor
e
s
the
s
e
mate
r
i
a
l
c
ombi
na
ti
on
s
but
a
l
s
o
o
pti
mi
z
e
s
the
s
tr
uc
t
ur
a
l
d
e
s
i
gn
to
im
pr
ove
o
ve
r
a
ll
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
.
T
his
innovative
c
ombi
na
ti
on
of
mate
r
ial
c
ompos
i
ti
on
a
nd
s
tr
uc
tur
a
l
de
s
ign
s
e
e
ks
to
ove
r
c
ome
the
e
xis
ti
ng
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
of
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
a
nd
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
in
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
s
,
pr
ovid
ing
a
mo
r
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
s
olut
ion
f
o
r
a
dva
nc
e
d
E
M
I
r
e
duc
ti
on
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
while
mate
r
ial
innovation
ha
s
p
r
ogr
e
s
s
e
d,
the
int
e
gr
a
ti
on
o
f
diver
s
e
mate
r
ials
li
ke
c
e
r
a
mi
c
s
int
o
c
e
ment
-
ba
s
e
d
a
bs
or
be
r
s
ha
s
ye
t
to
be
f
ull
y
e
xplor
e
d.
T
he
pot
e
nti
a
l
of
c
e
r
a
mi
c
mate
r
ials
to
e
nha
nc
e
the
a
bs
or
pti
on
c
a
pa
bil
it
ies
of
s
uc
h
a
bs
or
be
r
s
,
e
s
pe
c
ially
in
mo
r
e
c
ompl
e
x
de
s
igns
li
ke
pyr
a
mi
da
l
s
tr
uc
tur
e
s
,
s
ti
ll
ne
e
ds
to
be
e
xplor
e
d.
T
he
r
e
is
a
ne
e
d
f
or
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
that
not
only
e
xplor
e
s
thes
e
mate
r
ial
c
ombi
na
ti
ons
but
a
ls
o
opti
mi
z
e
s
the
s
tr
uc
tur
a
l
de
s
ign
to
im
pr
ove
ove
r
a
ll
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
.
2.
M
E
T
HO
D
T
he
methodology
f
o
r
thi
s
s
tudy
wa
s
or
ga
nize
d
in
to
thr
e
e
main
s
teps
:
F
i
r
s
t,
the
di
mens
ions
of
the
pyr
a
mi
da
l
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
we
r
e
c
a
r
e
f
ull
y
de
ter
mi
ne
d
to
e
ns
ur
e
opti
mal
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
.
S
e
c
ond,
the
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
pr
oc
e
s
s
include
d
mate
r
ial
pr
e
pa
r
a
ti
o
n
a
nd
pr
opor
ti
oning,
mi
xing,
mo
ldi
ng
,
a
nd
f
inally
,
dr
ying
a
nd
c
ur
ing
of
the
a
bs
or
be
r
s
.
T
hi
r
d,
the
mea
s
ur
e
ment
a
nd
tes
ti
ng
pha
s
e
invol
ve
d
a
s
s
e
s
s
ing
diele
c
tr
ic
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
us
ing
ve
c
tor
ne
twor
k
a
na
lyze
r
s
(
VN
A
)
a
nd
high
-
tempe
r
a
tur
e
c
oa
xial
-
li
ne
diele
c
tr
ic
p
r
obe
s
a
nd
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
us
ing
the
na
va
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
labor
a
tor
y
(
NR
L
)
f
r
e
e
s
pa
c
e
method
a
c
r
os
s
a
f
r
e
que
nc
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
P
y
r
amidal
mic
r
ow
av
e
abs
or
b
e
r
s
:
lev
e
r
aging
c
e
r
a
mic
mate
r
ial
s
for
impr
ov
e
d
…
(
N
ur
Shafi
k
ah
R
os
li
)
437
r
a
nge
of
1
to
12
GH
z
,
with
de
ns
it
y
mea
s
ur
e
ments
c
onduc
ted
to
e
va
luate
the
r
ole
of
por
os
it
y
in
opti
m
izing
the
a
bs
or
be
r
's
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
.
2.
1.
P
yr
a
m
id
al
m
icr
owave
a
b
s
or
b
e
r
d
im
e
n
s
ion
E
a
r
ly
in
the
s
tudy,
the
pyr
a
mi
da
l
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
's
3D
model
wa
s
meticulous
ly
de
s
igned
us
ing
C
S
T
S
tudi
o
S
u
it
e
s
of
twa
r
e
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igu
r
e
1
.
T
he
dim
e
ns
ions
we
r
e
c
a
r
e
f
ull
y
s
e
lec
ted,
with
a
ba
s
e
length
of
10
c
m,
a
ba
s
e
width
of
10
a
nd
25
c
m
in
he
ight
,
e
ns
ur
ing
a
c
ompac
t
a
nd
e
f
f
icie
nt
de
s
ign.
T
he
s
e
di
mens
ions
we
r
e
c
hos
e
n
in
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
to
the
T
DK
I
C
T
-
030
a
bs
or
be
r
,
known
f
o
r
it
s
c
ompac
t
s
ize
.
T
he
s
maller
di
mens
ions
we
r
e
c
r
it
ica
l
in
thi
s
s
tudy
be
c
a
us
e
the
pr
im
a
r
y
m
a
ter
ial,
c
e
ment,
is
r
e
latively
he
a
vy,
ne
c
e
s
s
it
a
ti
ng
a
de
s
ign
that
ba
lanc
e
s
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
with
p
r
a
c
ti
c
a
li
ty.
F
igur
e
1.
P
yr
a
m
idal
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
de
s
ign
in
C
S
T
2.
2.
De
ve
lop
m
e
n
t
of
p
yr
am
i
d
al
m
icr
owave
ab
s
or
b
e
r
As
f
or
the
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
p
r
oc
e
dur
e
,
ini
ti
a
ll
y,
a
f
e
w
s
a
mpl
e
s
with
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
c
ompos
it
ion
r
a
ti
os
we
r
e
pr
oduc
e
d.
Al
though
the
r
a
ti
os
f
or
e
a
c
h
s
a
mp
le
ha
ve
be
e
n
de
ter
mi
ne
d
us
ing
pr
io
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
s
ome
modi
f
ica
ti
ons
mi
ght
be
r
e
qui
r
e
d
to
e
nha
nc
e
the
a
bs
or
be
r
's
s
tr
uc
tur
e
a
nd
f
unc
ti
ona
li
ty.
T
he
mate
r
ial
s
us
e
d
to
de
ve
lop
the
pyr
a
mi
da
l
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
c
ons
is
ted
of
c
e
ment,
wa
ter
,
c
a
r
bon,
s
il
icon
c
a
r
bi
de
,
a
nd
a
lum
inum
powde
r
.
T
he
r
e
a
r
e
a
tot
a
l
of
f
ive
s
e
ts
of
pyr
a
mi
da
l
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
s
,
with
e
a
c
h
s
e
t
c
o
mpr
is
ing
36
unit
s
,
r
e
s
ult
ing
in
a
c
ombi
ne
d
tot
a
l
of
180
unit
s
of
c
ompl
e
ted
pyr
a
mi
da
l
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
s
.
T
he
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
pr
oc
e
s
s
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
2
is
di
vided
int
o
f
our
pha
s
e
s
:
mate
r
ial
pr
e
pa
r
a
ti
on
a
nd
mate
r
ial
pr
opor
ti
oning
,
m
ixi
ng,
mol
ding
,
a
nd
f
inally,
d
r
yi
ng
a
nd
c
u
r
ing
[
18]
.
P
r
e
pa
r
ing
the
r
a
w
mate
r
ials
wa
s
the
ini
ti
a
l
s
tep
in
the
pr
oc
e
dur
e
.
I
n
th
is
s
tudy,
c
e
ment,
c
a
r
bon,
c
e
r
a
mi
c
,
wa
ter
,
a
nd
a
lum
inum
powde
r
a
r
e
us
e
d
to
c
ons
tr
uc
t
the
pyr
a
mi
da
l
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
.
All
o
f
the
mate
r
ial
will
be
we
ight
e
d
a
nd
pr
opor
ti
one
d
a
c
c
or
ding
to
the
c
hos
e
n
r
a
ti
o
thr
oughout
thi
s
pha
s
e
.
Ne
xt
would
be
the
mate
r
ial
mi
xing
p
r
oc
e
dur
e
with
a
c
onc
r
e
te
mi
xe
r
.
T
he
pr
opor
ti
ona
l
mate
r
ial
wil
l
be
s
ti
r
r
e
d
f
o
r
5
–
8
mi
nutes
to
e
ns
ur
e
c
ompl
e
te
blending
.
S
ubs
e
que
ntl
y,
the
mi
xtur
e
will
be
plac
e
d
s
tr
a
ight
int
o
the
mol
d
to
be
gin
the
mo
ldi
ng
p
r
oc
e
s
s
.
T
he
pyr
a
mi
da
l
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
will
then
be
c
ove
r
e
d
with
plas
ti
c
f
o
r
a
mi
nim
um
o
f
14
da
ys
thr
oughout
the
dr
ying
a
nd
c
ur
ing
pr
oc
e
s
s
.
M
a
ter
ial
pr
e
pa
r
a
ti
on
a
nd
pr
opor
ti
oning
M
ixi
ng
M
oldi
ng
Dr
ying
a
nd
c
ur
ing
F
igur
e
2.
De
ve
lopm
e
nt
of
pyr
a
mi
da
l
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
435
-
447
438
Ne
xt,
T
a
ble
1
s
hows
the
mate
r
ial
p
r
e
pa
r
a
ti
on
a
nd
pr
opor
ti
oning
of
the
pyr
a
mi
da
l
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
.
T
he
c
e
ment,
c
a
r
bon,
a
nd
wa
ter
r
a
ti
os
th
a
t
we
r
e
inves
ti
ga
ted
in
a
pr
ior
s
tudy
by
Na
r
udin
e
t
al.
[
19]
de
mons
tr
a
te
that
the
a
nti
-
mi
c
r
owa
ve
br
ick
(
f
lat
a
bs
or
be
r
)
pe
r
f
or
ms
be
s
t
whe
n
the
r
a
ti
o
of
80%
c
e
ment
to
20%
c
a
r
bon
is
us
e
d.
Ne
xt,
a
lum
inum
powde
r
is
us
e
d
in
thi
s
s
tudy
to
buil
d
a
por
os
it
y
s
tr
uc
tur
e
,
whic
h
e
nha
nc
e
s
the
a
bs
or
be
r
's
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
[
6]
.
S
ha
bba
r
e
t
al.
[
20
]
s
howe
d
that
1%
a
lum
inu
m
powde
r
c
a
n
c
r
e
a
te
a
gr
e
a
ter
number
of
por
e
s
.
P
o
r
ous
s
tr
uc
tur
e
s
c
ontr
ib
ute
to
the
a
bs
or
be
r
's
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
by
im
p
r
oving
th
e
a
bil
it
y
of
e
lec
tr
omagne
ti
c
wa
ve
s
to
be
a
tt
e
nua
ted
by
giv
ing
the
r
e
f
lec
ted
E
M
wa
ve
s
many
pa
thwa
ys
[
3
]
.
S
iC
ha
s
be
e
n
int
r
oduc
e
d
a
nd
va
r
ied
in
thi
s
s
tudy
be
twe
e
n
0%
,
5%
,
10
%
,
15%
,
a
nd
20%
.
T
he
pe
r
c
e
ntage
of
S
iC
wa
s
de
ter
mi
ne
d
by
a
djus
ti
ng
the
c
ombi
ne
d
pe
r
c
e
ntage
of
c
e
ment
a
nd
c
a
r
bon
to
100
%
,
95%
,
90
%
,
85%
,
a
nd
80%
,
c
or
r
e
s
ponding
to
S
e
t
0
-
S
C
,
S
e
t
5
-
S
C
,
S
e
t
10
-
S
C
,
S
e
t
15
-
S
C
,
a
nd
S
e
t
20
-
S
C
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
I
n
e
a
c
h
s
e
t,
the
tot
a
l
we
ight
of
the
mi
xtur
e
including
c
e
ment,
c
a
r
b
on,
wa
ter
,
a
nd
a
lum
inum
powde
r
r
e
maine
d
c
ons
is
tent,
with
only
the
S
iC
c
ontent
be
ing
va
r
ied
.
T
a
ble
1.
M
a
ter
ial
pr
e
pa
r
a
ti
on
a
nd
pr
opo
r
ti
oning
o
f
pyr
a
mi
da
l
m
icr
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
S
e
t
C
e
me
nt
+
c
a
r
bon
(%)
W
a
te
r
-
c
e
me
nt
r
a
ti
o
A
lu
mi
num
-
c
e
me
nt
r
a
ti
o
S
iC
(
%
)
0
-
SC
100
0.9
0.01
0
5
-
SC
95
0.9
0.01
5
10
-
SC
90
0.9
0.01
10
15
-
SC
85
0.9
0.01
15
20
-
SC
80
0.9
0.01
20
2.
3.
Die
lec
t
r
ic
m
e
as
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
De
ter
mi
ning
a
mate
r
ial's
diele
c
tr
ic
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
c
ondu
c
ti
vit
y,
pe
r
mi
tt
ivi
ty
,
a
nd
los
s
f
a
c
tor
,
is
the
a
im
of
diele
c
tr
ic
mea
s
ur
e
ment.
T
he
s
e
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
s
pe
c
if
y
a
s
a
mpl
e
'
s
be
ha
vior
in
a
n
e
lec
tr
ic
f
ield
a
s
we
ll
a
s
it
s
e
ne
r
gy
s
tor
a
ge
a
nd
r
e
lea
s
e
c
a
pa
bil
it
ies
[
21
]
.
T
his
mea
s
ur
e
ment
is
c
r
uc
ial
be
c
a
us
e
it
a
ll
ows
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
to
pr
e
dict
the
a
bs
or
be
r
's
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
,
pr
ovi
ding
ins
ight
s
int
o
how
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
it
will
a
tt
e
nua
te
e
lec
tr
omagne
ti
c
wa
ve
s
[
21]
.
F
igu
r
e
3
il
lus
tr
a
tes
t
he
diele
c
tr
ic
mea
s
ur
e
ment
s
e
tup
us
e
d
in
thi
s
s
tud
y,
whic
h
invol
ve
s
a
VN
A
a
nd
a
high
-
tempe
r
a
tur
e
c
oa
xial
-
li
ne
diele
c
tr
ic
pr
obe
.
T
he
c
oa
xial
-
li
ne
diele
c
tr
ic
pr
obe
,
c
onne
c
ted
to
the
VN
A,
is
plac
e
d
in
c
ontac
t
with
the
mate
r
ial
s
a
mpl
e
.
T
his
s
e
tup
a
ll
ows
f
or
p
r
e
c
is
e
mea
s
ur
e
ment
of
how
the
mate
r
ial
int
e
r
a
c
ts
with
a
n
e
lec
tr
ic
f
ield,
pr
ovidi
ng
c
r
it
ica
l
da
ta
on
it
s
a
bil
it
y
to
s
tor
e
a
nd
dis
s
ipate
e
ne
r
gy,
whic
h
is
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l
f
or
pr
e
dicting
the
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
the
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
.
T
he
high
-
tempe
r
a
tur
e
c
a
pa
bil
it
y
of
the
p
r
obe
e
ns
ur
e
s
a
c
c
ur
a
te
mea
s
ur
e
ments
e
ve
n
unde
r
c
ondit
ions
whe
r
e
the
mate
r
ial
mi
ght
be
e
xpos
e
d
to
e
leva
ted
tempe
r
a
tur
e
s
[
21]
.
F
igur
e
3.
Die
lec
tr
ic
mea
s
ur
e
ment
s
e
tup
us
ing
VN
A
a
nd
high
-
tempe
r
a
tur
e
c
oa
xial
-
li
ne
diele
c
tr
ic
pr
o
be
2.
4.
Re
f
lec
t
ivi
t
y
m
e
as
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
F
igur
e
4
de
picts
the
NR
L
a
r
c
h
f
r
e
e
-
s
pa
c
e
meth
od,
a
wide
ly
us
e
d
tec
hnique
f
or
mea
s
ur
ing
the
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
of
m
icr
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
s
.
I
n
thi
s
s
e
tup,
the
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
is
plac
e
d
withi
n
a
n
a
r
c
h
-
li
ke
s
tr
uc
tur
e
,
whic
h
is
de
s
igned
to
s
im
ulate
a
f
r
e
e
-
s
pa
c
e
e
nvir
onment.
T
he
two
hor
n
a
ntenna
s
that
make
up
the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
P
y
r
amidal
mic
r
ow
av
e
abs
or
b
e
r
s
:
lev
e
r
aging
c
e
r
a
mic
mate
r
ial
s
for
impr
ov
e
d
…
(
N
ur
Shafi
k
ah
R
os
li
)
439
NR
L
Ar
c
h
a
r
e
both
a
im
e
d
towa
r
ds
the
meta
l
plat
e
a
t
the
de
s
ir
e
d
a
ngle
[
3]
.
A
t
r
a
ns
mi
tt
e
r
e
mi
ts
mi
c
r
owa
ve
s
ignals
towa
r
ds
the
a
bs
or
be
r
,
while
a
r
e
c
e
iver
mea
s
ur
e
s
the
r
e
f
lec
ted
s
ignals
[
3]
.
B
y
e
va
luating
the
dif
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
be
twe
e
n
the
s
ignals
that
a
r
e
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
d
a
nd
r
e
c
e
ived,
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
c
a
n
de
ter
mi
ne
the
a
bs
or
be
r
's
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
in
r
e
duc
ing
r
e
f
lec
ti
on.
T
he
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
s
in
c
ondit
ions
th
a
t
c
los
e
ly
mi
mi
c
r
e
a
l
-
wor
ld
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
,
s
uc
h
a
s
in
a
ne
c
hoic
c
ha
mber
s
or
other
e
nvir
onments
r
e
quir
ing
mi
nim
a
l
e
lec
tr
omagne
ti
c
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
,
is
pr
ove
n
us
ing
th
is
method.
T
he
NR
L
a
r
c
h
is
c
ons
ider
e
d
to
be
s
tanda
r
d
tec
hnology
f
or
a
s
s
e
s
s
ing
mate
r
ial
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
o
r
a
bs
or
pti
on.
T
he
NR
L
a
r
c
h
method
is
a
s
tr
a
igh
tf
or
wa
r
d
a
ppr
oa
c
h
that
c
ont
r
a
s
ts
a
meta
l
plate
's
r
e
f
lec
ti
on
with
a
nd
without
a
bs
or
be
r
s
[
22
]
.
R
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
is
t
he
ter
m
us
e
d
to
de
s
c
r
ibe
the
r
e
duc
ti
on
in
r
e
f
lec
ted
powe
r
that
oc
c
ur
s
whe
n
a
n
a
bs
or
be
nt
ma
ter
ial
is
a
dde
d
[
2]
.
Ante
nna
s
we
r
e
pos
it
ioned
a
t
a
pe
r
pe
ndicula
r
a
ngle
of
0°
to
the
a
bs
or
be
r
loca
ted
in
the
c
or
e
of
the
a
r
c
h
in
or
de
r
to
de
tec
t
r
e
f
lec
ti
on
.
T
he
r
e
a
r
e
36
p
yr
a
mi
da
l
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
s
s
e
t
unde
r
tes
t
on
a
s
qua
r
e
meta
l
plate
(
0
.
36
m
2
)
f
r
om
1
to
12
GH
z
,
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
5.
F
igur
e
4.
NR
L
a
r
c
h
f
r
e
e
s
pa
c
e
method
[
3]
F
igur
e
5.
A
s
e
t
o
f
py
r
a
mi
da
l
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
2.
5.
De
n
s
it
y
c
alcul
a
t
ion
T
he
c
a
lcula
ti
on
o
f
de
ns
it
y
plays
a
c
r
uc
ial
r
ole
in
de
ter
mi
ning
the
po
r
os
it
y
o
f
the
pyr
a
mi
da
l
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
.
T
he
c
a
lcula
ti
on
of
de
ns
it
y
is
a
f
unda
menta
l
s
tep
in
e
va
luating
the
por
os
it
y
of
the
pyr
a
mi
da
l
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
,
a
s
it
dir
e
c
tl
y
inf
lu
e
nc
e
s
the
a
bs
or
be
r
's
ove
r
a
ll
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
.
A
higher
por
os
it
y
of
ten
c
or
r
e
late
s
with
e
nha
nc
e
d
a
bs
or
pti
on
c
a
pa
bil
i
ti
e
s
,
a
s
it
a
ll
ows
f
or
mor
e
e
f
f
icie
nt
tr
a
pping
a
nd
di
s
s
ipation
of
mi
c
r
owa
ve
e
ne
r
gy.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
unde
r
s
tanding
t
he
de
ns
it
y
is
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l
f
or
opti
mi
z
ing
it
s
e
lec
tr
omagne
ti
c
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
(
E
M
I
)
r
e
duc
ti
on
pr
ope
r
t
ies
a
c
r
os
s
va
r
ious
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
s
.
T
he
r
a
ti
o
of
a
s
tr
uc
tur
e
's
ove
r
a
ll
volum
e
to
the
volum
e
of
i
ts
voids
or
po
r
e
s
is
c
a
ll
e
d
por
os
it
y
[
23
]
.
M
a
s
s
pe
r
unit
vo
lum
e
is
known
a
s
de
ns
it
y,
whic
h
is
a
f
unda
menta
l
f
e
a
tur
e
of
matter
[
24
]
.
T
he
mas
s
a
nd
volum
e
of
the
it
e
m
or
s
ubs
tanc
e
in
is
s
ue
mus
t
be
mea
s
ur
e
d
in
or
de
r
to
de
ter
mi
ne
it
s
de
ns
it
y
[
24]
.
T
he
de
ns
it
y
f
or
mul
a
(
ρ)
c
a
n
be
f
ound
in
(
1
)
,
whe
r
e
de
ns
it
y
is
c
a
lcula
ted
a
s
mas
s
(
m)
divi
de
d
by
volum
e
(
v
)
[
24]
.
ρ
=
m
/
v
(
1)
3.
RE
S
UL
T
S
AN
D
DI
S
CU
S
S
I
ON
T
his
s
e
c
ti
on
pr
ovides
a
de
tailed
a
na
ly
s
is
a
nd
di
s
c
us
s
ion
of
the
ke
y
e
xpe
r
im
e
ntal
f
indi
ngs
,
f
oc
us
ing
on
the
diele
c
tr
ic
mea
s
ur
e
ment,
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
,
a
nd
de
ns
it
y
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
of
f
ive
d
is
ti
nc
t
s
e
ts
of
pyr
a
mi
da
l
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
s
,
e
a
c
h
f
e
a
tur
ing
a
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
S
iC
c
ompos
it
ion
r
a
ti
o.
T
he
a
na
lys
is
de
lves
int
o
how
va
r
iations
in
S
iC
c
ontent
in
f
luenc
e
the
diele
c
tr
ic
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
pe
r
m
it
ti
vit
y
a
nd
los
s
tan
ge
nt,
a
nd
how
thes
e
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
s
ubs
e
que
ntl
y
a
f
f
e
c
t
the
ove
r
a
ll
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
of
the
a
bs
or
be
r
s
in
ter
ms
of
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
a
c
r
os
s
the
1
to
12
GH
z
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
.
Additi
on
a
ll
y,
thi
s
s
e
c
ti
on
e
xplor
e
s
the
im
pa
c
t
of
mate
r
ial
d
e
ns
it
y
on
the
a
bs
or
be
r
s
'
por
os
it
y
a
nd
it
s
c
or
r
e
lation
with
wa
ve
a
tt
e
nua
ti
on
c
a
pa
bil
it
ies
.
B
y
e
xa
mi
ning
thes
e
f
a
c
tor
s
c
oll
e
c
ti
ve
ly,
the
dis
c
us
s
ion
a
im
s
to
pr
ovide
a
c
ompr
e
he
ns
ive
unde
r
s
tanding
of
the
r
ole
that
mate
r
ial
c
ompos
it
ion
a
nd
s
tr
uc
tur
a
l
a
tt
r
ibut
e
s
play
in
opti
m
izing
the
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
of
pyr
a
mi
da
l
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
s
.
3.
1.
Die
lec
t
r
ic
v
alu
e
F
igu
r
e
6
p
r
e
s
e
n
ts
th
e
d
iele
c
tr
i
c
p
r
ope
r
t
ies
o
f
the
f
iv
e
di
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
s
e
ts
o
f
p
yr
a
mi
da
l
m
icr
owa
ve
a
bs
o
r
be
r
s
,
e
xpli
c
it
l
y
s
howc
a
s
i
ng
t
he
die
lec
t
r
ic
c
ons
tan
t
a
nd
los
s
tange
n
t
va
lues
.
F
i
gur
e
6(
a
)
il
lus
tr
a
tes
the
va
r
iatio
n
in
diele
c
t
r
i
c
c
ons
tan
t
a
c
r
os
s
S
e
t
0
-
S
C
,
S
e
t
5
-
S
C
,
S
e
t
1
0
-
S
C
,
S
e
t
15
-
S
C
,
a
nd
S
e
t
20
-
S
C
,
w
hil
e
F
ig
ur
e
6(
b)
highl
igh
ts
th
e
c
o
r
r
e
s
pond
ing
los
s
tange
n
t
v
a
lues
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
s
e
t
.
T
he
s
e
die
lec
t
r
ic
p
r
ope
r
ti
e
s
a
r
e
c
r
it
ica
l
i
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
435
-
447
440
unde
r
s
tandi
ng
how
the
mate
r
ia
ls
int
e
r
a
c
t
w
it
h
e
le
c
tr
o
magne
ti
c
f
ields
a
n
d
c
ont
r
ib
ute
t
o
the
a
bs
o
r
be
r
s
'
ove
r
a
l
l
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
.
F
o
r
a
mor
e
de
tail
e
d
c
ompa
r
is
o
n,
a
l
l
the
d
iele
c
t
r
ic
da
ta
ha
ve
be
e
n
s
ys
te
matica
ll
y
c
o
m
pil
e
d
a
nd
pr
e
s
e
nte
d
in
T
a
b
le
2
.
T
h
is
c
omp
r
e
he
ns
ive
r
e
pr
e
s
e
n
tatio
n
a
ll
ows
f
o
r
a
mo
r
e
p
r
e
c
is
e
e
va
lua
ti
on
of
h
ow
c
ha
nge
s
in
the
S
iC
c
ompos
it
i
on
r
a
ti
o
a
f
f
e
c
t
the
die
lec
t
r
ic
c
h
a
r
a
c
te
r
is
t
ics
of
th
e
a
bs
or
b
e
r
s
.
T
a
ble
3
p
r
e
s
e
nts
the
diele
c
tr
ic
mea
s
ur
e
ment
r
e
s
ult
s
f
or
f
ive
s
e
ts
of
py
r
a
mi
da
l
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
s
,
e
a
c
h
with
va
r
ying
pe
r
c
e
ntage
s
of
s
il
icon
c
a
r
bide
(
S
iC
)
:
0
%
(
S
e
t
0
-
S
C
)
,
5%
(
S
e
t
5
-
S
C
)
,
10%
(
S
e
t
10
-
S
C
)
,
15%
(
S
e
t
15
-
S
C
)
,
a
nd
20%
(
S
e
t
20
-
S
C
)
.
T
he
da
ta
in
T
a
ble
2
c
lea
r
ly
de
mons
tr
a
te
a
c
or
r
e
lation
be
t
we
e
n
the
S
iC
c
ontent
a
nd
the
diele
c
tr
ic
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
of
the
s
a
mpl
e
s
.
As
the
S
iC
pe
r
c
e
ntage
incr
e
a
s
e
s
,
both
the
diele
c
tr
ic
c
ons
tant
a
nd
the
los
s
tange
nt
va
lues
s
how
a
c
or
r
e
s
ponding
r
is
e
.
As
noted
by
L
e
e
e
t
al.
[
25
]
mate
r
ia
ls
with
a
lowe
r
los
s
tange
nt
a
bs
or
b
les
s
e
l
e
c
tr
omagne
ti
c
e
ne
r
gy,
whe
r
e
a
s
thos
e
with
a
higher
los
s
tange
nt
e
xhibi
t
mor
e
e
xc
e
ll
e
nt
e
ne
r
gy
a
bs
or
pti
on.
T
his
pr
inciple
s
ugge
s
ts
that
a
s
the
los
s
tange
nt
incr
e
a
s
e
s
,
the
mate
r
ial's
a
bil
it
y
to
a
tt
e
nua
te
e
lec
tr
omagne
ti
c
wa
ve
s
a
ls
o
im
p
r
ove
s
[
26]
,
whic
h
is
a
c
r
uc
ial
f
a
c
tor
in
the
de
s
ign
o
f
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
s
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
the
r
e
s
ult
s
indi
c
a
te
that
higher
S
iC
c
ontent
e
nha
nc
e
s
the
a
bs
or
be
r
's
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
by
inc
r
e
a
s
ing
it
s
los
s
tange
nt,
a
li
gnin
g
with
the
c
onc
e
pt
that
a
mate
r
ial
in
a
high
-
los
s
c
ondit
ion
is
be
tt
e
r
s
uit
e
d
f
or
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
pti
on.
T
his
f
in
ding
unde
r
s
c
or
e
s
the
im
por
tanc
e
of
mate
r
ial
c
omp
os
it
ion
in
opti
mi
z
ing
the
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
of
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
s
a
c
r
os
s
a
br
oa
d
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
.
F
r
eq
u
en
cy
(
G
H
z)
2
4
6
8
10
12
D
i
el
ec
t
r
i
c
C
on
s
t
an
t
0
1
2
3
4
5
S
et
0-
S
C
S
et
5-
S
C
S
et
10
-
S
C
S
et
15
-
S
C
S
et
20
-
S
C
(
a
)
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
G
H
z
)
2
4
6
8
10
12
L
oss Ta
ng
e
nt
0
.
0
0
.
2
0
.
4
0
.
6
0
.
8
1
.
0
S
e
t
0
-
S
C
S
e
t
5
-
S
C
S
e
t
1
0
-
S
C
S
e
t
1
5
-
S
C
S
e
t
2
0
-
S
C
(
b)
F
igur
e
6.
Die
lec
tr
ic
p
r
ope
r
ti
e
s
of
S
e
t
0
-
S
C
,
S
e
t
5
-
S
C
,
S
e
t
10
-
S
C
,
S
e
t
15
-
S
C
a
nd
S
e
t
20
-
S
C
f
r
om
f
r
e
qu
e
nc
y
1
to
12
GH
z
(
a
)
diele
c
tr
ic
c
ons
tant
a
nd
(
b)
los
s
tange
nt
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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nt
J
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omp
E
ng
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8708
P
y
r
amidal
mic
r
ow
av
e
abs
or
b
e
r
s
:
lev
e
r
aging
c
e
r
a
mic
mate
r
ial
s
for
impr
ov
e
d
…
(
N
ur
Shafi
k
ah
R
os
li
)
441
T
a
ble
2
.
M
ini
mum
a
nd
maximum
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
S
e
t
S
C
-
0,
S
e
t
5
-
S
C
,
S
e
t
10
-
S
C
,
S
e
t
15
-
SC
,
a
nd
S
e
t
20
-
SC
B
a
nd
F
r
e
que
nc
y
(
G
H
z
)
S
e
t
R
e
f
le
c
ti
vi
ty
(
dB
)
M
in
M
a
x
L
-
ba
nd
1
-
2
0
-
SC
-
7.1917
-
13.9684
5
-
SC
-
6.8558
-
31.9475
10
-
SC
-
7.5473
-
22.4245
15
-
SC
-
7.2509
-
30.0706
20
-
SC
-
8.0017
-
16.9517
S
-
ba
nd
2
-
4
0
-
SC
-
7.9029
-
15.8256
5
-
SC
-
9.6613
-
38.2698
10
-
SC
-
16.2405
-
26.534
15
-
SC
-
6.4606
-
28.6876
20
-
SC
-
5.5518
-
40.6209
C
-
ba
nd
4
-
8
0
-
SC
-
13.3559
-
37.0251
5
-
SC
-
16.5622
-
52.4471
10
-
SC
-
26.6215
-
55.2752
15
-
SC
-
16.4606
-
46.0965
20
-
SC
-
14.6147
-
49.8899
X
-
ba
nd
8
-
12
0
-
SC
-
18.4081
-
41.9475
5
-
SC
-
19.4750
-
43.3700
10
-
SC
-
20.2202
-
45.8933
15
-
SC
-
18.6791
-
43.7257
20
-
SC
-
19.0347
-
43.6749
T
a
ble
3.
Die
lec
tr
ic
c
ons
tant
a
nd
los
s
tange
nt
o
f
S
e
t
S
C
-
0,
S
e
t
S
C
-
5,
S
e
t
S
C
-
10,
S
e
t
S
C
-
15
a
nd
S
e
t
S
C
-
20
a
t
f
r
e
que
nc
y
6
.
5
GH
z
S
e
t
S
iC
(%)
D
ie
le
c
tr
ic
c
ons
ta
nt
(
ε
'
)
L
os
s
t
a
nge
nt
(
ε
”
/ε')
0
-
SC
0
2.2173
0.3436
5
-
SC
5
2.4781
0.4036
10
-
SC
10
2.4990
0.4106
15
-
SC
15
2.5192
0.4332
20
-
SC
20
2.6064
0.4402
3.
2
.
Re
f
lec
t
ivi
t
y
m
e
as
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
at
0°
a
n
g
le
F
igur
e
7
il
lus
tr
a
tes
the
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
o
f
the
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
mate
r
ial
s
e
ts
,
p
r
e
c
is
e
ly
S
e
t
S
C
-
0,
S
e
t
5
-
S
C
,
S
e
t
10
-
S
C
,
S
e
t
15
-
S
C
,
a
nd
S
e
t
20
-
S
C
,
whe
n
mea
s
ur
e
d
a
t
a
0°
incide
nc
e
a
ngle.
T
h
e
r
e
s
ult
s
de
mons
tr
a
te
how
va
r
ying
the
c
ompos
it
ion
o
f
s
il
icon
c
a
r
bide
(
S
iC
)
withi
n
the
c
e
ment
-
c
a
r
bon
c
o
mpos
it
e
inf
luenc
e
s
the
a
bs
or
be
r
's
a
bil
it
y
to
r
e
duc
e
e
le
c
tr
omagne
ti
c
r
e
f
lec
ti
ons
.
T
he
mi
nim
u
m
a
nd
m
a
xim
um
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
va
lues
a
c
r
os
s
the
tes
ted
f
r
e
que
nc
y
ba
n
ds
a
r
e
s
umm
a
r
ize
d
in
T
a
ble
2
to
pr
ovide
a
c
ompr
e
he
ns
ive
a
na
lys
is
.
T
he
s
e
va
lues
a
r
e
a
ls
o
vis
ua
ll
y
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nted
thr
ough
ba
r
g
r
a
phs
in
F
igu
r
e
s
8
a
nd
9,
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
a
c
lea
r
c
ompar
is
on
of
the
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
a
c
r
os
s
the
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
mate
r
ial
s
e
ts
.
T
h
is
da
ta
is
c
r
uc
ial
f
or
unde
r
s
tanding
the
im
pa
c
t
o
f
S
iC
c
ontent
on
the
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
of
the
pyr
a
m
idal
m
icr
owa
ve
a
bs
o
r
be
r
s
in
r
e
duc
ing
e
lec
tr
omagne
ti
c
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
.
E
va
luating
the
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
c
a
pa
bil
it
ies
of
a
py
r
a
mi
da
l
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
r
e
quir
e
s
a
thor
ough
a
na
lys
is
of
both
mi
n
im
um
a
nd
maximum
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
va
lues
.
T
he
mi
ni
mum
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
va
lue
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nts
the
lowe
s
t
leve
l
of
e
lec
tr
omagne
ti
c
wa
ve
r
e
f
lec
ti
on,
indi
c
a
ti
ng
the
a
bs
or
be
r
's
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
in
mi
nim
izing
unwa
nted
r
e
f
lec
ti
ons
a
c
r
os
s
a
given
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
n
ge
.
C
onve
r
s
e
ly,
the
maximum
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
va
lue
de
notes
the
highes
t
leve
l
of
r
e
f
lec
ti
on,
whic
h
is
c
r
uc
ial
f
o
r
un
de
r
s
tanding
the
uppe
r
li
mi
ts
o
f
the
a
bs
or
be
r
's
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
.
T
oge
ther
,
thes
e
metr
ics
pr
ovide
a
c
ompr
e
he
ns
i
ve
a
s
s
e
s
s
ment
of
the
a
bs
or
be
r
's
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
.
A
higher
mi
nim
um
va
lue
s
ugge
s
ts
be
tt
e
r
a
bs
or
pti
on
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y,
while
a
h
igher
maximum
va
lue
indi
c
a
tes
the
a
bs
or
be
r
's
a
bil
it
y
to
maintain
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
unde
r
va
r
ying
c
ondit
ions
.
T
he
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
a
c
hieving
higher
m
ini
mum
a
nd
maximum
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
va
lues
indi
c
a
tes
a
s
upe
r
i
or
pyr
a
mi
da
l
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
c
a
pa
ble
o
f
d
e
li
ve
r
ing
c
ons
is
tent
a
nd
r
e
li
a
ble
E
M
I
r
e
duc
ti
on
a
c
r
os
s
a
wid
e
r
a
nge
of
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
.
F
igur
e
8
s
ho
ws
t
he
mi
n
im
um
r
e
f
l
e
c
ti
vit
y
p
e
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
of
S
e
t
0
-
S
C
,
S
e
t
5
-
S
C
,
S
e
t
10
-
S
C
,
S
e
t
1
5
-
S
C
a
nd
S
e
t
2
0
-
S
C
a
t
0°
a
ng
le,
wh
e
r
e
it
di
s
pl
a
y
s
that
S
e
t
10
-
S
C
pr
odu
c
e
s
the
hi
ghe
s
t
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
ivi
ty
p
e
r
f
or
manc
e
a
t
a
ll
ba
n
ds
e
xc
e
pt
L
-
ba
nd
with
v
a
lu
e
s
of
-
16.
2
40
5
dB
(
S
-
ba
n
d)
,
-
26.
6
215
d
B
(
C
-
b
a
nd)
,
a
n
d
-
2
0.
2202
d
B
(X
-
b
a
nd)
.
T
he
be
s
t
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
ivi
ty
va
lu
e
a
t
L
-
b
a
nd
i
s
-
8.
00
17
d
B
,
obt
a
ine
d
by
S
e
t
20
-
S
C
.
B
a
s
e
d
on
t
he
a
na
l
ys
i
s
,
S
e
t
10
-
S
C
s
h
ow
s
the
b
e
s
t
mi
nim
um
r
e
f
le
c
ti
vi
ty
p
e
r
f
or
man
c
e
on
t
hr
e
e
ba
nd
s
:
S
-
b
a
nd,
C
-
ba
n
d,
a
nd
X
-
ba
nd.
On
the
L
-
ba
n
d,
the
S
e
t
10
-
S
C
S
e
t
pe
r
f
or
m
s
a
bo
u
t
-
0.
5
dB
l
e
s
s
we
l
l
than
th
e
S
e
t
10
-
S
C
.
Ove
r
a
l
l,
it
c
a
n
be
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
435
-
447
442
c
onc
lude
d
th
a
t
th
e
S
C
-
10
S
e
t
pr
ovi
de
s
th
e
be
s
t
mi
n
im
um
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
pe
r
f
or
m
a
n
c
e
,
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
ll
y
on
th
e
C
-
ba
n
d.
T
he
maximum
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
S
e
t
0
-
S
C
,
S
e
t
5
-
S
C
,
S
e
t
10
-
S
C
,
S
e
t
15
-
S
C
a
nd
S
e
t
20
-
S
C
a
t
0°
is
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
9.
S
ubjec
t
to
the
da
t
a
a
na
lyze
d
,
the
S
e
t
5
-
S
C
s
hows
the
highes
t
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
f
o
r
the
L
-
ba
nd
with
a
va
lue
of
-
31.
9
475
dB
.
S
e
t
20
-
S
C
a
c
hieve
s
the
be
s
t
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
va
lue
f
or
the
S
-
ba
nd,
with
a
va
lue
of
-
40.
6209
dB
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
S
e
t
10
-
S
C
il
lus
tr
a
ted
the
highes
t
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
f
or
the
C
-
ba
nd
a
nd
X
-
ba
nd
with
va
lues
of
-
55.
27
52
a
nd
-
45.
8933
dB
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
B
a
s
e
d
on
the
obtaine
d
gr
a
ph,
only
S
e
t
10
-
S
C
c
a
n
r
e
a
c
h
the
maximum
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
va
lue
on
two
ba
nds
,
na
mely
the
C
-
ba
nd
a
nd
the
X
-
ba
nd.
S
ince
C
-
ba
nd
a
nd
X
-
ba
nd
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
mor
e
than
66%
of
the
s
e
lec
ted
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
f
r
om
1
-
12
GH
z
,
it
c
a
n
be
c
onc
luded
that
S
e
t
10
-
S
C
p
r
oduc
e
s
the
b
e
s
t
maximum
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
,
e
s
pe
c
ially
on
the
C
ba
nd.
All
f
ive
s
e
ts
of
pyr
a
m
idal
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
o
r
be
r
s
de
mons
tr
a
ted
good
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
a
t
the
C
-
ba
nd
a
nd
X
-
ba
nd,
with
m
ini
mum
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
va
lues
o
f
ove
r
-
13
dB
a
nd
maximum
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
va
lues
of
ove
r
-
37
dB
.
F
or
the
L
-
ba
nd
a
nd
S
-
ba
nd,
the
maximum
r
e
f
l
e
c
ti
vit
y
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
of
a
ll
f
ive
s
e
ts
looks
quit
e
good,
e
xc
e
pt
S
e
t
S
C
-
0.
How
e
ve
r
,
f
o
r
mi
nim
um
r
e
f
lec
ti
v
it
y,
mos
t
s
e
ts
c
a
nnot
r
e
a
c
h
a
t
lea
s
t
-
10
dB
,
e
xc
e
pt
f
or
the
S
e
t
S
C
-
10
on
the
S
-
ba
nd.
F
r
eq
u
en
cy
(
G
H
z)
2
4
6
8
10
12
R
ef
l
ec
t
i
v
i
t
y
(
d
B)
-
6
0
-
5
0
-
4
0
-
3
0
-
2
0
-
1
0
0
S
e
t
0
-
S
C
S
e
t
5
-
S
C
S
e
t
1
0
-
S
C
S
e
t
1
5
-
S
C
S
e
t
1
5
-
S
C
F
igur
e
7.
R
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
o
f
S
e
t
0
-
S
C
,
S
e
t
5
-
S
C
,
S
e
t
10
-
S
C
,
S
e
t
15
-
S
C
a
nd
S
e
t
20
-
S
C
a
t
0°
a
ngle
F
i
gu
r
e
8
.
M
in
im
um
r
e
f
le
c
t
iv
i
ty
pe
r
f
o
r
man
c
e
of
S
e
t
0
-
S
C
,
S
e
t
5
-
S
C
,
S
e
t
1
0
-
S
C
,
S
e
t
1
5
-
SC
,
a
n
d
S
e
t
2
0
-
S
C
a
t
0°
7
.1
9
1
7
7
.9
0
2
9
1
3
.3
5
5
9
1
8
.4
0
8
1
6
.8
5
5
8
9
.6
6
1
3
1
6
.5
6
2
2
1
9
.4
7
5
7
.5
4
7
3
1
6
.2
4
0
5
2
6
.6
2
1
5
2
0
.2
2
0
2
7
.2
5
0
9
6
.4
6
0
6
1
6
.4
6
0
6
1
8
.6
7
9
1
8
.0
0
1
7
5
.5
5
1
8
1
4
.6
1
4
7
1
9
.0
3
4
7
L
-
B
A
N
D
(
1
-
2
G
H
Z
)
S
-
B
A
N
D
(
2
-
4
G
H
Z
)
C
-
B
A
N
D
(
4
-
8
G
H
Z
)
X
-
B
A
N
D
(
8
-
1
2
G
H
Z
)
RE
FLE
C
T
I
V
I
T
Y
(
-
dB)
F
R
E
QU
E
N
C
Y
S
e
t
0
-
S
C
S
e
t
5
-
S
C
S
e
t 1
0
-
S
C
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
P
y
r
amidal
mic
r
ow
av
e
abs
or
b
e
r
s
:
lev
e
r
aging
c
e
r
a
mic
mate
r
ial
s
for
impr
ov
e
d
…
(
N
ur
Shafi
k
ah
R
os
li
)
443
F
igu
r
e
9
.
M
a
xim
um
r
e
f
lec
ti
v
it
y
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
o
f
S
e
t
0
-
S
C
,
S
e
t
5
-
S
C
,
S
e
t
10
-
S
C
,
S
e
t
15
-
S
C
a
n
d
S
e
t
2
0
-
S
C
a
t
0°
3.
3
.
De
n
s
it
y
v
al
u
e
T
a
ble
4
pr
e
s
e
nts
the
de
ns
it
y
mea
s
ur
e
ments
f
or
indi
vidual
piec
e
s
of
pyr
a
mi
da
l
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
s
,
c
a
tegor
ize
d
a
c
c
or
ding
to
thei
r
s
pe
c
if
ic
s
e
t
c
ompos
it
ion.
T
he
da
ta
in
the
table
r
e
ve
a
ls
a
c
lea
r
tr
e
nd
:
a
s
the
pe
r
c
e
ntage
of
S
iC
incr
e
a
s
e
s
,
the
de
ns
it
y
of
the
a
bs
or
be
r
s
a
ls
o
r
is
e
s
.
T
his
incr
e
a
s
e
in
de
ns
it
y
indi
c
a
tes
a
r
e
duc
ti
on
in
por
os
it
y
withi
n
the
s
tr
uc
tur
e
of
the
pyr
a
mi
da
l
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
s
.
T
he
c
or
r
e
lation
be
twe
e
n
higher
de
ns
it
y
a
nd
lowe
r
por
os
it
y
is
s
igni
f
ica
nt,
a
s
it
s
ugge
s
ts
that
a
s
S
iC
c
ontent
is
incr
e
a
s
e
d
the
mate
r
ial
be
c
omes
mor
e
c
ompac
t,
potentially
e
nha
nc
ing
the
a
bs
or
be
r
's
ove
r
a
ll
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
by
r
e
duc
ing
the
a
mount
of
a
ir
ga
ps
withi
n
the
s
tr
uc
tur
e
,
whic
h
c
ould
othe
r
w
is
e
im
pa
ir
it
s
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
in
a
tt
e
nua
ti
ng
e
lec
tr
o
magne
ti
c
wa
ve
s
.
P
or
ous
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
s
will
r
e
f
lec
t
a
nd
dis
pe
r
s
e
the
incide
nt
wa
ve
a
s
i
t
tr
a
ve
ls
th
r
ough
the
mate
r
ial,
a
nd
s
ome
of
the
ther
mal
e
ne
r
gy
wi
ll
be
pr
oduc
e
d
by
c
o
nve
r
ti
ng
e
lec
tr
ica
l
e
ne
r
gy
int
o
a
mi
c
r
owa
ve
s
ignal
[
6]
.
T
a
ble
4.
De
ns
it
y
of
s
e
t
0
-
S
C
,
s
e
t
5
-
S
C
,
s
e
t
10
-
S
C
,
s
e
t
15
-
S
C
a
nd
s
e
t
20
-
SC
S
e
t
D
e
ns
it
y (
g/
c
m
3
)
0
-
SC
0.6012
5
-
SC
0.6132
10
-
SC
0.6252
15
-
SC
0.6408
20
-
SC
0.6552
3.
4.
Hi
gh
li
gh
t
s
o
f
r
e
s
e
ar
c
h
o
u
t
c
om
e
s
B
a
s
e
d
on
the
diele
c
tr
ic
mea
s
ur
e
ment
r
e
s
ult
s
,
S
e
t
20
-
S
C
wa
s
ini
ti
a
ll
y
e
xpe
c
ted
to
p
r
oduc
e
the
be
s
t
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
due
to
it
s
high
los
s
tang
e
nt
va
lue,
whic
h
typi
c
a
ll
y
c
or
r
e
late
s
with
mor
e
e
xc
e
ll
e
nt
wa
ve
a
tt
e
nua
ti
on.
How
e
ve
r
,
the
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
tes
ts
r
e
ve
a
led
that
S
e
t
10
-
S
C
c
on
s
is
tently
outper
f
or
med
the
other
s
e
ts
,
including
S
e
t
20
-
S
C
.
T
his
une
xpe
c
ted
outco
me
s
ugge
s
ts
that
f
a
c
tor
s
be
yond
d
iele
c
tr
ic
p
r
ope
r
t
ies
,
s
uc
h
a
s
the
por
ous
s
tr
uc
tur
e
o
f
the
a
bs
or
be
r
,
play
a
s
igni
f
ica
nt
r
ole
in
de
ter
mi
ning
ove
r
a
ll
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
.
T
he
de
ns
it
y
tes
t
wa
s
c
onduc
ted
to
e
xa
mi
ne
the
r
e
latio
ns
hip
be
twe
e
n
por
os
it
y
a
nd
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
a
nd
inves
ti
ga
te
thi
s
f
ur
ther
.
T
he
r
e
s
ult
s
of
thi
s
tes
t
a
im
e
d
to
va
li
da
te
th
e
hypothes
is
that,
while
diele
c
tr
ic
pr
ope
r
t
ies
a
r
e
c
r
uc
ial
f
or
a
bs
or
be
r
e
f
f
icie
nc
y,
the
mate
r
ial's
por
os
it
y
a
ls
o
s
u
bs
tantially
im
pa
c
ts
it
s
a
bil
it
y
to
a
tt
e
nua
te
e
lec
tr
o
magne
ti
c
wa
ve
s
.
T
his
f
indi
ng
unde
r
s
c
or
e
s
the
im
por
tanc
e
of
opti
mi
z
ing
diele
c
tr
ic
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
a
nd
por
os
it
y
to
a
c
hieve
s
upe
r
ior
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
pti
on
pe
r
f
or
man
c
e
.
T
he
e
va
luation
of
the
f
ive
s
e
ts
of
pyr
a
mi
da
l
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
s
,
e
a
c
h
mea
s
ur
e
d
a
t
a
0°
a
ngle
a
c
r
os
s
a
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
of
1
to
12
GH
z
,
p
r
ovides
a
c
ompr
e
he
ns
ive
ins
ight
int
o
their
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
,
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
withi
n
the
C
-
ba
nd
a
nd
X
-
ba
nd
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
.
All
f
ive
s
e
ts
de
mons
tr
a
te
c
omm
e
nda
ble
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y,
s
howc
a
s
ing
their
potential
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
n
e
s
s
a
s
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
s
.
How
e
ve
r
,
a
de
tailed
a
na
lys
is
r
e
ve
a
ls
that
S
e
t
10
-
S
C
c
ons
is
tently
outper
f
o
r
ms
the
other
s
e
ts
'
ove
r
a
ll
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
a
c
r
os
s
the
e
nti
r
e
f
r
e
que
nc
y
s
pe
c
tr
um.
S
e
t
10
-
S
C
e
mer
ge
s
a
s
the
mos
t
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
,
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
wi
thi
n
the
C
-
ba
nd,
whe
r
e
it
a
c
hieve
s
r
e
mar
ka
ble
mi
nim
um
a
nd
ma
xim
um
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
va
lues
o
f
-
26.
6215
a
nd
-
55.
2
752
dB
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
T
his
s
upe
r
ior
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
is
pr
im
a
r
il
y
a
tt
r
ibut
e
d
to
S
e
t
10
-
S
C
's
opti
mi
z
e
d
por
os
it
y
a
nd
the
los
s
tange
nt
va
lue
of
it
s
mate
r
ial
c
ompos
it
ion,
whic
h
c
ontr
ibut
e
s
to
mor
e
e
xc
e
ll
e
nt
wa
ve
a
tt
e
nua
ti
on.
T
he
f
indi
ngs
1
3
.9
6
8
4
1
5
.8
2
5
6
3
7
.0
2
5
1
4
1
.9
4
7
5
3
1
.9
4
7
5
3
8
.2
6
9
8
5
2
.4
4
7
1
4
3
.3
7
2
2
.4
2
4
5
2
6
.5
3
4
5
5
.2
7
5
2
4
5
.8
9
3
3
3
0
.0
7
0
6
2
8
.6
8
7
6
4
6
.0
9
6
5
4
3
.7
2
5
7
1
6
.9
5
1
7
4
0
.6
2
0
9
4
9
.8
8
9
9
4
3
.6
7
4
9
L
-
B
A
N
D
(
1
-
2
G
H
Z
)
S
-
B
A
N
D
(
2
-
4
G
H
Z
)
C
-
B
A
N
D
(
4
-
8
G
H
Z
)
X
-
B
A
N
D
(
8
-
1
2
G
H
Z
)
RE
FLE
C
T
I
V
I
T
Y
(
-
dB)
F
R
E
Q
U
E
N
C
Y
S
e
t
0
-
S
C
S
e
t
5
-
S
C
S
e
t
1
0
-
S
C
S
e
t
1
5
-
S
C
S
e
t
2
0
-
S
C
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
435
-
447
444
indi
c
a
te
that
the
va
r
ied
r
a
ti
o
of
S
iC
,
a
s
de
mons
t
r
a
ted
in
thi
s
s
tudy,
plays
a
c
r
it
ica
l
r
ole
in
e
nha
nc
ing
the
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
of
the
a
bs
or
be
r
,
with
S
e
t
10
-
S
C
of
f
e
r
ing
the
mos
t
ba
lanc
e
d
a
nd
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
c
ombi
na
ti
on
of
mate
r
ials
f
o
r
opti
mal
pe
r
f
or
ma
nc
e
.
T
he
s
e
r
e
s
ult
s
highl
ight
the
im
por
tanc
e
of
mate
r
ial
c
ompos
it
ion
a
nd
s
tr
uc
tur
a
l
de
s
ign
in
de
ve
lopi
ng
e
f
f
icie
nt
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
s
,
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
f
or
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
r
e
quir
ing
b
r
oa
d
f
r
e
que
nc
y
c
ove
r
a
ge
.
3.
5
.
Com
p
ar
a
t
ive
an
alys
is
wit
h
p
r
ior
s
t
u
d
y
As
r
e
por
ted
in
pr
ior
s
tudi
e
s
,
T
a
ble
5
pr
ovides
a
c
ompr
e
he
ns
ive
s
umm
a
r
y
of
the
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
va
r
ious
biom
a
s
s
-
ba
s
e
d
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
s
.
I
t
highl
ight
s
the
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
mate
r
ials
e
mp
loyed
in
f
a
br
ica
ti
ng
thes
e
a
bs
or
be
r
s
,
il
lus
tr
a
ti
ng
the
dive
r
s
it
y
in
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
withi
n
the
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
ield.
T
he
t
a
ble
a
ls
o
de
tails
the
s
pe
c
if
ic
s
ha
p
e
s
of
the
a
bs
or
be
r
s
,
whi
c
h
play
a
c
r
uc
ial
r
ole
in
their
ove
r
a
ll
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
,
a
nd
outl
ines
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
s
ove
r
whic
h
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
wa
s
mea
s
ur
e
d.
Additi
ona
ll
y
,
it
pr
e
s
e
nts
the
mi
nim
um
a
nd
maximum
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
va
lues
a
tt
a
ined
by
e
a
c
h
mate
r
ial,
c
lea
r
ly
c
ompa
r
ing
thei
r
pe
r
f
or
man
c
e
.
T
his
s
umm
a
r
y
unde
r
s
c
or
e
s
the
pr
ogr
e
s
s
made
in
de
ve
lopi
ng
biom
a
s
s
-
ba
s
e
d
a
bs
or
be
r
s
a
nd
s
e
r
ve
s
a
s
a
be
nc
hmar
k
f
or
e
va
luating
the
a
dva
nc
e
ments
pr
e
s
e
nted
in
the
c
ur
r
e
nt
s
tudy.
B
a
s
e
d
on
the
r
e
s
ult
s
obtaine
d
in
thi
s
s
tudy,
a
c
ompar
a
ti
ve
a
na
lys
is
with
pr
io
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
r
e
ve
a
ls
s
igni
f
ica
nt
dif
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
in
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
,
pa
r
ti
c
ula
r
l
y
in
the
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
a
c
r
os
s
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
f
r
e
que
nc
y
ba
nds
.
T
he
pr
e
vious
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
oc
us
e
d
on
biom
a
s
s
-
ba
s
e
d
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
thos
e
made
f
r
om
ba
na
na
lea
ve
s
,
s
uga
r
c
a
ne
ba
ga
s
s
e
,
a
nd
r
ice
hus
k
typi
c
a
ll
y
s
ha
pe
d
pyr
a
mi
da
l.
T
he
s
e
a
bs
or
be
r
s
e
xhibi
ted
mi
nim
um
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
va
lues
r
a
nging
f
r
om
-
16.
0
to
-
33.
9
d
B
a
nd
maximum
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
va
lues
r
a
nging
f
r
om
-
34.
9
to
-
45.
9
dB
a
c
r
os
s
va
r
ious
f
r
e
que
nc
y
ba
nds
,
pr
e
domi
na
ntl
y
f
r
om
6
to
20
GH
z
.
I
n
thi
s
s
tudy,
s
e
t
10
-
S
C
,
a
pyr
a
mi
da
l
a
bs
or
be
r
with
a
10%
S
iC
c
ompos
it
ion,
de
mons
tr
a
ted
s
upe
r
ior
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
,
a
c
hieving
a
mi
nim
um
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
o
f
-
26.
6215
dB
a
nd
a
maximum
of
-
55.
2752
dB
,
s
pe
c
if
ica
ll
y
in
the
C
-
ba
nd.
T
his
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
nc
e
not
only
s
ur
pa
s
s
e
s
the
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
o
f
a
bs
or
be
r
s
made
f
r
om
biom
a
s
s
mate
r
ials
bu
t
a
ls
o
indi
c
a
tes
that
int
e
gr
a
ti
ng
S
iC
a
nd
the
opti
m
ize
d
por
os
it
y
in
the
a
bs
or
be
r
's
s
tr
uc
tur
e
e
nha
nc
e
s
it
s
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
the
c
ompa
r
a
ti
ve
a
na
lys
is
highl
ight
s
th
a
t
while
t
r
a
dit
ional
c
e
ment
-
ba
s
e
d
a
bs
or
be
r
s
with
f
lat
c
on
f
igur
a
ti
ons
,
li
ke
thos
e
made
f
r
om
pa
lm
oil
f
ue
l
a
s
h
(
P
OFA)
a
nd
s
a
wdus
t,
s
howe
d
li
mi
ted
r
e
f
lec
ti
vit
y
with
maximum
va
lues
of
-
18.
2
a
nd
-
29.
5
dB
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly,
the
pyr
a
m
idal
de
s
ign
c
oupled
w
it
h
S
iC
incor
por
a
ti
on
in
thi
s
s
tudy
led
to
a
s
ubs
tantial
im
pr
ove
ment
in
a
bs
or
pti
on
c
a
pa
bil
it
y.
T
his
c
ompar
is
on
unde
r
s
c
or
e
s
the
im
por
tanc
e
of
mate
r
ial
c
ompos
it
ion
a
nd
s
tr
uc
tur
a
l
de
s
ign
in
de
ve
lopi
ng
e
f
f
icie
nt
m
icr
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
s
.
T
hus
,
thi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
pr
ovides
va
luable
ins
ight
s
int
o
the
a
dva
nc
e
ment
of
a
bs
or
be
r
tec
hnology,
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
f
o
r
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
r
e
quir
ing
r
obus
t
E
M
I
r
e
duc
ti
on
a
c
r
os
s
a
wide
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
.
T
a
ble
5.
S
umm
a
r
y
on
biom
a
s
s
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
f
r
om
p
r
ior
s
tudy
M
a
te
r
ia
l
S
ha
pe
F
r
e
que
nc
y
R
e
f
le
c
ti
vi
ty
(
dB
)
R
e
f
M
in
M
a
x
B
a
na
na
l
e
a
v
e
s
a
nd r
e
s
in
P
yr
a
mi
da
l
6.8.5
-
33.9
-
43.1
[
27]
R
ic
e
hus
k, r
ubbe
r
t
ir
e
dus
k a
nd r
e
s
in
P
yr
a
mi
da
l
7
-
13
-
20.1
-
34.9
[
28]
R
ic
e
hus
k a
nd r
e
s
in
P
yr
a
mi
da
l
0.01
-
20
-
16.0
-
45.9
[
29]
P
O
F
A
a
nd
c
e
me
nt
F
la
t
(
br
ic
k)
1
-
12
-
-
18.2
[
18]
S
a
w
dus
t
a
nd
c
e
me
nt
F
la
t
(
br
ic
k)
1
-
12
-
-
29.5
[
19]
4.
CONC
L
USI
ON
I
n
c
onc
lus
ion,
thi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ha
s
s
hown
that
c
ombi
ning
c
e
r
a
mi
c
mate
r
ials
wi
th
a
c
e
ment
-
c
a
r
bon
ba
s
e
a
nd
us
ing
a
pyr
a
mi
da
l
de
s
ign
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
y
im
pr
ove
s
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
bs
or
be
r
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
.
T
he
ne
w
de
s
ign
of
f
e
r
s
be
tt
e
r
a
bs
or
pti
on
a
c
r
os
s
a
mor
e
c
ompr
e
he
ns
ive
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
,
a
ddr
e
s
s
ing
the
li
mi
ta
ti
ons
of
tr
a
dit
ional
f
lat
a
bs
or
be
r
s
.
T
he
s
e
im
pr
ove
ments
a
r
e
be
ne
f
icia
l
f
or
r
e
duc
ing
E
M
I
in
s
e
ns
it
ive
e
nvir
onm
e
nts
li
ke
a
ne
c
hoic
c
ha
mber
s
.
T
he
s
tudy’
s
f
indi
ngs
highl
ight
the
po
tential
f
or
f
ur
the
r
e
nha
nc
ing
a
bs
or
be
r
mate
r
ials
a
nd
de
s
igns
,
with
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
e
xtending
to
a
r
e
a
s
s
uc
h
a
s
r
a
da
r
tec
hnology
a
nd
s
tea
lt
h
s
ys
tems
.
F
or
the
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
c
omm
unit
y,
thi
s
wor
k
e
mphas
ize
s
the
ne
e
d
f
or
on
going
innovation
in
mate
r
ials
a
nd
de
s
ign
to
de
ve
l
op
mor
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
E
M
I
r
e
duc
ti
on
s
olut
ions
.
F
utur
e
s
tudi
e
s
c
ould
e
xplor
e
other
mate
r
ial
c
ombi
na
ti
ons
,
r
e
f
ine
s
ha
pe
s
,
or
a
da
pt
thes
e
tec
hniques
f
or
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
indus
tr
ial
us
e
s
.
AC
KNOWL
E
DGE
M
E
NT
S
T
he
a
uthor
s
would
li
ke
to
thank
a
ll
pa
r
tner
s
invol
ve
d
in
thi
s
pr
ojec
t,
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
the
M
a
lays
ian
M
ini
s
tr
y
of
Highe
r
E
duc
a
ti
on
(
M
OH
E
)
,
whic
h
f
unde
d
thi
s
s
tudy
unde
r
the
F
unda
menta
l
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
Gr
a
nt
S
c
he
me
(
F
R
GS)
(
P
r
ojec
t
c
ode
:
F
R
GS/
1/2022/
T
K0/UI
T
M
/02/
12)
a
nd
the
I
ns
ti
tut
e
of
P
os
tgr
a
dua
te
S
tudi
e
s
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