I
n
t
e
r
n
at
ion
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
E
lec
t
r
ical
an
d
Com
p
u
t
e
r
E
n
gin
e
e
r
in
g
(
I
JE
CE
)
Vol.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
,
pp.
386
~
400
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DO
I
:
10
.
11591/i
jec
e
.
v
15
i
1
.
pp
3
86
-
400
386
Jou
r
n
al
h
omepage
:
ht
tp:
//
ij
e
c
e
.
iaes
c
or
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.
c
om
Pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
of
5G an
d
Wi
-
Fi
6 c
oe
xi
st
e
n
c
e
:
s
p
e
c
t
r
u
m
s
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ar
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n
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b
ase
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o
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t
imiz
e
d
d
u
t
y c
y
c
le
As
m
aa
Helm
y
Z
aid
,
F
aye
z
Wan
is
Z
ak
i,
Hal
a
B
ah
y
-
E
ld
e
e
n
Naf
e
a
D
e
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
E
le
c
tr
oni
c
s
a
nd C
omm
uni
c
a
ti
ons
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g, F
a
c
ul
ty
of
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g, M
a
ns
our
a
U
ni
ve
r
s
it
y, M
a
n
s
our
a
, E
gypt
Ar
t
icle
I
n
f
o
AB
S
T
RA
CT
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
tor
y
:
R
e
c
e
ived
M
a
y
31,
2024
R
e
vis
e
d
Aug
14,
2024
Ac
c
e
pted
Aug
21,
2024
Smart
mo
b
i
l
e
d
ev
i
ce
u
s
ag
e
i
s
i
n
creas
i
n
g
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i
d
l
y
;
h
e
n
c
e,
cel
l
u
l
ar
o
p
erat
o
rs
face
t
h
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g
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f
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p
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cen
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e
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a
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s
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t
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r
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p
ec
t
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t
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ee
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t
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re
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es
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ech
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l
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e
s
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en
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o
o
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i
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ch
a
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p
u
t
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p
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y
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b
i
t
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o
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R),
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d
l
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en
c
y
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h
e
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u
l
t
s
o
f
t
h
i
s
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t
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d
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ared
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al
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mp
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t
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t
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reo
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er,
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r
a
s
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n
g
l
e
ce
l
l
u
s
i
n
g
W
i
-
Fi
6
o
n
l
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,
t
h
e
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R
w
as
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u
ce
d
b
y
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9
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,
an
d
t
h
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at
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cy
w
as
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s
s
t
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an
o
n
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mi
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o
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d
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d
d
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d
u
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an
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s
m
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ream
cal
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s
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mp
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rt
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o
V
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IP
ca
l
l
s
w
ere
b
l
o
ck
e
d
.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
5G
C
oe
xis
tenc
e
Duty
c
yc
le
P
e
r
f
or
manc
e
metr
ics
S
pe
c
tr
um
s
ha
r
ing
Wi
-
F
i
6
W
ir
e
les
s
c
omm
unica
ti
ons
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
ce
n
s
e.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
As
maa
He
lm
y
Z
a
id
De
pa
r
t
ment
o
f
E
lec
t
r
on
ics
a
nd
C
om
muni
c
a
ti
ons
E
n
ginee
r
ing
,
F
a
c
ult
y
of
E
ng
inee
r
ing
,
M
a
ns
ou
r
a
Un
ive
r
s
it
y
M
a
ns
our
a
,
DK
35516,
E
gypt
E
mail:
a
s
maa
he
lm
y@mans
.
e
du.
e
g
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
I
n
the
r
e
a
l
wor
ld,
the
im
pleme
ntation
of
wir
e
les
s
c
omm
unica
ti
on
ne
twor
ks
s
hould
include
c
ons
ider
ing
the
e
xc
e
s
s
ive
c
os
t
of
us
ing
mul
ti
p
le
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
f
or
mul
ti
p
le
tec
hnologi
e
s
a
s
we
ll
a
s
th
e
c
os
t
of
li
c
e
ns
e
d
s
pe
c
tr
um
uti
li
z
a
ti
on.
T
o
a
dd
r
e
s
s
thi
s
is
s
ue
,
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
tec
hnologi
e
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
5G
a
nd
W
i
-
F
i
6,
c
a
n
c
oe
xis
t
in
the
s
a
me
c
e
ll
with
a
s
pe
c
if
ic
c
ont
r
ol
mec
ha
nis
m
in
the
unli
c
e
ns
e
d
ba
nd.
I
t
is
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
to
f
ind
pr
ope
r
s
olut
ions
to
s
a
ti
s
f
y
the
c
ove
r
a
ge
inc
r
e
a
s
e
of
the
ne
twor
k
by
pr
ovidi
ng
a
n
a
ppli
c
a
ble
m
ode
l
f
or
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
c
oe
xis
ti
ng
tec
hnologi
e
s
;
thi
s
would
e
nha
nc
e
the
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
the
ove
r
a
ll
ne
twor
k
while
uti
li
z
ing
the
unli
c
e
ns
e
d
s
pe
c
tr
um.
R
e
late
d
s
tudi
e
s
ha
ve
de
mon
s
tr
a
ted
the
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
of
the
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
c
onc
e
pti
on.
Air
ti
me
a
nd
thr
oughput
f
a
ir
ne
s
s
a
r
e
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l
f
or
mana
ging
t
he
he
ter
oge
ne
ous
c
oe
xis
ten
c
e
of
li
c
e
ns
e
d
a
s
s
is
te
d
a
c
c
e
s
s
(
L
AA
)
a
nd
W
i
-
F
i
ne
twor
ks
in
numer
ous
a
ggr
e
ga
ti
on
s
c
e
na
r
ios
s
uc
h
a
s
B
luetooth
a
nd
W
i
-
F
i
c
oe
x
is
ti
ng
a
t
2.
4
GH
z
,
5G/6G
,
a
nd
W
i
-
F
i
6E
c
oe
xis
ti
ng
a
t
6
GH
z
,
a
nd
ne
w
r
a
dio
-
unli
c
e
ns
e
d
(
NR
-
U)
a
nd
giga
bit
W
i
-
F
i
c
oe
xis
ti
ng
a
t
60
GH
z
.
I
t
is
c
r
uc
ial
to
e
ns
ur
e
the
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
-
f
r
e
e
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
of
thes
e
tec
hnologi
e
s
f
or
a
s
e
a
ml
e
s
s
us
e
r
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
[
1]
,
[
2]
.
F
or
e
f
f
icie
nt,
f
a
ir
,
a
nd
ha
r
moni
ous
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
a
mong
unli
c
e
n
s
e
d
a
nd
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
P
e
r
for
manc
e
of
5G
and
W
i
-
F
i
6
c
oe
x
is
tenc
e
:
s
pe
c
tr
um
s
har
ing
bas
e
d
on
…
(
A
s
maa
He
lmy
Z
aid
)
387
c
ur
r
e
nt
us
e
r
s
of
f
r
e
que
nc
y
ba
nds
,
s
e
ve
r
a
l
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
ha
ve
be
e
n
dis
c
u
s
s
e
d
[
3]
.
R
e
plac
ing
L
AA
with
NR
-
U
c
a
n
s
olve
the
pr
oblem
of
ba
ndwidth
wa
s
tage
c
a
us
e
d
by
r
e
s
e
r
va
ti
on
s
ignals
a
nd
pr
e
s
e
r
ve
f
a
i
r
ne
s
s
in
c
ha
nne
l
a
c
c
e
s
s
f
or
both
s
c
he
duled
a
nd
r
a
ndom
-
a
c
c
e
s
s
s
y
s
tems
.
How
e
ve
r
,
e
ns
ur
ing
f
a
i
r
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
be
twe
e
n
thes
e
s
ys
tems
in
unli
c
e
ns
e
d
ba
nds
is
not
gua
r
a
ntee
d,
a
n
d
nove
l
mec
ha
nis
ms
a
r
e
r
e
qui
r
e
d
to
im
p
r
ove
the
s
ha
r
ing
of
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
[
4]
.
T
o
mana
ge
the
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
of
long
-
ter
m
e
volut
ion
L
AA
(
L
T
E
-
L
AA
)
a
nd
W
i
-
F
i
ne
t
wor
ks
in
the
5
GH
z
ba
ndwidth,
a
n
innovative
a
ppr
oa
c
h
invol
ving
tr
a
f
f
ic
opti
mi
z
a
ti
on
a
nd
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
a
na
lys
is
ha
s
be
e
n
pr
opos
e
d
[
5]
,
[
6]
.
T
he
s
igni
f
ica
nc
e
of
c
oll
a
bor
a
ti
on
a
mong
s
tanda
r
diza
ti
on
gr
oups
in
de
vis
ing
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
methodologi
e
s
is
e
mphas
ize
d.
F
ur
ther
mor
e
,
to
r
e
s
olve
the
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
is
s
ue
in
f
utur
e
s
pe
c
tr
um
a
ll
oc
a
ti
ons
,
it
is
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l
to
de
ve
lop
methods
that
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
a
ddr
e
s
s
the
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
pr
oblem
[
7]
.
I
t
ha
s
be
e
n
f
ound
that
W
i
-
F
i
doe
s
not
r
e
c
e
ive
f
a
ir
a
i
r
ti
me
w
he
n
ope
r
a
ti
ng
L
T
E
-
unli
c
e
ns
e
d
(
L
T
E
-
U)
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ions
that
us
e
a
duty
c
yc
le
(
DC
)
a
ppr
oa
c
h
on
the
s
a
me
c
ha
nne
l
[
8]
.
C
onc
e
r
ning
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
,
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
ha
ve
f
oc
us
e
d
on
high
-
p
e
r
f
or
manc
e
us
e
r
thr
oughput
only
in
c
r
owde
d
a
r
e
a
s
by
modi
f
ying
the
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
methods
[
9]
,
[
10]
.
Ana
lyt
ica
l
mo
de
ls
a
r
e
s
im
ulate
d
us
ing
two
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
r
a
ndom
wa
lk
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
to
a
s
s
e
s
s
the
c
oll
is
ion
p
r
oba
bil
it
y
f
a
c
e
d
b
y
W
i
-
F
i
s
tations
a
nd
their
c
ons
e
que
nt
thr
oughput
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
[
11]
.
A
s
c
e
na
r
io
of
e
s
tablis
hing
a
typi
c
a
l
ind
oor
f
ield
tr
ial
in
the
5
.
8
GH
z
unli
c
e
ns
e
d
ba
nd
ha
s
be
e
n
p
r
opos
e
d
to
im
pr
ove
the
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
o
f
L
T
E
-
U
a
nd
W
i
-
F
i,
including
c
ove
r
a
ge
a
nd
c
a
pa
c
it
y,
a
nd
to
e
ns
ur
e
f
a
ir
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
with
W
i
-
F
i
s
ys
tems
[
12]
,
[
13]
.
A
de
tailed
a
na
lys
is
wa
s
pe
r
f
or
med
with
the
a
id
of
the
d
is
c
r
e
te
e
ve
nt
s
im
ulator
NS
-
3
on
the
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
be
twe
e
n
L
T
E
a
nd
W
i
-
F
i
ne
twor
ks
ove
r
the
5
GH
z
unli
c
e
ns
e
d
s
pe
c
tr
um
ba
nd
[
14
]
.
T
he
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
o
f
DC
a
nd
l
is
ten
be
f
or
e
talk
(
L
B
T
)
mec
ha
nis
ms
in
a
c
hieving
a
n
e
f
f
icie
nt
a
nd
f
a
ir
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
in
unli
c
e
ns
e
d
c
ha
nne
ls
is
e
va
luate
d.
T
he
s
tudi
e
s
[
15]
,
[
16]
f
oc
us
on
de
ter
mi
ning
the
maximum
tot
a
l
thr
oughputs
unde
r
thr
oughput
f
a
ir
ne
s
s
a
nd
3GPP
f
a
ir
ne
s
s
with
the
DC
mec
ha
nis
m
a
dopted
a
nd
e
xpli
c
it
e
xpr
e
s
s
ions
obtaine
d.
C
ompar
ing
the
opti
mal
thr
oughput
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
DC
a
nd
L
B
T
mec
ha
nis
ms
indi
c
a
te
that
the
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
oppor
tun
it
y
va
lue
plays
a
c
r
uc
ial
r
ole
in
the
e
va
luation.
One
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
model
be
twe
e
n
L
T
E
a
nd
W
i
-
F
i
ha
s
be
e
n
p
r
opos
e
d
t
ha
t
ha
ve
one
c
e
ll
divi
de
d
int
o
two
vir
tual
z
one
s
:
L
T
E
is
th
e
pr
im
a
r
y
z
one
wi
th
a
li
c
e
ns
e
d
s
pe
c
tr
um
to
mana
ge
a
ll
the
da
ta
c
onne
c
ti
ons
,
while
W
i
-
F
i
is
the
s
e
c
onda
r
y
z
one
with
a
n
unli
c
e
ns
e
d
s
pe
c
tr
um
to
ha
ndle
us
e
r
d
a
ta
[
17]
.
T
he
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
c
onc
e
pt
o
f
wir
e
les
s
s
ys
tems
f
or
s
pe
c
tr
um
s
ha
r
ing
f
ixed
s
a
telli
te
s
e
r
vice
s
(
F
S
S
)
a
nd
5G
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
a
bove
3.
6
GH
z
ha
s
f
a
c
e
d
mul
ti
ple
c
h
a
ll
e
nge
s
.
How
e
ve
r
,
the
pr
opos
e
d
tec
hniques
we
r
e
a
ble
to
make
the
5G
s
ys
tem
ope
r
a
ble
[
18]
.
A
ne
w
a
pp
r
oa
c
h
wa
s
pr
opos
e
d
to
de
s
igni
ng
mul
ti
ple
a
c
c
e
s
s
(
M
A)
s
tr
a
tegie
s
f
or
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
be
twe
e
n
e
nh
a
nc
e
d
mobi
le
br
oa
dba
nd
(
e
M
B
B
+
)
a
nd
mas
s
ive
mac
hine
type
c
omm
unica
ti
on
(
mM
T
C
+
)
da
ta
s
e
r
vice
s
in
a
t
e
r
mi
na
l
-
c
e
ntr
ic,
c
e
ll
-
f
r
e
e
mas
s
ive
M
I
M
O
(
C
F
-
mM
I
M
O)
ne
twor
k.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
ti
me
-
f
r
e
que
nc
y
s
pr
e
a
ding
tec
hnique
f
or
mM
T
C
+
de
vice
s
a
nd
QoS
-
ba
s
e
d
powe
r
c
ontr
ol
mec
ha
nis
ms
a
im
s
to
e
f
f
icie
ntl
y
mul
t
ipl
e
x
the
two
types
of
t
r
a
f
f
ic
withi
n
the
s
a
me
ti
me
-
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
e
s
our
c
e
gr
id,
with
s
im
ulations
de
mons
tr
a
ti
ng
th
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
s
c
he
me
[
19]
.
T
h
e
indoor
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
s
c
e
na
r
io
pr
opos
e
d
by
3GPP
is
il
lus
tr
a
t
e
d,
a
nd
mor
e
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
a
r
e
obs
e
r
ve
d
[
20]
.
L
T
E
a
nd
W
i
-
F
i
c
a
n
c
oe
xis
t
in
a
n
unli
c
e
ns
e
d
s
pe
c
tr
um
with
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
of
the
s
mar
t
gr
id;
howe
ve
r
,
W
i
-
F
i
pe
r
f
or
ma
nc
e
wa
s
f
ound
to
be
de
gr
a
de
d
[
21]
.
T
he
c
a
ll
a
dmi
s
s
ion
c
ontr
ol
in
c
e
ll
ular
ne
twor
ks
a
nd
L
T
E
ne
two
r
ks
is
us
e
d
to
maximi
z
e
r
e
s
our
c
e
uti
li
z
a
ti
on
[
22]
,
[
23
]
.
M
os
t
of
thes
e
pr
e
vious
wo
r
ks
us
e
the
duty
c
yc
le
a
ppr
oa
c
h
to
im
pr
ove
c
e
ll
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
a
nd
a
c
hieve
f
a
ir
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
of
L
T
E
-
U
a
nd
W
i
-
F
i.
T
he
y
a
s
s
ume
a
de
dica
ted
va
lue
or
r
a
nge
f
or
the
duty
c
yc
le
of
e
a
c
h
ne
twor
k,
f
or
e
xa
mpl
e
=
0
.
2
or
0
.
5
or
0
.
9
a
s
mentioned
in
[
9]
,
[
14]
,
[
20]
.
How
e
ve
r
,
the
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
thi
s
a
ppr
oa
c
h
ha
s
be
e
n
s
tudi
e
d
only
on
th
r
oughput
a
n
d
late
nc
y
a
s
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
met
r
ics
;
the
s
tudi
e
s
do
not
de
a
l
with
the
im
pa
c
t
o
f
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
on
dis
t
inct
types
of
s
e
r
vice
s
.
Our
pa
pe
r
dis
c
us
s
e
s
a
n
a
ppr
oa
c
h
to
a
ll
owing
s
p
e
c
tr
um
s
ha
r
ing
be
twe
e
n
5G
a
nd
W
i
-
F
i
6
in
the
unli
c
e
ns
e
d
5
GH
z
ba
nd.
T
he
duty
c
yc
le
mec
ha
nis
m
is
c
ons
ider
e
d
with
the
f
a
i
r
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
of
5G
a
nd
Wi
-
F
i
6.
W
e
c
a
lcula
te
the
opti
mum
va
lue
o
f
t
he
duty
c
yc
le
pe
r
iod
whic
h
maximi
z
e
s
the
ove
r
a
ll
c
e
ll
's
thr
oughput,
f
oc
us
ing
on
de
ter
mi
ning
the
im
pa
c
t
of
duty
c
yc
le
s
c
he
mes
on
W
i
-
F
i
6
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
in
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
s
c
e
na
r
ios
whe
r
e
W
i
-
F
i
6
ne
twor
ks
may
c
a
us
e
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
de
gr
a
da
ti
ons
,
a
nd
we
s
tudy
the
va
r
ious
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
that
r
e
f
lec
t
the
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
.
T
he
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
metr
ics
dis
c
us
s
e
d
he
r
e
:
thr
oughput,
late
nc
y,
bi
t
e
r
r
or
r
a
te
(
B
E
R
)
,
a
nd
c
a
pa
c
it
y
a
r
e
e
va
luate
d
f
or
the
whole
c
e
ll
.
Af
ter
that,
we
de
ter
mi
ne
whic
h
s
e
r
vice
s
will
be
a
va
il
a
ble
a
c
c
or
ding
to
ba
ndwidth;
e
it
he
r
a
voice
-
ove
r
int
e
r
ne
t
pr
otocol
(
VoI
P
)
c
a
ll
o
r
a
video
c
a
ll
will
be
a
dmi
tt
e
d
de
pe
nding
on
two
c
a
ll
a
dmi
s
s
ion
c
ontr
ol
a
lgor
it
hms
:
f
ixed
a
nd
a
da
pti
ve
ba
ndwidth
r
e
s
e
r
va
ti
on.
W
e
f
ound
that
t
he
blocking
pr
oba
bil
it
y
wa
s
im
pr
ove
d
f
or
the
c
oe
xis
ti
ng
model
in
the
c
a
s
e
of
a
da
pti
ve
ba
ndwidth
r
e
s
e
r
va
ti
on
ove
r
the
f
ixed
method.
T
his
s
tudy
wa
s
c
a
r
r
ied
ou
t
due
to
the
high
de
mand
f
or
mobi
le
phone
s
in
today’
s
w
or
ld.
I
n
a
ddit
ion
to
the
incr
e
a
s
e
of
int
e
r
ne
t
o
f
thi
ngs
(
I
oT
)
de
vice
s
,
mobi
le
da
ta
tr
a
f
f
ic
ha
s
incr
e
a
s
e
d
s
igni
f
ic
a
ntl
y
in
the
pa
s
t
f
e
w
ye
a
r
s
,
with
a
33%
inc
r
e
a
s
e
in
mobi
le
ne
twor
k
da
ta
tr
a
f
f
ic
in
Q3
2023
(
143
E
B
pe
r
mont
h)
c
ompar
e
d
to
Q3
2022
[
24]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
dy
is
o
r
ga
ni
z
e
d
a
s
f
o
ll
ows
:
the
me
th
od
is
p
r
e
s
e
nte
d
in
s
e
c
t
io
n
2
,
wh
ic
h
i
s
d
iv
id
e
d
in
to
th
r
e
e
s
ubs
e
c
t
io
ns
:
s
e
c
t
io
n
2
.
1
p
r
e
s
e
nt
s
t
he
de
s
c
r
i
pt
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
ys
t
e
m
m
ode
l
,
s
ubs
e
c
ti
on
2
.
2
t
he
s
ys
te
m
a
na
ly
s
is
,
a
nd
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
386
-
400
388
s
ubs
e
c
t
io
n
2
.
3
t
he
c
o
e
x
is
ten
c
e
s
e
r
v
ice
s
.
S
e
c
ti
on
3
p
r
e
s
e
nts
t
he
r
e
s
u
lt
s
a
nd
d
is
c
us
s
i
ons
o
f
pe
r
f
or
ma
nc
e
m
e
t
r
ics
a
nd
th
e
c
oe
x
is
ti
ng
im
pa
c
t
on
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
.
S
e
c
t
io
n
4
p
r
e
s
e
nt
s
t
he
c
on
c
l
us
i
on
a
n
d
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
.
2.
M
E
T
HO
D
2.
1.
S
ys
t
e
m
m
od
e
l
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
s
ys
tem
is
de
s
igned
to
e
va
luate
th
e
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
of
s
pe
c
tr
um
s
ha
r
ing
be
twe
e
n
two
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
ne
twor
ks
:
5G
a
nd
W
i
-
F
i
6.
T
he
model
di
vides
the
e
nvir
onment
int
o
two
z
one
s
[
17]
:
the
inner
z
one
f
or
W
i
-
F
i
6
a
nd
the
outer
z
one
f
or
5G
a
s
il
lus
tr
a
ted
in
F
igur
e
1.
I
t
is
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l
to
highl
ight
that
the
tot
a
l
ba
ndwidth
of
the
c
e
ll
is
e
ve
nly
div
ided
be
twe
e
n
th
e
s
e
two
z
one
s
,
r
e
f
lec
ti
ng
whe
r
e
us
e
r
s
e
xis
t:
a.
T
h
e
i
nn
e
r
z
o
ne
(
Z
o
ne
1)
,
de
f
in
e
d
a
s
a
W
i
-
F
i
6
z
on
e
,
e
nc
om
pa
s
s
e
s
h
ig
h
-
t
r
a
f
f
i
c
a
r
e
a
s
l
ik
e
ho
mes
,
bus
i
ne
s
s
e
s
,
a
nd
r
e
g
io
ns
ne
a
r
t
he
ba
s
e
s
ta
ti
on
,
us
i
ng
25
6
-
Q
AM
.
b.
T
he
outer
z
one
(
Z
one
2)
is
a
5G
z
one
with
lowe
r
tr
a
f
f
ic
de
ns
it
y
(
li
ke
mac
r
o
a
r
e
a
s
)
uti
li
z
ing
64
-
QA
M
.
T
he
tot
a
l
c
e
ll
ba
ndwidth
is
f
ull
y
uti
li
z
e
d,
with
a
divi
s
ion
be
twe
e
n
W
i
-
F
i
6
a
nd
5G
z
one
s
.
As
the
inner
z
one
is
c
los
e
r
to
the
B
S
a
nd
ha
s
highe
r
tr
a
f
f
ic,
it
u
ti
li
z
e
s
the
outer
z
one
ba
ndwidth
twice
.
F
igur
e
1.
T
he
s
ys
tem
model
ha
s
two
z
one
s
:
the
inn
e
r
z
one
f
or
W
i
-
F
i
6
a
nd
the
oute
r
z
one
f
o
r
5G
NR
W
e
a
s
s
ume
that
in
a
s
e
tup
whe
r
e
W
i
-
F
i
6
,
a
s
in
gular
5G
ba
s
e
s
tation
(
B
S
)
,
a
nd
l
inked
5G
us
e
r
e
quipm
e
nt
(
UE
)
a
r
e
in
ope
r
a
ti
on
,
a
c
ha
nne
l
s
ha
r
e
s
the
5
GH
z
unli
c
e
ns
e
d
s
pe
c
tr
um
ba
nd.
T
o
s
uppor
t
or
thogonal
f
r
e
que
nc
y
divi
s
ion
mul
ti
plexing
(
OFD
M
)
-
ba
s
e
d
downlink
c
omm
unica
ti
on,
the
5G
B
S
a
l
lows
the
c
ha
nne
l
ba
ndwidth
to
be
s
ha
r
e
d
by
s
e
ve
r
a
l
or
thogo
na
l
s
ub
-
c
a
r
r
ier
s
(
S
C
)
,
e
a
c
h
with
ba
ndwidth
B
.
At
t
he
s
a
me
ti
me,
W
i
-
F
i
6
oc
c
upies
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ions
ba
s
e
d
on
the
I
E
E
E
pr
otocol
802.
11a
x.
T
o
p
r
e
ve
nt
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
a
nd
e
ns
ur
e
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
tor
y
s
ys
tem
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
,
a
pr
opos
e
d
ti
me
-
s
ha
r
ing
pr
otocol
a
ll
ows
the
W
i
-
F
i
6
to
be
a
ll
oc
a
ted
a
t
f
r
a
c
ti
on
τ
,
whe
r
e
τ
s
pa
ns
be
twe
e
n
0
a
nd
1
.
S
i
gn
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
ly
,
the
B
S
's
a
do
p
ti
on
o
f
O
F
DM
mi
t
iga
tes
in
t
r
a
-
us
e
r
in
te
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
,
e
ns
ur
i
ng
n
on
-
c
on
f
li
c
t
in
g
t
r
a
ns
m
is
s
i
ons
a
mo
ng
us
e
r
s
i
n
t
he
5
G
ne
tw
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
d
ut
y
c
y
c
l
in
g
t
e
c
h
ni
qu
e
is
im
pl
e
m
e
n
te
d
to
man
a
g
e
t
he
c
oe
xis
te
nc
e
o
f
W
i
-
F
i
6
a
n
d
5G
ne
tw
o
r
ks
.
T
his
ma
y
a
l
low
op
t
im
a
l
pe
r
f
o
r
man
c
e
a
nd
qu
a
l
i
ty
of
s
e
r
v
ice
f
or
us
e
r
s
.
T
he
duty
-
c
yc
le
mec
ha
nis
m
de
f
ines
the
ON
a
nd
O
F
F
be
ha
vior
,
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igu
r
e
2
,
whic
h
invol
ve
s
a
lt
e
r
na
ti
ng
be
twe
e
n
ON
a
nd
OF
F
pe
r
iods
.
Dur
ing
the
ON
pe
r
iod,
the
5G
ne
twor
k
is
pe
r
mi
tt
e
d
to
t
r
a
ns
mi
t,
while
the
W
i
-
F
i
6
ne
twor
k
is
r
e
s
tr
icte
d.
Alter
na
ti
v
e
ly,
du
r
ing
the
OF
F
pe
r
iod,
the
W
i
-
F
i
6
ne
twor
k
is
a
ll
owe
d
to
tr
a
ns
mi
t,
while
the
5G
ne
twor
k
is
pr
ohibi
ted.
T
his
mec
ha
nis
m
he
lps
a
c
hieving
f
a
ir
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
be
twe
e
n
the
two
ne
twor
ks
in
the
unli
c
e
ns
e
d
ba
nd.
F
igur
e
2.
Duty
-
c
yc
le
mec
ha
nis
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
P
e
r
for
manc
e
of
5G
and
W
i
-
F
i
6
c
oe
x
is
tenc
e
:
s
pe
c
tr
um
s
har
ing
bas
e
d
on
…
(
A
s
maa
He
lmy
Z
aid
)
389
2.
2.
S
ys
t
e
m
an
alys
is
Give
n
the
de
s
ign
of
the
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
ne
twor
k,
on
ly
a
s
ingl
e
ba
s
e
s
tation
(
S
B
S
)
is
a
c
ti
ve
ove
r
the
e
nti
r
e
c
ha
nne
l
a
t
a
ny
s
pe
c
if
ic
ti
me
s
li
c
e
,
wi
th
the
pr
e
s
umpt
ion
of
uni
f
or
m
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
ti
me
a
mong
a
ll
us
e
r
s
.
W
he
n
S
B
S
a
ll
oc
a
tes
unli
c
e
ns
e
d
s
ubc
a
r
r
ier
(
s
)
to
a
us
e
r
,
the
ins
tanta
ne
ous
thr
oughput
of
the
5G
us
e
r
is
e
xpr
e
s
s
e
d
a
s
(
1)
,
=
∑
,
log
2
(
1
+
|
ℎ
,
|
2
0
)
=
1
(
1)
w
he
r
e
d
e
n
ot
e
s
th
e
po
we
r
a
ll
oc
a
te
d
t
o
s
ub
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
;
ℎ
,
d
e
n
ot
e
s
c
h
a
n
ne
l
ga
in
;
,
de
no
tes
t
he
s
ubc
a
r
r
ie
r
a
l
loc
a
t
e
d
to
th
e
us
e
r
;
0
d
e
no
tes
th
e
n
ois
e
s
p
e
c
tr
a
l
de
n
s
i
ty
;
d
e
f
i
ne
s
c
ha
nn
e
l
ba
nd
wi
dt
h;
a
n
d
|
ℎ
,
|
2
0
d
e
n
ot
e
s
s
ig
na
l
-
to
-
no
is
e
r
a
t
io
(
S
NR
)
,
a
s
de
s
c
r
i
be
d
i
n
T
a
b
le
1.
T
h
e
t
h
r
o
ug
hp
ut
o
f
5
G
U
E
may
be
e
xp
r
e
s
s
e
d
a
s
(
2
)
,
=
(
1
−
)
(
2)
T
he
ter
m
(
1
−
)
is
c
ons
ider
e
d
the
pe
r
iod
f
o
r
5G
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion.
E
a
c
h
W
i
-
F
i
6
us
e
r
’
s
a
ve
r
a
ge
thr
oughput
wil
l
be
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nted
a
s
(
3)
,
=
6
(
3)
He
r
e
,
is
the
nu
mber
of
W
i
-
F
i
6
us
e
r
s
,
is
the
pe
r
iod
f
or
W
i
-
F
i
6
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
,
a
nd
6
is
W
i
-
F
i
6
thr
oughput
with
dis
c
r
e
te
ti
me
M
a
r
kov
c
ha
in
a
na
lys
is
[
25]
.
T
he
W
i
-
F
i
6
th
r
oughput
is
g
iven
by
(
4)
,
6
=
[
]
(
1
−
)
+
+
(
1
−
)
(
4)
whe
r
e
is
the
pr
oba
bil
it
y
that
a
t
lea
s
t
one
us
e
r
is
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
ing
in
a
ti
mes
lot
,
a
nd
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nts
the
pr
oba
bil
it
y
that
a
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
on
the
c
ha
nne
l
is
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ul
in
a
ti
mes
lot
.
[
]
is
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
f
r
a
me
pa
yl
oa
d
s
ize
;
is
the
c
oll
is
ion
ti
me;
a
nd
de
notes
the
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ul
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
ti
me
.
is
the
ti
me
whe
n
the
ti
mes
lot
is
e
mpt
y.
T
a
ble
1.
S
im
ulation
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
P
a
r
a
me
te
r
V
a
lu
e
/
r
a
nge
5G
N
R
B
a
ndw
id
th
(
B
W
)
80 M
bps
Wi
-
F
i
6
B
a
ndw
id
th
(
B
W
)
160 M
bps
U
nl
ic
e
ns
e
d
s
p
e
c
tr
um
5:
5.85 G
H
z
“
mi
dba
nd”
B
it
r
a
te
r
a
nge
1
M
bps
:
1
G
bps
C
a
r
r
ie
r
f
r
e
que
nc
y (
F
C
)
5 G
H
z
U
s
e
r
c
ount
420 us
e
r
s
V
oI
P
mi
ni
mum
ba
ndw
id
th
96 K
bps
V
id
e
o mi
ni
mum
ba
ndw
id
th
480 Kbps
S
N
R
r
a
nge
-
30
dB
:
30
dB
N
oi
s
e
s
pe
c
tr
a
l
de
ns
it
y (
N
0)
-
174
dB
m
N
o. of
t
r
a
ns
mi
tt
in
g a
nt
e
nna
s
(
)
4 a
nt
e
nna
s
N
o. of
r
e
c
e
iv
in
g a
nt
e
nna
s
(
)
4 a
nt
e
nna
s
F
a
di
ng t
ype
R
a
yl
e
ig
h f
a
di
ng c
ha
nne
l
T
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
io
n r
a
te
(
)
1
M
bps
:
100
M
bp
s
N
umbe
r
of
bi
ts
(
)
1
k
B
P
r
opa
ga
ti
on de
la
y (
)
1ms
E
ne
r
gy pe
r
bi
t
-
to
-
noi
s
e
pow
e
r
(
)
0:
30 dB
M
odul
a
ti
on or
de
r
(
5G
)
64
M
odul
a
ti
on or
de
r
(
W
i
-
F
i
6)
256
2.
2.
1.
Op
t
im
izat
io
n
f
r
am
e
wor
k
W
e
a
ddr
e
s
s
the
opti
mi
z
a
ti
on
p
r
oblem
o
f
c
a
lcula
ti
ng
the
opti
mum
duty
-
c
yc
le
pe
r
iod
that
maximi
z
e
s
thr
oughput
f
o
r
the
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
of
5G
a
nd
W
i
-
F
i
6
ne
twor
ks
.
T
h
is
invol
ve
s
de
ter
mi
ning
a
du
ty
c
yc
le
pe
r
iod
that
ba
lanc
e
s
the
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
oppor
tuni
ti
e
s
be
t
we
e
n
the
two
tec
hnologi
e
s
to
mi
nim
ize
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
a
nd
maximi
z
e
ove
r
a
ll
ne
twor
k
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
.
T
he
main
c
ons
ider
a
ti
ons
of
the
opti
mi
z
a
ti
on
pr
oblem
include
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
386
-
400
390
−
T
hr
oughput
m
a
xim
iza
ti
on:
M
a
king
s
ur
e
that
the
duty
c
yc
le
dur
a
ti
on
is
opti
mi
z
e
d
to
maximi
z
e
the
ove
r
a
ll
da
ta
thr
oughput
o
f
both
5G
a
nd
W
i
-
F
i
6
ne
twor
ks
.
−
Ne
twor
k
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
:
E
nc
our
a
ging
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
tec
hniques
that
let
both
ne
twor
ks
f
unc
ti
on
w
e
ll
in
f
r
e
que
nc
y
ba
nds
they
s
ha
r
e
.
−
I
nter
f
e
r
e
nc
e
m
a
na
ge
ment:
I
mpr
oving
the
qua
li
t
y
of
s
e
r
vice
f
or
both
W
i
-
F
i
6
a
nd
5G
ne
twor
ks
by
mi
nim
izing
mut
ua
l
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
be
twe
e
n
them
.
T
he
c
or
e
objec
ti
ve
r
e
volves
a
r
ound
f
or
mul
a
ti
ng
a
n
opti
mi
z
a
ti
on
s
tr
uc
tur
e
to
e
nha
nc
e
the
c
oll
e
c
ti
ve
thr
oughput
of
5G
U
E
s
a
nd
W
i
-
F
i
6
us
e
r
s
.
T
he
pr
op
os
e
d
opti
mi
z
a
ti
on
may
be
e
xplaine
d
a
s
(
5)
:
m
a
x
(
,
,
)
=
∑
log
(
)
=
1
+
∑
log
(
)
=
1
(
5)
with
the
f
ol
lowing
c
ons
tr
a
int
s
:
C1
:
,
∈
{
0
,
1
}
,
∀
,
∀
(
5a
)
C2
:
∑
,
=
1
≤
1
,
∀
(
5b)
C3
:
∑
∑
,
≤
=
1
=
1
(
5c
)
C4
:
0
≤
≤
1
(
5d)
T
he
f
ir
s
t
c
ons
tr
a
int
(
powe
r
c
ons
tr
a
int
)
:
,
is
the
s
u
bc
a
r
r
ier
a
ll
oc
a
ti
on
r
e
s
ult
,
a
nd
,
=
1
if
s
ubc
a
r
r
ier
j
is
a
ll
oc
a
ted
to
the
us
e
r
i
,
,
=
0
other
wis
e
.
T
he
s
e
c
ond
c
ons
tr
a
int
is
known
a
s
the
lowe
r
bound
.
T
he
thi
r
d
c
ons
tr
a
int
is
known
a
s
the
uppe
r
bound
.
T
he
f
our
th
c
ons
tr
a
int
(
duty
c
yc
le
c
ons
tr
a
int
)
is
the
pe
r
iod
f
or
e
a
c
h
ne
twor
k
to
be
(
ON
)
r
a
nge
f
r
om
0:1,
whe
r
e
one
c
yc
le
pe
r
iod
=
1
gua
r
a
ntee
s
f
a
ir
ne
s
s
a
mong
5G
a
nd
W
i
-
F
i
6
s
ys
tems
.
B
y
s
ubs
ti
tut
ing
(
2)
a
nd
(
3)
in
(
5)
,
then:
m
a
x
(
,
,
)
=
log
(
1
−
)
+
∑
=
1
+
log
(
)
+
(
l
o
g
(
)
−
log
(
)
)
(
6)
T
h
e
o
p
ti
mi
z
a
ti
on
p
r
o
bl
e
m
c
a
n
b
e
s
o
lv
e
d
by
ta
k
in
g
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
d
e
r
i
va
ti
ve
o
f
(
6
)
a
nd
ma
k
in
g
i
t
e
qu
a
l
to
z
e
r
o
.
Us
in
g
M
A
T
L
AB
,
th
is
o
pt
i
mi
z
a
t
i
on
p
r
ob
le
m
c
a
n
be
s
ol
ve
d
t
o
e
v
a
l
ua
te
t
he
o
pt
i
mu
m
va
l
ue
o
f
τ
,
wh
ich
m
a
x
i
mi
z
e
s
t
hr
ou
gh
pu
t
.
T
he
n
,
va
r
io
us
pe
r
f
o
r
man
c
e
m
e
t
r
ics
m
a
y
be
c
ons
i
de
r
e
d
to
a
s
s
e
s
s
th
e
s
ys
te
m's
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
.
2.
3.
P
e
r
f
or
m
an
c
e
m
e
t
r
ics
2.
3.
1.
T
h
r
ou
gh
p
u
t
T
hr
oughput
mea
s
ur
e
s
the
r
a
te
o
f
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ul
da
ta
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
f
r
om
a
s
our
c
e
to
a
de
s
ti
na
ti
on
ove
r
a
ne
twor
k.
I
n
e
nvi
r
onments
whe
r
e
5G
a
nd
W
i
-
F
i
6
c
oe
xis
t,
a
c
hieving
high
thr
oughput
is
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l
f
o
r
e
ns
ur
ing
the
s
moot
h
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
ba
ndwidth
-
int
e
ns
ive
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
s
uc
h
a
s
video
s
tr
e
a
mi
ng
a
nd
lar
ge
f
il
e
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
s
.
T
hr
oughput
is
dir
e
c
tl
y
a
f
f
e
c
ted
by
f
a
c
tor
s
s
uc
h
a
s
the
modul
a
ti
on
s
c
he
mes
e
mpl
oye
d,
a
nd
a
va
il
a
ble
ba
ndwidth.
F
or
e
xa
mpl
e
,
both
5G
a
nd
W
i
-
F
i
6
ut
il
ize
a
dva
nc
e
d
modul
a
ti
on
tec
hniques
li
ke
256
-
QA
M
a
nd
64
-
QA
M
,
e
na
bli
ng
higher
da
ta
r
a
tes
but
r
e
qui
r
in
g
a
good
S
NR
to
maintain
high
thr
oughput
.
E
qua
ti
ons
(
1)
a
nd
(
4)
c
a
lcula
te
the
th
r
oughput
f
o
r
5G
a
nd
W
i
-
F
i
6
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
T
he
s
um
o
f
(
2
)
a
nd
(
3
)
gives
the
th
r
oughput
of
the
ove
r
a
ll
c
e
ll
.
=
(
1
−
)
+
6
(
7)
2.
3.
2.
L
at
e
n
c
y
L
a
tenc
y,
whic
h
is
the
de
lay
be
f
o
r
e
da
ta
t
r
a
ns
f
e
r
be
gins
a
f
ter
r
e
c
e
ivi
ng
ins
tr
uc
ti
on
,
is
a
c
r
uc
ial
e
leme
nt
in
de
ter
mi
ning
us
e
r
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
qua
li
ty,
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
in
r
e
a
l
-
ti
me
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
s
uc
h
a
s
onli
ne
ga
mi
ng,
a
nd
video
s
tr
e
a
mi
ng.
M
a
int
a
ini
ng
low
late
nc
y
is
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l
in
the
c
ontext
of
5G
a
nd
W
i
-
F
i
6,
whic
h
a
r
e
de
s
igned
to
s
uppor
t
ult
r
a
-
low
late
nc
y
c
omm
unic
a
ti
ons
.
Ove
r
a
ll
late
nc
y
is
inf
luenc
e
d
by
s
e
ve
r
a
l
f
a
c
tor
s
,
including
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
de
lay
(
ti
me
f
or
a
s
ignal
to
tr
a
ve
l
thr
ough
the
medium
)
,
pr
oc
e
s
s
ing
de
lay
(
ti
me
r
e
quir
e
d
f
or
ne
two
r
k
de
vice
s
to
pr
oc
e
s
s
pa
c
ke
ts
)
,
a
nd
que
u
e
ing
de
lay
(
ti
me
s
pe
nt
wa
it
ing
in
que
ue
s
f
o
r
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion)
.
F
or
ins
tanc
e
,
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
that
a
r
e
s
e
ns
it
ive
to
late
nc
y,
s
uc
h
a
s
VoI
P
or
r
e
a
l
-
ti
me
v
ideo
s
tr
e
a
mi
ng,
n
e
e
d
to
be
given
pr
ior
it
y
ove
r
other
types
o
f
da
ta
to
e
ns
ur
e
qu
a
li
ty
of
s
e
r
vice
(
QoS)
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
P
e
r
for
manc
e
of
5G
and
W
i
-
F
i
6
c
oe
x
is
tenc
e
:
s
pe
c
tr
um
s
har
ing
bas
e
d
on
…
(
A
s
maa
He
lmy
Z
aid
)
391
=
+
+
+
(
8)
=
,
=
,
de
notes
the
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
de
lay;
is
the
numbe
r
of
bit
s
to
be
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
r
e
d;
is
the
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
r
a
te;
is
the
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
de
lay;
is
the
bit
s
’
tr
a
ve
l
dis
tanc
e
;
is
the
s
pe
e
d
of
pa
c
ke
ts
;
is
the
que
uing
de
lay;
a
nd
is
the
pr
oc
e
s
s
ing
de
lay.
2.
3.
3.
B
it
e
r
r
or
r
at
e
T
he
maintena
nc
e
of
a
low
B
E
R
is
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l
f
or
e
ns
ur
ing
the
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
of
da
ta
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
in
wir
e
les
s
c
omm
unica
ti
on,
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
in
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
that
r
e
quir
e
high
r
e
li
a
bil
it
y
,
s
uc
h
a
s
f
inanc
ial
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
ons
or
medic
a
l
da
ta
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion.
T
he
c
o
e
xis
tenc
e
of
5G
a
nd
W
i
-
F
i
6
c
a
n
make
maintaini
ng
a
low
B
E
R
mor
e
c
ha
ll
e
nging
due
to
potential
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
be
twe
e
n
the
two
ne
twor
ks
.
S
e
ve
r
a
l
f
a
c
tor
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
B
E
R
,
including
the
modul
a
ti
on
s
c
he
me,
S
NR
,
a
nd
e
nvir
onmenta
l
c
ondit
ions
.
Highly
a
dva
nc
e
d
modul
a
ti
on
s
c
he
mes
,
li
ke
thos
e
us
e
d
in
5G
a
nd
W
i
-
F
i
6,
a
ll
ow
f
or
higher
da
ta
r
a
tes
but
a
r
e
mo
r
e
s
us
c
e
pti
ble
to
e
r
r
or
s
in
the
pr
e
s
e
nc
e
of
nois
e
or
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
:
=
−
1
log
2
(
1
−
√
3
log
2
/
(
2
−
1
)
3
l
o
g
2
2
−
1
+
1
)
(
9)
whe
r
e
de
notes
modul
a
ti
on
o
r
de
r
;
e
qua
ls
/
0
;
a
nd
is
the
bit
e
ne
r
gy.
2.
3.
4.
Capacit
y
T
he
maximum
a
c
hieva
ble
da
ta
r
a
te
that
a
ne
twor
k
c
a
n
s
uppor
t
unde
r
idea
l
c
ondit
ions
is
known
a
s
c
a
pa
c
it
y,
of
ten
de
f
ined
by
the
S
ha
nnon
-
Ha
r
tl
e
y
th
e
or
e
m.
I
n
a
n
e
nvir
onment
whe
r
e
5G
a
nd
W
i
-
F
i
6
c
oe
xis
t,
c
a
pa
c
it
y
is
a
c
r
it
ica
l
mea
s
ur
e
a
s
it
de
ter
mi
ne
s
t
he
e
f
f
icie
nt
us
a
ge
of
the
a
va
il
a
ble
s
pe
c
tr
um
to
s
e
r
ve
the
ne
twor
k's
us
e
r
s
.
Highe
r
c
a
pa
c
it
y
mea
ns
that
mor
e
us
e
r
s
c
a
n
be
s
uppor
ted
s
im
ult
a
ne
ou
s
ly,
a
nd
higher
da
ta
r
a
tes
c
a
n
be
a
c
hieve
d,
whic
h
is
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
im
po
r
tant
in
high
-
de
ns
it
y
a
r
e
a
s
s
uc
h
a
s
s
tadiums
o
r
ur
b
a
n
a
r
e
a
s
.
S
e
ve
r
a
l
f
a
c
tor
s
inf
luenc
e
the
c
a
pa
c
it
y
of
a
ne
twor
k,
including
a
va
il
a
ble
ba
ndwidth,
S
NR
,
a
nd
the
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
of
the
modul
a
ti
on
s
c
he
mes
us
e
d.
B
oth
5G
a
nd
W
i
-
F
i
6
a
im
to
maximi
z
e
c
a
pa
c
it
y
th
r
ough
a
dva
nc
e
d
tec
hnologi
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
mas
s
ive
mul
ti
ple
input
mul
ti
ple
output
(
M
I
M
O
)
in
5G
a
nd
mul
ti
-
us
e
r
M
I
M
O
(
MU
-
M
I
M
O
)
in
W
i
-
F
i
6:
=
{
(
R
)
=
log
2
(
I
+
HR
H
)
}
(
10)
w
he
r
e
is
the
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
powe
r
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
tr
a
ns
mi
t
a
ntenna
,
is
the
number
of
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
ing
a
ntenna
s
,
I
is
a
n
×
identit
y
matr
ix
,
is
the
number
of
r
e
c
e
ivi
ng
a
ntenna
s
,
R
is
the
a
utocor
r
e
lation
of
the
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
d
s
ignal
ve
c
tor
,
H
is
the
c
or
r
e
late
d
c
ha
nn
e
l
,
a
nd
H
is
a
r
a
ndom
matr
ix
whos
e
c
ha
nne
l
c
a
pa
c
it
y
is
time
-
va
r
ied
r
a
ndoml
y.
T
he
n
,
the
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
the
c
ha
nne
l
c
a
n
be
e
xpr
e
s
s
e
d
by
a
c
ha
nne
l
matr
ix
H
,
whic
h
c
a
n
be
given
a
s
,
H
=
[
0
,
0
0
,
1
1
,
0
1
,
1
⋯
0
,
−
1
⋯
1
,
−
1
⋮
⋮
−
1
,
0
−
1
,
1
⋱
⋮
⋯
−
1
,
−
1
]
(
11)
whe
r
e
,
=
0
[
−
]
+
1
[
−
]
−
2
+
⋯
+
−
1
[
−
]
−
2
(
−
1
)
(
12)
Note
that
,
=
0
,
1
,
⋯
,
−
1
.
2.
4.
Coe
xis
t
e
n
c
e
s
e
r
vice
s
2.
4.
1.
Voic
e
s
e
r
vice
s
Voic
e
s
e
r
vice
s
a
r
e
a
ls
o
c
a
ll
e
d
voice
-
ov
e
r
I
P
(
Vo
I
P
)
.
VoI
P
us
ua
ll
y
r
e
qui
r
e
s
low
late
nc
y
a
nd
high
r
e
li
a
bil
it
y.
T
he
ne
twor
k
that
o
f
f
e
r
s
the
be
s
t
c
ondi
ti
ons
f
or
VoI
P
c
a
n
be
pr
ior
it
ize
d
ba
s
e
d
on
f
a
c
tor
s
s
uc
h
a
s
s
ignal
s
tr
e
ngth,
ne
twor
k
load,
a
nd
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
lev
e
ls
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
386
-
400
392
2
.
4.
2.
Vid
e
o
s
e
r
vice
s
S
tr
e
a
mi
ng
video
s
e
r
vice
s
ne
e
d
high
ba
ndwidth
a
nd
low
pa
c
ke
t
los
s
to
e
ns
ur
e
s
moot
h
view
ing
.
E
xpe
r
ienc
e
c
a
n
guide
the
s
e
lec
ti
on
of
the
ne
twor
k
that
pr
ovides
the
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
ba
ndwidth
a
nd
r
e
li
a
bil
it
y
f
o
r
s
tr
e
a
mi
ng
video
ba
s
e
d
on
f
a
c
tor
s
s
uc
h
a
s
ne
twor
k
c
onge
s
ti
on
a
nd
a
va
il
a
ble
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
.
M
ini
mum
va
lues
of
the
ba
ndwidth
a
r
e
c
ons
ider
e
d
f
or
two
types
of
s
e
r
vice
s
:
VoI
P
c
a
ll
s
a
nd
video
c
a
ll
s
.
T
he
mi
nim
um
r
e
quir
e
d
ba
ndwidth
f
or
a
voice
c
a
ll
would
be
96
kbps
,
a
nd
the
mi
nim
um
ba
ndwidth
ne
e
de
d
f
o
r
a
video
c
a
ll
would
be
480
kbps
.
I
n
the
f
ol
lowing
s
e
c
ti
on,
two
ba
ndwi
dth
r
e
s
e
r
va
ti
on
methods
–
f
ixed
ba
ndwidth
a
nd
a
da
pti
ve
ba
ndwidth
–
a
r
e
c
ons
ider
e
d
th
r
ough
s
im
ulation
to
c
ompar
e
their
e
f
f
e
c
ts
on
the
ne
two
r
k.
a.
F
ixed
ba
ndwidth
r
e
s
e
r
va
ti
on
F
igur
e
3
il
lus
tr
a
tes
the
f
ixed
ba
ndwidth
r
e
s
e
r
va
ti
on
method.
I
n
the
c
a
s
e
of
a
voice
c
a
ll
,
the
c
a
ll
will
be
a
dmi
tt
e
d
if
the
f
oll
owing
c
ondit
ion
is
s
a
ti
s
f
ied:
T
he
mi
nim
um
VoI
P
c
a
ll
B
W
a
dde
d
to
a
c
c
umul
a
ted
VoI
P
c
a
ll
s
B
W
is
les
s
than
the
dif
f
e
r
e
nc
e
be
twe
e
n
the
f
i
xe
d
thr
e
s
hold
a
nd
the
maximum
ba
ndwidth
in
the
a
va
il
a
ble
r
a
nge
.
Othe
r
wis
e
,
the
ne
w
c
a
ll
will
be
r
e
jec
ted,
a
s
ther
e
is
not
s
uf
f
icie
nt
B
W
to
a
c
c
e
pt
it
.
Onc
e
the
n
e
w
VoI
P
c
a
ll
is
a
dmi
tt
e
d,
the
a
c
c
umul
a
ted
VoI
P
B
W
will
be
incr
e
a
s
e
d
by
the
ne
w
a
dmi
t
ted
c
a
ll
B
W
.
F
igur
e
3.
F
ixed
ba
ndwidth
r
e
s
e
r
va
ti
on
f
or
VoI
P
a
n
d
video
c
a
ll
s
S
im
il
a
r
ly,
a
ne
w
video
c
a
ll
will
only
be
a
dmi
tt
e
d
if
the
mi
nim
um
video
c
a
ll
B
W
a
dde
d
to
a
c
c
umul
a
ted
video
c
a
ll
s
B
W
is
les
s
than
the
f
ixed
thr
e
s
hold
va
lue.
Othe
r
wis
e
,
the
ne
w
c
a
ll
will
be
r
e
jec
ted.
T
he
n,
in
the
c
a
s
e
of
a
dmi
tt
ing
the
ne
w
video
c
a
ll
,
the
a
c
c
umul
a
ted
video
B
W
wil
l
be
incr
e
a
s
e
d
by
the
ne
w
a
dmi
tt
e
d
c
a
ll
B
W
.
T
he
f
low
c
ha
r
t
in
F
igu
r
e
4
s
im
pli
f
ies
Algor
it
hm
’
s
1
logi
c
o
f
s
e
r
vice
a
ll
oc
a
ti
on
,
u
s
ing
the
f
ixed
ba
ndwidth
r
e
s
e
r
va
ti
on
method.
F
igur
e
4.
S
e
r
vice
s
f
low
-
c
ha
r
t
us
ing
the
f
ixed
ba
ndwidth
r
e
s
e
r
va
ti
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
P
e
r
for
manc
e
of
5G
and
W
i
-
F
i
6
c
oe
x
is
tenc
e
:
s
pe
c
tr
um
s
har
ing
bas
e
d
on
…
(
A
s
maa
He
lmy
Z
aid
)
393
Algor
it
hm
1
.
S
e
r
vice
s
a
ll
oc
a
ti
on
us
ing
f
ixed
ba
ndwidth
r
e
s
e
r
va
ti
on
Determine the optimum timeshare value for Wi
-
Fi 6
=
For each new call, check if it is 5G or Wi
-
Fi 6 Call:
New 5G call (within the time frame of
1
−
)
Is this a 5G VoIP Call?
If (Allocated 5G VoIP BW + min 5G VoIP BW) < (5G BW
-
Threshold)
Accept 5G VoIP Call
Update Allocated 5G VoIP BW
Else
Reject 5G VoIP Call
Is this a 5G Video Call?
If (Allocated 5G Video BW + min 5G Video BW) < 5G BW
Accept 5G Video Call
Update Allocated 5G Video BW
Else
Reject 5G Video Call
New Wi
-
Fi 6 call (within the time frame of
)
Is this a Wi
-
Fi 6 VoIP Call?
If (Allocated Wi
-
Fi 6 VoIP BW + min. Wi
-
Fi 6 VoIP BW) < (Wi
-
Fi 6 BW
-
Threshold)
Accept Wi
-
Fi 6 VoIP Call
Update Allocated Wi
-
Fi 6 VoIP BW
Else
Reject Wi
-
Fi 6 VoIP Call
Is this a Wi
-
Fi 6 Video Call?
If (Allocated Wi
-
Fi 6 Video BW + min Wi
-
Fi 6 Video BW) < Wi
-
Fi 6 BW
Accept Wi
-
Fi 6 Video Call
Update Allocated Wi
-
Fi 6 Video BW
Else
Reject Wi
-
Fi 6 Video Call
Go to the next new call
b.
Ada
pti
ve
ba
ndwidth
r
e
s
e
r
va
ti
on
I
n
the
pr
e
vious
s
e
c
ti
on,
it
wa
s
s
hown
that
the
f
ixed
method
of
ba
ndwidth
r
e
s
e
r
va
ti
on
p
r
ovides
e
xc
e
ll
e
nt
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
f
or
VoI
P
c
a
ll
s
;
howe
ve
r
,
m
ult
ipl
e
video
c
a
ll
s
we
r
e
blocke
d.
T
he
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
we
di
s
c
us
s
in
thi
s
s
e
c
ti
on
the
a
da
pti
ve
ba
ndwidth
r
e
s
e
r
va
ti
on
method
that
is
il
lus
tr
a
ted
in
F
igur
e
5
,
whic
h
a
im
s
to
e
nha
nc
e
the
blocking
pr
oba
bil
it
y
of
incoming
c
a
ll
s
by
f
o
c
us
ing
on
video
c
a
ll
s
.
T
o
c
ons
ider
the
a
da
pti
ve
method,
mi
nim
um
a
nd
maximum
va
lues
a
r
e
pr
opos
e
d
f
or
the
thr
e
s
hold
r
a
nge
.
T
he
a
da
pti
ve
th
r
e
s
hold
va
lu
e
moves
a
long
that
r
a
nge
a
nd
s
hould
not
e
xc
e
e
d
the
maxim
um
de
f
ined
li
mi
t.
F
igur
e
5.
Ada
pti
ve
ba
ndwidth
r
e
s
e
r
va
ti
on
f
o
r
VoI
P
a
nd
video
c
a
ll
s
I
n
the
c
a
s
e
of
a
VoI
P
c
a
ll
,
the
c
a
ll
will
be
a
dmi
tt
e
d
if
the
f
oll
owing
c
ondit
ion
is
s
a
ti
s
f
ied:
T
he
mi
nim
um
Vo
I
P
c
a
ll
B
W
a
dde
d
to
a
c
c
umul
a
ted
VoI
P
c
a
ll
s
B
W
is
les
s
than
the
dif
f
e
r
e
nc
e
be
t
we
e
n
the
a
da
pti
ve
thr
e
s
hold
a
nd
the
maximum
ba
ndwidth
in
the
a
va
il
a
ble
r
a
nge
.
Othe
r
wis
e
,
the
ne
w
c
a
ll
will
be
r
e
jec
ted
a
s
ther
e
is
not
s
uf
f
icie
nt
B
W
to
a
c
c
e
pt
it
.
Onc
e
the
ne
w
VoI
P
c
a
ll
is
a
dmi
tt
e
d
,
the
a
c
c
umul
a
ted
VoI
P
B
W
will
be
incr
e
a
s
e
d
by
the
ne
w
a
dmi
tt
e
d
c
a
ll
B
W
.
S
im
il
a
r
ly,
a
ne
w
video
c
a
ll
will
only
be
a
dmi
tt
e
d
if
the
mi
nim
um
video
c
a
ll
B
W
a
dde
d
to
a
c
c
umul
a
ted
video
c
a
ll
s
B
W
is
les
s
than
the
a
da
pti
ve
thr
e
s
hold
va
lue.
Othe
r
wis
e
,
the
ne
w
c
a
l
l
will
be
r
e
jec
ted.
T
he
n,
in
the
c
a
s
e
of
a
dmi
tt
ing
the
ne
w
v
ideo
c
a
ll
,
the
a
c
c
umul
a
ted
video
B
W
will
be
inc
r
e
a
s
e
d
by
the
ne
w
a
dmi
tt
e
d
c
a
ll
B
W
.
F
inally,
the
a
lgor
it
h
m
will
c
he
c
k
the
a
bil
it
y
to
inc
r
e
a
s
e
the
a
da
pti
ve
thr
e
s
hold
va
lue
to
a
ll
ow
mor
e
video
c
a
ll
s
to
be
a
c
c
e
pt
e
d
without
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ng
the
s
pa
c
e
a
ll
oc
a
ted
to
the
ne
xt
po
s
s
i
ble
VoI
P
c
a
ll
.
T
he
f
low
c
ha
r
t
in
F
igu
r
e
6
s
im
pli
f
ies
the
Al
gor
it
hm’
s
2
logi
c
of
s
e
r
vice
a
ll
oc
a
ti
on
,
us
ing
the
a
da
pti
ve
ba
ndwidth
r
e
s
e
r
va
ti
on
method.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
386
-
400
394
F
igur
e
6.
S
e
r
vice
s
f
low
-
c
ha
r
t
us
ing
a
da
pti
ve
ba
ndwidth
r
e
s
e
r
va
ti
on
Algor
it
hm
2
.
S
e
r
vice
s
a
ll
oc
a
ti
on
us
ing
a
da
pti
ve
ba
ndwidth
r
e
s
e
r
va
ti
on
Determine the
optimum timeshare value for Wi
-
Fi 6
=
Define Maximum and Minimum Threshold values
Adaptive Threshold
=
Mean of Maximum and Minimum Threshold
For each new call, check if it is 5G or Wi
-
Fi 6 Call:
New 5G call (within the time frame of
1
−
)
Is this a 5G VoIP Call?
If (Allocated 5G VoIP BW + min 5G VoIP BW) < (5G BW
-
Threshold)
Accept 5G VoIP Call
Update Allocated 5G VoIP BW
Else
Reject 5G VoIP Call
Is this a 5G Video Call?
If (Allocated 5G Video BW + min 5G Video BW) < 5G BW
Accept 5G Video Call
Update Allocated 5G Video BW
If (Allocated 5G Video BW + min 5G Video BW >= Adaptive Threshold) AND
(Allocated 5G VoIP BW <
Adaptive Threshold
-
min 5G VoIP BW) AND (Adaptive
Threshold < Maximum Threshold)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
P
e
r
for
manc
e
of
5G
and
W
i
-
F
i
6
c
oe
x
is
tenc
e
:
s
pe
c
tr
um
s
har
ing
bas
e
d
on
…
(
A
s
maa
He
lmy
Z
aid
)
395
Adaptive Threshold += min 5G Video BW
Else
Reject 5G Video Call
New Wi
-
Fi 6 call (within the time frame of
)
Is this a Wi
-
Fi 6 VoIP Call?
If (Allocated Wi
-
Fi 6 VoIP BW + min. Wi
-
Fi 6 VoIP BW) < (Wi
-
Fi 6 BW
-
Threshold)
Accept Wi
-
Fi 6 VoIP Call
Update Allocated Wi
-
Fi 6 VoIP BW
Else
Reject Wi
-
Fi 6 VoIP Call
Is this a Wi
-
Fi 6 Video Call?
If (Allocated Wi
-
Fi 6 Video BW + min Wi
-
Fi 6 Video BW) < Wi
-
Fi 6 BW
Accept Wi
-
Fi 6 Video Call
Update Allocated Wi
-
Fi 6 Video BW
If (Allocated Wi
-
Fi 6 Video BW + min Wi
-
Fi 6 Video BW >= Adaptive Threshold)
AND (Allocated Wi
-
Fi 6 VoIP BW < Adaptive Threshold
-
min Wi
-
Fi 6 VoIP BW) AND
(Adaptive Threshold < Maximum Threshold)
Adaptive Threshold += min Wi
-
Fi 6 Video BW
Else
Reject Wi
-
Fi 6 Video Call
Go to the next new call
2.
5
.
S
im
u
lat
io
n
s
e
t
u
p
T
he
s
im
ulation
wa
s
c
onduc
ted
us
ing
M
AT
L
AB
R
2022a
.
Our
M
AT
L
AB
s
c
r
ipt
de
f
ines
a
W
i
-
F
i
6
a
nd
5G
s
ys
tem
model
then
c
a
lcula
tes
the
opti
mu
m
d
uty
c
yc
le
us
ing
the
nonli
ne
a
r
opti
mi
z
a
ti
on
f
unc
ti
on
c
a
ll
e
d
“
fmincon
”
a
nd
c
a
lcula
tes
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
metr
ics
that
include
the
f
oll
owing
ke
y
e
leme
nts
:
a.
M
I
M
O
c
onf
igur
a
ti
on
:
4
×
4
mu
lt
ipl
e
input
mul
ti
ple
output
(
M
I
M
O)
s
ys
tem
wa
s
im
pleme
nted
to
s
im
ulate
the
s
pa
ti
a
l
diver
s
it
y
a
nd
incr
e
a
s
e
d
da
ta
th
r
oughput
typi
c
a
l
of
5G
a
nd
W
i
-
F
i
6
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
ne
twor
ks
.
b.
M
odulation
s
c
he
me
:
64
QA
M
wa
s
s
e
lec
t
e
d
a
s
the
modul
a
ti
on
s
c
he
me
f
or
the
5G
a
nd
256
QA
M
f
or
W
i
-
F
i
6
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
d
s
ignal.
T
his
c
hoice
wa
s
made
to
s
im
pli
f
y
the
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
a
na
lys
is
,
a
lt
hough
the
f
r
a
me
wor
k
c
a
n
be
e
xtende
d
to
other
modul
a
ti
on
s
c
he
mes
.
c.
C
ha
nne
l
model
:
the
wir
e
les
s
c
ha
nne
l
wa
s
modele
d
us
ing
a
R
a
yleigh
f
a
ding
c
ha
nne
l,
whic
h
is
a
ppr
op
r
iate
f
or
s
c
e
na
r
ios
c
omm
only
e
nc
ounter
e
d
in
indoor
e
n
vir
onments
.
T
he
c
ha
nne
l
wa
s
c
on
f
igur
e
d
with
a
n
S
NR
r
a
nge
f
r
om
-
30
to
30
dB
,
a
ll
owing
f
o
r
a
na
lys
is
a
c
r
os
s
va
r
ious
s
ignal
qua
li
ty
c
ondit
ions
.
F
igur
e
7
il
lus
tr
a
tes
a
pr
oc
e
dur
e
of
the
s
im
ulatio
n
s
e
que
nc
e
.
F
igur
e
8
s
hows
a
s
c
r
e
e
ns
hot
of
the
M
AT
L
AB
s
im
ulation
e
nvir
onment.
F
ur
ther
mor
e
,
F
igur
e
s
4
to
5
s
how
the
f
low
c
ha
r
t
f
or
the
M
AT
L
AB
s
im
ulations
pe
r
f
or
med
to
s
im
ulate
f
ixed
a
nd
a
da
pti
ve
ba
ndwidth
r
e
s
e
r
va
ti
on
methods
.
Additi
ona
l
ly,
both
a
lgor
it
hms
1
a
nd
2
e
xplain
in
de
tail
the
logi
c
be
hi
nd
the
s
im
ulation
f
or
both
methods
.
M
AT
L
AB
s
im
ulation
e
nvir
onment
with
ke
y
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
is
il
lus
tr
a
ted
in
T
a
ble
1.
F
igur
e
7.
F
low
c
ha
r
t
o
f
the
s
im
ulation
s
e
que
nc
e
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