Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
15
,
No.
1
,
Febr
uary
20
25
, pp.
56
~
66
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ij
ece.v
15
i
1
.
pp
56
-
66
56
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
Influen
ce
of
m
etal
partic
les shape
on
direc
t curre
nt
voltag
e
electric
pro
perties
of nanoflui
ds
Daniar
Fa
hmi, M
uh
amm
ad
Fad
l
an
Ak
b
ar
, I
M
ad
e
Yu
li
s
tya Ne
ga
r
a,
I Gu
s
ti Ngur
ah S
at
ri
ya
di H
ernanda
, Dim
as
Anto
n
Asfa
ni, R
isy
ad
Alauddin Z
aidan,
A
rk
an F
ad
hil
ah
Dep
artmen
t of
Ele
ctrical En
g
in
eering
,
Facu
lty
of
Intelli
g
en
t E
lectric
al and
I
n
for
m
atics
Techn
o
lo
g
y
,
Sep
u
lu
h
Nop
em
b
er
Ins
titu
te of
Tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Su
rabay
a,
Ind
o
n
esia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
un
12, 2
02
4
Re
vised
Sep 1
2,
202
4
Accepte
d
Oct
1,
202
4
It
is
widel
y
re
co
gniz
ed
th
at
the
a
ppli
c
at
ion
of
n
a
nopar
ticle
s
has
t
he
pot
ent
i
al
to
i
mprove
th
e
d
ie
l
ec
tr
ic
prope
r
ties
of
tr
ansformer
oi
l.
Neve
r
thele
ss
,
the
r
e
is
a
sca
r
ci
ty
of
st
udie
s
that
hav
e
uti
lized
pu
re
n
anof
lui
ds,
and
i
n
pra
ctic
al
appl
i
ca
t
ions,
it
is
ine
v
it
ab
le
for
tra
nsfor
me
r
oil
to
be
com
e
con
ta
mi
n
ated.
The
ref
or
e,
thi
s st
udy
conduc
t
ed
t
ests
to
inve
st
igat
e
how t
he
shap
e and
size of
me
t
al
cont
a
mi
na
nts
im
pa
ct
the
d
ie
l
ec
tr
ic
p
erf
orm
anc
e
of
Fe
3
O
4
n
anof
lui
ds.
The
findi
ngs
fr
om
t
he
l
evi
t
at
io
n
vol
ta
ge
te
st
i
ndic
a
te
th
at
as
t
he
si
ze
and
dia
m
et
er
of
th
e
par
ticle
inc
r
ea
se
,
the
le
v
itati
on
v
olt
ag
e
val
u
e
m
e
asure
d
a
lso
inc
re
ase
s,
and
c
onver
sely.
More
over
,
a
high
er
co
nce
ntr
at
ion
of
n
a
nopa
rticle
s
le
ads
to
a
h
igher
m
ea
sured
le
vi
t
at
ion
vol
ta
g
e
v
a
lue
.
On
th
e
other
hand
,
th
e
bre
akdown
volta
ge
te
st
r
esult
s
d
em
onstra
te
th
at
la
rge
r
and
sharp
er
par
t
ic
l
es
result
in
lower
me
asure
d
bre
ak
down
volt
ag
e
v
al
ues,
and
vi
ce
ver
sa.
Th
e
simul
ation
ou
tcomes
reg
a
rding
el
e
ct
ri
c
f
ie
ld
dis
tri
buti
on
rev
eal
tha
t
la
rg
er
and
sharp
er
p
articles
cor
r
espond
to
high
er
me
as
ure
d
el
e
ct
ri
c
field
va
lue
s,
while
the opposit
e is t
ru
e
for
sma
ll
er
and
le
ss
shar
p
par
t
ic
l
es.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Break
dow
n vo
l
ta
ge
Direct c
urren
t
vo
lt
age
Fe
3
O
4
Na
nof
lui
d
Levit
at
ion
volt
age
M
et
al
p
a
rtic
le
co
ntami
natio
n
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Dan
ia
r
Fa
hm
i
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ele
ct
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng, F
ac
ulty
of Inte
ll
igent
Elec
tric
al
and
Informati
cs Te
chnolo
gy,
Sepulu
h Nope
mb
e
r
I
ns
ti
tute
of Tech
nolo
gy
ITS
Ca
mpus
,
S
ukolil
o,
Sura
ba
ya 601
11, In
do
nesia
Emai
l:
d
ania
rfahmi@ee
.it
s.ac
.id
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
s
p
l
a
y
a
c
r
u
c
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a
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n
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r
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s
m
i
s
s
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o
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n
d
e
l
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t
r
i
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p
o
w
e
r
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
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s
y
s
t
e
m
s
.
O
n
e
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f
t
h
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s
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t
i
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p
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r
s
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s
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
o
i
l
,
w
h
i
c
h
s
e
r
v
e
s
a
s
b
o
t
h
a
n
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
a
n
d
a
c
o
o
l
a
n
t
[1]
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
o
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l
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s
p
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t
o
c
o
n
t
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
,
w
h
i
c
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c
a
n
l
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a
d
t
o
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r
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d
u
c
t
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o
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n
i
t
s
d
i
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l
e
c
t
r
i
c
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
.
C
o
n
s
e
q
u
e
n
t
l
y
,
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
e
n
d
e
a
v
o
r
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
u
n
d
e
r
t
a
k
e
n
t
o
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n
h
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
ng
o
i
l
.
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
a
r
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
l
y
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x
p
l
o
r
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n
g
t
h
e
p
o
t
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n
t
i
a
l
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f
i
n
c
o
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p
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t
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g
n
a
n
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p
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c
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m
a
t
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l
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n
t
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o
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l
-
i
n
s
ul
a
t
i
n
g
m
a
t
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a
l
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o
c
r
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a
t
e
n
a
n
o
f
l
u
i
d
s
a
s
a
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n
t
o
t
h
e
i
s
s
u
e
.
N
a
n
o
f
l
u
i
d
s
a
r
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w
i
d
e
l
y
a
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
a
s
i
d
e
a
l
l
i
q
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i
d
m
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d
i
a
d
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e
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o
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h
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r
d
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t
r
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p
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p
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r
t
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s
a
n
d
h
e
a
t
-
e
xc
h
a
n
g
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
[2]
–
[4
]
.
T
h
i
s
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
a
i
m
s
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
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di
e
l
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c
t
r
i
c
s
t
r
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n
g
t
h
,
t
h
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b
y
d
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l
a
y
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n
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h
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s
p
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d
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r
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m
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s
.
N
a
n
o
p
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r
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c
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ut
i
l
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z
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v
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r
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p
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f
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v
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w
t
h
[5], [6]
.
N
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d
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s
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v
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n
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f
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u
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s
.
C
h
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t
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.
[7]
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
In
fl
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D
ania
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.
2.
METHO
D
2.1.
Oil
speci
f
ic
at
io
ns
The
par
a
mete
r
s
exami
ned
i
n
the
oil
sp
eci
ficat
ion
s
incl
ud
e
densi
ty,
viscosi
ty,
flas
h
point,
pour
point,
and
br
ea
kdow
n
volt
age.
Eac
h
of
these
paramet
ers
is
ass
ociat
ed
with
the
sta
nd
a
r
ds
e
mp
lo
ye
d
durin
g
t
he
te
sti
ng
pr
ocess
.
F
ur
the
rm
or
e
,
each
s
pecific
at
ion
par
a
mete
r
is
li
nk
e
d
t
o
the
pe
rforma
nc
e
of
the
oil
as
an
insu
la
to
r wit
hi
n
tra
nsfo
rme
rs. The
mine
ral
oil specifica
ti
ons
for
t
his stu
dy
are
ou
tl
ine
d
in
Table
1.
Table
1.
Oil
s
pe
ci
ficat
ion
s
Prop
erti
es
Stan
d
ard
Valu
e
Un
it
Den
sity
ISO
3
6
7
5
0
.86
6
Kg
/m
3
Visco
sity
ISO
3
1
0
4
21
cSt
Flash
po
in
t
ISO
2
7
1
9
146
C
Po
u
r
p
o
in
t
ISO
3
0
1
6
-
34
C
Breakd
o
wn
vo
ltag
e
IE
C 6
0
1
5
6
30
kV
2.2. Te
stin
g
s
etup
T
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
v
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l
v
e
d
c
o
n
d
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c
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t
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n
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v
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t
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g
h
D
C
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
(
a
)
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l
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g
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b
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng,
V
ol.
15
, No
.
1
,
Febr
uary
20
25
:
56
-
66
58
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[15]
.
In
the
sec
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the
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unde
r
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t
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c
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[
16]
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[
1
7
]
.
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3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
In
fl
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of
m
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s s
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direct
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(
D
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59
F
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3
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng,
V
ol.
15
, No
.
1
,
Febr
uary
20
25
:
56
-
66
60
Table
3.
Ele
ct
r
ic
f
ie
ld
values
for
s
pherical
a
nd cy
li
nd
rical
p
arti
cl
es
Particle
Electr
i
c Field
(kV/
m
m
)
1
m
m
Sph
erica
l
6
.31
8
3
m
m
Sph
erica
l
6
.35
7
Sh
arp Cy
lin
d
er
2
3
.65
3
Blu
n
t Cy
lin
d
er
8
.02
6
Mix Cy
lin
d
er
2
4
.33
5
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
.
M
e
s
h
i
m
a
g
e
s
o
f
t
e
s
t
o
b
j
e
c
t
s
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
3.1.
Le
vit
ati
on
volt
age te
sti
ng
T
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
t
w
h
i
c
h
m
e
t
a
l
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
i
n
o
i
l
s
t
a
r
t
t
o
f
l
o
a
t
o
r
b
e
c
o
m
e
s
u
s
p
e
n
d
e
d
i
s
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
t
h
e
l
e
v
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
.
T
h
i
s
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
t
h
e
p
o
i
nt
a
t
w
h
i
c
h
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
s
t
a
t
i
c
f
o
r
c
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
a
nd
t
h
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
o
i
l
c
a
n
c
o
u
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
t
h
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g
r
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v
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t
a
t
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o
n
a
l
f
o
r
c
e
a
c
t
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
.
T
o
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
l
e
v
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
,
a
s
e
r
i
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s
o
f
t
e
s
t
s
w
a
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
o
n
e
a
c
h
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
s
i
n
g
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
n
a
n
o
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
c
o
n
c
e
nt
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
t
e
s
t
s
w
e
r
e
r
e
p
e
a
t
e
d
f
i
v
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t
i
m
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s
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n
d
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h
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ve
r
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o
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r
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c
l
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t
v
a
r
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n
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c
o
n
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e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
w
a
s
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
.
Figure 5
il
lustr
at
es
a
com
par
i
so
n
bet
ween
t
he
aver
a
ge
le
vit
at
ion
volt
ages o
f
s
pherical
an
d
cylin
dri
cal
par
ti
cl
es.
Th
e
l
evita
ti
on
volt
age
of
t
he
pa
rtic
le
s
in
the
nano
fluid
oil
was
hi
gh
e
r
tha
n
that
of
the
par
ti
cl
es
in
the
pure
min
eral
oil.
The
le
vita
ti
on
volt
age
va
lues,
ar
ra
ng
e
d
i
n
de
scen
di
ng
orde
r,
we
r
e
as
fo
ll
ows:
3
mm
sp
he
rical
par
ti
cl
es
ha
d
the
hi
gh
est
le
vitat
ion
vo
lt
ag
e,
fo
ll
ow
e
d
by
blunt
cylin
der
pa
rtic
le
s,
mixe
d
c
yl
ind
er
par
ti
cl
es,
sh
a
r
p
c
ylin
der
s
,
a
nd
fi
nally,
1
mm
s
pherical
par
ti
cl
es
with
the
lo
west
le
vi
ta
ti
on
volt
age
.
T
hi
s
ind
ic
at
es
th
at
there
is
a
dire
ct
relat
ion
s
hip
bet
ween
pa
rtic
le
siz
e
an
d
l
evita
ti
on
volt
age.
Lar
ger
part
ic
le
s
require
gr
eat
e
r
force
to
c
ounteract
the
gravit
at
ion
al
f
orce,
res
ulti
ng
i
n
hi
gh
e
r
le
vit
at
ion
volt
ages
.
This
ob
s
er
vation
al
i
gn
s
with
the
theo
reti
ca
l
f
or
e
cast
s
ma
de
by
T
ob
aze
on
[
23]
,
w
hich
el
uci
date
th
e
c
orrel
at
ion
betwee
n
the
li
f
ti
ng
fiel
ds
(
E
d
)
and the
ra
diu
s
(R) of t
he pa
rtic
le
s.
Figure
5.
Com
par
is
on of a
verage levit
at
io
n vo
lt
age
s
of
sph
er
ic
al
and c
ylindric
al
p
a
rtic
le
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
In
fl
ue
nce
of
m
et
al partic
le
s s
hape o
n
direct
curre
nt
volta
ge
elec
tri
c p
rope
rti
es
…
(
D
ania
r Fah
mi
)
61
=
0
.
494
√
(
(
−
)
)
(4)
The
de
ns
it
y
of
the
par
ti
cl
es,
denoted
as
ρ
s
,
and
th
e
de
ns
it
y
of
t
he
oil,
de
no
te
d
as
ρ
l
,
a
re
im
porta
nt
factors
i
n
the
giv
e
n
co
ntext.
T
he
gravit
at
ion
al
acce
le
rati
on,
re
pr
ese
nte
d
by
g,
an
d
the
pe
rmitt
ivit
y
of
the
par
ti
cl
e, d
e
no
t
ed
as
ε,
al
s
o
pl
ay
si
gn
i
ficant r
oles. Th
e
p
r
ovided
f
orm
ula
il
lustrate
s
the
pro
portio
nal
c
onne
ct
ion
betwee
n
li
ftin
g
fiel
ds
(
E
d
)
a
nd
pa
rtic
le
ra
di
us
(R
).
It
i
nd
i
cat
es
that
as
the
par
ti
cl
e
siz
e
increa
ses,
a
higher
li
ftin
g
fiel
d
is
necessa
ry to ac
hieve
t
he desir
ed
e
ff
ect
.
On
the
c
on
t
rary,
pa
rtic
le
s
th
at
ha
ve
pointe
d
e
nds
te
nd
t
o
dis
play
lo
we
r
le
vitat
ion
vo
l
ta
ges.
This
ob
s
er
vation
al
ign
s
with
the
t
heoreti
cal
fra
mew
ork
est
a
bl
ished
by
Fahm
i
et
al.
[
24]
,
who
f
ound
tha
t
as
the
su
r
face
a
rea
of
the
pa
rtic
le
diamet
er
i
ncr
e
ased,
the
re
wa
s
a
c
orres
pondin
g
rise
in
th
e
ave
rag
e
discharge
current.
T
he
de
crease
in
pa
rt
ic
le
diamet
er
l
eads
to
an
une
ven
distrib
utio
n
of
t
he
el
ect
ric
fiel
d
a
rou
nd
the
ti
p
and
t
op
area
of
the
par
ti
cl
e,
resu
lt
in
g
in
a
more
no
nunif
orm
el
ect
ric
fiel
d.
C
on
se
quentl
y,
a
higher
el
ect
ric
fiel
d
inte
ns
it
y
is
ge
ner
at
e
d
on
the
la
rg
e
r
cro
ss
-
sect
io
nal
area
of
the
pa
rtic
le
,
le
adin
g
to
io
nizat
io
n.
This
ion
iz
at
io
n
proc
ess
trig
ger
s
a
n
inc
rease
in
t
he
fiel
d
val
ue,
s
ub
s
eq
ue
ntly
a
mp
li
f
ying
the
l
evita
ti
on
f
orce.
As
a
resu
lt
, sha
rp
-
e
dg
e
d pa
rtic
le
s ex
hi
bit l
ower l
evita
ti
on
volt
age
values
com
par
e
d
t
o blu
nt
par
ti
cl
es.
3.2.
Br
ea
kd
own
volta
ge
t
es
ting
The
mi
nim
um
volt
age
re
quir
ed
to
i
nduce
e
le
ct
ri
cal
conduct
ivit
y
in
a
n
insu
la
ti
ng
m
at
erial
,
there
b
y
al
lowing
c
urre
nt
to
pa
ss
th
rough,
is
know
n
as
the
brea
kdown
vo
lt
age
of
a
na
nofl
uid
.
This
phe
nome
non
is
char
act
e
rized
by
the
occ
urr
ence
of
a
s
pa
rk
or
s
udde
n
su
r
ge
i
n
c
urre
nt
bet
ween
th
e
two
el
ect
rod
es.
T
o
determi
ne
the
br
ea
kdow
n
vol
ta
ge,
a
vo
lt
age
was
a
pp
li
ed
to
the
el
ect
r
ode
s
an
d
wa
s
grad
ually
inc
rease
d
un
ti
l
the
diele
ct
ric
s
tren
gth
of
t
he
nano
fluid
was
su
r
passe
d
by
the
el
ect
rical
stress
ca
us
e
d
by
the
hi
gh
volt
age.
I
n
order
to
asses
s
the
break
do
wn
volt
age
,
a
series
of
te
sts
wer
e
co
nducte
d
on
in
div
i
du
a
l
par
ti
cl
es,
wit
h
t
he
con
ce
ntrati
on
of
na
nopar
ti
cl
es
bein
g
var
ie
d
s
ys
te
mati
cal
ly.
T
he
br
ea
kd
own
vo
lt
a
ge
te
st
was
re
peat
ed
fi
ve
ti
mes, and dat
a
w
e
re c
ollec
te
d
on eac
h occasi
on.
Figure
6
il
lustr
at
es
the
grap
h
de
picti
ng
the
a
ver
a
ge
br
ea
kd
own
vo
lt
a
ge
f
or
sphe
rical
an
d
cylin
dr
ic
al
par
ti
cl
es.
T
he
br
ea
kdow
n
vo
l
ta
ge
in
oil
f
oll
ow
s
a
desce
nd
i
ng
or
der
from
highest
to
lo
w
est
as
1
m
m
s
pherical
par
ti
cl
e
co
nta
minati
on,
3
m
m
sphe
rical
pa
rtic
le
con
ta
m
inati
on
,
mixe
d
cylin
der
pa
rtic
le
s,
bl
un
t
c
yl
ind
e
r
par
ti
cl
es,
a
nd
sh
ar
p
c
ylin
der
pa
rtic
le
s.
This
ind
ic
at
es
t
hat
la
rg
er
pa
rtic
le
siz
es
res
ulted
i
n
lo
we
r
br
ea
kdow
n
vo
lt
age
s.
The
spherical
pa
r
ti
cl
es
exh
i
bited
higher
br
ea
kdown
volt
ag
es
tha
n
t
he
c
ylindric
al
par
t
ic
le
s.
Sp
eci
fical
ly,
c
ylin
dri
cal
p
a
rtic
le
s w
it
h
s
ha
rp ed
ges
le
a
d
to
low
e
r br
ea
kdown
volt
ages
.
Figure
6.
Com
par
is
on
of a
verage
br
ea
kdow
n v
oltages
of s
pherical
a
nd cy
l
indric
al
p
a
rtic
le
s
The
break
dow
n
volt
age
of
MO/Fe
-
1
oil
generall
y
decr
ea
se
d
for
al
l
pa
rtic
le
s
co
mp
a
re
d
t
o
that
of
M
O
oil.
H
ow
e
ver,
with
an
i
ncr
ea
se
in
the
na
no
par
ti
cl
e
co
nce
ntrati
on,
the
re
is
an
increas
e
in
the
break
dow
n
vo
lt
age
of
t
he
oil,
as
e
vid
e
nc
ed
by
the
co
nc
entrati
ons
of
M
O/Fe
-
2
a
nd
M
O/Fe
-
3.
The
break
dow
n
vo
lt
age
of
oil
con
ta
ini
ng
sp
he
rical
pa
rtic
le
s
te
nd
e
d
to
increase
in
t
he
M
O/Fe
-
3
co
nc
entrati
on
w
he
n
co
mp
a
re
d
wi
th
MO
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IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng,
V
ol.
15
, No
.
1
,
Febr
uary
20
25
:
56
-
66
62
oil.
T
his
sug
ge
sts
that
t
he
pre
sence
of
spher
ic
al
par
ti
cl
es
i
n
t
he
na
noflui
d
oil
on
l
y
e
nh
anced
the
br
ea
kdown
value,
par
ti
cul
arly
at
the
M
O
/Fe
-
3
co
nce
ntr
at
ion
.
O
n
the
ot
her
ha
nd,
oil
c
on
ta
ini
ng
c
ylin
dr
ic
al
par
ti
cl
es
te
nds
to
ex
hib
it
a
de
cl
ine
in
perf
ormance
f
or
na
noflui
d
oil,
inclu
ding
MO/Fe
-
1,
MO/Fe
-
2,
a
nd
M
O/Fe
-
3,
a
s
ind
ic
at
ed
by
a
lo
wer
br
ea
kdown
volt
age
va
lue
in
c
ompa
rison
t
o
MO
oi
l.
This
in
dicat
es
that
the
im
pact
of
cylindri
cal
p
a
rt
ic
le
s o
n
the
na
noflui
d oil
lead
s to
a
r
e
du
ct
i
on in
the
brea
kdown
volt
age.
Figure
7
pr
ovides
a
vis
ual
represe
ntati
on
of
t
he
a
bili
ty
of
Fe
3
O
4
na
nopa
rtic
le
s
to
e
nh
a
nce
th
e
diele
ct
ric
stre
ng
t
h
of
mine
r
al
oil.
W
he
n
su
bject
e
d
t
o
a
n
el
ect
ric
fiel
d,
the
Fe
3
O
4
nano
fluid
s
e
xhibit
a
ph
e
nome
non
wh
e
re p
os
it
ive ion
c
harges
ac
cum
ulate
on
th
e
su
r
face o
f
t
he
Fe
3
O
4
na
nopa
rtic
le
s.
These p
os
it
ive
charges
t
hen
at
tract
ne
gative
i
on
s
,
resu
lt
in
g
i
n
the
f
ormat
io
n
of
a
n
el
ect
ric
double
la
ye
r
(
EDL
).
T
he
c
ompact
la
yer
,
loc
at
ed
near
the
Fe
3
O
4
s
urface,
c
on
si
sts
of
ne
gativel
y
cha
rg
e
d
io
ns
that
are
tra
ppe
d
an
d
dra
wn
to
wards
the
Fe
3
O
4
s
urf
ace.
As
t
he
dis
ta
nce
from
t
he
Fe
3
O
4
surfa
ce
increases
,
the
charge
den
sit
y
in
the
co
mpa
c
t
la
yer
gr
a
dual
ly
decre
ases
unti
l
it
re
aches
ze
ro
in
the
el
ect
rical
ly
neu
t
ral
re
gion
of
the
flui
d.
T
he
ions
pr
ese
nt
i
n
this
reg
i
on
are
known
as
th
e
di
ffuse
la
yer
,
w
hi
ch
e
xp
e
rience
s
le
ss
in
flue
nce
from
el
e
ct
ro
st
at
ic
interact
ions
with
the Fe
3
O
4
na
no
par
ti
cl
es
[
25]
.
D
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
F
e
3
O
4
n
a
n
o
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
,
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
n
a
n
o
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
i
n
t
o
m
i
c
r
o
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
t
a
k
e
s
p
l
a
c
e
,
r
e
s
u
l
t
i
n
g
i
n
a
n
a
u
g
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
a
t
o
m
i
c
s
i
z
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
e
t
a
l
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
,
a
s
d
e
p
i
c
t
e
d
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
i
s
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
n
i
s
a
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
c
h
a
n
ge
o
f
v
a
l
e
n
c
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
s
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
,
l
e
a
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
t
h
i
c
k
e
n
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
l
a
y
e
r
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
s
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
e
t
a
l
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
.
C
o
n
s
e
q
u
e
n
t
l
y
,
t
h
i
s
h
a
s
r
e
p
e
r
c
u
s
s
i
o
n
s
o
n
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
p
e
c
i
m
e
n
u
n
d
e
r
e
x
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
r
e
b
y
c
a
u
s
i
n
g
a
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
b
r
e
a
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
t
he
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
n
g
o
i
l
w
h
e
n
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
m
e
t
.
Figure
7.
Brea
kdown
m
ec
hani
sm in Fe
3
O
4
n
anoflui
d
Figure
8.
F
or
m
at
ion
of
ne
w
F
E
micr
op
a
rtic
le
s
by F
e
3
O
4
na
nopa
rtic
le
s
3.3.
El
ectric
f
ie
ld distribu
tion
sim
ula
tion
The
FE
M
-
base
d
softwa
re
C
O
M
S
OL
5.6
wa
s
util
iz
ed
to
c
onduct
sim
ulat
ion
s
on
t
he
dis
tribu
ti
on
of
el
ect
ric
fiel
ds
.
Var
ia
ti
ons
i
n
t
he
c
oncentrati
on
of
na
nopa
rtic
le
s
resu
lt
e
d
i
n
discre
pa
ncies
in
t
he
value
s
of
t
he
Re
la
ti
ve
Permi
tt
ivit
y
pa
ramet
er
for
t
he
na
nofluid.
T
hese
s
pe
ci
fic
pa
ramet
er
values
wer
e
inco
rpor
at
e
d
i
nt
o
the
so
ft
war
e
th
rou
gh
mate
rial
de
finiti
on.
T
he
meta
l
pa
rtic
le
s
we
re
posit
ione
d
betwee
n
th
e
tw
o
el
ect
r
od
es
at
t
he
center.
P
ure
mineral
oil
an
d
na
noflui
d
ser
ve
d
a
s
t
he
ins
ulati
ng
mate
rial
s
s
urrou
nd
i
ng
t
he
el
ect
rodes
a
nd
meta
l
par
ti
cl
es.
A
volt
age
of
30
kV
was
a
ppli
ed
t
o
the
te
rmi
nal
el
ect
ro
de
,
wh
i
ch
was
determ
ined
by
a
ver
a
gi
ng
t
he
small
est
Break
d
ow
n
V
oltage
values
obta
ine
d
f
rom
var
i
ou
s
te
sts
with
different
var
ia
ti
on
s.
S
ub
se
quentl
y,
t
he
oth
e
r
el
ect
r
od
e
w
as
co
nnect
ed
to
the
gr
ound.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
In
fl
ue
nce
of
m
et
al partic
le
s s
hape o
n
direct
curre
nt
volta
ge
elec
tri
c p
rope
rti
es
…
(
D
ania
r Fah
mi
)
63
Figures
9
a
nd
10
dep
ic
t
t
he
r
ecorde
d
el
ect
ri
c
fiel
d
values
in
MO
oil
that
has
bee
n
c
onta
minate
d
with
bo
t
h
s
pherical
and
c
ylindric
al
meta
l
par
ti
cl
es.
It
is
obser
ve
d
t
hat
the
el
ect
ric
fiel
d
value
in
the
oil
c
onta
inin
g
sp
he
rical
par
ti
cl
es
with
a
diamet
er
of
1
m
m
s
how
n
in
F
igure
9(a)
is
c
omparati
vel
y
s
mall
er,
meas
uri
ng
at
6.32
×
106
V/m.
O
n
t
he
oth
e
r
hand,
the
el
ect
ric
fiel
d
val
ue
for
s
pherical
pa
rtic
le
s
with
a
diamet
er
of
3
mm
a
s
seen
in
Fi
gure
9(
b)
is
sli
gh
tl
y
hi
gh
e
r,
mea
su
ri
ng
at
6.3
6×
106
V/
m.
T
hi
s
obse
rv
at
io
n
ind
ic
at
es
t
hat
as
the
par
ti
cl
e
siz
e
i
ncr
ease
d,
the
measu
red
el
ec
tric
fiel
d
valu
e
al
so
i
ncr
ea
s
ed
wh
ic
h
le
a
ds
to
l
ow
e
r
v
a
lue
of
br
ea
kdow
n vo
l
ta
ges.
In
the
case
of
oil
co
ntainin
g
cylindri
cal
part
ic
le
s,
the
el
ec
tric
fiel
d
val
ue
dif
fers
de
pendin
g
on
t
he
sh
a
pe
of
the
pa
rtic
le
s.
F
or
s
ha
rp
cyli
ndrical
par
ti
cl
es
in
Fi
gure
10
(a)
,
the
e
le
ct
ric
fiel
d
val
ue
was
meas
ured
at
2.36
×
10
4
kV
/
m.
Co
nversel
y,
for
blunt
cylinde
r
par
ti
cl
es
as
seen
in
Fig
ure
10(
b)
,
the
val
ue
was
8.03
×
10
3
kV/m.
Furthe
rm
ore,
for
t
he
c
ylin
der
mi
x
par
ti
cl
es
dep
ic
te
d
in
Figure
10(c
)
,
t
he
el
ect
ric
fiel
d
value
was
rec
orde
d
a
s
2.4
3×10
4
kV
/
m.
T
his
fin
di
ng
de
m
on
st
rates
that
cylin
dr
ic
a
l
par
ti
cl
es
with
a
sh
a
rp
ti
p
ex
hi
bit
a
higher
el
ect
ric
fiel
d
val
ue
co
mp
a
red
t
o
th
ose
with
a
blunt
ti
p.
Table
3
pr
esents
the
el
ec
tric
fiel
d
val
ue
s
for
each
pa
rtic
le
.
It
is
evide
nt
that
the
el
ect
ric
fiel
d
value
i
s
cl
os
el
y
ass
oc
ia
te
d
with
th
e
br
ea
kd
own
vo
lt
age
,
wh
e
re
by
a
n
i
nc
rease
i
n
t
he
el
ect
ric
fiel
d
value
le
a
ds
to
a
de
crease
i
n
t
he
br
ea
kdow
n
volt
age
value
of
the
te
st
sample.
(a)
(b)
Figure
9. Ele
ct
ric fiel
d o
f
s
pherical
p
a
rtic
le
s (
a)
1 mm a
nd
(
b) 3 mm
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
10. Elec
tric
f
ie
ld
of cyl
indric
al
p
a
rtic
le
s (
a
)
s
harp,
(b
) blu
nt,
a
nd (
c
)
mixe
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng,
V
ol.
15
, No
.
1
,
Febr
uary
20
25
:
56
-
66
64
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
stu
dy
on
t
he
im
pact
of
c
on
ta
mi
nan
t
s
ha
pes
on
the
el
ect
rical
pro
pert
ie
s
of
nano
flu
id
has
bee
n
com
plete
d.
T
he
researc
h
fi
nding
s
in
dicat
e
that
la
rg
e
r
pa
rtic
l
e
siz
es
necessit
at
e
a
hig
her
vo
lt
age
f
or
le
vi
ta
ti
on,
wh
e
reas
s
harp
er
pa
rtic
le
s
re
qu
i
re
a
lo
wer
l
evita
ti
on
vo
lt
a
ge.
More
ov
e
r,
the
co
nce
ntrati
on
of
na
noflui
d
al
so
plays
a
r
ole
i
n
deter
minin
g
the
le
vitat
io
n
volt
age
le
ve
l.
O
n
the
oth
er
hand,
the
exa
minati
on
of
oil
con
ta
mi
nated
with
meta
l
pa
rtic
le
s
us
i
ng
break
dow
n
volt
age
te
sti
ng
de
monstrate
s
an
in
ver
se
c
orre
la
ti
on
betwee
n
pa
rtic
le
siz
e
a
nd
breakdo
wn
vo
lt
a
ge
value
.
A
dd
it
ion
al
ly,
the
br
ea
kdow
n
vo
lt
age
te
sti
ng
of
oil
con
ta
mi
nated wit
h
s
ph
e
rical
and cylin
dr
ic
al
met
al
p
arti
cl
es
r
eveals t
hat th
e p
re
sence
of c
ylindric
al
p
a
rtic
le
s in
the
oil
le
ads
to
lo
wer
brea
kdown
volt
age
va
lues
c
ompar
e
d
t
o
s
pherical
par
ti
cl
es.
Re
s
ul
ts
from
el
ect
ri
c
fiel
d
simulat
ion
s
ca
rr
ie
d
out
with
sp
eci
al
iz
ed
s
of
t
war
e
s
how
that
the
el
ect
ri
c
fiel
d
v
al
ue
within
oil
-
c
on
t
ai
nin
g
par
ti
cl
es
i
ncr
e
ases
with
the
siz
e
of
the
part
ic
le
.
Furthe
rm
or
e
,
it
has
bee
n
est
ablishe
d
that
t
he
el
ect
ri
c
fiel
d
value o
n
the
si
de of
a c
ylindri
cal
p
arti
cl
e w
it
h
a
sh
a
rp ti
p
is
higher
tha
n
tha
t on the
blunt t
i
p
si
de.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
utho
rs
would
li
ke
t
o
ex
pr
es
s
thei
r
sincer
e
gr
at
it
ud
e
to
the
la
bora
nts
i
n
the
High
Vo
lt
a
ge
Lab
or
at
or
y,
De
par
tme
nt
of
El
ect
rical
En
gin
e
erin
g,
I
ns
ti
tut
Tek
no
l
og
i
Sepulu
h
N
op
e
mb
e
r,
f
or
their
in
va
luable
assist
ance
in
c
onduct
ing
the
exp
e
rime
nts
for
this
stu
dy.
T
heir
e
xperti
se
and
ded
ic
at
io
n
we
re
es
sentia
l
to
t
he
su
ccess
fu
l
c
omplet
ion
of
th
is
researc
h.
T
hey
al
s
o
pro
vid
e
al
l
the
nec
essar
y
eq
uipm
ent
an
d
inst
rument
s
require
d
to
s
upport this
resea
r
ch
in
achie
ving
it
s f
inal
ou
tc
ome
s.
REFE
RENCE
S
[1]
I.
M.
Y.
Neg
ar
a,
D.
Fah
m
i
,
D.
A.
Asfani
,
I.
G
.
N.
S
.
H
ernan
d
a,
M.
W
ah
y
u
d
i,
an
d
M.
N
.
Ibrahi
m
,
“
Ef
f
ect
o
f
floatin
g
m
eta
lli
c
p
articles
in
p
r
e
-
b
r
eakd
o
wn
an
d
b
reakd
o
wn
ch
arac
teri
stics
o
f
o
il
t
rans
f
o
rm
er
u
n
d
er
DC
v
o
ltag
e,”
Ener
g
ies
,
v
o
l.
1
4
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i: 1
0
.33
9
0
/en
1
4
1
2
3
6
6
9
.
[2]
M.
M
.
E
m
ara
et
a
l
.
,
“Ther
m
al
an
d
d
ielectric
p
er
form
an
ce
o
f
ester
o
il
-
b
ased
p
en
ty
l
-
g
raph
en
e
n
an
o
fluid
s,”
IE
E
E
Tra
n
sa
ctio
n
s
o
n
Dielectri
cs a
n
d
E
l
ectrica
l I
n
su
la
tio
n
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
: 10
.11
0
9
/TDE
I.
2
0
2
2
.31
6
3
8
1
4
.
[3]
B.
X
.
Du
,
X
.
L.
L
i,
an
d
J.
Li,
“The
r
m
al
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
an
d
d
ielectric
ch
ar
acter
istics
o
f
trans
form
e
r
o
il
fill
ed
with
b
n
an
d
Fe
3
O
4
n
an
o
p
articles,”
IE
EE
Tra
n
sa
ctio
n
s
o
n
Dielectrics
a
n
d
Electrica
l
Ins
u
la
tio
n
,
v
o
l.
2
2
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
5
3
0
–
2
5
3
6
,
Oct.
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i: 10
.1109
/TDE
I
.20
1
5
.0050
7
9
.
[4]
K.
N.
Ko
u
tras
et
a
l.
,
“Dielect
ric
a
n
d
th
erm
al
resp
o
n
se
o
f
T
i
O
2
an
d
SiC
n
atu
ral
ester
b
ased
n
an
o
fluid
s
for
u
se
in
p
o
we
r
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
s
,
”
I
E
E
E
A
c
c
e
s
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
7
9
2
2
2
–
7
9
2
3
6
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
A
C
C
E
S
S
.
2
0
2
2
.
3
1
9
4
5
1
6
.
[
5
]
J
.
G
.
H
w
a
n
g
,
M
.
Z
a
h
n
,
F
.
M
.
O
’
S
u
l
l
i
v
a
n
,
L
.
A
.
A
.
P
e
t
t
e
r
s
s
o
n
,
O
.
H
j
o
r
t
s
t
a
m
,
a
n
d
R
.
L
i
u
,
“
E
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
n
a
n
o
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
o
n
s
t
r
e
a
m
e
r
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
i
n
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
o
i
l
-
b
a
s
e
d
n
a
n
o
f
l
u
i
d
s
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
P
h
y
s
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
1
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
6
3
/
1
.
3
2
6
7
4
7
4
.
[6]
J.
Fal,
O.
Mahian
,
an
d
G.
Zyła,
“Nan
o
fluid
s
in
th
e
serv
ice
o
f
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
trans
form
ers:
Br
ea
k
d
o
wn
p
rop
erties
o
f
trans
for
m
er
o
ils
with
nan
o
p
articles,
a r
ev
ie
w,”
Ener
g
ies
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i: 1
0
.33
9
0
/en
1
1
1
1
2
9
4
2
.
[7]
Q.
Ch
en
,
A
.
Bero
u
al,
W
.
Si
m
a
,
an
d
P
.
Su
n
,
“AC
an
d
lig
h
tn
in
g
im
p
u
lse
b
reakd
o
wn
v
o
ltag
e
co
m
p
arative
stu
d
y
o
f
m
in
eral
o
il
-
b
ased
Fe
3
O
4
,
Al
2
O
3
,
an
d
T
i
O
2
n
an
o
fluid
s,”
IE
EE
Tra
n
sa
ctio
n
s
o
n
Dielectrics
a
n
d
Electrica
l
Ins
u
la
tio
n
,
v
o
l.
3
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
7
8
–
2
8
7
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i: 1
0
.11
0
9
/TDE
I.
2
0
2
3
.33
0
9
7
7
0
.
[8]
A.
Be
rou
al
an
d
U
.
Kh
aled
,
“E
ff
ect
o
f
n
an
o
p
articles’
m
ix
tu
res
o
n
AC
b
re
ak
d
o
wn
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
m
in
e
ral
o
il
,”
IE
E
E
Tra
n
sa
ctio
n
s
o
n
Dielectri
cs a
n
d
E
l
ectrica
l I
n
su
la
tio
n
,
v
o
l.
2
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
2
1
6
–
1
2
2
2
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i: 10
.1109
/TDE
I
.20
2
1
.0095
4
5
.
[9]
C.
Pan
,
J.
Tang
,
X.
T
ao
,
Y.
Zhan
g
,
an
d
S.
Ma,
“Par
tial
d
isch
arge
an
d
b
reakd
o
wn
ch
ara
cteristics
o
f
m
o
v
i
n
g
trans
form
e
r
o
il
co
n
tam
in
ated
b
y
m
etallic
p
a
rticles,”
IE
E
E
Tra
n
sa
ctio
n
s
o
n
Dielectrics
a
n
d
Electrica
l
Ins
u
la
tio
n
,
v
o
l.
2
5
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
7
7
4
–
1
7
8
4
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i: 1
0
.11
0
9
/TDE
I.
2
0
1
8
.00
7
1
8
2
.
[10
]
J. T
.
S
.
Ma
e
t al.
,
“
Inv
estig
atio
n
of partial dis
ch
arge
between
m
o
v
in
g
charged
m
etal
particles
and
elect
rod
es in
i
n
su
latin
g
oil u
n
d
er
flow
state
an
d
AC
co
n
d
itio
n
,”
IE
E
E
Tra
n
sa
ctio
n
s
o
n
Dielectrics
a
n
d
Ele
c
tr
ica
l
Ins
u
la
tio
n
,
v
o
l.
2
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
9
9
–
1
1
0
5
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i: 10
.1109
/TDE
I
.20
1
5
.0054
4
8
.
[11
]
P.
W
an
g
,
N.
Zhan
g
,
J.
Xu
,
J
.
Zhan
g
,
an
d
B.
He,
“Ch
arg
in
g
ch
arac
teristics
o
f
m
ic
romete
r
-
siz
e
d
m
etal
p
a
rticles
a
n
d
th
eir
eff
e
cts
o
n
p
artial
d
isch
arge
o
f
in
su
latin
g
o
il
i
n
flowin
g
,”
IE
E
E
Tra
n
sa
ctio
n
s
o
n
Dielectrics
a
n
d
Electrica
l
Ins
u
la
tio
n
,
v
o
l.
3
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
1
4
5
–
1
1
5
3
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i: 10
.1109
/TDE
I.
2
0
2
2
.32
3
3
0
0
8
.
[12
]
J.
Li,
Q.
Hu
,
X.
Z
h
ao
,
X.
Yao
,
Y
.
Y
ao
an
d
Y.
Yao
,
“P
artial
-
d
isch
arge
ch
arac
te
ristics
o
f
f
re
e
sp
h
erica
l
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
p
articles
u
n
d
e
r
AC co
n
d
itio
n
in trans
form
er
oils
,”
IE
EE
Tra
n
sa
ctio
n
s o
n
P
o
wer
Delivery
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
5
3
8
–
5
4
6
,
2
0
1
1
.
[13
]
K.
W
an
g
,
F.
W
an
g
,
J.
Li,
Q.
Zhao
,
G.
W
en
,
an
d
T.
Z
h
an
g
,
“Ef
fect
o
f
m
etal
p
articles
o
n
th
e
electric
al
p
rop
ert
ies
o
f
m
in
eral
an
d
n
atu
ral
ester
o
ils,
”
I
EE
E
Tra
n
sa
ctio
n
s
o
n
Dielectri
cs
a
n
d
Electrica
l
Ins
u
la
tio
n
,
v
o
l.
2
5
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
6
2
1
–
1
6
2
7
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i: 10
.1109
/TDE
I
.20
1
8
.0069
0
9
.
[14
]
R.
Sarathi
an
d
M.
Archan
a,
“Inv
estig
atio
n
o
f
p
artial
d
is
ch
arge
activ
ity
b
y
a
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
p
article
in
trans
form
e
r
o
il
u
n
d
er
h
arm
o
n
ic
AC
v
o
ltag
es
ad
o
p
tin
g
UHF
tech
n
iq
u
e,”
IE
EE
Tra
n
sa
ctio
n
s
o
n
Dielectrics
a
n
d
Elec
trica
l
Ins
u
la
tio
n
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
5
1
4
–
1
5
2
0
,
2
0
1
2
,
d
o
i: 10
.1109
/TDE
I.
2
0
1
2
.63
1
1
4
9
5
.
[15
]
P.
Muan
g
p
ratoo
m
an
d
N
.
Pattan
ad
e
ch
,
“Br
eakd
o
wn
a
n
d
p
artial
d
isch
ar
g
e
ch
arac
t
eristics
o
f
m
in
eral
o
il
-
b
as
ed
n
an
o
fluid
s,”
I
E
T
S
cien
ce,
Mea
su
remen
t an
d
Techn
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
6
0
9
–
6
1
6
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i: 10
.10
4
9
/iet
-
s
m
t.20
1
7
.00
8
0
.
[16
]
Y.
Yu
,
A.
M
en
d
o
za
-
Garc
ia,
B
.
N
in
g
,
an
d
S.
Su
n
,
“Co
b
alt
-
su
b
stitu
t
ed
m
ag
n
et
ite
n
an
o
p
articles
an
d
th
eir
ass
e
m
b
ly
in
to
fer
ri
m
ag
n
etic nan
o
p
article
a
rr
ay
s,”
A
d
va
n
ced Ma
teria
ls
,
v
o
l.
2
5
,
n
o
.
2
2
,
p
p
.
3
0
9
0
–
3
0
9
4
,
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i: 10
.10
0
2
/ad
m
a.20
1
3
0
0
5
9
5
.
[17
]
T.
W
.
Lin
an
d
H.
C.
W
en
g
,
“
Elect
r
o
statically
stab
iliz
ed
n
an
o
fluid
p
reparation
b
y
ch
e
m
i
c
al
co
-
p
re
cip
itatio
n
an
d
th
e
ef
fect
o
f
p
article
size
on
nan
o
fluid
vis
co
sity
,”
S
ma
rt S
cien
ce
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
9
7
–
2
0
4
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i: 10
.
1
0
8
0
/
2
3
0
8
0
4
7
7
.2018
.14
5
6
7
1
3
.
[18
]
Y.
Y.
W
an
g
,
Y
.
L.
Li,
C.
W
ei,
J.
Zhan
g
,
an
d
X.
Li,
“Co
p
p
er
p
arti
cle
eff
ect
o
n
th
e
b
rea
k
d
o
wn
stren
g
th
o
f
in
su
latin
g
o
il
at
co
m
b
in
ed
AC
an
d
DC
v
o
ltag
e,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Electrica
l
Eng
in
eerin
g
a
n
d
Tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
8
6
5
–
8
7
3
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i: 10
.5370
/JEET
.20
1
7
.12
.2.8
6
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
In
fl
ue
nce
of
m
et
al partic
le
s s
hape o
n
direct
curre
nt
volta
ge
elec
tri
c p
rope
rti
es
…
(
D
ania
r Fah
mi
)
65
[19
]
C.
Gu
,
J.
Zho
u
,
J
.
T
an
g
,
X
.
Luo
,
W
.
Zhu
,
an
d
M
.
Zhu
,
“Inv
estig
atio
n
s
o
f
p
artial
d
isch
arge
ch
ar
acter
isti
c
s
o
f
m
o
v
in
g
m
eta
l
p
articles
in
t
rans
form
e
r
o
il
flow
u
n
d
er
AC
v
o
ltag
e,”
in
2
0
1
8
Inte
rn
a
tio
n
a
l
Co
n
fere
n
ce
o
n
Pow
er
S
ystem
Tech
n
o
lo
g
y,
POWE
RCON 2
0
1
8
-
Pro
ceedin
g
s
,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
3
3
8
3
–
3
3
8
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.11
0
9
/POW
ERCON.2
0
1
8
.86
0
2
2
8
8
.
[20
]
C.
Pan
,
J.
Tang
,
Y
.
Zhan
g
,
X.
Luo
,
a
n
d
X.
Li
,
“
Vari
ati
o
n
o
f
d
isch
arge
ch
arac
te
ristics
wi
th
t
em
p
eratur
e
in
m
o
v
in
g
trans
form
e
r
o
il
co
n
tam
in
ated
by
metallic p
arti
cles,”
I
EE
E
A
cc
ess
,
v
o
l.
6
,
p
p
.
4
0
0
5
0
–
4
0
0
5
8
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i: 10
.11
0
9
/ACC
ESS.
2
0
1
8
.28
5
6
5
8
0
.
[21
]
R.
E.
Sm
al
lm
an
a
n
d
R.
J.
Bis
h
o
p
,
“Mod
ern
p
h
y
sical
m
etallu
rgy
an
d
m
ate
rials
en
g
in
eer
in
g
:
scien
ce,
p
rocess
,
ap
p
licatio
n
s,”
Butter
wo
rth
Heinema
n
n
,
p
p
.
3
2
0
–
3
5
0
,
1
9
9
9
.
[22
]
W
.
Gu
an
et
a
l.
,
“
Fin
ite
ele
m
en
t
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
h
eat
tran
sfer
i
n
a
n
an
o
fluid
filled
trans
for
m
e
r
,”
IE
E
E
Tra
n
sa
ctio
n
s
o
n
Ma
g
n
etics
,
v
o
l.
5
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
5
3
–
2
5
6
,
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i: 10
.11
0
9
/TM
AG.
2
0
1
3
.2
2
7
9
4
7
9
.
[23
]
R.
Tob
azeon
,
“B
eh
av
io
u
r
o
f
sp
h
erica
l
an
d
cy
lin
d
ric
al
p
articles
in
an
in
su
latin
g
liq
u
id
su
b
jected
to
a
DC
u
n
iform
fie
ld
,”
in
12
th
Inter
n
a
tio
n
a
l Co
n
feren
ce Co
n
d
u
ctio
n
and Brea
kd
o
wn
in Dielectric Liq
u
id
s
,
1
9
9
6
,
p
p
.
41
5
–
4
2
0
.
[24
]
D.
F
ah
m
i,
H
.
A.
Il
lias,
H
.
Mok
h
lis,
a
n
d
I.
M.
Y
.
Neg
ar
a,
“
Nu
m
e
rical
in
v
estig
atio
n
o
f
n
eg
at
iv
e
co
ron
a
d
isch
ar
g
e
fr
o
m
p
rotru
sio
n
o
n
p
arallel
p
lan
e
electrod
es
in
ai
r
i
n
su
latio
n
,”
IE
E
E
Tra
n
sa
ctio
n
s
o
n
Plas
ma
S
cien
ce
,
v
o
l.
5
0
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
3
8
3
0
–
3
8
3
8
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i: 10
.1109
/TPS.20
2
2
.3
2
0
5
3
8
1
.
[25
]
H.
Jin
,
T
.
An
d
rits
ch
,
I.
A.
Tsek
m
es
,
R.
Ko
ch
eto
v
,
P.
H.
F.
Morsh
u
is,
an
d
J.
J.
Sm
it
,
“P
rop
erties
o
f
m
in
er
al
o
il
b
ased
silica
n
an
o
fluid
s,”
IE
E
E
Tra
n
sa
ctio
n
s
o
n
Dielectrics
a
n
d
Electrica
l
In
su
la
tio
n
,
v
o
l.
2
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
1
0
0
–
1
1
0
8
,
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i: 10
.1109
/TDE
I
.20
1
4
.6832
2
5
4
.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Dan
iar
Fahmi
re
ce
iv
ed
the
B
.
Eng.
and
M.
En
g.
d
egr
ee
s
in
ele
ct
ri
ca
l
eng
ineer
in
g
from
the
Sepulu
h
Nopemb
er
Instit
ut
e
of
Technol
ogy
(IT
S),
Sura
baya
,
Indon
esia,
in
2011
and
2013,
respe
c
ti
ve
ly.
He
had
Ph.
D.
d
egr
ee
in
elec
tr
ic
a
l
engi
n
eering
wi
th
Unive
rsiti
Mala
y
a
,
Kuala
Lum
p
ur
,
Mala
ysia
in
202
3.
He
has
b
ee
n
a
lectur
e
r
in
ITS
Suraba
ya
sin
ce
2014.
He
has
al
re
ady
ta
k
en
p
art
in
mor
e
th
an
30
publ
ic
a
ti
ons
.
His
cur
ren
t
r
ese
arc
h
int
er
ests
i
ncl
ude
hig
h
volt
ag
e
(HV
)
gene
ra
ti
on,
par
t
ial
discha
rg
e
(PD
)
me
asur
em
en
t
and
modeling
,
t
ran
sform
er
insula
ti
on
,
and
g
as
insulation cha
rac
t
eri
sti
cs.
He
c
an
be
con
ta
c
te
d
at
:
daniarfa
h
mi@
ee
.
it
s.a
c.id.
Muhammad
Fadlan
Akbar
is
an
und
erg
rad
uat
e
student
m
ajoring
in
elec
tri
c
a
l
engi
ne
eri
ng.
Cur
ren
tl
y
ta
king
a
ma
ster’
s
d
egr
ee i
n
the
study
field
o
f
power
sys
tem
engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
serve
d
as
a
n
assistant
coor
dina
tor
in
High
Volta
ge
La
bor
atory
,
Depa
r
tm
en
t
of
Elec
tr
ical
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
In
stit
ut
T
eknol
ogi
Sepuluh
Nope
mbe
r
(IT
S).
He
c
an
b
e
contac
t
ed
at
emai
l:
5022201171@s
tude
nt.its.
a
c.id.
I
Made
Yu
li
stya
Negar
a
recei
ved
a
B.
Eng.
d
egr
ee
in
e
le
c
tric
al
eng
ine
e
ring
fro
m
the
Inst
it
ut
Te
kn
ologi
Sepuluh
N
opem
ber
,
Surab
aya
,
Indone
si
a,
i
n
1994,
the
M.Sc.
d
egr
e
e
in
el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
engi
n
e
eri
ng
from
Univ
ersit
a
et
Karl
sruh
e,
Deutsc
h
la
nd
,
Germ
any,
in
20
01,
an
d
th
e
Ph.D.
degr
ee
fr
om
th
e
Dep
artm
ent
of
E
lectr
i
ca
l
Engi
n
ee
r
ing,
Kyus
hu
Univer
sit
y,
Fukuoka
,
Japa
n,
2006
.
By
the
end
of
202
1,
he
was
appointed
as
a
fu
ll
pr
ofe
ss
or
at
the
D
epa
rt
me
nt
of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
,
Inst
it
ut
Te
knologi
Sepul
uh
Nopembe
r
.
His
rese
ar
ch
in
t
ere
sts
in
cl
ude
die
l
ec
tr
ic
ma
t
er
ia
l
d
ia
gnosti
c,
tra
nsien
t
on
hi
gh
-
volt
ag
e
eng
i
nee
ring
,
e
lectr
o
stat
ic,
and
rel
i
abi
l
it
y.
He ca
n
be contacted at
email:
yul
istya@
ee
.
it
s.a
c.id.
I
Gus
ti
Ngu
ra
h
Satriyadi
Hernan
da
re
ce
iv
ed
a
b
ac
h
elor’s
degr
e
e
in
th
e
Depa
rtment
of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Insti
tut
Te
knologi
Sepul
uh
Nopembe
r
(I
TS),
in
1997
.
Master
’s
degr
e
e
at
the
Instit
u
t
T
eknol
ogi
Bandu
ng
(IT
B)
in
200
1,
and
Doctor
al
educ
a
ti
on
at
ITS
in
2020
.
Sin
ce
2002
he
has
b
ee
n
a
lectur
er
a
t
the
Dep
artme
nt
of
Elec
t
rical
En
gine
er
ing
of
ITS,
Surab
aya,
Indone
si
a.
His
rese
arc
h
fi
el
d
is
ma
in
ly
in
dia
gnosis
of
e
l
ec
tr
ic
power
equi
pm
ent
,
h
igh
volt
ag
e
pheno
me
na
,
high
vo
ltage
insul
at
ion
.
He
ca
n
b
e
conta
ct
ed
at
em
a
il
:
didi
t@e
e.it
s.a
c.i
d.
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