I
n
t
e
r
n
at
ion
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
E
lec
t
r
ical
an
d
Com
p
u
t
e
r
E
n
gin
e
e
r
in
g
(
I
JE
CE
)
Vol.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
,
pp.
493
~
504
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DO
I
:
10
.
11591/i
jec
e
.
v
15
i
1
.
pp
4
93
-
504
493
Jou
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Ar
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AB
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T
RA
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A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
tor
y
:
R
e
c
e
ived
Nov
26,
2023
R
e
vis
e
d
Aug
29,
2024
Ac
c
e
pted
Oc
t
1,
2024
T
h
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p
red
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K
e
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w
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s
:
F
uz
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logi
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I
mpr
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d
f
uz
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y
logi
c
-
ba
s
e
d
P
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e
dictive
dir
e
c
ti
ona
l
g
r
e
e
dy
r
outi
ng
Ve
hicle
's
ne
ighbor
table
Ve
hicula
r
a
d
hoc
ne
twor
ks
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
ce
n
s
e.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
M
utas
e
m
Kha
li
l
Als
madi
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
M
a
na
ge
ment
of
I
nf
o
r
mation
S
ys
tems
,
C
oll
e
ge
of
Appl
ied
S
tudi
e
s
a
nd
C
omm
uni
ty
S
e
r
vice
,
I
mam
Abdulr
a
hman
B
in
F
a
is
a
l
Unive
r
s
it
y
King
F
a
is
a
l
I
bn
Abd
Al
Az
iz,
King
F
a
ys
a
l
Unive
r
s
it
y,
Da
mm
a
m
34212,
Ar
a
b
S
a
udi
E
mail:
mks
a
ls
madi@gmail.
c
om
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
I
n
ve
hicula
r
a
d
hoc
ne
twor
ks
(
VA
NE
T
s
)
,
ve
hicle
s
c
a
n
dir
e
c
tl
y
c
omm
unica
te
with
e
a
c
h
other
.
B
oth
s
a
f
e
ty
a
nd
non
-
s
a
f
e
ty
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
in
VA
NE
T
s
of
ten
ne
c
e
s
s
it
a
te
the
uti
li
z
a
ti
on
of
mul
ti
-
hop
c
omm
unica
ti
on,
a
s
highl
ight
e
d
in
[
1
]
–
[
5]
.
P
a
r
ti
c
ular
ly
in
highwa
y
e
nvir
onments
,
whe
r
e
mul
ti
-
hop
c
omm
unica
ti
on
be
c
omes
c
r
uc
ial,
the
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
of
r
out
ing
a
lgor
i
thm
s
be
c
omes
pa
r
a
mount
due
to
the
high
mobi
li
ty
of
ve
hicle
s
.
I
n
the
c
ontext
of
VA
NE
T
s
,
pos
it
ion
-
ba
s
e
d
r
outi
ng
pr
oto
c
ols
a
r
e
ga
ini
ng
pr
omi
ne
nc
e
ove
r
topol
ogy
-
ba
s
e
d
r
outi
ng
pr
otocols
,
p
r
im
a
r
il
y
due
to
the
wide
s
pr
e
a
d
a
va
il
a
b
il
it
y
a
nd
a
dva
nc
e
ment
o
f
global
pos
it
ioni
ng
s
ys
tem
(
GP
S
)
de
vice
s
.
T
he
s
e
pr
otocols
ba
s
e
their
f
or
wa
r
din
g
de
c
is
ions
on
the
ge
ogr
a
phic
loca
ti
on
inf
or
mation
of
ne
ighbor
ing
ve
hicle
s
s
tor
e
d
in
the
ve
hicle
ne
ighbor
hood
table
(
VN
T
)
,
a
s
outl
ined
in
[
6]
–
[
8
]
.
I
nc
or
r
e
c
t
pos
it
ion
inf
or
mation
c
a
n
r
e
s
ult
in
e
r
r
one
ous
f
o
r
wa
r
ding
de
c
is
ions
,
c
ons
e
que
ntl
y
lea
ding
to
s
u
bopti
mal
r
outi
ng
pr
otocol
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
a
nd,
s
ubs
e
que
ntl
y,
a
dim
ini
s
he
d
VA
NE
T
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
.
T
he
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
ther
e
a
r
is
e
s
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
493
-
504
494
ne
c
e
s
s
it
y
to
dyna
mi
c
a
ll
y
a
djus
t
pa
c
ke
t
int
e
r
va
l
ti
mes
ba
s
e
d
on
the
pr
e
va
il
ing
ne
twor
k
moveme
nt
c
ondit
ions
,
a
s
dis
c
us
s
e
d
in
[
9]
–
[
11
]
.
T
he
loca
ti
on
in
f
or
mation
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
leve
l
de
pe
nds
o
n
the
be
a
c
on
s
e
nding
f
r
e
que
nc
y.
High
mobi
li
ty
in
highwa
y
e
nvir
onments
r
e
s
ult
s
in
r
a
pid
c
ha
nge
s
in
node
loca
ti
on
.
T
his
r
e
s
ult
s
in
incor
r
e
c
t
inf
o
r
m
a
ti
on
in
VNT
[
12]
.
T
hus
,
the
be
a
c
on
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
ing
r
a
te
s
ho
uld
be
a
s
s
mall
a
s
pos
s
ibl
e
to
ha
ve
a
c
c
ur
a
te
in
f
or
mation
in
VN
T
.
S
uc
h
a
n
a
ppr
oa
c
h
incr
e
a
s
e
s
c
omm
unica
ti
on
ove
r
he
a
d
a
nd
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
the
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
the
VA
NE
T
.
Additi
ona
ll
y,
a
s
be
a
c
oning
take
s
a
long
ti
me
to
be
pe
r
f
or
med;
f
a
ls
e
inf
or
mation
wi
ll
be
incr
e
a
s
e
d
e
ve
ntually
in
VN
T
.
T
his
ne
ga
ti
ve
ly
a
f
f
e
c
ts
the
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
of
the
VA
NE
T
in
ter
ms
of
pa
c
ke
t
de
li
ve
r
y
r
a
ti
o
(
P
D
R
)
.
T
his
ins
ti
ga
tes
the
ne
c
e
s
s
it
y
f
or
a
dyna
mi
c
upda
ti
ng
a
ppr
oa
c
h
[
13]
.
I
nde
e
d,
it
is
c
r
uc
ial
to
tune
the
be
a
c
oning
os
c
ulation
ba
s
e
d
on
the
s
pe
e
d
of
node
s
in
VA
NE
T
.
I
n
the
li
te
r
a
tur
e
[
14]
–
[
18
]
,
s
e
ve
r
a
l
s
olut
io
ns
we
r
e
pr
opos
e
d
that
a
dopted
pos
it
ion
-
ba
s
e
d
r
outi
ng
pr
otocols
to
e
nha
nc
e
the
s
e
nding
of
da
ta
pa
c
ke
t
s
be
twe
e
n
ve
hicle
s
ove
r
VA
NE
T
,
but
thes
e
s
olut
ions
do
not
c
ons
ider
s
tale
inf
o
r
mation
in
VNT
.
T
his
pa
pe
r
p
r
e
s
umes
that
a
ll
pa
r
ti
c
ipating
node
s
tr
a
ve
l
with
va
r
ying
v
e
lociti
e
s
dur
ing
the
c
omm
unica
ti
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
.
I
n
t
his
c
a
s
e
,
s
tale
inf
or
mation
in
VN
T
is
incr
e
a
s
e
d
due
to
the
i
nc
ur
s
wr
ong
s
e
lec
ti
on
of
the
ne
xt
hop.
Ge
ne
r
a
ll
y
s
pe
a
king,
f
or
the
VA
NE
T
e
nvir
on
ment,
ge
og
r
a
phic
a
ppr
o
a
c
he
s
a
r
e
mor
e
a
ppr
opr
iate
c
ompar
e
d
to
topol
o
gy
-
ba
s
e
d
pr
otocols
[
5]
,
[
6
]
.
Gong
e
t
al
.
[
19
]
p
r
opos
e
a
pr
o
tocol
na
med
di
r
e
c
ti
ona
l
gr
e
e
dy
r
ou
ti
ng
(
DG
R
)
.
DG
R
is
a
unica
s
t
pos
it
ion
-
ba
s
e
d
de
s
igned
f
or
h
ighwa
y
e
nvir
onmen
ts
.
T
o
de
ter
mi
ne
the
pos
it
ion
of
the
int
e
nde
d
f
ina
l
pa
c
ke
t
tar
ge
t
de
s
ti
na
ti
on,
the
DG
R
a
lgor
i
thm
ne
e
ds
to
po
s
it
ion
f
inder
a
nd
s
table
maps
.
F
ur
ther
mor
e
,
DG
R
s
uppos
e
s
that
a
ll
pa
r
ti
c
ipating
node
s
a
r
e
a
ppr
a
is
e
d
f
or
their
s
pe
e
d
a
nd
mot
ion
dir
e
c
ti
on
.
T
o
c
omm
unica
te
with
the
f
inal
tar
ge
t,
the
DG
R
a
lgor
it
hm
s
e
nds
the
da
ta
pa
c
ke
ts
hop
-
by
-
hop
us
ing
dir
e
c
ti
ona
l
gr
e
e
dy
f
or
wa
r
din
g
(
DG
F
)
.
W
it
h
DG
F
,
a
s
our
c
e
ve
hicle
that
ha
s
a
da
ta
pa
c
k
e
t
to
be
f
or
wa
r
de
d
s
e
lec
ts
a
ve
hicle
that
is
c
los
e
s
t
to
the
de
s
ti
na
ti
on
a
nd
is
movi
ng
in
the
de
s
ti
na
ti
on’
s
di
r
e
c
ti
on.
F
u
r
ther
mo
r
e
,
if
the
pa
c
ke
t
ho
lder
doe
s
no
t
ha
ve
a
ve
hicle
in
the
di
r
e
c
ti
on
o
f
the
de
s
ti
na
ti
on
,
then
it
a
ppli
e
s
c
a
r
r
y
a
nd
f
o
r
wa
r
d
r
e
c
ove
r
y
mode.
T
he
DG
R
a
lgor
it
hm's
main
goa
l
is
to
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
loop
pr
oblem
a
ppe
a
r
a
nc
e
dur
ing
the
s
e
nding
of
the
da
ta
pa
c
ke
t
pr
oc
e
s
s
.
How
e
ve
r
,
a
c
hieving
thes
e
objec
ti
ve
s
r
e
s
ult
s
in
mo
r
e
hops
that
incur
mor
e
de
lay.
A
f
ter
wa
r
ds
,
to
e
nh
a
nc
e
the
ove
r
a
ll
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
of
the
DG
R
r
outi
ng
pr
otocol
,
s
e
ve
r
a
l
s
olut
ions
we
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nted.
Gong
e
t
al
.
[
19]
int
r
oduc
e
d
pr
oba
bil
is
ti
c
dis
tanc
e
-
ge
ogr
a
phic
r
outi
ng
(
P
DG
R
)
,
a
unica
s
t
ove
r
lay
ge
ogr
a
phica
l
-
ba
s
e
d
r
outi
ng
pr
otocol
de
s
igned
to
uti
li
z
e
both
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
nd
pr
e
dicta
ble
f
utu
r
e
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
f
o
r
f
or
wa
r
ding
pa
c
ke
ts
to
their
de
s
ti
na
ti
ons
.
P
DG
R
uti
li
z
e
s
s
tatic
digi
tal
maps
(
DG
P
S
)
to
ob
tain
ge
o
gr
a
phica
l
loca
ti
ons
,
a
nd
pa
r
ti
c
ipating
ve
hicle
s
c
ons
tantly
b
r
oa
dc
a
s
t
be
a
c
on
mes
s
a
ge
s
a
t
f
ixed
int
e
r
va
ls
.
C
ons
e
que
ntl
y,
e
a
c
h
node
c
ons
tr
uc
ts
it
s
VN
T
ba
s
e
d
on
the
in
f
or
mation
glea
ne
d
f
r
om
thes
e
be
a
c
ons
.
P
DG
R
e
mpl
oys
two
pr
im
a
r
y
s
tr
a
tegie
s
f
or
dis
c
ove
r
ing
the
ne
xt
f
or
wa
r
ding
ve
hicle
:
dir
e
c
ti
on
f
i
r
s
t
f
or
wa
r
ding
(
DFF
)
a
nd
pos
it
ion
f
ir
s
t
f
o
r
wa
r
ding
(
P
F
F
)
.
B
y
leve
r
a
ging
both
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
nd
a
nti
c
ipate
d
f
utur
e
in
f
or
mation
,
P
DG
R
c
a
l
c
ulate
s
a
we
ight
e
d
s
c
or
e
f
or
both
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
nd
potential
f
ut
ur
e
ne
ighbor
s
.
I
n
c
a
s
e
s
whe
r
e
a
pa
c
ke
t
e
nc
ounter
s
a
void,
P
DG
R
e
mpl
oys
a
c
a
r
r
y
a
nd
f
or
wa
r
d
r
e
c
ove
r
y
mod
e
unti
l
it
loca
tes
the
ne
xt
ve
hicle
movi
ng
in
the
dir
e
c
ti
on
of
the
de
s
ti
na
ti
on.
How
e
ve
r
,
a
s
igni
f
ica
nt
li
mi
tation
of
P
DG
R
is
the
potential
f
or
ne
twor
k
dis
c
onne
c
ti
on
if
a
pr
e
dicte
d
node
is
c
hos
e
n
a
s
the
ne
xt
r
e
lay
node
,
w
hich
may
f
a
ll
out
o
f
the
s
e
nde
r
's
r
a
nge
.
How
e
ve
r
,
both
methodologi
e
s
f
a
il
e
d
to
a
c
c
ount
f
o
r
the
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
leve
ls
of
node
s
dur
ing
moveme
nt,
lea
ding
to
the
f
r
e
que
nt
oc
c
ur
r
e
nc
e
of
the
void
p
r
ob
lem
due
to
high
dyna
mi
c
s
in
bo
th
pr
otocols
.
C
ons
e
que
ntl
y,
the
c
a
r
r
y
a
nd
f
or
wa
r
d
r
e
c
ove
r
y
method
mus
t
be
a
ppli
e
d
f
r
e
que
ntl
y
.
T
he
pr
i
mar
y
c
a
us
e
of
the
void
pr
oblem
li
e
s
in
the
pr
e
s
e
nc
e
of
s
tale
inf
or
mation
in
the
V
NT
,
ther
e
by
dim
ini
s
hing
the
ove
r
a
ll
ne
twor
k
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
.
Additi
ona
ll
y,
both
DG
R
a
nd
P
DG
R
a
s
s
ume
ve
hicl
e
s
move
a
t
a
c
ons
tant
s
pe
e
d,
whic
h
is
of
ten
not
the
c
a
s
e
in
the
VA
NE
T
e
nvir
on
ment.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
both
p
r
otoc
ols
uti
li
z
e
a
f
ixed
int
e
r
va
l
ti
me
f
or
r
e
movi
ng
a
ne
ighbor
f
r
om
a
VN
T
.
I
n
DG
R
a
nd
P
DG
R
,
the
e
ntr
y
li
f
e
ti
me
of
ne
ighbor
s
is
s
e
t
a
s
thr
e
e
ti
mes
the
be
a
c
on
mes
s
a
ge
f
r
e
que
nc
y
pe
r
iod.
How
e
ve
r
,
pr
e
-
de
ter
mi
ning
the
e
ntr
y
pe
r
iod
in
a
dva
nc
e
is
im
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
in
VA
NE
T
a
nd
may
a
dve
r
s
e
ly
a
f
f
e
c
t
the
r
outi
ng
p
r
otocol's
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
.
T
his
s
tudy's
pr
im
a
r
y
c
ont
r
ibut
ion
is
to
e
n
s
ur
e
the
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
of
inf
or
mation
in
the
VN
T
,
a
i
mi
ng
to
e
nha
nc
e
the
r
e
li
a
bil
it
y
a
nd
s
c
a
labili
ty
of
P
DG
R
w
it
hin
the
VA
NE
T
domain.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
a
ppr
oa
c
h
invol
ve
s
a
djus
ti
ng
the
be
a
c
on
int
e
r
va
l
ba
s
e
d
on
the
node
s
'
mot
ion
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
.
T
he
nove
l
a
ppr
oa
c
h
int
r
oduc
e
s
a
f
uz
z
y
logi
c
-
ba
s
e
d
be
a
c
oning
s
c
he
me
(
F
L
B
S
)
to
a
c
hieve
opti
mal
r
outi
ng.
T
he
r
e
mainde
r
of
thi
s
s
tudy
is
s
tr
uc
tur
e
d
a
s
f
oll
ows
:
s
e
c
ti
on
2
r
e
view
s
r
e
late
d
pos
it
i
on
-
ba
s
e
d
r
outi
ng
s
tudi
e
s
in
VA
NE
T
s
.
S
e
c
ti
on
3
p
r
ovides
a
de
tailed
e
xplana
ti
on
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
im
p
r
ove
d
P
DG
R
(
I
P
DG
R
)
.
S
e
c
ti
on
4
de
s
c
r
ibes
the
e
va
luation
o
f
th
e
pr
opos
e
d
r
outi
ng
s
c
he
me,
including
c
r
oppe
d
r
e
s
ult
s
a
nd
a
c
c
ompanying
dis
c
us
s
ions
.
F
inally,
s
e
c
ti
on
5
c
onc
l
ude
s
thi
s
pa
pe
r
's
f
indi
ngs
.
2.
OB
JE
CT
I
VE
S
AN
D
AR
CHI
T
E
CT
UR
E
OF
T
HE
P
ROP
OS
E
D
I
M
P
ROVE
D
P
DGR
T
his
s
e
c
ti
on
e
xplor
e
s
a
nd
pr
e
s
e
nts
the
de
s
ign
of
t
he
pr
opos
e
d
r
out
ing
p
r
otocol
I
P
DG
R
.
T
he
ove
r
a
ll
goa
l
of
the
I
P
DG
R
a
lgor
it
h
m
is
to
dyna
mi
c
a
ll
y
e
n
s
ur
e
a
nd
maintain
up
-
to
-
da
te
node
s
’
s
tatus
inf
or
mation
in
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
E
nhanc
ing
r
outi
ng
e
ff
icie
nc
y
in
highw
ay
e
nv
ir
onme
nts
of
v
e
hicular
ad
hoc
…
(
M
ahmoud
A
.
A
l
Shugr
a
n
)
495
VN
T
.
T
he
p
r
opos
a
l
is
mainly
to
hir
e
a
f
uz
z
y
logi
c
c
ontr
oll
e
r
[
20
]
in
it
s
de
s
ign.
T
hus
,
the
int
e
nde
d
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
the
p
r
opos
a
l
c
a
n
be
thor
oughly
im
pr
ove
d
a
nd
c
a
n
a
tt
a
in
it
s
objec
ti
ve
.
T
his
s
e
c
ti
on
pr
e
s
e
nts
a
n
a
dopted
method
to
s
e
nd
be
a
c
ons
that
is
c
ompatib
le
with
the
VA
N
E
T
e
nvi
r
onment.
T
he
a
dopted
m
e
thod
is
ba
s
e
d
on
the
f
uz
z
y
logi
c
c
ontr
oll
e
r
(
F
L
C
)
c
a
ll
e
d
t
he
F
L
B
S
.
B
y
a
pplyi
ng
the
F
L
B
S
a
ppr
oa
c
h,
a
ve
hi
c
le
us
e
s
F
L
C
to
de
c
ide
whe
n
the
ne
w
be
a
c
on
mus
t
be
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
d.
T
he
ove
r
a
ll
goa
l
o
f
F
L
B
S
is
to
dyna
mi
c
a
ll
y
e
ns
ur
e
up
-
to
-
da
te
V
NT
.
T
he
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
on
of
the
F
L
B
S
r
e
li
e
s
on
the
r
e
lation
be
twe
e
n
the
ve
hicle
s
’
ve
locity
a
nd
the
ne
xt
loca
li
z
a
ti
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
.
C
ompar
e
d
with
the
de
pl
oye
d
a
ppr
oa
c
h
in
P
DG
R
,
the
p
r
opos
e
d
F
L
B
S
a
lgo
r
it
hm
is
e
xpe
c
ted
to
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
the
s
tal
e
inf
or
mation
in
ve
hicle
s
’
VN
T
.
T
ha
t
c
a
n
incr
e
a
s
e
the
r
e
li
a
bil
it
y
of
the
unde
r
lyi
ng
pr
opos
e
d
pr
otocol
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
void
p
r
oblem
oc
c
ur
r
e
nc
e
c
a
n
be
pr
e
ve
nted
o
r
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
to
the
lowe
s
t
r
a
te.
F
L
B
S
c
a
n
be
us
e
d
a
s
a
ge
ne
r
a
l
s
c
h
e
me
that
c
a
n
a
pply
to
mos
t
unica
s
t
pos
it
ion
-
ba
s
e
d
r
outi
ng
pr
otocols
in
highwa
y
e
nvi
r
onments
.
Or
dinar
il
y,
whe
n
a
ve
hicle
is
movi
ng
f
a
s
t
with
unf
ixed
s
pe
e
d,
loca
ti
on
va
r
iation
c
a
n
be
a
tt
a
ined
quickly,
the
loca
li
z
a
ti
on
p
r
oc
e
s
s
a
nd
upda
ti
ng
a
r
e
r
e
pe
a
ted
f
r
e
que
ntl
y,
a
nd
vice
ve
r
s
a
.
W
it
h
th
e
F
L
B
S
a
lgor
it
hm,
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
of
the
c
he
c
k
ti
me
de
c
is
ion
de
pe
nds
on
F
L
C
.
Ve
hicle
s
pe
e
d
(
ves
)
a
nd
ins
pe
c
ti
on
ti
me
(
be
tt
)
a
r
e
us
e
d
a
s
input
va
r
iable
s
a
nd
a
s
output
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
s
e
que
nti
a
ll
y.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
F
L
B
S
c
hoos
e
s
the
a
ppr
opr
iate
be
tt
ba
s
e
d
on
ves
metr
ic
by
us
ing
F
L
C
.
R
e
c
a
ll
that
F
L
C
is
a
da
pted
wi
th
the
be
tt
that
u
s
ing
ves
,
thi
s
a
da
ptation
f
ul
f
il
ls
a
s
uit
a
ble
tr
a
de
-
of
f
be
t
we
e
n
r
e
a
s
ona
ble
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
tol
e
r
a
nc
e
,
a
nd
s
tale
pos
it
ion
inf
or
mation
in
VN
T
.
T
he
F
L
C
is
a
da
pted
to
c
ontr
o
l
the
e
xa
mi
na
ti
on
p
r
oc
e
s
s
by
the
F
L
B
S
a
lgor
it
hm
.
2.
1.
T
r
an
s
f
or
m
in
g
I
n
p
u
t
o
f
ve
h
icle
s
p
e
e
d
in
t
o
f
u
z
z
y
logi
c
T
h
e
v
e
s
in
pu
t
v
a
r
i
a
b
le
ha
s
f
iv
e
r
a
n
ge
s
t
ha
t
w
il
l
be
f
u
z
z
if
ie
d
to
f
iv
e
f
u
z
z
y
g
r
ou
ps
.
As
a
d
v
is
e
d
b
y
[
2
1
]
t
he
c
o
nt
ig
uo
us
g
r
ou
ps
i
nte
r
f
e
r
e
d
by
a
qua
r
te
r
t
o
h
a
lf
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
.
T
h
e
ves
f
u
z
z
y
g
r
o
ups
ta
ke
n
a
me
s
th
a
t
de
s
c
r
ib
e
i
ts
c
on
di
t
io
n
s
uc
h
a
s
v
e
r
y
lo
w
(
VL
)
,
lo
w
(
L
)
,
me
di
um
(
M
)
,
hi
gh
(
H
)
,
a
nd
ve
r
y
hi
gh
(
VH
)
.
T
he
ves
is
f
u
z
z
i
f
ie
d
b
e
t
we
e
n
v
e
s
-
m
in
=
0
m/
s
a
nd
ves
-
max
=
40
m
/s
.
T
a
b
le
1
a
nd
F
i
gu
r
e
1
s
how
t
he
ves
i
np
ut
va
r
i
a
b
le
r
a
n
ge
s
a
n
d
g
r
ou
ps
.
T
a
ble
1.
F
uz
z
y
s
e
ts
of
ves
input
Va
r
iable
ves
r
a
nge
m/
s
F
uz
z
y s
e
ts
5
–
13
6.3
–
19.5
13.25
–
26.75
20.5
–
33.7
27
–
35
V
e
r
y l
ow
(
vl
)
L
ow
(
l)
M
e
di
um
(
m)
H
ig
h
(
h)
ve
r
y hi
gh
(
vh)
F
igur
e
1.
M
e
mber
s
hip
f
unc
ti
ons
of
a
ves
input
va
r
i
a
ble
T
he
c
a
nd
id
e
qua
ti
ons
f
or
ves
membe
r
s
hip
f
unc
ti
on
s
a
r
e
a
s
(
1)
to
(
5)
:
=
{
1
≤
5
1
−
2
(
−
5
13
−
5
)
2
5
≤
≤
5
+
13
2
0
≥
13
(
1)
=
{
(
−
6
.
3
12
.
9
−
6
.
3
)
6
.
3
≤
≤
12
.
9
(
19
.
5
−
19
.
5
−
12
.
9
)
12
.
9
≤
≤
19
.
5
0
ℎ
(
2)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
493
-
504
496
=
{
(
−
13
.
25
20
−
13
.
25
)
13
.
25
≤
≤
20
(
26
.
75
−
26
.
75
−
20
)
20
≤
≤
26
.
75
0
ℎ
(
3)
ℎ
=
{
(
−
20
.
5
27
.
1
−
20
.
5
)
20
.
5
≤
≤
27
.
1
(
33
.
7
−
33
.
7
−
27
.
1
)
27
.
1
≤
≤
33
.
7
0
ℎ
(
4)
=
{
0
≤
27
2
(
−
27
35
−
27
)
2
27
≤
≤
27
+
35
2
1
−
2
(
−
35
35
−
27
)
2
27
+
35
2
≤
≤
35
1
≥
35
(
5)
2.
2.
F
u
z
z
y
b
e
ac
on
in
g
t
im
e
ou
t
p
u
t
t
r
an
s
f
or
m
at
i
on
T
he
f
uz
z
y
be
a
c
oning
ti
me
(
be
tt
)
e
nc
ompas
s
e
s
a
n
output
va
r
iable
with
f
ive
s
e
ts
,
e
a
c
h
labe
led
to
r
e
f
lec
t
it
s
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
dur
a
ti
on:
“
ve
r
y
s
hor
t
”
(
VS)
,
“
s
hor
t
”
(
S
)
,
“
medium
”
(
M
)
,
“
long
”
(
L
)
,
a
nd
“
ve
r
y
long
”
(
VL
)
.
T
his
s
tudy
ope
r
a
tes
unde
r
the
a
s
s
umpt
ion
that
the
longes
t
pos
s
ibl
e
be
a
c
oning
int
e
r
va
l
ti
me
i
s
10
s
e
c
.
C
ons
e
que
ntl
y,
the
be
tt
is
f
uz
z
if
ied
with
in
the
r
a
n
ge
of
be
tt
-
min
=
0
a
nd
be
tt
-
max
=
10
s
e
c
onds
.
T
a
bl
e
2
a
nd
F
igur
e
2
de
pict
the
r
a
nge
s
a
nd
gr
oupings
of
the
be
t
t
output
va
r
iable
.
T
a
ble
2.
F
uz
z
y
s
e
ts
f
or
be
tt
output
va
r
iable
B
e
t
t
ran
g
e
m
/
s
Fu
zzy
s
e
t
s
0
–
3
.
1
6
1
.
6
–
4
.
9
3
.
3
–
6
.
7
5
.
1
–
8
.
3
6
.
8
4
–
10
V
ery
s
h
o
r
t
(v
s
)
Sh
o
rt
(
s
)
Med
i
u
m
(m)
L
o
n
g
(l
)
V
ery
l
o
n
g
(v
l
)
F
igur
e
2.
M
e
mber
s
hip
f
unc
ti
ons
f
o
r
be
tt
output
va
r
iable
T
he
c
a
ndid
f
unc
ti
ons
f
or
be
tt
membe
r
s
hip
f
unc
ti
on
s
a
s
(
6)
to
(
10)
:
=
{
(
−
0
1
.
58
−
0
)
0
≤
≤
1
.
58
(
3
.
16
−
3
.
16
−
1
.
58
)
1
.
58
≤
≤
3
.
16
0
ℎ
(
6)
=
{
(
−
1
.
6
3
.
25
−
1
.
6
)
1
.
6
≤
≤
3
.
25
(
4
.
9
−
4
.
9
−
3
.
25
)
3
.
25
≤
≤
4
.
9
0
ℎ
(
7)
=
{
(
−
3
.
3
5
−
3
.
3
)
3
.
3
≤
≤
5
(
6
.
7
−
6
.
7
−
5
)
5
≤
≤
6
.
7
0
ℎ
(
8)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
E
nhanc
ing
r
outi
ng
e
ff
icie
nc
y
in
highw
ay
e
nv
ir
onme
nts
of
v
e
hicular
ad
hoc
…
(
M
ahmoud
A
.
A
l
Shugr
a
n
)
497
=
{
(
−
5
.
1
6
.
7
−
5
.
1
)
5
.
1
≤
≤
6
.
7
(
8
.
3
−
8
.
3
−
6
.
7
)
6
.
7
≤
≤
8
.
3
0
ℎ
(
9)
=
{
(
−
6
.
8
8
.
4
−
6
.
8
)
6
.
8
≤
≤
8
.
4
(
10
−
10
−
8
.
4
)
8
.
4
≤
≤
10
0
ℎ
(
10)
2.
3.
F
u
z
z
y
r
u
le
s
ys
t
e
m
an
d
f
u
z
z
y
in
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
a
lgo
r
it
hm
de
pe
nds
on
the
c
ha
nge
s
on
ve
hicle
s
pe
e
d
ves
a
s
a
f
uz
z
y
input
va
r
iable
.
Ne
xt,
the
pr
opos
e
d
a
lgor
it
hm
uti
l
ize
s
5
pr
opos
e
d
I
F
-
T
HE
N
r
ules
.
T
he
f
ive
r
u
les
us
e
d
by
f
uz
z
y
inf
e
r
e
nc
e
to
c
onvoy
ve
hicle
s
pe
e
d
input
g
r
oups
int
o
be
a
c
oning
ti
me
output
gr
oups
.
T
he
goa
l
of
us
ing
the
de
f
uz
z
if
ier
is
to
e
leme
nt
c
oll
e
c
t
the
f
uz
z
y
gr
oup
int
o
one
va
lue.
T
his
wor
k
us
e
s
the
f
uz
z
y
M
a
mdani
logi
c
method
[
2
2]
whic
h
is
one
of
the
mos
t
de
f
uz
z
if
ica
ti
on
methods
(
i
nf
e
r
e
nc
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
)
.
T
his
method
is
r
e
gula
r
ly
a
p
pli
e
d
in
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
.
T
a
ble
3
s
hows
the
5
s
ugge
s
ted
f
uz
z
y
r
ules
to
a
tt
a
in
th
is
goa
l
that
is
us
e
d
in
thi
s
wo
r
k
.
T
ab
l
e
3
.
IF
-
T
H
E
N
r
u
l
e
s
fo
r
b
eac
o
n
i
n
g
co
m
p
u
t
at
i
o
n
ap
p
r
o
ach
R
ul
e
V
e
hi
c
le
s
pe
e
d (
ves
)
B
e
a
c
oni
ng
t
im
e
(
be
tt
)
1
V
e
r
y l
ow
V
e
r
y l
ong
2
L
ow
L
ong
3
M
e
di
um
M
e
di
um
4
H
ig
h
S
hor
t
5
V
e
r
y hi
gh
V
e
r
y s
hor
t
3.
E
VA
L
UA
T
I
ON
M
E
T
HO
DOL
OG
Y
T
his
s
tudy
leve
r
a
ge
s
a
n
e
nha
nc
e
d
ne
twor
k
s
im
ulator
to
a
s
s
e
s
s
the
pr
opos
e
d
methodology.
T
he
e
nha
nc
e
ment
pr
oc
e
s
s
c
omm
e
nc
e
d
with
a
c
ompr
e
he
ns
ive
unde
r
s
tanding
of
both
dir
e
c
ti
ona
l
gr
e
e
dy
r
outi
ng
(
DG
R
)
[
19]
a
nd
p
r
e
dictive
di
r
e
c
ti
ona
l
gr
e
e
dy
r
outi
ng
(
P
DG
R
)
[
19
]
.
S
ubs
e
que
ntl
y,
the
pr
opo
s
a
l
wa
s
de
ve
loped,
dr
a
wing
f
r
om
ge
nuine
ins
ight
s
int
o
t
he
a
lgor
it
hms
a
nd
s
of
twa
r
e
i
mpl
e
menta
ti
on
o
f
D
GR
a
nd
P
DG
R
pr
otocols
us
ing
C
+
+
withi
n
the
ne
twor
k
s
im
ulator
.
T
r
a
ns
it
ioni
ng
to
the
e
va
luation
pha
s
e
,
a
ll
thr
e
e
pr
otocols
DG
R
,
P
DG
R
,
a
nd
the
pr
opos
e
d
I
P
DG
R
we
r
e
im
pleme
nted,
c
ons
ider
ing
va
r
ious
s
e
tt
ings
s
p
e
c
if
ic
to
the
VA
NE
T
e
nvi
r
onment.
T
a
ble
3
ou
tl
ines
the
s
im
ulation
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
tailor
e
d
f
or
h
ighwa
y
s
c
e
na
r
ios
.
T
his
s
e
c
ti
on
pr
oc
e
e
ds
to
e
va
luate
the
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
o
f
the
pr
opos
e
d
I
P
DG
R
r
outi
ng
pr
otocol
in
NS
-
2.
34
in
c
ompar
is
on
to
DG
R
a
nd
P
DG
R
.
3.
1.
S
i
m
u
lat
io
n
p
ar
am
e
t
e
r
s
T
a
ble
4
de
s
c
r
ibes
the
s
im
ulation
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
f
or
the
highwa
y
e
nvir
onment
us
ing
the
NS2.
34
s
im
ulator
.
T
he
s
c
e
na
r
io
s
pa
ns
a
wide
a
r
e
a
wi
th
many
ve
hicle
s
,
e
a
c
h
ha
ving
a
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
r
a
nge
a
nd
moveme
nt
s
pe
e
d.
T
he
s
im
ulation
include
s
de
tails
o
n
tr
a
f
f
ic
type,
pa
c
ke
t
s
ize
,
a
nd
ne
two
r
k
pr
o
tocols
.
T
a
ble
4.
S
im
ulation
p
a
r
a
mete
r
s
f
o
r
highwa
y
e
nvi
r
o
nment
S
im
ul
a
ti
on
N
S
2.34
S
c
e
na
r
io
a
r
e
a
5
,
000
×
5
,
000 m
S
ubj
e
c
t
V
e
r
s
io
n a
nd dim
e
ns
io
ns
S
im
ul
a
ti
on
N
S
2.34
S
c
e
na
r
io
a
r
e
a
5,000×
5,000
m
S
im
ul
a
ti
on t
im
e
300 S
e
c
onds
V
e
hi
c
le
s
200
T
r
a
ns
mi
s
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io
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nge
250
m
M
ove
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nt
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ie
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r
a
ndom wa
ypoi
nt
M
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im
um s
pe
e
d va
lu
e
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h
M
a
xi
mum
s
pe
e
d v
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lu
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h
H
e
ll
o pa
c
ke
t
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iz
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12 byte
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e
ll
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c
ke
t
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te
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l
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e
c
ond
D
e
ns
it
y be
twe
e
n nod
e
s
5 ve
hi
c
le
s
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y 130 m
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A
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ye
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pr
ot
oc
ol
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E
E
E
802.11 DC
F
T
r
a
f
f
ic
t
ype
C
br
/
udp
P
a
c
ke
t
s
iz
e
512 byte
s
C
ha
nne
l
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ndw
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a
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opa
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ti
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a
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ound
m
ode
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
493
-
504
498
3.
2.
S
i
m
u
lat
io
n
s
e
t
u
p
T
a
ble
4
outl
ines
the
s
im
ulation
s
e
tup
uti
li
z
e
d
in
thi
s
s
tudy,
leve
r
a
ging
the
NS
-
2.
34
s
im
ulator
f
o
r
c
onduc
ti
ng
a
s
e
r
ies
of
e
xpe
r
im
e
nts
.
T
he
c
hoice
of
NS
-
2.
34
s
tems
f
r
om
it
s
wide
s
pr
e
a
d
a
dopti
on
a
s
a
s
im
ulator
f
or
VA
N
E
T
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h.
Addit
ionally,
we
uti
li
z
e
the
modi
f
ied
r
a
ndom
wa
ypoint
mobi
li
ty
mode
(
M
R
W
P
)
[
22]
.
T
his
model
e
ns
ur
e
s
a
moder
a
te
s
pe
e
d
va
lue
r
e
lative
to
the
de
s
ir
e
d
a
ve
r
a
ge
s
pe
e
d
c
ompar
e
d
to
the
tr
a
dit
ional
r
a
ndom
wa
ypoint
(
R
W
P
)
model
.
T
wo
dis
ti
nc
t
s
c
e
na
r
ios
a
r
e
e
xa
mi
ne
d:
the
f
ir
s
t
invol
ve
s
ve
hicle
s
tr
a
ve
li
ng
in
the
s
a
me
di
r
e
c
ti
on
(
s
our
c
e
ve
hicle
,
int
e
r
media
te
v
e
hicle
s
,
a
nd
de
s
ti
na
ti
on
ve
hicle
)
,
whi
le
the
s
e
c
ond
s
c
e
na
r
io
f
e
a
tur
e
s
the
s
our
c
e
a
nd
de
s
ti
na
ti
on
ve
hicle
s
tr
a
v
e
li
ng
in
oppos
ing
dir
e
c
ti
ons
,
with
int
e
r
media
te
ve
hicle
s
movi
ng
in
both
dir
e
c
ti
ons
.
I
n
e
a
c
h
s
c
e
na
r
io,
10
pa
ir
s
of
s
our
c
e
-
de
s
ti
na
ti
on
a
r
e
r
a
ndoml
y
s
e
le
c
t
e
d.
Our
e
va
luation
f
oc
us
e
s
on
ke
y
r
outi
ng
met
r
ics
inclu
ding
P
DR
,
r
outi
ng
pa
th
length
(
R
P
L
)
,
incons
is
tenc
y
of
ve
hicle
's
ne
ighbor
's
table
(
I
VN
T
)
,
a
nd
number
of
hole
p
r
oblem
oc
c
ur
r
e
nc
e
(
NH
P
O
)
.
T
he
s
e
me
tr
ics
a
r
e
s
e
lec
ted
ba
s
e
d
on
the
s
pe
c
if
ic
r
e
qui
r
e
ments
of
the
s
olut
ion.
I
t's
c
r
uc
ial
to
highl
ight
that
da
ta
e
xc
ha
nge
oc
c
ur
s
be
twe
e
n
ve
hicle
s
a
c
r
os
s
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
hops
,
a
im
ing
f
or
maximal
de
li
ve
r
y
a
nd
mi
nim
a
l
oc
c
ur
r
e
nc
e
of
voids
c
ompar
e
d
to
a
lt
e
r
na
ti
ve
pr
otocols
.
De
tailed
e
xplana
ti
ons
f
or
e
a
c
h
metr
ic
a
r
e
pr
ovided
be
low.
P
DR
(
11
)
is
us
e
d
to
c
a
lcula
te
the
P
DR
[
23
]
,
[
24]
.
=
(
∑
ℎ
=
1
∑
ℎ
=
1
)
∗
100%
(
11)
whe
r
e
n
is
the
nu
mber
o
f
node
s
.
R
P
L
(
12
)
is
us
e
d
to
c
a
lcula
te
P
R
L
[
24]
,
[
25
]
:
=
∑
−
=
1
∑
(
ℎ
)
=
1
(
12)
w
he
r
e
n
is
the
nu
mber
o
f
node
s
.
I
nc
ons
is
tent
I
VN
T
:
T
o
e
labor
a
te
on
the
I
VN
T
met
r
ic,
c
ons
ider
node
's
de
gr
e
e
a
t
ti
me
,
de
noted
a
s
(
,
)
,
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nti
ng
the
tot
a
l
number
of
ne
ighbo
r
s
withi
n
it
s
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
r
a
nge
.
Additi
ona
ll
y,
let
∗
(
,
)
de
note
the
number
of
ne
ighbor
s
li
s
ted
in
the
nod
e
's
I
VN
T
a
t
ti
me
t
(
13
)
,
a
s
pr
e
s
e
nted
in
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
[
25]
,
is
e
mpl
oye
d
to
c
omput
e
the
I
VN
T
a
t
ti
me
.
=
(
|
(
.
)
−
∗
(
.
)
|
(
.
)
)
∗
100%
(
13)
w
he
r
e
,
(
,
)
is
ve
hicle
i
de
gr
e
e
a
t
ti
me
t
,
∗
(
,
)
is
the
number
of
ne
ighbor
s
li
s
ted
in
VN
T
a
t
ti
me
t
.
NH
P
O
(
14
)
is
uti
li
z
e
d
to
de
ter
mi
ne
the
NH
P
O
th
r
oughout
the
s
im
ulation
du
r
a
ti
on
f
or
a
ll
r
e
c
e
ived
pa
c
ke
ts
a
t
a
ll
de
s
ti
na
ti
on
s
ides
,
a
s
de
tailed
in
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
[
23]
,
[
24]
.
=
∑
ℎ
=
1
(
14)
F
r
om
(
14)
,
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nts
the
tot
a
l
number
o
f
r
e
c
e
ived
pa
c
ke
ts
a
t
the
de
s
ti
na
ti
on
s
ide
that
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
d
a
hole
pr
oblem
dur
ing
the
s
im
ulation
pe
r
iod,
while
n
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nts
the
tot
a
l
number
of
node
s
.
4.
S
I
M
UL
AT
I
ON
COM
P
AR
I
S
ON
AN
D
DI
S
CU
S
S
I
ON
T
he
s
im
ulation
wa
s
e
xe
c
uted
10
ti
mes
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
s
c
e
na
r
io,
with
r
e
s
ult
s
obtaine
d
by
a
ve
r
a
ging
the
e
mul
a
ti
on
outcome
s
.
I
n
the
f
ir
s
t
s
c
e
na
r
io,
a
ll
ve
h
icle
s
move
in
the
s
a
me
di
r
e
c
ti
on.
I
n
the
s
e
c
ond
s
c
e
na
r
io,
int
e
r
media
te
ve
hicle
s
tr
a
ve
l
in
mul
ti
p
le
di
r
e
c
ti
o
ns
,
with
the
s
our
c
e
a
nd
de
s
ti
na
ti
on
ve
hicle
s
m
oving
in
oppos
it
e
dir
e
c
ti
ons
.
4.
1.
S
c
e
n
ar
io
1
r
e
s
u
lt
s
:
a
ll
ve
h
icle
s
m
ovin
g
in
t
h
e
s
am
e
d
ire
c
t
ion
T
his
s
c
e
na
r
io
d
is
c
us
s
e
s
the
im
pa
c
t
of
ve
hicle
s
pe
e
d
on
the
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
DG
R
,
P
DG
R
,
a
nd
I
P
DG
R
r
outi
ng
pr
otoco
l
s
olut
ion
,
te
r
ms
of
I
VN
T
,
R
P
L
,
P
DR
,
a
nd
NH
P
O
r
outi
ng
metr
ics
a
r
e
c
hos
e
n
ba
s
e
d
on
the
r
e
quir
e
d
s
olut
ion
whic
h
is
pr
e
s
e
nted
in
F
igu
r
e
s
3
to
6.
A
c
ompar
is
on
in
F
igu
r
e
3
s
hows
that
the
I
P
DG
R
pr
otocol
r
e
duc
e
s
the
P
DR
r
a
ti
o
by
a
bout
17
.
4%
a
nd
22.
2
%
ove
r
P
DG
R
a
nd
DG
R
pr
otocols
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
As
s
hown
in
F
igu
r
e
4
,
a
s
s
pe
e
d
incr
e
a
s
e
s
,
DG
R
a
nd
P
DG
R
ha
ve
s
maller
P
DR
.
T
he
im
pl
icit
r
e
a
s
ons
a
r
e
a
s
s
or
ted.
DG
R
,
c
ons
ider
s
both
ge
ogr
a
phic
pos
it
ion
a
nd
mot
ion
dir
e
c
ti
on
whe
n
s
e
lec
ti
ng
the
ne
xt
hop
.
Als
o,
it
c
ons
ider
s
the
pa
c
ke
t
holder
’
s
c
ur
r
e
nt
ne
ighbor
s
t
o
c
a
lcula
te
the
we
ight
e
d
s
c
or
e
f
or
s
e
lec
ti
ng
the
n
e
xt
hop.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
it
is
c
lea
r
that
the
s
e
lec
ted
ne
xt
hop
m
a
y
no
longer
in
VN
T
.
W
r
ong
s
e
lec
ti
on
incur
s
mo
r
e
pa
c
ke
t
los
s
.
P
DG
R
c
ons
ider
s
the
pa
c
ke
t
holder
’
s
f
utur
e
ne
ighbor
s
to
c
a
lcula
te
the
we
ight
e
d
s
c
or
e
f
o
r
s
e
lec
ti
ng
the
ne
xt
hop.
I
t
r
e
li
e
s
on
a
c
onve
nti
ona
l
be
a
c
oning
a
ppr
oa
c
h
to
make
it
s
p
r
e
diction.
T
hus
,
thi
s
incr
e
a
s
e
s
s
tale
inf
or
mation
in
VN
T
due
to
incr
e
ments
in
the
ve
hic
le
s
pe
e
d.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
E
nhanc
ing
r
outi
ng
e
ff
icie
nc
y
in
highw
ay
e
nv
ir
onme
nts
of
v
e
hicular
ad
hoc
…
(
M
ahmoud
A
.
A
l
Shugr
a
n
)
499
F
igur
e
4
i
ll
us
tr
a
tes
a
c
ompar
is
on
whe
r
e
the
I
P
DG
R
pr
otocol
de
mons
tr
a
tes
a
notable
r
e
duc
ti
on
in
the
R
P
L
r
a
ti
o
by
a
ppr
oxim
a
tely
23%
a
nd
34%
whe
n
c
ompar
e
d
to
the
P
DG
R
a
nd
DG
R
pr
otocols
,
r
e
s
pe
c
t
ively.
I
n
F
igur
e
6
,
a
no
table
incr
e
a
s
e
in
hop
c
ount
is
obs
e
r
ve
d
a
t
a
ve
hicle
s
pe
e
d
of
110
,
whic
h
is
e
vident
in
b
oth
DG
R
a
nd
P
DG
R
pr
otocols
,
c
ons
e
que
ntl
y
lea
ding
to
lon
ge
r
R
P
L
.
T
his
s
ur
ge
in
hop
c
ount
c
a
n
be
a
tt
r
ibut
e
d
to
the
incor
r
e
c
t
s
e
lec
ti
on
of
the
ne
xt
r
e
lay
node
,
r
e
s
u
lt
ing
in
the
c
onti
nue
d
p
r
e
domi
na
nc
e
of
r
e
c
ove
r
y
mode
f
or
wa
r
ding
ove
r
g
r
e
e
dy
f
or
wa
r
d
ing
in
both
p
r
otoc
ols
.
T
his
phe
nomenon
is
e
xa
c
e
r
ba
ted
by
the
a
c
c
e
ler
a
ti
on
of
ve
hicle
s
pe
e
ds
,
lea
ding
to
a
c
or
r
e
s
ponding
incr
e
a
s
e
in
s
tale
in
f
or
mation
withi
n
the
VN
T
.
I
n
c
ontr
a
s
t,
the
R
P
L
of
I
P
DG
R
r
e
mains
una
f
f
e
c
ted
by
the
a
c
c
e
ler
a
ti
on
of
ve
hicle
s
pe
e
ds
.
W
it
h
I
P
DG
R
,
a
s
ve
hicle
s
pe
e
ds
incr
e
a
s
e
,
the
s
tale
in
f
or
mation
withi
n
the
VN
T
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
du
e
to
the
F
L
B
S
,
r
e
s
ult
ing
in
a
mo
r
e
a
c
c
ur
a
te
s
e
lec
ti
on
of
the
ne
xt
f
or
wa
r
de
r
.
C
ons
e
que
ntl
y,
the
pr
e
domi
na
nc
e
of
gr
e
e
dy
f
or
wa
r
d
ing
ove
r
r
e
c
ove
r
y
mode
f
o
r
wa
r
ding
pr
ogr
e
s
s
ively
incr
e
a
s
e
s
.
As
the
major
it
y
of
f
o
r
wa
r
ding
is
a
c
c
ompl
is
he
d
gr
e
e
dil
y,
thi
s
f
a
c
il
it
a
te
s
a
r
a
pid
r
e
duc
ti
on
in
the
length
o
f
the
r
outi
ng
pa
th,
a
s
e
vide
nc
e
d
by
the
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
in
hop
c
ount.
F
igur
e
5
il
lus
tr
a
tes
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
I
VN
T
r
a
ti
o
a
c
r
os
s
the
I
P
DG
R
,
P
DG
R
,
a
nd
DG
R
pr
otocols
r
e
lative
to
ve
hicle
s
pe
e
d.
T
he
pr
otocol
e
xhibi
ti
ng
the
lowe
s
t
I
VN
T
r
a
ti
o
is
c
ons
ider
e
d
the
mos
t
f
a
vor
a
ble.
A
c
ompar
is
on
pr
e
s
e
nted
in
F
igur
e
7
indi
c
a
tes
that
the
I
P
DG
R
pr
otocol
outper
f
or
ms
both
P
DG
R
a
nd
DG
R
p
r
otocols
,
r
e
duc
ing
the
I
VN
T
r
a
ti
o
by
a
ppr
oxim
a
tely
44
%
a
nd
52%
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
Unde
r
s
pe
e
ds
be
low
80
k
m/
hr
,
a
ll
pr
otocols
de
mons
tr
a
te
r
e
a
s
ona
ble
a
ve
r
a
ge
I
VN
T
va
lues
.
How
e
ve
r
,
a
s
s
pe
e
ds
e
xc
e
e
d
90
km/
hr
,
I
P
DG
R
e
xhibi
ts
notable
a
dva
ntage
s
ove
r
P
DG
R
a
nd
D
GR
.
T
his
a
dva
ntage
is
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
e
vident
in
s
c
e
na
r
ios
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
ize
d
by
high
topol
ogy
c
ha
nge
s
,
f
a
c
il
it
a
ted
by
I
P
DG
R
's
innovative
be
a
c
oning
f
e
a
tur
e
s
.
T
hr
ough
I
P
DG
R
's
ne
w
be
a
c
oning
a
pp
r
oa
c
h,
the
be
a
c
on
pa
c
ke
t
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
r
a
te
incr
e
a
s
e
s
,
a
tt
r
ibut
e
d
to
the
ut
il
iza
ti
on
of
the
F
L
B
S
s
c
he
me.
L
e
ve
r
a
ging
F
L
B
S
f
o
r
be
a
c
o
n
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
e
nha
nc
e
s
the
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
o
f
in
f
or
mati
on
withi
n
VN
T
e
ntr
ies
,
c
ons
e
que
ntl
y
de
c
r
e
a
s
ing
the
I
VN
T
r
a
te.
F
igur
e
3.
P
DR
via
ve
hicle
s
pe
e
d
F
igur
e
4.
R
P
L
via
ve
hicle
s
pe
e
d
F
igur
e
5.
I
VN
T
via
ve
hicle
s
pe
e
d
25
35
45
55
65
75
85
95
60
80
100
120
140
T
h
e
P
D
R
V
e
h
ic
le
s
p
e
e
d
k
m
/h
Th
e
P
D
R
v
s
v
eh
i
cl
e
s
peed/
s
a
m
e
di
recti
o
n
I
P
D
GR
P
D
GR
D
GR
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
60
80
100
120
140
Ho
p
s
C
o
u
n
t
V
e
h
ic
le
s
p
e
e
d
k
m
/h
R
P
L
v
s
v
eh
i
cl
e
s
peed/
s
a
m
e
di
recti
o
n
I
P
D
G
R
P
D
G
R
D
G
R
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
60
80
100
120
140
I
n
c
o
n
s
is
t
e
n
c
y
o
f
ve
h
ic
le
’
s
n
e
ig
h
b
o
r
s
t
ab
le
(
I
V
N
T
)
V
e
h
ic
le
s
p
e
e
d
k
m
/h
I
n
co
n
s
i
s
ten
cy
o
f
v
eh
i
cl
e’s
n
ei
g
h
bo
rs
ta
bl
e
(I
V
N
T)
V
s
.
v
eh
i
cl
e
s
peed/
s
a
m
e
di
recti
o
n
I
P
D
GR
P
D
GR
D
GR
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
493
-
504
500
F
igur
e
6
i
ll
us
tr
a
tes
the
NH
P
O
r
e
lative
to
the
s
pe
e
d
of
ve
hicle
moveme
nt
f
or
the
I
P
DG
R
,
P
DG
R
,
a
nd
DG
R
pr
otocols
,
with
the
pr
otocol
e
xhibi
ti
ng
f
e
we
r
NH
P
Os
c
ons
ider
e
d
s
upe
r
ior
.
M
e
a
nwhile,
F
igur
e
8
de
mons
tr
a
tes
that
the
F
L
B
S
a
lgor
it
hm
e
mpl
oye
d
in
the
I
P
DG
R
p
r
otocol
r
e
duc
e
s
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
N
HPO
by
a
ppr
oxim
a
tely
22%
a
nd
28
%
c
ompar
e
d
to
P
DG
R
a
nd
DG
R
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
I
n
F
igu
r
e
5,
it
is
e
vide
nt
that
a
s
ve
hicle
ve
locity
incr
e
a
s
e
s
,
da
ta
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
e
nc
ounter
s
mor
e
NH
P
Os
whe
n
us
ing
P
DG
R
a
nd
DG
R
pr
otocols
.
How
e
ve
r
,
P
DG
R
e
xhibi
ts
a
r
e
latively
b
e
tt
e
r
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
than
DG
R
due
to
i
ts
pr
e
dictive
a
ppr
oa
c
h.
C
onve
r
s
e
ly,
I
P
DG
R
de
mons
tr
a
tes
s
upe
r
ior
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
,
e
xpe
r
ienc
ing
the
lea
s
t
NH
P
Os
.
T
his
e
nha
n
c
e
ment
in
I
P
DG
R
is
a
tt
r
ibut
e
d
to
the
incor
por
a
ti
on
of
the
F
L
B
S
a
lgor
it
hm's
nove
l
f
e
a
tur
e
s
.
F
igur
e
6.
NH
P
O
via
ve
hicle
s
pe
e
d
4.
2.
S
c
e
n
ar
io
2
r
e
s
u
lt
s
:
S
ou
r
c
e
ve
h
icle
an
d
d
e
s
t
i
n
at
ion
ve
h
icle
m
ovin
g
in
t
h
e
o
p
p
os
it
e
d
ire
c
t
io
n
T
his
s
c
e
na
r
io
dis
c
us
s
e
s
the
im
pa
c
t
of
ve
hicle
s
pe
e
d
on
the
r
outi
ng
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
o
f
pr
opos
e
d
im
pr
ove
d
a
nd
c
onve
nti
ona
l
P
DG
R
in
te
r
ms
of
P
DR
,
R
P
L
,
I
VN
T
,
a
nd
NH
P
O
r
outi
ng
metr
ics
a
r
e
c
hos
e
n
ba
s
e
d
on
the
r
e
qui
r
e
d
s
olut
ion
whic
h
a
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nted
in
F
igur
e
7
to
10
.
A
c
ompar
is
on
in
F
igu
r
e
7
s
hows
that
the
I
P
DG
R
pr
otocol
r
e
duc
e
s
the
P
DR
r
a
ti
o
by
a
bout
21%
a
nd
25%
ove
r
P
DG
R
a
nd
DG
R
pr
otocols
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
As
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
9,
a
s
s
pe
e
d
inc
r
e
a
s
e
s
,
DG
R
a
nd
P
DG
R
ha
ve
s
maller
P
DR
.
T
he
im
pli
c
it
r
e
a
s
ons
a
r
e
a
s
s
or
ted.
DG
R
,
c
ons
ider
s
both
ge
ogr
a
phic
pos
it
ion
a
nd
mot
ion
di
r
e
c
ti
on
whe
n
s
e
lec
ti
ng
the
ne
xt
hop.
Als
o,
it
c
ons
ider
s
the
pa
c
ke
t
holder
’
s
c
ur
r
e
nt
ne
ighbor
s
to
c
a
lcula
te
the
we
ight
e
d
s
c
or
e
f
o
r
s
e
lec
ti
ng
the
ne
xt
hop.
B
ut
i
t
didn’
t
c
ons
ider
ne
ighbor
s
oppos
it
e
moveme
nt
dir
e
c
ti
on
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
it
is
c
lea
r
that
the
s
e
lec
ted
ne
xt
hop
may
no
longer
be
in
VN
T
.
W
r
ong
s
e
lec
ti
on
incur
s
mo
r
e
pa
c
ke
t
los
s
.
P
DG
R
c
ons
ider
s
th
e
pa
c
ke
t
holder
’
s
f
utu
r
e
ne
ighbor
s
to
c
a
lcula
te
the
we
i
ghted
s
c
or
e
f
o
r
s
e
lec
ti
ng
the
ne
xt
hop.
I
t
r
e
li
e
s
on
a
c
onve
nti
ona
l
be
a
c
oning
a
ppr
oa
c
h
to
make
i
ts
pr
e
diction.
Als
o
,
it
did
not
c
ons
ider
ne
ighbor
s
oppos
it
e
moveme
nt
dir
e
c
ti
ons
.
T
hus
,
thi
s
incr
e
a
s
e
s
s
tale
inf
or
mation
in
VN
T
due
to
inc
r
e
ments
in
the
ve
hicle
s
pe
e
d.
F
igur
e
8
ind
ica
tes
that
the
I
P
DG
R
pr
otocol
outper
f
or
ms
both
P
DG
R
a
nd
DG
R
p
r
otocols
by
r
e
duc
ing
the
R
P
L
r
a
t
io
by
a
pp
r
oxim
a
tely
32%
a
nd
38%
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
I
n
F
igur
e
10,
de
s
pit
e
the
ve
hicle
ve
locit
y
va
r
ying
a
t
the
s
a
me
r
a
te
a
s
the
c
ons
tant
bit
r
a
te
(
C
B
R
)
a
nd
ve
hicle
number
s
,
ther
e
is
a
notable
inc
r
e
a
s
e
in
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
number
of
hops
in
the
r
e
c
ove
r
y
mode,
pa
r
ti
c
ula
r
ly
a
t
a
ve
hicle
s
pe
e
d
of
90.
T
his
incr
e
a
s
e
is
pr
im
a
r
il
y
a
tt
r
ibut
e
d
to
the
high
d
is
c
onne
c
ti
on
be
twe
e
n
c
omm
unica
ti
ng
ve
hicle
s
c
a
us
e
d
by
the
oppos
it
e
mot
ion
dir
e
c
ti
on
of
int
e
r
media
te
node
s
.
C
ons
e
que
ntl
y,
t
he
r
e
is
a
s
igni
f
ica
nt
incr
e
a
s
e
in
hop
c
ount
,
r
e
s
ult
ing
in
a
longer
R
P
L
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
s
e
lec
ti
ng
the
ne
xt
hop
wit
h
a
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
dir
e
c
ti
on
of
mot
ion
lea
ds
to
a
higher
a
ve
r
a
ge
number
of
hops
,
incr
e
a
s
ing
the
li
ke
li
hood
o
f
pa
c
ke
t
dr
ops
a
long
the
r
oute.
Nota
bly
,
I
P
DG
R
e
xhibi
ts
a
lowe
r
a
ve
r
a
ge
number
of
hops
c
ompar
e
d
to
the
other
pr
o
tocols
,
owing
to
it
s
nove
l
be
a
c
oning
e
xtens
ion.
I
n
F
igur
e
9,
it
is
e
vident
that
a
s
ve
hicle
s
pe
e
d
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
,
the
topol
ogy
unde
r
goe
s
r
a
pid
c
ha
nge
s
,
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
c
ons
ider
ing
the
oppos
it
e
mot
ion
dir
e
c
ti
on
of
int
e
r
media
te
ve
hicle
s
.
All
pr
otocols
mai
ntain
a
n
a
c
c
e
ptable
mea
n
of
I
VN
T
whe
n
the
ve
hicle
s
pe
e
d
is
be
low
65
km/
h
r
,
owing
to
va
r
ious
f
a
c
tor
s
.
DG
R
,
f
or
ins
tanc
e
,
c
ons
ider
s
the
c
ur
r
e
nt
ve
hicle
ne
ighbor
s
in
I
VN
T
ba
s
e
d
on
a
long
be
a
c
oning
ti
me
a
ppr
oa
c
h.
C
onve
r
s
e
ly,
P
DG
R
a
nti
c
ipate
s
ne
a
r
-
f
utur
e
ne
ighbor
s
us
ing
a
pr
e
dictive
a
ppr
oa
c
h,
a
lbeit
s
ti
ll
r
e
lyi
ng
on
long
-
ter
m
be
a
c
oning.
T
his
a
ppr
oa
c
h
e
nha
nc
e
s
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
in
VN
T
,
lea
ding
to
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
I
VN
T
c
ompa
r
e
d
to
DG
R
.
How
e
ve
r
,
a
s
the
s
pe
e
d
s
ur
pa
s
s
e
s
70
km/
hr
,
I
P
D
GR
de
mons
tr
a
tes
s
upe
r
ior
it
y
ove
r
both
P
DG
R
a
nd
DG
R
pr
otocols
.
I
P
DG
R
leve
r
a
ge
s
it
s
ne
w
f
e
a
tur
e
s
to
o
utper
f
or
m
,
r
e
duc
ing
the
I
VN
T
r
a
t
io
by
a
ppr
oxim
a
tely
35%
a
nd
38%
c
ompar
e
d
to
P
DG
R
a
nd
DG
R
pr
otocols
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
T
he
F
L
B
S
s
c
he
me
plays
a
c
r
uc
ial
r
ol
e
in
thi
s
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
60
80
100
120
140
N
HP
O
V
e
h
ic
le
s
p
e
e
d
k
m
/h
N
HP
O
V
s
.
v
eh
i
cl
e
s
peed/
s
a
m
e
di
recti
o
n
I
P
D
GR
P
D
GR
D
GR
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
E
nhanc
ing
r
outi
ng
e
ff
icie
nc
y
in
highw
ay
e
nv
ir
onme
nts
of
v
e
hicular
ad
hoc
…
(
M
ahmoud
A
.
A
l
Shugr
a
n
)
501
im
pr
ove
ment,
incr
e
a
s
ing
the
be
a
c
on
pa
c
ke
t
s
e
nding
r
a
te
a
nd
c
ons
e
que
ntl
y
c
ontr
ibut
ing
to
the
r
e
duc
ti
on
in
the
I
VN
T
r
a
te
.
T
he
f
indi
ngs
de
picte
d
in
F
igur
e
10
il
lus
tr
a
te
the
i
mpac
t
on
the
I
P
DG
R
,
P
DG
R
,
a
nd
DG
R
pr
otocols
whe
n
c
ons
ider
ing
the
mot
ion
o
f
int
e
r
media
te
ve
hicle
s
in
a
ll
di
r
e
c
ti
ons
.
C
onc
ur
r
e
nt
ly,
F
igu
r
e
10
r
e
ve
a
ls
that
the
uti
li
z
a
ti
on
o
f
the
I
P
DG
R
pr
o
tocol
r
e
duc
e
s
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
NH
P
O
by
a
ppr
oxim
a
tely
31%
a
nd
40%
c
ompar
e
d
to
P
DG
R
a
nd
DG
R
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
Additi
ona
ll
y,
t
he
f
igur
e
indi
c
a
tes
that
a
s
ve
hicle
ve
locity
incr
e
a
s
e
s
,
the
f
or
wa
r
de
d
pa
c
ke
ts
e
nc
ounter
mo
r
e
NH
P
Os
whe
n
e
mpl
oying
P
DG
R
a
nd
DG
R
p
r
otocols
.
T
his
e
f
f
e
c
t
is
mor
e
pr
onounc
e
d
with
DG
R
c
ompar
e
d
to
P
DG
R
,
owi
ng
to
it
s
pr
e
diction
a
lgo
r
it
hm
.
I
P
DG
R
e
xhibi
ts
s
upe
r
ior
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
ove
r
P
DG
R
a
nd
DG
R
due
to
it
s
nove
l
F
L
C
a
lgor
it
hm.
F
igur
e
7.
P
DR
via
ve
hicle
s
pe
e
d
F
igur
e
8.
R
P
L
via
ve
hicle
s
pe
e
d
F
igur
e
9.
I
VN
T
via
ve
hicle
s
pe
e
d
F
igur
e
10.
NH
P
O
via
ve
hicle
s
pe
e
d
5.
CONC
L
USI
ON
I
n
c
onc
lus
ion,
thi
s
s
tudy
pr
e
s
e
nts
the
I
P
DG
R
,
a
r
e
f
ined
ve
r
s
ion
of
the
c
onve
nti
ona
l
P
DG
R
pr
otocol
.
I
P
DG
R
f
oc
us
e
s
on
e
nha
nc
ing
the
be
a
c
oning
pr
oc
e
s
s
by
dyna
mi
c
a
ll
y
a
djus
ti
ng
be
a
c
oning
int
e
r
va
ls
ba
s
e
d
on
ve
hicle
s
pe
e
d,
f
a
c
il
it
a
ted
by
a
f
uz
z
y
logi
c
c
o
ntr
oll
e
r
.
T
his
e
nha
nc
e
ment
a
im
s
to
opti
m
ize
b
e
a
c
oning
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
while
mi
nim
izing
ove
r
he
a
d.
T
he
e
va
l
ua
ti
on
of
I
P
DG
R
's
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
c
ompar
e
d
to
tr
a
dit
ional
P
DG
R
a
nd
DG
R
pr
otocols
wa
s
c
onduc
ted
us
ing
a
be
s
poke
s
im
ulation
tool
de
s
igned
f
or
VA
NE
T
s
c
e
na
r
ios
.
T
wo
dis
ti
nc
t
s
c
e
na
r
ios
we
r
e
e
xa
mi
ne
d:
one
whe
r
e
a
ll
ve
hicle
s
moved
in
the
s
a
me
di
r
e
c
ti
on,
a
nd
a
nother
whe
r
e
int
e
r
media
te
ve
hicle
s
tr
a
ve
led
in
mul
t
ipl
e
d
ir
e
c
ti
ons
while
the
s
our
c
e
a
nd
de
s
ti
na
ti
on
ve
hicle
s
moved
in
oppos
it
e
dir
e
c
ti
ons
.
R
e
s
ult
s
of
the
e
va
luation
highl
ight
e
d
I
P
DG
R
's
s
upe
r
ior
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
a
c
r
os
s
ke
y
r
outi
ng
metr
ics
,
including
P
DR
,
R
P
L
,
I
nc
ons
is
tenc
y
of
I
VN
T
,
a
nd
NH
P
O
.
T
he
s
e
met
r
ics
we
r
e
s
e
lec
ted
ba
s
e
d
on
their
r
e
leva
nc
e
to
the
ta
r
ge
ted
s
olut
ion
.
Ov
e
r
a
ll
,
I
P
DG
R
de
mons
tr
a
ted
notable
im
pr
ove
me
nts
ove
r
c
onve
nti
ona
l
P
DG
R
a
nd
DG
R
pr
otocols
,
s
how
c
a
s
ing
it
s
potential
to
e
nha
nc
e
r
outi
ng
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
a
nd
r
e
li
a
bil
it
y
in
VA
NE
T
e
nvir
onments
.
25
35
45
55
65
75
85
60
80
100
120
140
P
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k
e
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GR
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GR
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20
30
40
50
60
70
80
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GR
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GR
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50
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100
120
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D
GR
P
D
GR
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80
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
493
-
504
502
AC
KNOWL
E
DGM
E
N
T
S
M
a
ny
thanks
to
the
De
a
ns
hip
of
S
c
ienti
f
ic
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
t
the
I
mam
Abdulr
a
hman
B
in
F
a
is
a
l
Unive
r
s
it
y.
W
he
r
e
thi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
is
f
unde
d
by
I
ma
m
Abdulr
a
hman
B
in
F
a
is
a
l
Unive
r
s
it
y,
unde
r
gr
a
n
t
number
2019
-
383
-
AS
C
S
.
RE
F
E
RE
NC
E
S
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A
.
R
a
s
he
e
d,
S
.
G
il
la
ni
,
S
.
A
jm
a
l,
a
nd
A
.
Q
a
yyum,
“
V
e
hi
c
ul
a
r
a
d
hoc
ne
twor
k
(
V
A
N
E
T
)
:
a
s
ur
ve
y,
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
,
a
nd
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
o
ns
,
”
in
V
e
hi
c
ul
ar
A
d
-
H
oc
N
e
tw
or
k
s
f
or
Sm
a
r
t
C
it
ie
s
, S
in
ga
por
e
:
S
pr
in
ge
r
, 2017, pp. 39
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A
.
R
a
s
hi
d
e
t
al
.
,
“
A
c
ol
la
bor
a
te
d
ge
ne
ti
c
w
it
h
li
on
opt
im
iz
a
ti
on
a
lg
or
it
hms
f
or
im
pr
ovi
ng
th
e
qua
li
ty
of
f
or
w
a
r
di
ng
i
n
a
ve
hi
c
ul
a
r
a
d
-
hoc
n
e
twor
k,
”
I
A
E
S
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
A
r
ti
fi
c
ia
l
I
nt
e
ll
ig
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nc
e
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-
A
I
)
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2023,
doi
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ja
i.
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J
a
s
w
a
nt
h,
S
.
P
us
hol
a
,
A
.
M
e
hr
a
,
P
.
R
a
j,
N
.
R
a
ja
s
r
e
e
,
a
nd
H
.
V
e
nka
ta
r
a
ma
n,
“
R
out
e
-
V
P
la
t:
s
ur
ve
y
a
nd
a
na
ly
s
is
of
r
ou
ti
ng
pr
ot
oc
ol
s
f
or
c
omm
uni
c
a
ti
on
in
mul
ti
-
hop
ve
hi
c
ul
a
r
pl
a
to
oni
ng,
”
SA
E
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
C
onne
c
te
d
and
A
ut
om
at
e
d
V
e
hi
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M
oha
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e
d,
M
.
B
in
M
a
n
s
or
,
a
nd
G
.
C
hi
n
H
oc
k,
“
G
e
ogr
a
phi
c
a
l
a
nd
ma
xi
mum
di
s
ta
n
c
e
on
-
de
ma
nd
r
out
in
g
a
lg
or
it
hm
G
-
M
D
O
R
A
,
”
T
E
L
K
O
M
N
I
K
A
(
T
e
le
c
om
m
uni
c
at
io
n
C
om
put
in
g
E
l
e
c
tr
oni
c
s
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C
ont
r
ol
)
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Z
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S
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H
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I
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Z
a
im
i,
M
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O
um
s
is
,
a
nd
S
.
E
.
A
.
O
ua
ti
k,
“
C
ompa
r
a
ti
ve
s
tu
dy
of
r
out
in
g
pr
ot
oc
ol
s
pe
r
f
or
ma
nc
e
f
or
ve
hi
c
ul
a
r
Ad
-
hoc
ne
twor
ks
,
”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
A
ppl
ie
d E
ngi
ne
e
r
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J
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A
lv
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s
J
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E
.
C
.
G
.
W
il
le
,
“
R
out
in
g
in
ve
hi
c
ul
a
r
a
d
hoc
ne
twor
ks
:
ma
in
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
a
nd
te
nd
e
nc
ie
s
,
”
J
our
n
al
of
C
om
put
e
r
N
e
tw
or
k
s
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om
m
uni
c
at
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S
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B
ous
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ouf
a
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L
a
hl
a
h,
F
.
S
e
mc
he
di
ne
,
a
nd
L
.
B
oua
ll
ouc
he
-
M
e
dj
koune
,
“
A
pos
it
io
n
-
ba
s
e
d
r
out
in
g
pr
ot
oc
ol
f
or
ve
hi
c
ul
a
r
a
d
hoc
ne
twor
ks
i
n a
c
it
y e
nvi
r
onme
nt
,
”
P
r
oc
e
di
a C
om
put
e
r
Sc
ie
n
c
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oc
s
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S
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K
uma
r
a
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A
.
K
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V
e
r
ma
,
“
P
os
it
io
n
b
a
s
e
d
r
out
in
g
pr
ot
oc
ol
s
i
n
vA
N
E
T
:
a
s
ur
ve
y,
”
W
ir
e
l
e
s
s
P
e
r
s
onal
C
om
m
uni
c
at
io
ns
,
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11277
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015
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2567
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[
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D
a
s
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R
.
M
is
r
a
,
“
I
mpr
ovi
s
e
d
dyna
mi
c
ne
twor
k
c
onn
e
c
ti
vi
ty
mode
l
f
or
ve
hi
c
ul
a
r
a
d
-
H
oc
ne
twor
ks
(
V
A
N
E
T
s
)
,
”
J
ou
r
n
al
of
N
e
tw
or
k
and
C
om
put
e
r
A
ppl
ic
at
io
ns
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ov. 2018, doi:
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nc
a
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[
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A
.
B
e
nga
g
a
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M
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E
l
B
oukha
r
i,
“
C
la
s
s
if
ic
a
ti
on
a
nd
c
ompa
r
is
on
of
r
out
in
g
pr
ot
oc
ol
s
in
V
A
N
E
T
s
,
”
in
2018
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on I
nt
e
ll
ig
e
nt
Sy
s
te
m
s
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om
put
e
r
V
is
io
n (
I
SC
V
)
, A
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. 2018, pp. 1
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A
C
V
.2018.8354025.
[
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S
.
S
mi
r
i,
A
.
B
ous
ha
ba
,
R
.
B
e
n
A
bbou,
a
nd
A
.
Z
a
hi
,
“
G
e
ogr
a
phi
c
a
nd
to
pol
ogy
ba
s
e
d
r
out
in
g
pr
ot
oc
ol
s
in
ve
hi
c
ul
a
r
a
d
-
hoc
ne
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