Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
15
,
No.
1
,
Febr
uary
20
25
, pp.
36
~
45
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ij
ece.v
15
i
1
.
pp
36
-
45
36
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
Enhan
cing
t
he re
liance of
emerge
ncy pow
er su
pp
l
y systems
for
nuclear f
ac
iliti
es using h
ybrid
syst
em
Moham
med
S
aade
1
, Hussei
n El
-
Ei
ssawi
2
, Adel S
. Na
da
3
1
Egy
p
tian
Nuclear
Po
wer
Plan
t
Au
th
o
rity, Cairo,
E
g
y
p
t
2
Ato
m
ic
Reacto
rs
Dep
artmen
t,
Egy
p
tian
Atomic
Energy
Auth
o
rity, Cairo,
Egy
p
t
3
Electr
ic
Eng
in
eeri
n
g
Departm
en
t,
Fa
cu
lty
of E
n
g
in
eeri
n
g
,
Al
-
Azh
ar
Univ
ersity
,
Cairo
,
E
g
y
p
t
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
ul
3, 2024
Re
vised
A
ug 15, 2
024
Accepte
d
Se
p 3,
2024
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h
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i
t
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i
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t
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e
n
o
m
i
n
a
l
v
a
l
u
e
s
.
T
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
t
r
a
n
s
i
e
n
t
a
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a
l
y
z
e
r
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
(
E
T
A
P
)
i
s
u
s
e
d
t
o
v
a
l
i
d
a
t
e
t
h
e
s
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Diesel
g
e
ner
at
or
Emer
gen
c
y p
ower
sup
ply
Nu
cl
ea
r
facil
it
y
Photo
vo
lt
ai
c s
ys
te
m
Safety
and c
riti
cal
co
nsu
mers
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
M
oha
mme
d
Sa
ade
Eg
yp
ti
an
Nucl
ear P
ower
Plan
t Au
t
hority
Ca
iro,
Eg
ypt
Emai
l:
eng_m
_sa
ade@
ya
hoo.com
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
pri
mar
y
go
al
of
nucl
ea
r
sa
fety
is
t
o
pr
e
ve
nt
the
re
le
ase
of
ra
dioa
ct
ive
s
ub
sta
nc
es
int
o
t
he
at
mo
s
ph
e
re,
as
well
as
to
prot
ect
pe
op
le
a
nd
the
e
nv
ir
onme
nt
f
r
om
t
he
harmf
ul
ef
fects
of
io
nizat
ion
ra
diati
on
[1]
.
An
e
mer
ge
ncy
powe
r
s
upply
s
ys
te
m
is
c
riti
cal
fo
r
nu
cl
ear
facil
it
ie
s;
it
prov
i
des
c
on
ti
nuous
po
wer
s
upply
to
c
riti
cal
consume
rs
duri
ng
une
xp
ect
e
d
powe
r
outa
ges
,
protect
in
g
ag
ai
ns
t
se
rio
us
c
on
s
eq
ue
nces
[
2]
–
[4]
.
Nu
cl
ea
r
facil
it
ie
s'
powe
r
s
upplies,
especi
al
ly
the
e
mer
gen
c
y
powe
r
su
ppl
y,
mu
st
meet
the
fo
ll
ow
i
ng
requireme
nts:
reli
abili
ty,
re
dunda
ncy,
di
ve
rsity,
in
de
penden
ce
,
an
d
ca
pacit
y
[
5],
[
6]
.
Emer
ge
ncy
diesel
gen
e
rato
rs
(E
DG
s
)
a
re
cr
ucial
in
nucl
ear
f
aci
li
t
ie
s
as
bac
kup
po
wer
dur
ing
offsit
e
po
wer
fail
ures
or
be
yond
desig
n
-
base
d
e
ven
ts
.
Howe
ve
r,
t
hey
re
quire
ti
me
to
sta
rt,
c
ausin
g
facil
it
y
black
ou
ts
an
d
po
te
ntial
ly
rele
asi
ng
rad
i
oacti
ve
s
ub
sta
nces in
t
o
t
he
envir
onment
if the
y
fail
w
he
n neede
d
[
7]
.
Seve
ral
in
vestigat
ions
hav
e
be
en
made
to
imp
rove
t
he
po
wer
sou
rces
of
at
om
ic
facil
it
ie
s
to
preve
nt
su
c
h
release
s
of
io
nizat
ion
r
adiat
ion
.
F
or
e
xam
ple,
Ka
nč
ev
et
al.
[
8]
i
nv
e
sti
gated
di
esel
ge
ner
at
or
fail
ure
incidents
i
n
the
nucl
ear
i
ndus
t
ry
over
20
yea
rs
us
in
g
four
dataset
s
.
It
ide
ntifie
d
causes,
br
ea
kdown
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
En
hancin
g
t
he re
li
an
ce
of e
m
erge
ncy
po
we
r
supp
ly
system
s for n
uclear
…
(
Mo
ham
me
d Saa
de
)
37
mecha
nisms,
f
ai
lure
ty
pes
,
a
nd
co
mpo
ne
nts
of
E
DGs.
The
resea
rch
co
ncl
ud
e
d
t
hat
mai
nt
enan
ce,
ins
pe
ct
ion
s,
sy
ste
mati
c
risk
assess
ment,
a
nd
fr
e
qu
e
nt
up
dates
a
re
esse
nt
ia
l
fo
r
reducin
g
fail
ur
e
c
ha
nc
es.
Also,
t
he
s
tudy
[9]
a
nalyze
d
th
e
reli
abili
ty
of
the
protot
yp
e
Fast
Bree
der
R
eact
or
's
diesel
gen
e
rato
rs
(
D
G)
du
rin
g
a
bl
ackout,
identif
ying
a
c
om
m
on
cause
of
fail
ur
e
a
nd
mainte
na
nce
is
su
es
le
adi
ng
t
o
sy
ste
m
unav
ai
la
bili
ty.
T
he
mo
st
sensiti
ve
pa
rt
was
the
D
G
m
echan
ic
al
fail
ure
t
o
r
un.
Furth
erm
or
e,
t
he
stu
dy
[10]
e
xplo
r
es
the
us
e
of
pum
ped
-
stora
ge
hy
dro
powe
r
plants
as
an
eme
rg
e
nc
y
po
wer
bac
kup
t
o
e
nh
a
nce
nu
cl
ea
r
po
we
r
pla
nt
safety
durin
g
sta
ti
on
black
outs. Howe
ve
r,
t
he
main c
halle
nge li
es in
quant
ifying t
he
safet
y
im
proveme
nt and inte
gr
at
in
g
the
ind
e
pende
nt
el
ect
rical
conne
ct
ion
bet
ween
the
hydro
po
wer
plants
a
nd
the
nu
cl
ea
r
power
plants
(N
P
P).
Additi
on
al
l
y,
in
stu
dy
[11]
,
add
it
io
nal
ste
a
m
t
urbine
un
it
s
wer
e
pr
ese
nt
ed
as
a
n
eme
r
gen
c
y
power
s
upply
sy
ste
m
f
or
nu
cl
ear
powe
r
pl
ants,
an
d
it
w
as
f
ound
that
the
pro
posed
s
ys
te
m
en
sures
safet
y,
r
ed
uce
s
c
or
e
dama
ge
ris
k,
and
is
c
os
t
-
ef
f
ect
ive.
Also,
the
stu
dy
[12
]
intr
oduce
d
a
n
i
nteg
rated
f
ault
m
odel
for
diesel
gen
e
rato
r
fail
ure
durin
g
sta
rtup
an
d
operati
on,
util
iz
ing
fa
ult
tree
a
nalysi
s
te
ch
niques,
a
nd
pr
opos
e
d
pract
ic
al
so
luti
ons
f
or
fa
ult el
imi
nation
and
mit
igati
on.
The
2015
twe
nt
y
-
fi
rst
sessi
on
of
t
he
C
onfer
e
nce
of
the
Pa
rtie
s
(CO
P
21
)
hi
gh
li
ghte
d
the
imp
or
ta
nc
e
of
co
nverti
ng
energ
y
s
ys
te
m
s
to
re
new
a
bl
e
ene
rgy
f
or
CO
2
re
duct
ion.
A
nd
C
OP
27
recomme
nd
e
d
203
0
ta
rg
et
s
t
hroug
h
cl
imat
e
plans
to
re
duce
the
us
e
of
f
os
sil
f
uels.
More
over
,
the
en
d
of
th
e
f
os
sil
f
uel
a
ge
was
anno
un
ce
d
at
COP
28,
with
a
re
quest
f
or
a
ra
pid
tra
ns
it
io
n
t
o
re
ne
wab
le
e
nergy,
do
ub
l
ing
e
nergy
e
ff
i
ci
ency
impro
veme
nts,
an
d
tripli
ng
re
new
a
ble
e
nerg
y
ca
pacit
y
by
2030
[13
]
–
[16
]
.
Photo
vo
lt
ai
c
(
PV
)
ene
r
gy
is
on
e
of
these
re
ne
wa
ble
res
ources.
It
has
bec
om
e
t
he
most
pro
misi
ng
re
ne
wab
le
e
nerg
y
op
ti
on
due
to
it
s
cl
eanl
iness
,
low
c
os
t,
a
nd
quie
tness.
Als
o,
the
ra
pid
ec
on
om
ic
gr
ow
t
h
in
re
ne
wab
le
e
ne
rgy,
i
n
ad
diti
on
to
cl
imat
e
ch
ang
e
,
has res
ulted in
increase
d
s
olar
PV pro
duct
io
n i
n dev
el
op
i
ng
countries
[
17]
–
[19]
.
In
this
pa
per,
a
hy
br
id
s
ys
te
m
(
PV
/
batte
ry)
is
propose
d
a
s
an
eme
r
gen
c
y
powe
r
s
uppl
y
for
nucl
ear
facil
it
ie
s
to
pro
vid
e
a
n
ad
diti
onal
uninte
rru
ptable
po
wer
s
upply
t
o
powe
r
t
he
sa
fety
an
d
c
riti
cal
con
s
ume
rs
in
the
per
io
d
be
f
or
e
the
sta
rt
of
an
eme
rg
e
nc
y
dies
el
ge
ner
at
or,
the
re
by
inc
reasin
g
t
he
reli
abili
ty
of
a
nucl
ea
r
facil
it
y.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
s
ys
te
m is
furthe
r
c
omp
ared
with
the
tr
aditi
on
al
e
mer
gen
c
y
diesel
generat
or
.
T
he
r
est
of
the
pa
pe
r
is
str
uctu
red
as
f
oll
ow
s:
sect
ion
2
il
lustrate
s
the
f
un
ct
io
ns
of
the
nucl
ear
facil
it
y
a
nd
il
lustrate
s
the
descr
i
ption
a
nd
re
qu
ir
eme
nts
f
or
t
he
facil
it
y's
el
ect
rical
power
s
upply
s
yst
em.
S
ect
ion
3
ou
tl
ines
the
propos
e
d
appr
oach,
wh
il
e
sect
ion
4
i
nc
lud
es
sim
ulati
on
an
d
res
ult
disc
us
sio
ns
wh
e
re
t
he
pro
po
s
ed
an
d
tra
diti
on
al
methods
are c
ompa
red, foll
ow
ed by a c
on
cl
usi
on in
sect
io
n 5.
2.
NUCLEA
R
F
AC
ILIT
Y DE
SCRIPTIO
N
T
h
e
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
A
t
o
m
i
c
E
n
e
r
g
y
A
g
e
n
c
y
G
l
o
s
s
a
r
y
d
e
f
i
n
e
s
a
n
u
c
l
e
a
r
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
y
a
s
a
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
y
t
h
a
t
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
s
,
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
e
s
,
u
t
i
l
i
z
e
s
,
h
a
n
d
l
e
s
,
s
t
o
r
e
s
,
o
r
d
i
s
p
o
s
e
s
o
f
n
u
c
l
e
a
r
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
[20]
.
N
u
c
l
e
a
r
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
a
r
e
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
e
d
i
n
t
o
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
t
y
p
e
s
,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
f
u
e
l
f
a
b
r
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
f
a
c
t
o
r
i
e
s
,
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
r
e
a
c
t
o
r
s
,
r
a
d
i
o
i
s
o
t
o
p
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
,
a
n
d
s
p
e
n
t
n
u
c
l
e
a
r
f
u
e
l
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
.
T
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
f
o
c
u
s
e
s
o
n
t
h
e
r
a
d
i
o
i
s
o
t
o
p
e
-
p
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
y
.
2.1. Des
cri
pt
i
on
of the
r
ad
i
oisotope pr
oductio
n facil
ity
The
rad
i
oiso
t
opes
pro
du
ct
io
n
facil
it
y
(RP
F)
is
a
f
aci
li
ty
that
pr
oduce
s
r
adiois
otopes
by
ir
rad
ia
ti
ng
low
-
en
riche
d
urani
um
(LE
U)
ob
je
ct
s.
RPF
is
div
i
ded
into
f
r
ee,
m
on
it
ore
d,
and
rest
rict
ed
areas,
t
he
f
ree
area
su
c
h
as
offices
wh
e
re
no
ra
di
oacti
ve
substa
nces
are
proce
ssed,
t
he
monit
or
e
d
area
w
here
the
lowest
ra
diati
on
le
vels
an
d
t
he
restrict
ed
a
reas
ha
ving
t
he
ma
ximum
rad
i
oac
ti
vity
le
vel.
Th
e
facil
it
y
has
12
ho
t
cel
ls
an
d
ca
n
pr
o
du
c
e
va
r
i
ou
s
r
a
di
oi
s
ot
op
e
s
,
i
nc
l
ud
i
ng
c
hr
om
i
um
-
51
,
i
od
i
ne
-
12
5,
i
o
di
ne
-
13
1,
i
r
i
di
um
-
1
92
,
m
ol
y
bd
e
n
u
m
-
9
9
,
and iridi
um
-
19
2,
f
or
medical
pur
po
ses
[
21]
.
2.2.
Des
cri
pt
i
on
of the el
ect
ri
cal power
su
pply
system
at t
he
nu
cl
e
ar
f
ac
il
ity
The
el
ect
rical
p
owe
r
s
ys
te
m
i
n
a
nuclea
r
fac
il
it
y
is
cr
ucial
for prov
i
ding
re
li
able
el
ect
rici
ty
t
o
nor
mal
op
e
rati
ng
a
nd
safety
sy
ste
m
s
to
e
ns
ure
faci
li
ty
safety
[
22]
.
T
he
crit
eria
f
or
powe
r
qual
it
y,
def
e
ns
e
-
in
-
dep
t
h,
and
reli
abili
ty
in
the
el
ect
rical
powe
r
s
uppl
y
f
or
nu
cl
ea
r
facil
it
ie
s
wer
e
highli
ghte
d
in
seve
ral
st
ud
ie
s
an
d
sta
nd
a
rds,
p
a
rtic
ularly
t
he
ref
e
ren
ces
[23
],
[
24]
.
The
el
ec
tric
al
power
s
ys
te
m
at
nu
cl
ear
fa
ci
li
ti
es
is
comprised
of
distrib
utio
n
sy
ste
ms
a
nd
powe
r
sup
plier
s.
Powe
r
sup
pl
ie
s
con
ta
in
nor
mal
(grid
)
a
nd
e
mer
ge
ncy
power
(on
-
sit
e)
s
ourc
es
that
are
require
d
t
o
kee
p
the
facil
it
y
i
n
a
c
on
tr
olled
sta
te
in
al
l
op
e
rat
ion
c
on
diti
on
s
[25
]
.
The
t
otal
load
s
of
the
facil
it
y
ar
e
39
0
kVA
,
normall
y
powe
re
d
by
a
ut
il
i
ty
gri
d
a
nd
in
eme
rg
e
ncie
s
by
a
n
emer
gen
c
y
po
wer
sup
ply
syst
em,
as
well
as
a
100
Ah
batte
r
y
bank,
cha
rg
e
r,
an
d
inv
e
rter
,
wh
i
ch
a
re
est
ablished
as
safety
re
qu
ir
e
ments
t
o
s
uppl
y
th
e
cl
ass
A
consu
mers
.
T
he
el
ect
rical
power
sup
ply
e
quipme
nt
par
a
mete
rs
a
re
descr
i
bed in
T
able 1.
Con
s
um
e
rs
a
re
cl
assifi
ed
into
three
gro
up
s
ba
sed
on
w
hat
is
essenti
al
f
or
safety
a
nd
the
equ
i
pm
e
nt's
abili
ty
to
toler
at
e
powe
r
sup
ply
inter
ruptio
ns
.
T
his
cl
assi
ficat
ion
ai
ds
in
deter
minin
g
wh
ic
h
c
onsum
ers
a
re
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng,
V
ol.
15
, No
.
1
,
Febr
uary
20
25
:
36
-
45
38
powe
red
by
t
he
nor
mal
po
we
r
s
upply
an
d
wh
ic
h
by
the
e
mer
gen
c
y
pow
er
s
upply.
C
onsu
me
r
cl
assifi
c
at
ion
s
are il
lustrate
d i
n
Ta
ble
2.
Table
1
. Elect
r
ic
al
p
ower
sup
ply
e
quipm
ent
par
a
mete
rs
Para
m
eter
Valu
e
Grid
v
o
ltag
e/
fr
eq
u
en
cy
11
k
V/5
0
Hz
Step
-
d
o
wn
trans
form
e
r
(on
e
wo
rkin
g
an
d
th
e
o
th
er
for
s
tan
d
b
y
),
Po
wer/Vo
ltag
e
ratio
−
Im
p
ed
an
ce
v
o
ltag
e
−
Vector
g
rou
p
500
k
VA
-
1
1
/0
.4
k
V
4%
Dy
n
1
1
−
Battery
b
an
k
capac
ity
an
d
au
to
n
o
m
y
100
Ah
,
2
h
o
u
rs
Ch
arger
(AC/
DC
c
o
n
v
erter
)
one
wo
rk
in
g
an
d
th
e
o
th
er
stan
d
b
y
0
.4
kV
AC/1
0
0
A,
220
V
DC
Three
-
p
h
ase
DC/
A
C
in
v
erter
2:
−
DC
in
p
u
t
p
o
wer
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
−
AC
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer,
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
fr
eq
u
en
cy
−
Inv
erter
Ef
f
icien
cy
(12
.5
kW,
220
V)
DC
(12
k
VA
.
0
.4
k
V,
50
HZ)
,
AC
97%
Table
2.
C
onsume
r
cl
assifi
cat
i
on
s
Co
n
su
m
ers
Descripti
o
n
of
p
o
wer
requ
iremen
ts
Po
wer
so
u
rces
Valu
e
Clas
s
C
The
p
o
wer
su
p
p
ly
wo
u
ld
to
lerate
th
e
fun
ctio
n
s
of
th
e
ass
ig
n
ed
AC
lo
ad
s;
th
ese
co
n
sum
ers
are
p
o
were
d
by
th
e
u
tility
g
rid.
Utility
g
rid
300
k
VA
Clas
s
B
They
are
p
o
we
red
by
a
u
tility
g
rid
in
n
o
rm
al
o
p
eration
a
n
d
by
an
em
ergen
cy
p
o
wer
su
p
p
ly
in
case
of
em
ergen
cy
.
Utility
g
rid
or
d
ies
el
g
en
erator
as
a
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
et
h
o
d
80
k
VA
Claas
A
Thes
e
co
n
su
m
ers
a
re
cr
itical
to
sa
fety
,
m
o
n
ito
ring
,
an
d
c
o
n
trol.
Thes
e
co
n
su
m
ers
are
n
o
rm
ally
p
o
were
d
by
th
e
g
rid
but
can
be
p
o
were
d
by
an
em
e
rgen
cy
p
o
wer
su
p
p
ly
or
b
atter
y
in
th
e
ev
en
t
of
an
acciden
t.
Utility
g
rid
d
iesel
g
en
erator
or
b
attery
b
an
k
(2
h
o
u
rs
of
au
to
n
o
m
y
)
10
k
VA
3.
PROP
OSE
D MET
HO
D
Du
e
to
disa
dva
nt
ages
of
diese
l
ge
ner
at
or
s
li
ke
sta
rtin
g
ti
me
s
an
d
pote
ntial
fail
ure
t
o
pro
vid
e
po
wer
du
e
to
mainte
nan
ce
,
fail
ure
to
sta
rt
,
or
fail
ur
e
to
s
uppl
y
crit
ic
al
loads
,
l
eadin
g
to
blac
kouts
an
d
ra
di
oacti
ve
su
bst
ance
rele
ase
into
the
e
nv
i
ronme
nt.
A
lso
as
f
os
sil
f
uel
s
become
l
ess
af
f
ordab
le
an
d
cl
imat
e
change
con
ce
r
ns
arise
,
ren
e
wa
ble
en
ergy
op
ti
ons
li
ke
P
V
are
bec
om
in
g
in
creasi
ng
l
y
prefe
rred
du
e
t
o
thei
r
purity
[26]
.
T
o
a
ddre
ss
the
previ
ous
issues
,
this
pap
e
r
pr
e
sents
an
im
pro
ve
d
method
f
or
e
nhanci
ng
the
nuc
le
a
r
facil
it
y's
reli
ab
il
it
y
fo
r
pr
ov
i
di
ng
elec
tric
it
y
t
o
sa
fety
a
nd c
riti
cal
co
nsume
r
s dur
i
ng an em
erg
e
nc
y.
In
the
pro
pose
d
meth
od,
the
photov
oltai
c
sy
ste
m/batt
er
y
i
s
add
e
d
to
t
he
sy
ste
m.
More
over
,
the
P
V
sy
ste
m
ca
n
pr
ovide
powe
r
supp
l
y
to
the
fac
il
it
y
con
s
um
e
r
s
durin
g
norm
al
op
e
rati
on,
a
s
ad
diti
on
al
cl
ean
an
d
cheap
powe
r
s
upply
reduces
the
el
ect
rici
ty
cost.
F
ur
t
her
m
or
e
,
an
in
ve
rter
and
a
batte
ry
bank
with
a
1
,
500
Ah
capaci
ty
a
nd
a
n
8
-
hour
disch
arg
e
pe
rio
d
a
r
e
est
ablishe
d,
as
il
lustrate
d
i
n
Fi
gure
1,
t
o
pro
vid
e
el
ect
rici
ty
durin
g
t
he nig
ht
.
Figure
1. Mo
de
l config
ur
at
i
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
En
hancin
g
t
he re
li
an
ce
of e
m
erge
ncy
po
we
r
supp
ly
system
s for n
uclear
…
(
Mo
ham
me
d Saa
de
)
39
The
s
ys
te
m
is
simulat
ed
by
t
he
el
ect
rical
transient
a
nalyz
er
pro
gr
a
m
(E
TAP)
to
s
uppl
y
po
wer
to
t
he
facil
it
y
in
va
ri
ou
s
op
e
rati
on
modes,
incl
ud
i
ng
normal
an
d
eme
rg
e
nc
y,
a
s
well
as
dif
fe
ren
t
scena
rios
to
te
st
and
anal
yze
t
he
s
ys
te
m's
pe
rformance
.
E
TAP
is
a
c
ommerci
al
po
wer
sy
ste
m
anal
ysi
s
too
l
t
hat
i
nclu
des
var
i
ou
s
buil
t
-
in
m
odel
s.
T
he
ETA
P
nu
cl
e
ar
li
cense
is
us
e
d
gl
ob
al
l
y
by
nucl
ear
po
wer
plants
,
re
search
f
aci
li
ti
es,
con
s
ultancy
or
gan
i
zat
ion
s,
an
d
go
vernme
nt
bodi
es
[
27],
[
28]
.
The
p
ho
t
ovoltai
c
arr
a
y
ou
t
pu
t
powe
r
is
500
k
W
DC
with
22
0
V
D
C,
conve
rted
t
o
AC
power
by
a
PV
sy
ste
m
inv
erte
r
(
416
kVA
with
0.4
k
V
a
nd
50
Hz)
.
T
he
P
V
s
ys
te
m
siz
e
and
in
ve
rter
a
r
e
ch
os
e
n
t
o
supp
l
y
facil
it
y
lo
ads
i
n
va
rio
us
scenari
os
,
as
s
how
n
i
n
Table
3.
A
1
,
540
A
h
ba
tt
ery
bank
is
a
dd
e
d
t
o
the
sys
te
m
to
im
pro
ve
it
s
reli
abili
ty.
The
batte
r
y
ba
nk
cha
r
ges
from
the
PV
s
ys
te
m
a
nd
disc
harges
f
or
8
hours
at
ni
gh
t.
The
ca
pacit
y
of
the
batte
ry
ba
nk
was
c
hose
n
base
d
on
t
otal
loads
in
cl
asses
B
and
A,
as
well
as
safety
c
ons
iderati
ons.
Tabl
e
4
sho
ws
ty
pical
sp
eci
ficat
io
ns
f
or
this batt
er
y ba
nk.
Table
3.
T
ypic
al
PV
a
nd in
ve
rter s
ys
te
m
pa
r
amet
ers
Typ
ical para
m
eter
s o
f
th
e po
ly
crys
tallin
e pan
el
Typ
ical para
m
eter
s o
f
a P
V array
Typ
ical para
m
eter
s o
f
a P
V array
inv
erter
Para
m
eter
Valu
e
Para
m
eter
Valu
e
Para
m
eter
Valu
e
P (
m
ax
im
u
m
)
2
0
6
W
Total n
u
m
b
er
o
f
pan
els
2432
DC in
p
u
t po
wer
439
kW
V (
m
ax
im
u
m
po
w
er
p
o
in
t)
2
8
.2 V
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
pan
els
in
series
8
DC in
p
u
t vo
ltag
e
2
2
5
V
V (
o
p
en
cir
cu
it)
3
3
.5 V
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
pan
els
in
p
arallel
304
Ef
fic
ien
cy
90%
I
(
m
ax
im
u
m
po
we
r
p
o
in
t)
7
.3 A
V
DC
2
2
5
V
AC o
u
tp
u
t po
wer
415
k
VA
I
(sh
o
rt
ci
rcuit)
8
.19
A
Rated
DC po
wer
500
kW
AC o
u
tp
u
t vo
ltag
e
0
.4 k
V
Ef
fic
ien
cy
14%
Frequ
en
cy
5
0
Hz
Table
4
.
T
ypic
al
sp
eci
ficat
io
ns o
f
the
b
at
te
r
y ba
nk
Para
m
eter
Valu
e
The
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
of
cells
co
n
n
ected
109
cells
Vo
ltag
e/cell
2
.06
V
Rated
v
o
ltag
e
225
V
DC
Total
capacity
1
,
540
A
h
4.
SIMULATI
O
N AND
RES
U
LT
S D
IS
C
USSION
The
propose
d
method's
perf
orma
nce
is
te
ste
d
an
d
a
nalyz
ed
th
rou
gh
t
he
load
flo
w.
T
he
syst
em's
abili
ty
to
react
to
distu
r
ban
ce
s
is
evaluate
d
thr
ough
the
tra
ns
ie
nt
sta
bili
ty
analysis.
The
pro
po
se
d
met
hod
is
al
so
c
ompare
d t
o
the t
rad
it
io
na
l on
e
in va
rio
us
operati
on m
od
e
s a
nd cases.
4.1.
Simul
at
io
n of
n
orm
al
oper
ati
on co
nd
itions
(electri
c
ity
g
ri
d)
In
a
nucl
ear
fa
ci
li
ty,
powe
r
is
supp
li
ed
to
va
rio
us
c
on
s
um
e
r
cl
asses
(C
-
B
-
A)
via
tw
o
tra
ns
f
ormer
s
,
on
e
ope
rati
on
a
l
and
the
oth
e
r
on
sta
ndby.
Cl
ass
A
c
us
to
mers
a
re
se
ns
i
ti
ve
an
d
dema
nd
co
ns
ta
nt
powe
r
su
ppl
y.
To
ach
ie
ve
that,
c
harger
1
c
onver
ts
AC
power
f
r
om
bu
s
B
t
o
D
C
powe
r,
the
n
conve
rts
DC
powe
r
t
o
AC
powe
r
with
t
he
desi
red
par
a
mete
rs
usi
ng
a
th
ree
-
pha
se
in
ver
te
r.
Fi
gure
2
s
hows
load
fl
ow
resul
ts
an
d
vo
lt
age
per
ce
nt
ages
at
buse
s
(C,
B,
a
nd
A)
are
99.91
%,
99.
89
%
,
a
nd
100%
,
res
pecti
vely
,
mee
ti
ng
t
he
sp
eci
fied
volt
a
ge dr
op
values.
4.2. Simul
at
io
n of
emer
genc
y po
wer suppl
y sy
stems
In
eme
r
gen
ci
es
,
powe
r
sho
uld
be
a
vaila
ble
to
preve
nt
an
a
cci
den
t
f
rom
oc
currin
g.
S
o,
powe
r
will
be
pr
ovide
d
to
sa
fety
an
d
c
riti
cal
con
s
um
e
rs
us
in
g
tra
diti
onal
diesel
and
pro
posed
phot
ovoltai
cs
an
d
ba
tt
eries.
Loa
d
fl
ow and
transient
sta
bili
ty an
al
ys
is a
re
performe
d for
bo
t
h
a
ppr
oach
e
s to
te
st a
nd ana
lyze p
e
rfo
rma
nce.
4.2.1. L
oad
flo
w an
alysi
s
C
a
s
e
1
(
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
)
:
D
u
r
i
n
g
u
t
i
l
i
t
y
gr
i
d
o
u
t
a
g
e
s
,
t
h
e
2
1
0
k
W
d
i
e
s
e
l
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
w
a
s
a
c
t
i
v
a
t
e
d
t
o
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
a
f
e
t
y
a
n
d
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
c
l
a
s
s
e
s
(
B
a
n
d
A
)
.
T
h
i
s
m
e
t
h
o
d
i
s
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
a
s
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
t
he
d
i
e
s
e
l
i
s
c
o
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
t
i
l
i
z
e
d
a
s
a
n
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
p
o
w
e
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
a
t
n
u
c
l
e
a
r
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
.
T
h
e
l
o
a
d
f
l
o
w
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
i
l
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
s
e
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
1
0
0
%
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
.
C
a
s
e
2
(
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
)
:
T
h
i
s
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
a
i
m
s
t
o
o
v
e
r
c
o
m
e
d
i
e
s
e
l
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
d
i
s
c
r
e
p
a
n
c
i
e
s
b
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
a
p
o
w
e
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
f
o
r
s
a
f
e
t
y
a
n
d
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
l
o
a
d
s
u
s
i
ng
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
P
V
s
y
s
t
e
m
/
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
.
I
n
t
w
o
s
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
s
,
t
h
e
P
V
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
i
l
l
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
l
a
s
s
e
s
(
C
&
B
&
A
)
l
o
a
d
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
n
o
r
m
a
l
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
nd
o
n
l
y
c
l
a
s
s
e
s
(
B
&
A
)
l
o
a
d
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
i
e
s
,
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
s
4
a
n
d
5
.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
l
o
a
d
f
l
o
w
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
i
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
5
.
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IS
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N
:
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8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng,
V
ol.
15
, No
.
1
,
Febr
uary
20
25
:
36
-
45
40
Figure
2. Loa
d flo
w res
ults in
normal
operati
on con
diti
on
Figure
3
.
Loa
d flo
w of
case
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
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omp E
ng
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8708
En
hancin
g
t
he re
li
an
ce
of e
m
erge
ncy
po
we
r
supp
ly
system
s for n
uclear
…
(
Mo
ham
me
d Saa
de
)
41
'
Figure
4
.
Loa
d flo
w res
ults f
or the
f
irst
scena
rio of case
2
Figure
5
.
Loa
d flo
w res
ults f
or the
seco
nd sc
enar
i
o of
ca
se
2
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8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng,
V
ol.
15
, No
.
1
,
Febr
uary
20
25
:
36
-
45
42
Table
5
.
Summ
ary o
f
loa
d flo
w
a
nalysis
(√ p
ow
e
r
s
uppl
y
is
act
ive but
×
po
wer su
pply is
inacti
ve)
Op
eration
m
o
d
e
Grid
Diesel
g
en
erator
PV
sy
stem
An
aly
sis
No
rm
al
√
×
×
A grid
will
su
p
p
ly
all
facili
ty
load
s w
ith
the v
o
ltag
e of c
lass
es C, B,
and
A
(99
.91
%,
9
9
.89
%, and
10
0
%
),
r
esp
ectiv
ely
.
No
rm
al
×
×
√
The p
rop
o
sed
sy
st
em
c
an
su
p
p
ly
all
facility lo
ad
s in
cas
e of dev
iatio
n
of no
rm
al op
eration
o
r
at no
rmal o
p
erat
io
n
to redu
ce the
el
ectricity cos
t and
t
h
e vo
ltag
e of cla
ss
es C, B and
A
are
(99
.95
%, 10
0
%, and
10
0
%),
res
p
ectiv
ely
.
Em
e
rgen
cy
×
√
×
Diesel g
en
erators
su
p
p
ly
o
n
ly
classes
B and
A
an
d
the v
o
ltag
e is 10
0
% for
each.
Em
e
rgen
cy
×
×
√
The p
rop
o
sed
sy
st
em
c
an
su
p
p
ly
on
l
y
class
es B an
d
A
an
d
the v
o
ltag
e is 10
0
% for e
ach.
4.2.2.
Tr
an
sie
nt
s
tabil
ity
a
n
alysi
s
The
sta
bili
ty
study
e
xami
nes
t
he
res
ponse
of
tradit
ion
al
a
nd
pro
po
se
d
s
ys
te
ms
to
disturba
nces
us
in
g
a
three
-
ph
ase
f
ault
to
Feede
r
1
at
ti
me
(
0.5)
an
d
cl
ea
rin
g
i
t
at
ti
me
(
0.650)
seco
nds;
th
e
simulat
io
n
ti
me
i
s
5
sec
onds;
the
simulat
io
n
ti
me
ste
p
(
dt)
is
(
0.001
);
an
d
the
plo
t
ti
me
st
ep
is
(
20*dt).
Table
6
desc
ribes
t
he
su
m
mar
y
of
th
e
even
ts
.
Als
o,
Figure
6
s
hows
the
diesel
gen
e
rato
r
s
pee
d
an
d
powe
r
a
ng
le
.
Fig
ur
es
7
to
10
sh
ow
the
vo
lt
a
ge
a
nd
freq
ue
nc
y
of
buses
B
and
A
f
or
the
t
wo
a
ppr
oach
es
me
ntio
ned
al
s
o
t
he
anal
ys
is
of
the
resu
lt
s
obta
ine
d from
Fig
ur
es
6
t
o
10 is s
hown in T
able
7.
Table
6
.
Summ
ary o
f
tra
ns
ie
nt
stabil
it
y
eve
nt
s
Even
t
Even
t 1
Even
t 2
Dev
ice ID
Feed
er
1
T1 LV
CB
Feed
er
3
CB
Load
C CB
Feed
er
1
Actio
n
Fau
lt at
5
0
%
o
p
en
o
p
en
o
p
en
Clear
f
au
lt
Figure
6
.
Diese
l gen
e
rato
r
s
pe
ed
a
nd po
wer a
ng
el
(a
bs
ol
ute)
Figure
7
.
Bus
B v
oltage
unde
r
the
tw
o
me
ntion
e
d
a
ppr
oac
he
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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t J
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&
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omp E
ng
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88
-
8708
En
hancin
g
t
he re
li
an
ce
of e
m
erge
ncy
po
we
r
supp
ly
system
s for n
uclear
…
(
Mo
ham
me
d Saa
de
)
43
Figure
8
.
Bus
B fr
e
quenc
y u
nd
e
r
t
he
tw
o m
entione
d
a
ppr
oa
ches
Figure
9
.
Bus
A vo
lt
age
un
de
r
the
tw
o
me
ntion
e
d
a
ppr
oac
he
s
Figure
10
.
B
us A
fr
e
quenc
y u
nd
e
r
t
he
tw
o m
entione
d
a
ppr
oa
ches
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng,
V
ol.
15
, No
.
1
,
Febr
uary
20
25
:
36
-
45
44
Table
7
.
T
ra
ns
i
ent an
al
ys
is S
ummar
y (√
po
w
er supply
is act
ive but
×
is
not
inacti
ve)
Tr
ad
itio
n
al app
roach
Prop
o
sed
app
roach
An
aly
sis
√
×
−
The roto
r
sp
eed r
a
p
id
ly
increases to
1
,
5
8
0
r
p
m
du
ring
the trans
ien
t,
th
en
decreases to
its n
o
m
in
al valu
e a
t tim
e
4
s, i
m
p
acti
n
g
the fr
eq
u
en
cy
.
−
Du
ring
the fault, th
e vo
ltag
e of bu
s B d
ecre
ased
to 0
.32
k
V,
th
en
increased
to 0
.42
k
V.
This
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
con
tin
u
ed
un
til the ti
m
e of
5 s.
The f
requ
en
cy
also
increased
to 1
0
6
%
o
f
its n
o
m
in
al valu
e,
th
en
decreas
ed
t
o
its no
m
in
al valu
e af
te
r
3
seco
n
d
s.
−
The v
o
ltag
e and
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
of Bu
s A ar
e stab
le sin
ce
the
y
ar
e su
p
p
lied
by
the sy
stem
in
v
erter
.
−
Thes
e f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s can
damage the s
af
ety
load
du
ring
thi
s p
eriod
.
×
√
−
The v
o
ltag
e and
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
of Bu
s B rem
a
in
ed
no
m
in
al
d
u
ring
the fault, and
Bu
s A
lik
ewise
re
m
ain
ed
n
o
m
in
al.
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
mai
n
obje
ct
ive
of
this
researc
h
is
to
el
imi
nate
the
sh
ort
age
of
di
esel
gen
e
rato
r
s,
w
hich
are
cru
ci
al
s
ources
of
powe
r
duri
ng
nu
cl
ea
r
facil
it
y
emer
ge
ncies,
t
o
reduce
the
pro
ba
bili
ty
of
facil
it
y
blac
kout
a
s
well
as
the
pr
o
ba
bili
ty
of
f
a
ci
li
ty
dama
ge
by
pro
po
si
ng
a
hy
br
i
d
PV
/
ba
tt
ery
t
hat
ca
n
imme
diate
ly
su
ppl
y
safety
a
nd
cri
ti
cal
con
s
um
er
s
with
ou
t
re
quirin
g
a
sta
rt
-
up
ti
me
an
d
with
the
nece
ssary
po
wer
qual
it
y.
Additi
on
al
l
y,
the
l
oad
flo
w
a
nd
tra
ns
ie
nt
sta
bili
ty
stu
dies
wer
e
e
xamine
d
us
i
ng
t
he
E
TA
P
pro
gr
am
to
t
est
an
d
evaluate
the
pe
rformance
of
t
he
tw
o
a
ppr
oac
hes.
The
simul
at
ion
r
esults de
monstrate
that t
he
pro
pose
d
s
ys
te
m
is
capa
ble
of
s
upply
i
ng
the
fa
ci
li
ty
co
ns
ume
rs
i
n
cl
asse
s
C,
B,
an
d
A
with
the
nomi
nal
volt
age
a
nd
f
requen
c
y
durin
g
nor
mal
operati
on
un
de
r
ce
rtai
n
c
on
diti
on
s
.
Additi
on
al
ly
,
t
he
performa
nce
of
th
e
pro
pose
d
s
yst
em
is
sign
ific
a
ntly
be
tt
er
than
that
of
th
e
diesel
ge
ner
at
or
durin
g
eme
rg
e
ncies,
as
dem
onstrat
ed
by
the
volt
age
an
d
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
cu
rves
f
or
cl
asses
B
an
d
A
,
a
s
w
el
l
as
the
a
naly
sis
f
rom
Table
7.
T
he
s
ys
te
m
is
desi
gn
e
d
bas
ed
on
nu
cl
ea
r
safet
y,
in
div
i
du
al
saf
et
y,
an
d
reli
abi
li
ty,
bu
t
the
int
egr
at
io
n
of
s
olar,
batte
r
y
ba
nk,
a
nd
loa
ds
present
s
a d
esi
gn ch
al
le
ng
e
. Futu
re
res
earch
w
il
l f
oc
us o
n op
ti
m
um
batte
ry b
a
nk ca
pacit
y
a
nd c
os
t
-
be
nef
it
a
nalys
is.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
J.
Iqb
al,
F.
M
.
Ho
wari,
A.
M.
O.
Mo
h
am
ed
,
an
d
E.
K.
Paleo
lo
g
o
s,
“Ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
radiatio
n
p
o
llu
tio
n
fr
o
m
n
u
clear
p
o
we
r
p
lan
ts,
”
in
Pollu
tio
n
A
ss
ess
men
t for
Su
sta
in
a
b
le P
ra
ctices in
App
lied
Scien
ces a
n
d
E
n
g
in
eerin
g
,
Elsev
ier,
20
2
0
,
p
p
.
1
0
2
7
–
1
0
5
3
.
[2]
S.
Gao
,
Z
.
Hu
an
g
,
an
d
S.
Tian,
“Op
ti
m
izatio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
su
p
p
ly
sch
em
e
an
d
econ
o
m
ic
b
en
efit
an
aly
sis
o
f
a
p
roje
ct
in
a
n
ewly
-
b
u
ilt
large nu
clear
ch
em
ical plan
t,”
in
S
p
ri
n
g
er Pro
ceedin
g
s in
P
h
ysics
,
v
o
l.
2
8
5
,
Sp
ring
er
N
atu
re
Sin
g
ap
o
re,
20
2
3
,
p
p
.
1
1
0
7
–
1
1
1
1
.
[3]
N.
Ch
r
isto
d
o
u
lo
u
,
“Z
r
-
2
.5Nb
p
ressu
re
tu
b
es
in
C
AN
DU
reac
to
rs,
”
in
Press
u
riz
ed
Hea
vy
Wa
ter
Reacto
rs
:
CANDU
,
Elsev
ie
r,
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
6
9
–
1
3
3
.
[4]
Y.
S.
Jeo
n
g
,
E.
R.
Baek
,
B.
G.
Jeo
n
,
S.
J.
Ch
an
g
,
an
d
D.
U
.
Pa
rk,
“S
eismic
p
e
rf
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
e
m
ergen
cy
d
iesel
g
en
erator
fo
r
h
i
g
h
fr
eq
u
en
cy
m
o
tio
n
s,”
Nu
clea
r Eng
in
eerin
g
an
d
Techn
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
5
1
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
4
7
0
–
1
4
7
6
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i: 10
.1
0
1
6
/j
.net.2
0
1
9
.03
.012.
[5]
“Desig
n
exten
sio
n
con
d
itio
n
s an
d
the co
n
cept
of pra
ctica
l eli
m
in
atio
n
in th
e
des
ig
n
of nu
clea
r
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts,”
Inte
rn
a
tio
n
a
l
Atomic
Ener
g
y A
g
en
cy (IA
EA
)
.
2
0
2
4
,
Access
ed
: Ju
n
.
2
8
,
2
0
2
4
.
[6]
S.
Titov
,
N.
Ba
rbin
,
an
d
A.
Ko
b
elev
,
“E
m
ergen
cy
ev
e
n
ts
th
at
o
ccurred
at
RB
MK
n
u
clear
reac
to
rs,”
E3S
Web
o
f
Co
n
feren
ces
,
v
o
l.
3
7
6
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
: 10
.10
5
1
/e3
sco
n
f/
2
0
2
3
3
7
6
0
1
0
5
2
.
[7]
K.
Swa
m
y
n
ath
an
a
n
d
K.
Ka
rthik
ey
an
,
“Desig
n
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
w
ater
sp
rink
ler
sy
st
em
for
e
m
ergen
cy
d
iesel
g
en
erator
a
t
full
lo
ad
in
n
u
clea
r
p
o
wer
p
lan
t,”
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Th
e
Ins
tit
u
tio
n
o
f
Eng
in
eers
(
Ind
ia
):
S
eries
C
,
v
o
l.
1
0
2
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
1
2
9
–
1
1
3
5
,
Ju
l.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i: 1
0
.10
0
7
/
s4
0
0
3
2
-
021
-
0
0
7
3
3
-
4.
[8]
D.
Kan
čev,
A.
Du
ch
ac,
B
.
Zer
g
e
r,
M.
Maqu
a,
an
d
D.
W
attre
lo
s,
“
Even
ts
rela
ted
to
e
m
erg
en
cy
d
iesel
g
en
er
a
to
rs
in
th
e
n
u
clear
in
d
u
stry
:
an
aly
si
s
o
f
less
o
n
s
learned
fr
o
m
th
e
o
p
erating
ex
p
erience,”
Pr
o
g
res
s
in
N
u
clea
r
Ener
g
y
,
v
o
l.
7
5
,
p
p
.
1
9
2
–
1
9
7
,
Au
g
.
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i: 1
0
.10
1
6
/j.pn
u
cene.2
0
1
4
.0
5
.00
2
.
[9]
P.
K.
Sh
ar
m
a,
V.
Bh
u
v
an
a,
an
d
M.
Ramakrish
n
an
,
“R
eliab
ility
an
aly
sis
o
f
d
iesel
g
en
erator
p
o
wer
su
p
p
ly
sy
st
em
o
f
p
roto
ty
p
e
fa
s
t
b
reeder
r
eactor,
”
N
u
clea
r Eng
in
eering a
n
d
Desig
n
,
v
o
l.
3
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
9
2
–
2
0
4
,
Dec.
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i: 10
.10
1
6
/j.n
u
ceng
d
es.
2
0
1
6
.1
0
.01
3
.
[10
]
B.
Gjo
rgiev
,
A.
V
o
lk
an
o
v
sk
i,
D.
Ka
n
čev,
an
d
M.
Čep
in
,
“Alternativ
e
o
ff
-
site
p
o
wer
su
p
p
ly
im
p
rov
es
n
u
clear
p
o
wer
p
lan
t
safety,
”
Ann
a
ls o
f Nu
clea
r Ener
g
y
,
v
o
l.
7
1
,
p
p
.
3
0
4
–
3
1
2
,
Sep
.
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i: 10
.10
1
6
/j.
an
u
cene.2
0
1
4
.0
4
.0
1
1
.
[11
]
R.
Z.
A
m
in
o
v
,
V.
E.
Yu
rin,
an
d
A.
N.
Ego
rov
,
“A
co
m
p
rehen
siv
e
an
aly
sis
o
f
em
ergen
cy
p
o
wer
su
p
p
ly
sy
st
em
s
at
NPPs
with
W
W
ER
-
1
0
0
0
ty
p
e
reac
to
rs
b
ased
o
n
ad
d
itio
n
al
steam
t
u
rbin
es
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
Balak
o
v
o
NPP,”
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
h
ys
ics:
Co
n
feren
ce
S
eries
,
v
o
l.
1
1
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
Dec.
20
1
8
,
d
o
i: 10
.10
8
8
/1
7
4
2
-
6
5
9
6
/1
1
1
1
/
1
/0
1
2
0
2
6
.
[12
]
X.
Yan
g
,
C
.
Qin
g
,
N.
Yu
,
Y.
Zhan
g
,
an
d
B.
Ch
en
g
,
“De
v
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
resea
rch
o
f
sta
rtup
fa
ilu
re
an
d
o
p
eration
failu
r
e
m
o
d
el of
em
e
rgen
cy
dies
el gen
era
to
r
in n
u
clear
po
wer p
lan
ts,”
Jo
u
rn
a
l of
P
h
ysics
:
Co
n
feren
ce Series
,
vo
l.
2
5
9
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
S
ep
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i: 10
.1088
/1
7
4
2
-
6
5
9
6
/
2
5
9
1
/1
/0
1
2
0
6
1
.
[13
]
M.
A.
Li
m
a
et
a
l.
,
“Ren
ew
ab
le
en
e
rgy
in
redu
cin
g
g
reenh
o
u
se
g
as
e
m
iss
io
n
s:
Reach
in
g
th
e
g
o
als
o
f
th
e
P
aris
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
in
Brazil,”
Envir
o
n
men
ta
l Deve
lo
p
men
t
,
v
o
l.
3
3
,
Ma
r.
20
2
0
,
d
o
i: 10
.10
1
6
/j.env
d
ev
.2
0
2
0
.1
0
0
5
0
4
.
[14
]
J.
Farf
an
an
d
C.
Brey
er,
“S
tructu
ral
ch
an
g
es
o
f
g
lo
b
al
p
o
wer
g
en
eration
capacity
to
wards
su
stain
ab
ility
an
d
t
h
e
risk
o
f
stran
d
ed
in
v
estments
su
p
p
o
rted
b
y
a
su
stain
ab
ility
in
d
icato
r,
”
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Cleaner
Pro
d
u
ctio
n
,
v
o
l.
1
4
1
,
p
p
.
3
7
0
–
3
8
4
,
Jan
.
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.10
1
6
/j.jclepro
.20
1
6
.09
.0
6
8
.
[15
]
L.
B
ak
o
šo
v
á,
“Sh
arm
El
-
Sh
eik
h
cli
m
ate
ch
an
g
e
co
n
fe
re
n
ce:
Co
m
m
en
tary
o
n
selected
iss
u
es,
”
Bra
tisla
va
La
w
Review
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
1
5
–
1
2
3
,
Jun. 20
2
3
,
d
o
i: 10
.4
6
2
8
2
/b
lr.
2
0
2
3
.7.1
.3
6
6
.
[16
]
R.
Ch
o
p
ra,
M.
A.
Reh
m
an
,
A
.
Yad
a
v
,
an
d
S.
Bh
a
rdwa
j,
“Rev
isitin
g
th
e
EKC
fr
a
m
ewo
rk
c
o
n
cernin
g
COP
-
2
8
carbo
n
n
eu
trality
m
an
ag
em
en
t:
Evid
en
ce
fr
o
m
Top
-
5
c
arbo
n
em
b
ittering
co
u
n
tries,”
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Envir
o
n
men
ta
l
Ma
n
a
g
ement
,
v
o
l.
3
5
6
,
Ap
r.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i: 10
.1016
/j.jenvm
an
.20
2
4
.12
0
6
9
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
En
hancin
g
t
he re
li
an
ce
of e
m
erge
ncy
po
we
r
supp
ly
system
s for n
uclear
…
(
Mo
ham
me
d Saa
de
)
45
[17
]
M.
Farhat,
M.
Hu
ss
ein
,
an
d
A
.
M.
At
allah
,
“
Enh
an
cem
e
n
t
p
erf
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
a
th
ree
-
p
h
ase
g
rid
co
n
n
ected
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
sy
stem
b
ase
d
o
n
PI
-
g
en
etic
alg
o
rithm
(PI
-
GA
)
c
o
n
trolle
r,
”
in
2
0
1
7
Nin
eteenth
Inte
rn
a
tio
n
a
l
Mid
d
le
Eas
t
Pow
er
S
ys
tems
Co
n
feren
ce
(MEP
C
ON)
,
Dec
.
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
4
5
–
1
5
1
,
d
o
i: 10
.11
0
9
/ME
PCON.2
0
1
7
.83
0
1
1
7
7
.
[18
]
A.
Kara
p
ek
m
ez
an
d
I.
Din
ce
r,
“Co
m
p
arative
e
ff
ici
en
cy
an
d
en
v
iron
m
en
ta
l
i
m
p
act
ass
ess
m
e
n
ts
o
f
a
so
lar
-
ass
is
ted
co
m
b
in
ed
cy
cl
e
with
vario
u
s fuels
,
”
App
lied
Ther
ma
l E
n
g
in
eerin
g
,
v
o
l.
1
6
4
,
Jan
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
: 10
.10
1
6
/j.app
lt
h
erm
al
en
g
.20
1
9
.1
1
4
4
0
9
.
[19
]
A.
Ballaji
,
R.
Dash
,
M.
Bh
a
rat,
an
d
K
.
J.
Red
d
y
,
“Desig
n
an
d
an
aly
sis
o
f
S
VM
en
ab
led
PI
cu
rr
en
t
co
n
trolled
M
PPT
u
n
d
er
cri
tic
al
lo
ad
in
g
co
n
d
iti
o
n
,
”
in
2
0
2
3
1
st
Inter
n
a
tio
n
a
l
Co
n
fere
n
ce
o
n
Cir
cu
its,
P
o
wer
,
a
n
d
Intellig
en
t
S
ystems
,
CC
PI
S
2
0
2
3
,
Sep
.
2
0
2
3
,
p
p
.
1
–
6
,
d
o
i: 10
.1
1
0
9
/CC
PIS59
1
4
5
.2
0
2
3
.1029
1
6
3
6
.
[20
]
Internatio
n
al
Ato
m
ic
Energy
Ag
en
cy
,
IA
EA
n
u
clea
r
sa
fety
a
n
d
secu
rity
g
l
o
ss
a
ry:
Termi
n
o
lo
g
y
u
sed
in
n
u
clea
r
sa
fety,
n
u
cle
a
r
secu
rity,
ra
d
ia
tio
n
p
ro
tectio
n
,
a
n
d
e
merg
en
cy
p
rep
a
red
n
ess
a
n
d
res
p
o
n
s
e
.
Vien
n
a,
Au
stria:
Internatio
n
al
Ato
m
ic
Energy
Ag
en
cy
(I
A
EA)
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.61
0
9
2
/iaea.r
rxi
-
t5
6
z
.
[21
]
A.
Ab
d
elh
ad
y
,
“Ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
acci
d
en
tal
relea
se
o
f
1
3
1
I
fr
o
m
Egy
p
tian
radio
iso
to
p
es
p
rod
u
ctio
n
factory,”
S
S
RN
Electro
n
ic
Jo
u
rn
a
l
,
p
p
.
1
–
9
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i: 10
.2
1
3
9
/
ss
rn.4
6
3
5
1
8
3
.
[22
]
S.
A
.
Ko
tb
,
M.
M
.
Z
ak
y
,
A
.
A.
Elb
aset,
an
d
M.
Mora
d
,
“Ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
h
y
b
rid
renewab
le
en
ergy
for
su
p
p
ly
in
g
th
e
e
m
ergen
cy
p
o
wer
su
p
p
ly
syst
em
in
case
o
f
st
ati
o
n
b
lack
o
u
t
in
n
u
clear
p
o
wer
p
lan
t,
”
Ann
a
ls
o
f
Nu
clea
r
Ener
g
y
,
v
o
l.
1
7
5
,
Sep
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.10
1
6
/j.anu
cene.2
0
2
2
.1
0
9
2
2
2
.
[23
]
S.
Kh
atu
a
an
d
V.
Muk
h
erjee
,
“A
d
y
n
am
ic
h
y
b
rid
p
rotectio
n
sch
em
e
for
o
n
-
site
em
ergen
c
y
p
o
wer
sy
stem
o
p
erate
d
th
rou
g
h
a
n
in
teg
rated
m
icro
g
rid
d
u
ring
stati
o
n
b
lack
o
u
t
in
NPP,”
Ann
a
ls
o
f
Nu
clea
r
E
n
erg
y
,
v
o
l.
1
8
2
,
Mar
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.10
1
6
/j.anu
cene.2
0
2
2
.1
0
9
6
1
5
.
[24
]
M.
Srivas
tav
a,
S
.
K.
Go
y
al,
A.
Sar
a
swat,
R
.
S.
Sh
ek
h
awat,
an
d
G
.
Gan
g
il,
“A
r
ev
iew
o
n
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
p
r
o
b
lem
s,
c
au
ses
an
d
m
itig
atio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es,”
2
0
2
2
1
st
Inter
n
a
tio
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
en
ce
o
n
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le
Tech
n
o
lo
g
y
fo
r
Pow
er
a
n
d
E
n
erg
y
S
ystems
(STPES
)
,
Ju
l.
2
0
2
2
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
d
o
i: 10
.1109
/STPES54
8
4
5
.20
2
2
.10
0
0
6
5
8
7
.
[25
]
H.
Geo
rge
-
W
illi
a
m
s,
M
.
Le
e,
an
d
E.
Patelli
,
“Prob
ab
ilistic
risk
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
statio
n
b
lac
k
o
u
ts
in
n
u
clear
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts,”
IE
E
E
Tra
n
sa
ctio
n
s o
n
R
elia
b
ility
,
v
o
l.
6
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
9
4
–
5
1
2
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i: 1
0
.11
0
9
/TR.2018
.2
8
2
4
6
2
0
.
[26
]
O.
A.
Al
-
Sh
ah
ri
et
a
l.
,
“So
la
r
ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic ene
rgy
op
tim
i
zatio
n
m
eth
o
d
s,
ch
allen
g
es an
d
issu
es: a
compr
eh
en
siv
e
review,”
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f Clea
n
er Pro
d
u
c
tio
n
,
v
o
l.
2
8
4
,
Feb
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i: 10
.1
0
1
6
/j.jclepr
o
.20
2
0
.1254
6
5
.
[27
]
L.
No
v
o
a
an
d
J.
Bro
u
wer,
“Dy
n
am
ics
o
f
an
in
teg
rated
so
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
aic
an
d
b
attery
sto
rage
n
an
o
g
rid
fo
r
electri
c
v
eh
icle
ch
argin
g
,”
Jo
u
rn
a
l
of Pow
er S
o
u
rces
,
v
o
l.
3
9
9
,
p
p
.
1
6
6
–
1
7
8
,
Sep
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i: 10
.10
1
6
/j.jpo
ws
o
u
r.
2
0
1
8
.0
7
.09
2
.
[28
]
S.
H
wan
g
,
B.
H.
Kim
,
S.
Jo
u
n
g
,
an
d
H.
Jan
g
,
“Si
m
u
latio
n
an
d
d
etectabili
ty
an
aly
sis
o
f
p
o
wer
sy
stem
o
p
en
p
h
ase
co
n
d
itio
n
in
Ko
rea’
s
stan
d
ard
n
u
clear
p
o
wer
p
l
an
t,”
Inter
n
a
tio
n
a
l
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
ma
rt
Grid
a
n
d
Clean
Ener
g
y
,
p
p
.
2
8
2
–
2
8
9
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.12
7
2
0
/sg
ce.9.2.
2
8
2
-
2
8
9
.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Mohamme
d
Saad
e
recei
ved
the
B
.
Sc.
d
egr
e
e
in
el
e
ct
r
ic
a
l
e
ngine
er
ing
from
Al
Azha
r
Univer
sit
y,
Egypt,
in
201
1.
He
worked
i
n
the
Ministry
o
f
El
e
ct
ri
ci
ty
and
Rene
wabl
e
Ene
rgy
in
Egypt,
th
en
tra
nsferr
e
d
to
the
Nuclear
Pow
er
Plant
Aut
horit
y.
His
rese
a
rch
in
te
r
ests
inc
lud
e
r
ene
wab
le
en
erg
y,
e
lectr
ic
a
l
pow
er
supply
at
nuc
lear
fa
ci
litie
s
,
nuclea
r
safe
ty,
and
power
sys
te
ms.
He
ca
n
be
con
tacte
d
at
e
ma
i
l
:
en
g_m_saa
de@y
a
hoo.
com
.
Hus
sein
El
-
E
issaw
i
re
ce
iv
e
d
the
B
.
Sc.
deg
ree
in
elec
tri
c
al
enginee
r
ing
fro
m
Za
ga
zi
g
Univer
s
it
y,
Egyp
t,
in
1
995,
the
M.Sc
.
degr
ee
in
elec
t
ri
ca
l
engi
ne
eri
ng
from
C
ai
ro
Univer
sity,
Egy
pt,
in
2007,
and
the
Ph.D
.
degr
e
e
from
Al
Azha
r
Univer
sity
,
Eg
ypt,
in
2012.
He
is
a
l
ecture
r
w
it
h
the
React
ors
Depa
rtment,
Atomi
c
Ene
rgy
Authorit
y,
Egy
pt,
and
the
advi
sor
of
elec
tr
i
ca
l
engi
n
ee
r
ing
s
ystem
s
a
t
th
e
ETRR
-
2
Compl
ex,
Egypt
.
His
cur
r
e
nt
rese
arc
h
int
er
ests
in
cl
ud
e
power
qua
li
t
y,
l
ight
cur
r
ent
sys
te
ms,
powe
r
elec
troni
cs
,
mot
or
dr
ive
s,
ren
ew
able
ene
r
gy,
nuc
lear
saf
et
y,
physical
pr
ote
c
ti
on,
and
th
e
m
ana
ge
me
n
t
of
elec
tr
ical
sys
te
ms.
He
ca
n
be
con
tacte
d
a
t
e
ma
il:
el
_e
issawi@yahoo.
co
m
.
Ad
el
S.
Nad
a
re
ceive
d
his
Ph.D.
from
Al
-
Azha
r
Univ
ersity
in
2000
in
C
a
iro,
Egypt
.
Curre
n
tly,
h
e
is
a
fu
ll
profe
ss
or
at
Al
-
Azha
r
Univ
ersity,
Fa
cul
ty
of
E
ngine
er
ing,
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
i
nee
ring
Depa
r
t
me
nt
,
Ca
iro,
E
gypt.
His
rese
arc
h
int
e
rests
are
elec
tr
ical
ma
ch
ine
s,
powe
r
e
le
c
tronics,
an
d
ren
ewa
bl
e
en
erg
y,
espe
ci
a
ll
y
wind
and
solar
en
erg
y.
He
supervise
s
M.Sc.
and
Ph.D.
thes
es
for
fift
e
en
student
s
a
t
Al
-
Azha
r
Unive
rsity,
Facul
ty
o
f
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
Elec
tr
ic
a
l
Engi
n
eering
Depa
rt
me
nt
,
Cai
ro
,
Egyp
t.
He
is
an
ent
r
ep
ren
eur
and
expe
rt
at
th
e
ge
ner
al
org
ani
z
ati
on
for
physica
l
pla
nning
i
n
Egy
pt.
He
c
an
be
c
onta
c
te
d
a
t
ade
l
.
saa
d1@hot
ma
il.c
o
m
.
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