I
n
t
e
r
n
at
ion
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
E
lec
t
r
ical
an
d
Com
p
u
t
e
r
E
n
gin
e
e
r
in
g
(
I
JE
CE
)
Vol.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
,
pp.
719
~
727
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DO
I
:
10
.
11591/i
jec
e
.
v
15
i
1
.
pp
7
19
-
727
719
Jou
r
n
al
h
omepage
:
ht
tp:
//
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in
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a
l
a
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it
y,
M
a
'
a
n
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Ar
t
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I
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AB
S
T
RA
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ti
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R
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q
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t
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met
h
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s
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o
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ar
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a
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s
.
K
e
y
reco
mmen
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cl
u
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en
cr
y
p
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ce
t
h
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ec
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ri
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y
an
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effec
t
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v
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e
s
s
o
f
s
t
u
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e
n
t
v
er
i
fi
ca
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
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p
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p
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s
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framew
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am
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earch
co
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em
s
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i
g
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er
e
d
u
ca
t
i
o
n
.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
Authe
nti
c
a
ti
on
C
r
yptogr
a
phy
De
c
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s
uppor
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s
ys
tem
E
nc
r
ypti
on
Online
e
xa
mi
na
ti
on
s
ys
tem
S
e
c
ur
it
y
tr
e
nds
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
ce
n
s
e.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
Kha
ldun
G.
Al
-
M
oghr
a
bi
F
a
c
ult
y
of
I
nf
or
mation
T
e
c
hnology,
Al
-
Hus
s
e
in
B
in
T
a
lal
Unive
r
s
it
y
King
Hus
s
ien
B
in
T
a
lal
Unive
r
s
it
y
S
tr
,
M
a
'a
n,
J
or
da
n
E
mail:
Kha
ldun
.
g.
moghr
a
bi@a
hu
.
e
du.
jo
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
I
n
r
e
c
e
nt
ye
a
r
s
,
the
p
r
oli
f
e
r
a
ti
on
o
f
tec
hnology
ha
s
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
y
tr
a
ns
f
or
med
va
r
ious
a
s
pe
c
ts
of
e
duc
a
ti
on,
including
a
s
s
e
s
s
ment
methods
.
One
of
the
mos
t
notable
a
dva
nc
e
ments
in
thi
s
domain
is
the
e
mer
ge
nc
e
of
onli
ne
e
xa
mi
na
ti
on
s
ys
tems
(
OE
S
s
)
[
1]
,
[
2]
.
Als
o
known
a
s
e
-
a
s
s
e
s
s
ments
or
c
omput
e
r
-
ba
s
e
d
tes
ts
,
onli
ne
e
xa
mi
na
ti
on
s
(
OE
s
)
ha
ve
ga
r
ne
r
e
d
wide
s
pr
e
a
d
popular
it
y
owing
to
their
c
onve
nienc
e
,
f
l
e
xibi
li
ty,
a
nd
s
c
a
labili
ty.
T
his
mode
of
a
s
s
e
s
s
ment
uti
li
z
e
s
digi
tal
platf
o
r
ms
to
a
dmi
n
is
ter
tes
ts
,
quizz
e
s
,
a
n
d
e
xa
ms
,
ther
e
by
e
li
mi
na
ti
ng
the
ne
e
d
f
o
r
tr
a
dit
ional
pe
n
-
a
nd
-
pa
pe
r
methods
[
3]
–
[
5]
.
T
he
c
onc
e
pt
of
O
E
s
e
nc
ompas
s
e
s
a
wide
r
a
nge
of
a
s
s
e
s
s
ment
s
,
s
pa
nning
f
r
om
s
im
ple
mul
ti
ple
-
c
hoice
que
s
ti
ons
to
c
ompl
e
x
s
im
ulat
ions
a
nd
int
e
r
a
c
ti
ve
e
xe
r
c
is
e
s
[
6]
,
[
7
]
.
T
he
s
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
ments
c
a
n
be
c
onduc
ted
r
e
mot
e
ly,
a
ll
owing
s
tudents
to
pa
r
ti
c
ipate
f
r
om
a
ny
loca
ti
on
with
in
ter
ne
t
a
c
c
e
s
s
,
thus
br
e
a
king
down
ge
ogr
a
phica
l
ba
r
r
ier
s
a
nd
e
na
bli
ng
a
c
c
e
s
s
to
a
br
oa
de
r
a
udienc
e
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
O
E
s
of
f
e
r
im
media
t
e
f
e
e
dba
c
k
to
pa
r
ti
c
ipants
,
e
nha
nc
ing
the
lea
r
ning
pr
oc
e
s
s
a
nd
e
na
bli
ng
ins
tr
uc
tor
s
to
identif
y
a
r
e
a
s
of
i
mpr
o
ve
ment
mor
e
e
f
f
icie
ntl
y
[
8]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
719
-
727
720
T
he
im
pleme
ntation
o
f
O
E
S
br
ings
f
or
th
nume
r
ou
s
a
dva
ntage
s
f
or
both
e
duc
a
tor
s
a
nd
lea
r
ne
r
s
.
F
or
e
duc
a
tor
s
,
thes
e
s
ys
tems
s
tr
e
a
ml
ine
the
a
s
s
e
s
s
me
nt
pr
oc
e
s
s
,
a
utom
a
ti
ng
tas
ks
s
uc
h
a
s
tes
t
c
r
e
a
ti
on
,
gr
a
ding
,
a
nd
r
e
s
ult
a
na
lys
is
.
T
his
a
utom
a
ti
on
not
only
s
a
ve
s
ti
me
but
a
ls
o
r
e
duc
e
s
the
li
ke
li
hood
of
huma
n
e
r
r
o
r
s
,
e
ns
ur
ing
gr
e
a
ter
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
in
a
s
s
e
s
s
ment
outcome
s
.
Additi
ona
ll
y,
OE
s
pr
ovide
e
duc
a
tor
s
with
va
luable
ins
ight
s
int
o
s
tudent
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
tr
e
nds
a
nd
lea
r
ning
ga
ps
,
e
na
bli
ng
them
to
tailor
their
tea
c
hing
s
tr
a
tegie
s
a
c
c
or
dingl
y
[
9]
,
[
10]
.
F
r
om
the
pe
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
of
lea
r
ne
r
s
,
O
E
s
o
f
f
e
r
unpa
r
a
ll
e
led
c
onve
nienc
e
a
nd
f
lexibi
li
ty.
P
a
r
ti
c
ipants
c
a
n
take
e
xa
ms
a
t
their
own
pa
c
e
a
nd
pr
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
ti
me,
a
c
c
omm
oda
ti
ng
diver
s
e
s
c
he
dules
a
nd
lea
r
ning
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
the
digi
tal
f
or
mat
o
f
the
s
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
ments
of
ten
a
ll
ow
s
f
or
mul
ti
media
int
e
gr
a
ti
on,
c
r
e
a
ti
ng
a
mo
r
e
e
nga
ging
a
nd
int
e
r
a
c
ti
ve
tes
ti
ng
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
.
F
ur
ther
mo
r
e
,
OE
s
p
r
omot
e
e
nvi
r
o
nmenta
l
s
us
taina
bil
it
y
by
r
e
duc
ing
the
c
ons
umpt
ion
of
pa
pe
r
a
nd
other
phys
ica
l
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
a
s
s
oc
iate
d
with
tr
a
dit
ional
a
s
s
e
s
s
ment
methods
[
11]
–
[
14]
.
How
e
ve
r
,
de
s
pit
e
the
numer
ous
be
ne
f
it
s
,
OE
s
a
ls
o
pos
e
c
e
r
tain
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
a
nd
c
ons
ider
a
ti
on
s
.
I
s
s
ue
s
s
uc
h
a
s
tec
hnology
-
r
e
late
d
gli
tche
s
,
s
e
c
ur
it
y
c
onc
e
r
ns
,
a
nd
the
potential
f
or
a
c
a
de
mi
c
dis
hone
s
ty
ne
c
e
s
s
it
a
t
e
c
a
r
e
f
ul
planning
a
nd
im
pleme
ntatio
n
s
tr
a
tegie
s
.
Additi
ona
l
ly,
e
ns
ur
ing
e
quit
a
ble
a
c
c
e
s
s
to
tec
hnology
a
nd
a
ddr
e
s
s
ing
digi
tal
li
ter
a
c
y
dis
pa
r
i
ti
e
s
a
mong
s
tudents
a
r
e
c
r
it
ica
l
f
a
c
tor
s
to
c
ons
id
e
r
in
the
a
dopti
on
of
OE
S
[
11]
,
[
15]
,
[
16]
.
T
he
s
tudy
a
im
s
to
e
nha
nc
e
the
s
e
c
ur
it
y
of
OE
S
s
by
identif
y
ing
c
ur
r
e
nt
s
hor
tcomings
a
nd
r
e
c
omm
e
nding
a
c
ombi
na
ti
on
of
a
dva
nc
e
d
s
e
c
ur
it
y
mea
s
ur
e
s
tailor
e
d
to
the
ne
e
ds
of
J
or
da
nian
univer
s
it
ies
.
T
his
pa
pe
r
is
s
tr
uc
tur
e
d
a
s
f
oll
ows
:
s
e
c
ti
on
2
dis
c
us
s
e
s
li
ter
a
tur
e
r
e
view
s
;
s
e
c
ti
on
3
pr
e
s
e
nts
the
que
s
ti
onna
ir
e
f
indi
ngs
,
including
the
r
e
s
ult
s
a
nd
dis
c
us
s
ion
of
the
s
tudy
.
F
inally,
s
e
c
ti
on
4
of
f
e
r
s
the
c
onc
lus
ion.
2.
L
I
T
E
RA
T
UR
E
RE
VI
E
W
I
n
thi
s
s
e
c
ti
on,
we
de
lve
int
o
the
r
e
a
lm
of
s
a
f
e
gua
r
ding
OE
s
int
e
gr
it
y,
f
oc
us
ing
on
va
r
ious
pr
otec
ti
ve
mea
s
ur
e
s
,
including
e
nc
r
ypti
on
methods
[
17]
.
T
he
a
uthor
s
of
thi
s
pa
pe
r
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
pionee
r
ing
a
ppr
oa
c
h
to
OE
s
s
e
c
ur
it
y
thr
ough
a
f
us
ion
o
f
biom
e
t
r
ic
a
uthentica
ti
on
a
nd
blockc
ha
in
tec
hnology.
B
y
e
nc
r
ypti
ng
e
x
a
m
da
ta
a
nd
f
or
ti
f
ying
f
a
c
e
template
s
with
a
dva
nc
e
d
c
r
ypt
ogr
a
phic
methods
,
the
pr
opos
e
d
s
ys
tem
of
f
e
r
s
unp
a
r
a
ll
e
led
leve
ls
of
s
e
c
ur
it
y,
p
r
ivac
y,
a
nd
dis
pute
r
e
s
olut
io
n.
T
his
innovative
s
olut
ion,
buil
t
upon
the
pr
inc
ipl
e
s
of
de
c
e
ntr
a
li
z
a
ti
on
a
nd
tampe
r
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
inher
e
n
t
in
blockc
ha
in,
mar
ks
a
s
igni
f
ica
nt
a
dva
nc
e
ment
in
s
a
f
e
gua
r
ding
OE
s
int
e
gr
it
y
[
18]
.
T
he
s
tudy
im
pleme
nted
a
c
ompr
e
he
ns
ive
f
r
a
m
e
wor
k
f
or
OE
s
in
S
outh
Af
r
ica
n
univer
s
it
ies
,
e
mphas
izing
a
uthentica
ti
on
a
nd
c
onti
nuous
moni
t
or
ing.
Authe
nti
c
a
ti
on
invo
lved
c
a
ptur
ing
s
tudents
'
digi
tal
s
ignatur
e
s
thr
ough
f
inger
p
r
int
s
a
nd
f
a
c
ial
r
e
c
ognit
ion,
while
c
onti
nuous
moni
to
r
ing
uti
li
z
e
d
r
e
mot
e
pr
oc
tor
s
a
nd
va
r
ious
biom
e
tr
ic
c
he
c
ks
.
T
he
s
e
methods
a
i
med
to
e
ns
ur
e
e
xa
m
int
e
gr
it
y
a
nd
a
li
gn
with
th
e
s
oc
io
-
tec
hnica
l
theor
y's
te
c
hnica
l
s
ubs
y
s
tems
[
19]
.
R
a
f
e
e
a
nd
Ne
ma
[
20]
pr
e
s
e
nts
a
s
e
c
ur
e
e
-
le
a
r
ning
platf
or
m
f
o
r
tea
c
he
r
s
a
nd
s
tudents
,
us
ing
z
e
r
o
-
knowle
dge
pr
oo
f
(
Z
KP)
a
nd
R
ives
t
-
S
ha
mi
r
-
Adle
man
(
R
S
A)
a
lgo
r
it
hms
f
or
r
e
gis
tr
a
ti
on
a
nd
logi
n
,
with
a
dva
nc
e
d
e
nc
r
ypt
ion
s
tanda
r
d
(
AE
S
)
e
nc
r
ypt
ion
f
or
pe
r
s
ona
l
a
nd
e
x
a
m
da
ta
s
tor
a
ge
.
S
im
ulate
d
r
e
s
ult
s
c
onf
ir
m
the
s
ys
tem's
s
e
c
ur
it
y,
e
ns
ur
ing
pa
s
s
wor
ds
a
r
e
no
t
t
r
a
ns
mi
tt
e
d
e
xpli
c
it
ly
ove
r
the
int
e
r
ne
t
a
nd
da
ta
r
e
mains
incompr
e
he
ns
ibl
e
to
a
tt
a
c
ke
r
s
.
S
ong
[
21]
f
oc
us
on
the
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
of
a
c
oll
a
bor
a
ti
ve
OE
S
leve
r
a
ging
c
loud
c
omput
ing
(
C
C
)
tec
hnology.
T
he
s
ys
tem's
a
r
c
hit
e
c
tur
e
include
d
s
of
twa
r
e
a
s
a
s
e
r
vice
(
S
a
a
S
)
de
ploym
e
nt
a
nd
f
o
l
lowe
d
a
model
-
view
-
c
ontr
oll
e
r
(
M
VC
)
thr
e
e
-
ti
e
r
s
tr
uc
tur
e
.
I
mpl
e
menta
ti
on
u
ti
li
z
e
d
J
a
va
modeling
langua
ge
,
XFI
E
,
J
S
ON
,
we
b
s
e
r
vice
,
da
ta
e
nc
r
ypti
on
s
tanda
r
d
(
DE
S
)
e
nc
r
ypti
on,
a
nd
a
M
yS
QL
da
taba
s
e
.
Nota
bly,
the
s
tudy
int
r
oduc
e
d
a
n
e
nha
nc
e
d
pa
r
a
ll
e
l
ge
ne
ti
c
a
nne
a
li
ng
a
lgor
it
h
m
(
E
P
GA
A)
f
or
e
f
f
icie
nt
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
c
he
duli
ng
withi
n
the
C
C
e
nvir
onment
.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
OE
S
[
22
]
in
tegr
a
tes
AE
S
256
e
n
c
r
ypti
on
f
o
r
s
e
c
ur
e
da
ta
t
r
a
ns
f
e
r
a
nd
QR
c
ode
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
f
or
c
a
ndidate
a
uthentica
ti
on.
I
t
uti
li
z
e
s
a
thr
e
e
-
laye
r
e
d
a
r
c
hit
e
c
tur
e
with
M
yS
QL
da
taba
s
e
,
Apa
c
he
s
e
r
ve
r
,
a
nd
J
a
va
s
e
r
ve
r
pa
ge
s
(
J
S
P
)
s
e
r
vlet
pr
ogr
a
mm
ing.
Additi
ona
ll
y
,
a
nd
r
oid
-
ba
s
e
d
QR
c
ode
s
c
a
nning
is
im
pleme
nted.
T
h
is
c
ompr
e
he
ns
ive
s
ys
tem
a
im
s
to
e
nha
nc
e
e
xa
mi
na
ti
on
s
e
c
ur
it
y
a
nd
e
f
f
ici
e
nc
y
in
e
duc
a
ti
ona
l
ins
ti
tut
ions
.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
method
[
2
3]
i
mpl
e
ments
modi
f
ied
A
E
S
-
e
lec
tr
onic
c
ode
boo
k
(
CBC
)
e
nc
r
ypti
on
a
nd
tr
a
dit
ional
a
lgor
it
hms
li
ke
DE
S
a
nd
R
S
A
to
s
e
c
ur
e
doc
uments
e
xc
ha
nge
d
in
e
-
lea
r
ning,
e
ns
ur
ing
a
uthenticity
a
nd
int
e
gr
it
y.
Us
ing
the
DE
S
a
lgor
it
hm
,
a
s
e
c
ur
it
y
s
ys
tem
wa
s
de
ve
loped
to
s
a
f
e
gua
r
d
e
xa
m
que
s
ti
ons
,
e
ns
ur
ing
they
r
e
main
unr
e
a
da
ble
be
f
o
r
e
e
xa
m
ti
me.
Addi
ti
ona
ll
y,
the
C
a
e
s
a
r
c
ipher
a
lgor
it
hm
ge
ne
r
a
ted
a
n
e
xtr
a
hidden
ke
y
f
o
r
a
dde
d
p
r
otec
ti
on.
R
e
s
ult
s
indi
c
a
te
DE
S
e
nc
r
ypti
on
of
f
e
r
s
opti
mal
s
e
c
ur
it
y
f
o
r
t
r
a
ns
mi
tt
e
d
da
ta
in
vir
tual
s
tor
a
ge
s
ys
tems
[
24]
.
Ha
ytom
e
t
al
.
[
25
]
p
r
e
s
e
nts
a
mul
ti
modal
r
e
mot
e
e
xa
mi
na
ti
on
man
a
ge
ment
s
ys
tem
(
M
R
E
M
S
)
to
e
nha
nc
e
the
s
e
c
ur
it
y
of
r
e
mot
e
e
xa
ms
.
I
t
int
e
gr
a
tes
biom
e
tr
ic
modalit
ies
l
ike
f
a
c
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
E
nhanc
ing
onli
ne
e
x
am
s
e
c
ur
it
y
:
e
nc
r
y
pti
on
and
a
uthentication
in
J
or
danian
and
…
(
A
li
M
.
A
l
-
Ghon
me
in
)
721
r
e
c
ognit
ion
a
nd
ke
ys
tr
oke
dyna
mi
c
s
,
with
r
ob
us
t
f
r
a
ud
de
tec
ti
on
mea
s
ur
e
s
,
e
ns
ur
ing
r
e
li
a
ble
identit
y
ve
r
if
ica
ti
on
a
nd
p
r
ivac
y
pr
otec
ti
on
.
T
he
r
e
view
e
xa
mi
ne
d
s
e
c
ur
it
y
a
dva
nc
e
ments
in
e
-
l
e
a
r
ning
s
ys
tems
ove
r
the
pa
s
t
de
c
a
de
,
f
oc
us
ing
on
the
c
onf
identialit
y,
int
e
gr
it
y
a
nd
a
va
il
a
bil
it
y
(
C
I
A
)
tr
iad
a
nd
p
r
opos
e
d
s
olut
ions
.
Nota
bly,
r
e
c
e
nt
s
tud
ies
ha
ve
highl
ight
e
d
the
s
igni
f
ica
nc
e
of
blockc
ha
in
tec
hnol
ogy
a
nd
c
loud
-
ba
s
e
d
a
r
c
hit
e
c
tur
e
s
.
F
utur
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
hould
de
lve
de
e
pe
r
int
o
thes
e
a
r
e
a
s
,
pos
s
ibl
y
uti
li
z
ing
qua
nti
tative
methods
li
ke
que
s
ti
onna
ir
e
s
a
nd
qua
li
tative
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
s
uc
h
a
s
in
-
de
pth
int
e
r
view
s
.
F
ur
ther
m
or
e
,
e
xplor
ing
ope
n
-
s
our
c
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
in
e
-
l
e
a
r
ning
s
e
c
ur
it
y
pr
e
s
e
nts
a
n
int
r
igui
ng
a
ve
nue
f
or
f
ur
ther
inves
ti
ga
ti
on
[
26]
.
T
his
pr
ojec
t
a
im
s
to
e
nha
nc
e
s
e
c
ur
it
y
in
c
omput
e
r
-
ba
s
e
d
e
x
a
ms
by
de
ve
lopi
ng
a
C
B
E
we
b
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
with
f
inger
pr
int
a
uthentica
ti
on
.
B
y
int
e
gr
a
ti
ng
thi
s
f
e
a
tur
e
int
o
the
log
in
int
e
r
f
a
c
e
,
the
r
is
k
o
f
un
a
uthor
ize
d
c
a
ndidate
im
pe
r
s
ona
ti
on
is
mi
ti
ga
ted,
e
ns
ur
ing
the
int
e
gr
it
y
of
the
e
xa
mi
na
ti
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
[
27]
.
Ar
ti
f
icia
l
i
ntelli
ge
nc
e
(
AI
)
int
e
gr
a
ti
on
in
onli
ne
e
xa
ms
ha
s
bols
ter
e
d
s
e
c
ur
it
y
thr
ough
f
a
c
ial
a
nd
voice
r
e
c
ognit
ion
tec
hnology,
s
ur
pa
s
s
ing
human
c
a
pa
bil
it
ies
in
s
ome
c
a
s
e
s
.
P
r
of
e
s
s
or
s
a
nd
s
tudents
a
li
ke
f
ind
AI
-
powe
r
e
d
tes
ti
ng
s
ys
tems
s
im
pli
f
y
tas
ks
a
nd
e
nha
nc
e
c
onve
nienc
e
.
As
AI
methods
c
onti
nue
to
e
volve,
onli
ne
e
xa
ms
a
r
e
e
xpe
c
ted
to
be
c
ome
e
ve
n
mor
e
s
e
c
ur
e
a
nd
a
utonom
ous
,
potentially
e
li
mi
na
ti
ng
the
ne
e
d
f
or
human
invol
ve
ment
in
the
f
utu
r
e
[
17
]
,
[
28
]
,
[
29]
.
P
a
ti
l
e
t
al.
[
30]
a
im
s
to
e
nha
nc
e
OE
S
by
f
oc
us
ing
on
c
a
ndidate
a
uthentica
ti
on
a
nd
malp
r
a
c
ti
c
e
pr
e
ve
nti
on.
P
r
opos
e
d
im
pr
ove
ments
include
pixel
e
nha
nc
e
ment
f
or
c
lea
r
e
r
vis
ibi
li
ty
,
incor
po
r
a
ti
on
of
f
r
ont
a
nd
r
e
a
r
-
f
a
c
ing
c
a
mer
a
de
tec
ti
on
,
a
nd
a
udio
e
nh
a
nc
e
ment
to
r
e
duc
e
ba
c
kgr
ound
nois
e
.
Additi
ona
ll
y,
da
ta
e
nc
r
ypti
on
a
nd
s
e
c
ur
e
c
omm
unica
ti
on
pr
otocol
s
will
be
im
p
leme
nted
to
e
ns
ur
e
the
s
e
c
ur
it
y
of
the
e
xa
mi
na
ti
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
.
S
unda
y
e
t
al.
[
31]
p
r
opos
e
s
a
n
e
-
e
xa
m
s
y
s
tem
e
mpl
oying
a
mul
ti
-
f
a
c
tor
s
e
c
u
r
it
y
a
nd
a
uthentica
ti
on
mec
ha
nis
m
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
s
e
c
ur
it
y
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
in
e
lec
tr
onic
e
xa
mi
na
ti
ons
.
B
iom
e
tr
ic
a
uthentica
ti
on,
e
nc
r
ypti
on
f
or
da
ta
s
e
c
ur
it
y,
a
nd
s
pywa
r
e
f
or
e
-
moni
tor
ing
a
r
e
int
e
gr
a
ted
to
mi
t
igate
thr
e
a
ts
s
uc
h
a
s
c
oll
us
ion
a
nd
una
uthor
ize
d
int
e
r
ne
t
a
c
c
e
s
s
.
E
va
luation
o
f
the
s
ys
tem
de
mons
tr
a
tes
pr
omi
s
in
g
r
e
s
ult
s
in
e
nha
nc
ing
s
e
c
ur
it
y
a
nd
a
uthentica
ti
on
f
or
onli
ne
e
xa
ms
.
T
he
pa
pe
r
dis
c
us
s
e
s
the
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
a
nd
int
e
gr
a
ti
on
of
a
we
b
-
ba
s
e
d
e
xa
mi
na
ti
ons
mana
ge
ment
s
ys
tem
a
t
Ge
r
man
J
or
da
nian
Unive
r
s
it
y
(
GJ
U)
,
f
e
a
tur
ing
f
lexible
e
xa
m
s
tr
uc
tur
e
s
,
a
utom
a
ted
gr
a
d
ing,
a
nd
s
tr
ingent
s
e
c
ur
it
y
mea
s
ur
e
s
including
s
ingl
e
s
ign
-
on
a
uthentica
ti
on
a
nd
p
r
e
ve
nti
on
of
s
tudent
im
pe
r
s
ona
ti
on.
De
ploym
e
nt
r
e
s
ult
s
indi
c
a
te
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ul
us
a
ge
f
or
onli
ne
e
xa
ms
,
with
pos
it
ive
f
e
e
dba
c
k
f
r
om
us
e
r
s
.
W
hil
e
f
utur
e
wo
r
k
e
ntails
e
xplor
ing
biom
e
tr
ic
a
uthenti
c
a
ti
on
methods
a
nd
a
ddit
ional
que
s
ti
on
types
f
o
r
f
u
r
ther
s
ys
tem
e
nha
nc
e
ment
[
32]
.
W
he
n
c
ompar
ing
thes
e
s
tudi
e
s
,
it
is
e
vident
that
va
r
ious
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
to
a
uthentica
ti
on
a
nd
da
ta
s
e
c
ur
it
y
a
r
e
c
r
it
ica
l
f
or
the
int
e
gr
it
y
of
OE
a
nd
lea
r
ning
platf
or
ms
.
W
hil
e
s
ome
s
tudi
e
s
f
oc
us
on
b
iom
e
tr
ic
a
nd
r
e
a
l
-
ti
me
moni
tor
ing
tec
hniques
,
other
s
e
mphas
ize
e
nc
r
ypti
on
a
nd
b
lockc
ha
in
tec
hnologi
e
s
.
T
he
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
highl
ight
the
mul
ti
-
f
a
c
e
ted
na
tur
e
of
s
e
c
ur
ing
o
nli
ne
e
duc
a
ti
on
e
nvir
onments
a
nd
the
ne
e
d
f
or
a
holi
s
ti
c
a
ppr
oa
c
h
int
e
gr
a
ti
ng
mul
ti
ple
s
e
c
ur
it
y
mea
s
ur
e
s
.
T
a
ble
1
s
umm
a
r
ize
s
va
r
ious
methods
a
nd
e
nc
r
ypti
on
a
lgor
it
hms
e
mpl
oye
d
in
OE
S
a
c
r
os
s
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
ye
a
r
s
a
nd
ins
ti
tut
ions
.
I
t
highl
ight
s
thei
r
s
tr
e
n
gths
a
nd
we
a
kne
s
s
e
s
in
ter
ms
of
p
r
otec
ti
ng
e
xa
mi
na
ti
on
int
e
gr
it
y
a
nd
e
ns
ur
ing
s
e
c
ur
e
a
uthentica
ti
on.
F
igur
e
1
il
lus
tr
a
tes
the
ke
y
f
indi
ngs
f
r
om
the
l
it
e
r
a
tur
e
r
e
view
r
e
ga
r
ding
the
us
e
of
e
nc
r
ypti
on
a
nd
a
uthentica
ti
on
methods
in
OE
.
I
t
highl
ight
s
va
r
ious
s
tr
a
tegie
s
e
m
ployed
to
s
e
c
ur
e
on
li
ne
a
s
s
e
s
s
ment
s
,
e
ns
ur
ing
da
ta
s
e
c
ur
it
y
a
nd
us
e
r
identit
y
ve
r
if
ica
ti
on.
F
igur
e
1
.
F
r
e
que
nc
y
o
f
uti
li
z
a
ti
on
of
e
nc
r
ypti
on
a
nd
a
uthentica
ti
on
methods
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
719
-
727
722
T
a
ble
1
.
M
e
thods
a
nd
e
nc
r
ypti
on
a
lgor
it
hms
in
O
E
S
Y
e
a
r
R
e
f
.
F
r
a
me
w
or
k
P
r
ot
e
c
te
d
me
th
ods
/
e
nc
r
ypt
io
n
a
lg
or
it
hm
A
ut
he
nt
ic
a
ti
on
me
th
od
S
tr
e
ngt
h
poi
nt
s
W
e
a
kne
s
s
poi
nt
2023
[
33]
O
nl
in
e
e
xa
ms
i
n
K
a
z
a
khs
ta
n
-
F
a
c
e
a
nd voic
e
r
e
c
ogni
ti
on
F
a
c
e
r
e
c
o
gn
it
i
on
b
o
a
s
t
s
h
ig
h
bi
om
e
tr
i
c
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
,
m
a
ki
ng
i
t
a
r
e
l
ia
bl
e
i
d
e
n
ti
f
i
c
a
t
io
n
me
th
od
.
V
o
ic
e
r
e
c
og
ni
t
io
n
p
r
o
vi
de
s
a
u
ni
qu
e
a
nd
u
s
e
r
-
f
r
i
e
ndl
y
bi
om
e
t
r
i
c
a
u
th
e
n
ti
c
a
ti
on
m
e
t
ho
d
A
c
c
ur
a
c
y ma
y va
r
y
due
t
o f
a
c
to
r
s
s
uc
h a
s
li
ght
in
g c
ondi
ti
ons
a
nd f
a
c
ia
l
e
xpr
e
s
s
io
n
s
.
B
a
c
kgr
ound nois
e
a
nd
e
nvi
r
onme
nt
a
l
f
a
c
to
r
s
c
a
n i
mpa
c
t
th
e
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
of
voi
c
e
r
e
c
ogni
ti
on.
2022
[
34]
M
oodl
e
M
D
5,
SSL
U
s
e
r
na
me
,
p
a
s
s
w
or
d
E
nf
or
c
in
g S
S
L
e
nha
nc
e
s
t
h
e
s
e
c
ur
it
y of
O
E
.
O
ne
be
ne
f
it
of
e
mpl
oyi
ng t
he
M
D
5
s
e
c
ur
it
y
a
lg
or
it
hm i
s
i
ts
ir
r
e
ve
r
s
ib
le
ha
s
hi
ng,
pr
e
ve
nt
in
g t
he
c
onve
r
s
io
n of
i
ts
ha
s
he
d
out
put
ba
c
k t
o t
he
or
ig
in
a
l
f
or
ma
t.
T
he
a
ut
he
nt
ic
a
ti
on
me
th
od us
e
d t
r
a
di
ti
ona
l
a
nd i
na
de
qua
te
.
2021
[
19]
S
out
h A
f
r
ic
a
n
U
ni
ve
r
s
it
ie
s
-
D
ig
it
a
l
s
ig
na
tu
r
e
s
ba
s
e
d on
f
in
ge
r
pr
in
ts
a
nd f
a
c
ia
l
r
e
c
ogni
ti
on
B
io
me
tr
ic
di
gi
ta
l
s
ig
na
tu
r
e
s
boos
t
s
e
c
ur
it
y by uti
li
z
in
g
uni
que
bi
ol
ogi
c
a
l
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
, t
hw
a
r
ti
ng
una
ut
hor
iz
e
d a
c
c
e
s
s
.
B
io
me
tr
ic
a
ut
he
nt
ic
a
ti
on, l
ik
e
f
in
ge
r
pr
in
t
a
nd f
a
c
ia
l
r
e
c
ogni
ti
on, c
a
n be
c
os
tl
y
2020
[
35]
U
ni
ve
r
s
it
ie
s
i
n S
r
i
L
a
nka
M
D
5
U
s
e
r
na
me
,
p
a
s
s
w
or
d,
S
M
S
not
if
ic
a
ti
on
M
D
5 w
or
ks
s
e
a
ml
e
s
s
ly
a
c
r
os
s
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
s
ys
te
ms
.
S
M
S
ma
y
in
c
onve
ni
e
nc
e
us
e
r
s
w
it
hout
i
mm
e
di
a
te
mobi
le
a
c
c
e
s
s
.
2020
[
22]
E
duc
a
ti
ona
l
I
ns
ti
tu
te
s
A
E
S
256
U
s
e
r
na
me
,
pa
s
s
w
or
d, Q
R
c
ode
,
w
e
b
c
a
me
r
a
A
E
S
256 pr
ovi
de
s
s
tr
ong e
nc
r
ypt
io
n,
ma
ki
ng i
t
hi
ghl
y
r
e
s
is
ta
nt
t
o br
ut
e
-
f
or
c
e
a
tt
a
c
ks
.
R
e
ly
in
g on we
b
c
a
me
r
a
s
pos
e
s
pot
e
nt
ia
l
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
due
t
o
ha
r
dw
a
r
e
ma
lf
unc
ti
ons
or
c
onne
c
ti
vi
ty
i
s
s
ue
s
.
2019
[
36]
M
umba
i
U
ni
ve
r
s
it
y
A
E
S
U
s
e
r
na
me
,
p
a
s
s
w
or
d
T
he
que
s
ti
on
s
a
nd
a
ns
w
e
r
s
s
to
r
e
i
n t
he
da
ta
ba
s
e
i
s
a
n e
nc
r
ypt
e
d
f
or
ma
t
by A
E
S
a
lg
or
i
th
m
T
he
a
ut
he
nt
ic
a
ti
on
me
th
od us
e
d t
r
a
di
ti
ona
l
a
nd i
na
de
qua
te
.
2019
[
37]
Z
a
mbi
a
’
s
T
e
c
hni
c
a
l
E
duc
a
ti
on, Voc
a
ti
ona
l
a
nd E
nt
r
e
pr
e
ne
ur
s
hi
p
T
r
a
in
in
g A
ut
hor
it
y
(
T
E
V
E
T
A
)
H
a
s
h f
unc
ti
ons
(
S
ha
3
-
224)
, A
E
S
C
a
ndi
da
te
in
f
or
ma
ti
on
(
u
s
e
r
na
me
,
pa
s
s
w
or
d…)
A
ll
ow
s
s
tu
de
nt
s
a
nd
ot
he
r
s
ta
ke
hol
de
r
t
o
a
c
c
e
s
s
s
tu
de
nt
s
’
r
e
s
ul
ts
th
r
ough mobi
le
phone
s
a
nd t
he
w
e
b.
O
nl
y s
e
c
ur
it
y i
s
s
ue
s
r
e
le
va
nt
t
o s
tu
de
nt
s
'
e
xa
mi
na
ti
on r
e
s
ul
ts
w
e
r
e
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
d.
2018
[
38]
A
da
ma
w
a
S
ta
te
U
ni
ve
r
s
it
y, M
ubi
M
D
5
U
s
e
r
na
me
,
p
a
s
s
w
or
d
E
nc
r
ypt
lo
gi
n
de
ta
il
s
of
us
e
r
s
by M
D
5.
C
r
ypt
ogr
a
phy
a
lg
or
it
hms
a
r
e
not
ut
il
iz
e
d t
o pr
ot
e
c
t
th
e
que
s
ti
on ba
nk f
r
om
una
ut
hor
iz
e
d
modi
f
ic
a
ti
on or
l
e
a
ka
ge
.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y, t
he
a
ut
he
nt
ic
a
ti
on me
th
od
e
mpl
oye
d i
s
i
na
de
qua
te
.
2018
[
39]
G
e
ne
r
a
ll
y (
R
e
c
or
d
D
a
ta
ba
s
e
of
C
omput
e
r
B
a
s
e
d
T
e
s
t
E
xa
m)
S
pr
it
z
a
lg
or
it
hm
U
s
e
r
na
me
,
p
a
s
s
w
or
d
T
he
S
pr
it
z
a
lg
or
it
hm'
s
hi
gh c
ompl
e
xi
ty
pos
e
s
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
f
or
c
r
ypt
a
na
ly
s
ts
, ma
ki
ng i
t
di
f
f
ic
ul
t
to
f
in
d
th
e
ke
y.
T
he
ke
y ge
n
e
r
a
ti
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
i
s
t
im
e
-
c
ons
umi
ng,
bot
h
e
nc
r
ypt
io
n a
nd
de
c
r
ypt
io
n e
nt
a
il
le
ngt
hy pr
oc
e
s
s
in
g
ti
me
s
a
nd
mode
r
n
a
ut
he
nt
ic
a
ti
on me
th
ods
to
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
ia
te
una
ut
hor
iz
e
d s
tu
de
nt
s
f
r
om a
ut
hor
iz
e
d one
s
a
r
e
not
ut
il
iz
e
d.
2018
[
40]
S
C
S
V
M
V
U
ni
ve
r
s
it
y
(
I
ndi
a
)
f
or
A
c
a
de
mi
c
ma
na
ge
me
nt
s
y
s
te
m
S
Q
L
i
nj
e
c
ti
ons
pr
e
ve
nt
io
n c
odi
ng
U
s
e
r
na
me
,
pa
s
s
w
or
d
E
nc
ip
he
r
me
nt
u
s
e
r
na
me
a
nd pa
s
s
w
or
d.
E
nc
ip
he
r
me
nt
c
ooki
e
s
a
nd s
e
s
s
io
ns
.
T
he
a
ut
he
nt
ic
a
ti
on
me
th
od e
mpl
oye
d i
s
tr
a
di
ti
ona
l
a
nd
in
a
de
qua
te
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
E
nhanc
ing
onli
ne
e
x
am
s
e
c
ur
it
y
:
e
nc
r
y
pti
on
and
a
uthentication
in
J
or
danian
and
…
(
A
li
M
.
A
l
-
Ghon
me
in
)
723
3.
QUE
S
T
I
ONNA
I
RE
F
I
ND
I
NGS
:
RE
S
UL
T
S
A
ND
DI
S
CU
S
S
I
ON
T
he
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
of
onli
ne
e
xa
ms
in
J
or
da
nian
univ
e
r
s
it
ies
is
a
n
e
xpe
r
im
e
nt
that
ha
s
be
e
n
a
ppli
e
d
f
or
ye
a
r
s
a
nd
ha
s
gone
thr
ough
s
e
ve
r
a
l
s
tage
s
of
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
in
ter
ms
o
f
c
ontent,
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
a
nd
s
a
f
e
ty
.
T
he
s
tage
s
of
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
c
onti
nue
,
whic
h
lea
d
to
taking
J
or
da
nian
univer
s
it
ies
a
s
a
s
tudy
s
a
mpl
e
be
c
a
u
s
e
of
the
lar
ge
number
of
e
duc
a
ti
ona
l
ins
ti
tut
ions
(
univer
s
it
i
e
s
,
ins
ti
tut
e
s
,
a
nd
c
oll
e
ge
s
)
that
a
dopted
onli
ne
e
x
a
ms
a
s
a
tool
f
or
s
tudents
’
a
s
s
e
s
s
ment.
A
que
s
ti
onna
ir
e
w
a
s
c
onduc
ted
in
a
ll
30
publi
c
a
nd
pr
ivate
univer
s
it
ies
in
J
or
da
n.
T
he
mos
t
im
por
tant
que
s
ti
ons
we
r
e
a
s
ke
d
t
hr
ough
the
que
s
ti
onna
ir
e
:
a.
Doe
s
your
univer
s
it
y
us
e
a
n
onli
ne
e
xa
mi
na
ti
on?
OE
ha
s
be
c
ome
a
c
r
it
ica
l
c
omponent
of
the
a
c
a
de
mi
c
lands
c
a
pe
,
e
s
pe
c
i
a
ll
y
in
the
wa
ke
of
tec
hnologi
c
a
l
a
dva
nc
e
ments
a
nd
the
inc
r
e
a
s
e
d
ne
e
d
f
or
r
e
mot
e
lea
r
ning
s
olut
ions
.
F
igu
r
e
2
il
lus
tr
a
te
s
that
a
ll
30
univer
s
it
ies
e
mpl
oye
d
OE
a
c
r
os
s
the
major
it
y
of
their
c
las
s
e
s
.
T
his
unde
r
s
c
or
e
s
the
s
igni
f
ica
nc
e
of
OE
in
higher
e
duc
a
ti
on.
F
igur
e
2
.
T
he
us
e
of
O
E
b.
How
did
you
de
ploy
your
onli
ne
e
xa
mi
na
ti
on
s
ys
tem?
T
his
que
s
ti
on
de
s
c
r
ibes
the
wa
y
e
a
c
h
univer
s
it
y
i
mpl
e
ments
the
OE
S
,
whe
ther
th
r
ough
a
n
in
-
hous
e
de
ploym
e
nt
model
or
a
c
loud
-
ba
s
e
d
model.
F
igur
e
3
il
lus
tr
a
tes
that
ove
r
93%
of
J
or
da
nian
uni
ve
r
s
it
ies
e
mpl
oye
d
a
n
in
-
hous
e
de
ploym
e
nt
model
f
o
r
O
E
.
I
t
indi
c
a
tes
their
r
e
s
pons
ibi
li
ty
f
or
a
ddr
e
s
s
ing
s
e
c
ur
it
y
c
onc
e
r
ns
withi
n
the
s
ys
tem.
F
igur
e
3
.
OE
de
ploym
e
nt
model
F
igur
e
4
.
T
he
us
e
of
da
ta
e
nc
r
ypti
on
c.
Do
you
us
e
da
ta
e
nc
r
ypti
on
f
or
your
que
s
ti
on
ba
nk
?
T
his
que
s
ti
on
f
oc
us
e
s
on
how
the
que
s
ti
on
ba
n
k
is
s
tor
e
d
on
a
c
omput
e
r
s
e
r
ve
r
,
whe
ther
it
i
s
e
nc
r
ypted
or
s
tor
e
d
a
s
plain
text.
F
igu
r
e
4
r
e
ve
a
ls
that
one
-
thi
r
d
o
f
the
univer
s
it
ies
e
mpl
oy
da
ta
e
n
c
r
ypti
on
.
W
hil
e
the
r
e
maining
two
-
thi
r
ds
s
tor
e
the
que
s
ti
on
ba
nk
without
e
nc
r
ypti
on
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
719
-
727
724
d.
W
ha
t
type/method
of
da
ta
e
nc
r
ypti
on
do
you
a
pply
a
t
your
que
s
ti
on
ba
nk?
T
his
que
s
ti
on
e
xplor
e
s
the
methods
a
nd
a
lgor
it
hms
us
e
d
by
univer
s
it
ies
to
e
nc
r
ypt
the
que
s
ti
on
ba
nk,
a
s
we
ha
ve
s
e
e
n
f
r
o
m
F
igu
r
e
4
only
one
-
th
ir
d
of
the
unive
r
s
it
ies
us
e
d
da
ta
e
nc
r
ypti
on.
Addi
ti
ona
ll
y,
F
igur
e
5
r
e
ve
a
ls
that
7
out
of
10
un
iver
s
it
ies
a
r
e
a
wa
r
e
of
the
e
nc
r
ypti
on
type
us
e
d,
whi
le
the
r
e
s
t
a
r
e
no
t.
Als
o,
we
c
a
n
c
onc
lude
f
r
om
F
igur
e
5
that
the
mos
t
us
e
d
a
lgor
i
thm
f
or
e
nc
r
ypti
on
is
A
E
S
,
whe
r
e
a
s
M
D5
a
nd
3DE
S
c
ome
in
s
e
c
ond
plac
e
.
F
igur
e
5
.
Da
ta
e
nc
r
ypti
on
a
lgor
it
hms
e.
W
ha
t
type
of
us
e
r
a
uthentica
ti
on
is
a
ppli
e
d
to
your
onli
ne
e
xa
mi
na
ti
on
s
ys
tem?
T
he
s
e
c
ond
im
por
tant
s
e
c
ur
it
y
is
s
ue
in
the
OE
is
us
e
r
a
uthentica
ti
on
.
T
his
que
s
ti
on
f
oc
us
e
s
on
the
type
of
us
e
r
a
uthentica
ti
on
.
F
igur
e
6
s
hows
that
mor
e
than
93%
of
univer
s
it
ies
us
e
only
us
e
r
na
mes
a
nd
pa
s
s
wor
ds
.
W
he
r
e
a
s
les
s
than
7%
of
the
univer
s
it
i
e
s
uti
li
z
e
biom
e
tr
ic
f
e
a
tur
e
s
in
c
onjunction
with
us
e
r
na
mes
a
nd
pa
s
s
wor
ds
to
e
nha
nc
e
s
e
c
ur
it
y
leve
ls
.
F
igur
e
6
.
Us
e
r
a
uthentica
ti
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
E
nhanc
ing
onli
ne
e
x
am
s
e
c
ur
it
y
:
e
nc
r
y
pti
on
and
a
uthentication
in
J
or
danian
and
…
(
A
li
M
.
A
l
-
Ghon
me
in
)
725
4.
CONC
L
USI
ON
T
he
OE
S
f
unc
ti
ons
thr
ough
a
we
b
int
e
r
f
a
c
e
,
a
ll
o
wing
a
dmi
nis
tr
a
tor
s
,
lec
tur
e
r
s
,
a
nd
s
tudents
to
log
in.
L
e
c
tur
e
r
s
c
r
e
a
te
a
que
s
ti
on
ba
nk
a
nd
s
e
t
c
ons
tr
a
int
s
s
uc
h
a
s
I
P
r
e
s
tr
ictions
a
nd
e
xa
m
t
im
e
f
r
a
mes
,
e
ns
ur
ing
e
xa
ms
a
r
e
a
c
c
e
s
s
ibl
e
only
dur
ing
a
uthor
ize
d
pe
r
io
ds
.
S
tudents
take
e
xa
ms
onli
ne
,
with
a
utom
a
ti
c
e
v
a
luation
a
nd
pr
ompt
r
e
s
ult
dis
play.
E
nc
r
ypti
ng
the
que
s
ti
o
n
ba
nk
in
the
da
taba
s
e
e
nh
a
nc
e
s
s
e
c
ur
it
y,
e
f
f
icie
nc
y,
a
nd
c
onf
identialit
y,
while
biom
e
tr
ic
a
uthentica
ti
on
methods
li
ke
f
inger
pr
int
s
c
a
nning
im
pr
ove
s
tudent
ve
r
if
ica
ti
on.
S
ur
ve
y
f
indi
ngs
on
J
or
da
nian
uni
ve
r
s
it
ies
'
OE
S
r
e
ve
a
l
s
igni
f
ica
nt
s
e
c
ur
it
y
s
hor
t
c
omi
ngs
.
I
mpl
e
menting
r
obus
t
e
nc
r
ypti
on
a
lgo
r
it
hms
a
nd
s
tr
ingent
a
uthentica
ti
on
pr
otocols
c
a
n
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
a
ddr
e
s
s
thes
e
c
onc
e
r
ns
.
T
he
pa
pe
r
pr
opos
e
s
int
e
gr
a
ti
ng
a
dva
nc
e
d
s
e
c
ur
it
y
a
lgor
it
hms
a
nd
biom
e
tr
ic
d
e
vice
s
to
e
nha
nc
e
s
e
c
ur
it
y
a
nd
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
.
A
c
ompr
e
he
ns
ive
li
ter
a
tur
e
r
e
view
identif
ied
va
r
ious
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
t
o
onli
ne
e
xa
m
s
e
c
ur
it
y,
unde
r
s
c
or
ing
the
im
por
tanc
e
o
f
mu
lt
ipl
e
s
e
c
ur
it
y
mea
s
ur
e
s
.
S
ur
ve
y
r
e
s
ult
s
indi
c
a
ted
a
lac
k
of
a
de
qua
te
s
e
c
ur
it
y
s
a
f
e
gua
r
ds
a
nd
pr
oc
e
dur
a
l
s
ta
nda
r
ds
,
with
ove
r
93
%
o
f
unive
r
s
it
ies
us
ing
tr
a
dit
ional
us
e
r
na
me
-
pa
s
s
wor
d
a
uthentica
ti
on.
T
he
pa
pe
r
r
e
c
omm
e
nds
a
dopti
ng
r
obus
t
e
nc
r
ypti
on
a
lgor
it
hms
a
nd
biom
e
tr
ic
a
uthentica
ti
on
methods
to
e
nha
nc
e
s
e
c
ur
it
y
in
J
or
da
nian
un
iver
s
it
ies
'
OE
S
.
RE
F
E
RE
NC
E
S
[
1]
S
.
C
oghl
a
n,
T
.
M
il
le
r
,
a
nd
J
.
P
a
te
r
s
on,
“
G
ood
pr
oc
to
r
or
‘
bi
g
br
ot
he
r
’
?
e
th
ic
s
of
onl
in
e
e
xa
m
s
upe
r
vi
s
io
n
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
,
”
P
hi
lo
s
ophy
& T
e
c
hnol
ogy
, vol
. 34, no. 4, pp. 1581
–
1606, De
c
.
2021, doi:
10.1007/s
13347
-
021
-
00476
-
1.
[
2]
F
.
A
ln
a
s
s
e
r
a
nd
A
.
E
lr
a
s
hi
di
,
“
I
mpr
ovi
ng
th
e
s
e
c
ur
it
y
of
E
-
e
xa
m
s
ys
te
ms
,
”
in
2023
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
I
T
I
nnov
at
io
n
and K
now
le
dge
D
is
c
ov
e
r
y
(
I
T
I
K
D
)
, M
a
r
. 2023, pp. 1
–
7, doi:
10.1109/I
T
I
K
D
56332.2023.10100104.
[
3]
T
. A
l
K
ur
s
he
h, “
H
ig
he
r
t
e
r
ti
a
r
y e
duc
a
ti
on pe
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
s
:
e
va
lu
a
ti
ng t
he
e
le
c
tr
oni
c
a
s
s
e
s
s
me
nt
t
e
c
hni
qu
e
s
of
t
he
bl
a
c
kboa
r
d pl
a
tf
or
m
f
or
f
a
ir
ne
s
s
a
nd
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
,”
I
nnoe
duc
a.
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
and
E
duc
at
io
nal
I
nnov
at
io
n
,
vol
.
10,
no.
1,
pp. 144
–
165, J
un. 2024, doi:
10.24310/i
jt
e
i.
101.2024.17813.
[
4]
N
.
S
e
lwyn,
C
.
O
’
N
e
il
l,
G
.
S
mi
th
,
M
.
A
ndr
e
je
vi
c
,
a
nd
X
.
G
u,
“
A
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
e
vi
l?
T
he
r
is
e
of
onl
in
e
e
xa
m
pr
oc
to
r
in
g
in
A
us
tr
a
li
a
n
uni
ve
r
s
it
ie
s
,”
M
e
di
a I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
A
us
tr
al
ia
, vol
. 186, no. 1, pp
. 149
–
164, F
e
b. 2023, doi:
10.1177/1329878X211005862.
[
5]
S
.
L
u,
C
.
B
.
E
lo
a
nyi
,
a
nd
C
.
J
.
O
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’
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ut
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ti
on
of
onl
in
e
a
s
s
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s
s
me
nt
in
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19
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e
a
s
s
e
s
s
me
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s
us
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moodl
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le
a
r
ni
ng
ma
na
ge
me
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s
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m:
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r
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pe
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ti
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ount
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s
U
ni
ve
r
s
it
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que
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,
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ol
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a
r
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le
a
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hybr
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r
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bi
os
c
ie
nc
e
s
c
our
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e
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ghe
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du
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on
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ti
on
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e
r
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qua
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mi
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g
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le
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on a
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ma
,
K
.
A
ga
r
w
a
l,
a
nd
P
.
C
ha
udha
r
y,
“
E
-
le
a
r
ni
ng
pl
a
tf
or
m
s
e
c
ur
it
y
is
s
ue
s
a
nd
th
e
ir
pr
e
ve
nt
io
n
te
c
hni
que
s
:
a
r
e
vi
e
w
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
A
dv
anc
e
Sc
ie
nt
if
ic
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h and E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g T
r
e
nd
s
, vol
. 6, no. 8, pp. 51
–
59, 2021.
[
27]
L
.
O
.
A
ki
ngba
de
a
nd
B
.
E
.
E
z
e
,
“
E
nha
nc
e
d
c
omput
e
r
ba
s
e
d
e
xa
mi
na
ti
on
s
ys
te
m
w
it
h
f
in
ge
r
pr
in
t
a
ut
he
nt
ic
a
ti
on,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
A
dv
anc
e
s
i
n E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g and M
anage
m
e
nt
(
I
J
A
E
M
)
, vol
. 4, no. 11, pp. 64
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[
28]
M
.
M
.
B
a
bi
th
a
,
C
.
S
us
hm
a
,
V
.
K
.
G
udi
va
da
,
a
nd
ot
he
r
s
,
“
T
r
e
nds
of
a
r
ti
f
ic
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
f
or
onl
in
e
e
x
a
ms
in
e
duc
a
ti
on,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
E
ar
ly
C
hi
ld
hood Spe
c
ia
l
E
duc
at
io
n
, vol
. 14, no. 01, pp. 2457
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[
29]
A
.
M
.
A
l
-
G
honme
in
a
nd
K
.
G
.
A
l
-
M
oghr
a
bi
,
“
T
he
pot
e
nt
ia
l
of
C
ha
tG
P
T
te
c
hnol
ogy
in
e
duc
a
ti
on:
a
dva
nt
a
ge
s
,
obs
ta
c
l
e
s
a
nd
f
ut
ur
e
gr
ow
th
,”
I
A
E
S
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
A
r
ti
fi
c
ia
l
I
nt
e
ll
ig
e
nc
e
,
vol
.
13,
no.
2,
pp.
1206
–
1213,
J
un.
2024,
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:
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ja
i.
v13.i2.pp1206
-
1213.
[
30]
P
.
A
.
P
a
ti
l,
A
.
D
.
J
ha
,
R
.
S
.
M
a
he
s
hw
a
r
i,
a
nd
M
.
P
a
nde
y,
“
O
nl
in
e
e
xa
m
s
ys
te
m
w
it
h
s
e
c
ur
e
d
a
ppr
oa
c
h,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h i
n E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g, S
c
ie
nc
e
and M
anage
m
e
nt
, vol
. 4, no.
12, pp. 87
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89, 2021.
[
31]
A
.
R
.
S
unda
y,
I
.
I
dr
is
,
H
.
A
.
Z
uba
ir
u,
S
.
O
.
E
tu
k,
a
nd
I
.
M
.
K
ol
o,
“
B
io
me
tr
y,
e
n
c
r
ypt
io
n
a
nd
s
pyw
a
r
e
(
B
E
S
)
:
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mul
ti
-
f
a
c
to
r
s
e
c
ur
it
y a
nd a
ut
he
nt
ic
a
ti
on me
c
ha
ni
s
m f
or
J
A
M
B
E
-
e
xa
mi
na
ti
on,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
A
ppl
ie
d I
n
fo
r
m
at
io
n Sy
s
te
m
s
(
I
J
A
I
S)
,
vol
. 12, no. 32, pp. 17
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[
32]
F
.
A
l‐
H
a
w
a
r
i,
M
.
A
l
s
ha
w
a
bk
e
h,
H
.
A
lt
ha
w
bi
h,
a
nd
O
.
A
bu
N
a
w
a
s
,
“
I
nt
e
gr
a
te
d
a
nd
s
e
c
ur
e
w
e
b‐
ba
s
e
d
e
x
a
mi
na
ti
on
ma
na
g
e
me
nt
s
ys
te
m,”
C
o
m
put
e
r
A
ppl
ic
at
io
ns
i
n E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g E
duc
at
io
n
, vol
. 27, no. 4, pp. 994
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1014, J
ul
. 2019, doi:
10.1002/ca
e
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A
.
N
ur
pe
is
ova
e
t
al
.
,
“
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
on
th
e
de
ve
lo
pme
nt
of
a
pr
oc
to
r
in
g
s
ys
te
m
f
or
c
onduc
ti
ng
onl
in
e
e
xa
ms
in
K
a
z
a
khs
ta
n,”
C
om
put
at
io
n
, vol
. 11, no. 6, J
un. 2023, doi:
10.3390/computatio
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[
34]
S
.
A
ll
y,
“
R
e
vi
e
w
of
onl
in
e
e
xa
mi
na
ti
on
s
e
c
ur
it
y
f
or
th
e
moodl
e
le
a
r
ni
ng
ma
na
g
e
me
nt
s
y
s
te
m,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
ou
r
n
al
of
E
duc
at
io
n and De
v
e
lo
pm
e
nt
us
in
g I
nf
or
m
at
io
n and C
om
m
uni
c
at
io
n T
e
c
hnol
ogy
(
I
J
E
D
I
C
T
)
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[
35]
A
.
C
.
M
.
N
a
f
r
e
e
s
a
nd
R
.
K
.
A
.
R
.
K
a
r
ia
ppe
r
,
“
A
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
of
onl
in
e
ma
na
ge
me
nt
in
f
or
ma
ti
on
s
ys
te
m
to
th
e
e
xa
mi
na
ti
on
de
pa
r
tm
e
nt
, s
ta
te
U
ni
ve
r
s
it
ie
s
i
n S
r
i
L
a
ngka
,”
J
ou
r
nal
of
C
r
it
ic
al
R
e
v
ie
w
s
, vol
. 07, no. 12, pp. 4703
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4712, 2020.
[
36]
T
.
W
a
r
a
dk
a
r
,
M
.
P
a
nva
lk
a
r
,
T
.
K
a
mbl
e
,
a
nd
S
.
A
gr
a
w
a
l,
“
E
-
e
xa
mi
na
ti
on
s
ys
te
m,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
in
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g, Sc
ie
nc
e
and M
anage
m
e
nt
, vol
. 2, no. 4, pp. 82
–
85
, 2019.
[
37]
L
.
M
s
e
te
ka
, J
.
P
hi
r
i,
a
nd
S
.
T
e
mbo,
“
W
e
b a
nd
mobi
le
e
xa
mi
na
ti
on
r
e
s
ul
ts
di
s
s
e
mi
na
ti
on
a
nd
ve
r
if
ic
a
ti
on
s
ys
te
m
u
s
in
g
e
nc
r
yp
ti
o
n
a
nd
c
r
ypt
ogr
a
phi
c
ha
s
h
f
unc
ti
ons
:
a
c
a
s
e
of
T
E
V
E
T
A
,
”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
F
ut
ur
e
C
om
put
e
r
and
C
om
m
uni
c
at
io
n
,
vo
l.
8,
no. 1, pp. 16
–
23, M
a
r
. 2019, doi:
10.18178/i
jf
c
c
.2019.8.1.533.
[
38]
A
.
S
ul
e
im
a
n
a
nd
N
.
N
a
c
ha
ndi
ya
,
“
C
omput
e
r
ba
s
e
d
te
s
ti
ng
(
C
B
T
)
s
ys
t
e
m
f
or
G
S
T
e
xa
ms
in
A
da
ma
w
a
S
ta
te
U
ni
ve
r
s
it
y,
M
ubi
,”
A
s
ia
n J
our
nal
of
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h i
n C
om
put
e
r
S
c
ie
nc
e
, pp. 1
–
11, Nov
. 2018, doi:
10.9734/a
jr
c
os
/2
018/
v2i
124776.
[
39]
T
.
Z
e
bua
,
“
E
nc
odi
ng
th
e
r
e
c
or
d
da
ta
b
a
s
e
of
c
omput
e
r
ba
s
e
d
te
s
t
e
xa
m
ba
s
e
d
on
s
pr
it
z
a
lg
or
it
hm,”
L
ont
ar
K
o
m
put
e
r
:
J
u
r
nal
I
lmi
ah T
e
k
nol
ogi
I
nf
or
m
as
i
, M
a
y 2018, doi:
10.24843/L
K
J
I
T
I
.2018.v09.i01.p06.
[
40]
E
.
S
a
nka
r
a
nd
B
.
S
.
S
ubr
a
ma
ni
a
n,
“
W
e
b
ba
s
e
d
de
s
ig
n
f
or
a
c
a
d
e
mi
c
ma
na
ge
me
nt
s
y
s
te
m
a
nd
e
-
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
por
ta
l,
”
E
li
x
ir
C
om
put
e
r
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g
, vol
. 115, pp. 49849
–
49853, 2018.
B
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l
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