Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
15
,
No.
1
,
Febr
uary
20
25
, pp.
15
~
23
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ij
ece.v
15
i
1
.
pp
15
-
23
15
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
Modeli
ng of
G
lugur
Subs
tation
gr
ounding syst
ems usi
ng
MATLAB
grap
hical
user i
nterfa
ce
Indra R
oz
a
1
, Y
og
a
Tr
i
Nug
raha
2
, Riz
kh
a Rida
3
,
M
u
h
am
mad
Irw
ant
o
4
,
M
oh
d
. Azl
ishah
O
th
m
an
5
1
Dep
artm
en
t of
E
l
ectrica
l
E
n
g
in
eerin
g
,
Facu
lty
of
Eng
i
n
eering
and
Co
m
p
u
ter,
Univ
ersitas
H
arapan
M
ed
an
,
Me
d
an
,
Ind
o
n
esia
2
Dep
artm
en
t of
E
l
ectrica
l
E
n
g
in
eerin
g
,
Facu
lty
of E
n
g
i
n
eering
,
Un
iv
ersita
s Al
-
Azh
a
r
Medan
,
Medan
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
3
Dep
artm
en
t of
I
n
d
u
strial E
n
g
in
eering
,
Facu
lty
of E
n
g
i
n
eering
,
Un
iv
ersita
s Al
-
Azh
a
r
Medan
,
Medan
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
4
Dep
artm
en
t of
E
l
ectrica
l
E
n
g
in
eerin
g
,
Facu
lty
of Sci
en
ces and
T
echn
o
lo
g
y
,
Un
iv
ersitas Pr
i
m
a
Ind
o
n
esia, M
e
d
an
,
Ind
o
n
esia
5
Dep
artm
en
t of
E
l
ectron
ic E
n
g
in
eeri
n
g
,
Facu
lty
of E
lec
tron
ic and
Co
m
p
u
ter
T
echn
o
lo
g
y
and
Eng
in
eering
,
Un
i
v
ersiti T
ek
n
ik
al M
al
ay
sia
Melaka,
Melaka
,
Malays
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
pr
19, 202
4
Re
vised
A
ug 15, 2
024
Accepte
d
Se
p 3, 2
024
The
ground
ing
s
ystem
in
subs
ta
t
ions
gene
r
al
ly
u
ses
el
e
ct
rode
ro
ds,
because
el
e
ct
rode
s
ca
n
a
ffe
ct
th
e
eff
e
ct
i
vene
ss
of
f
aul
t
cur
ren
t
condu
ct
i
on,
so
th
e
equi
pm
ent
wil
l
be
saf
er.
Con
sideri
ng
th
e
i
m
porta
nc
e
of
the
grounding
sys
te
m,
the
inst
al
l
ed
ground
ing
sys
t
em
must
b
e
conside
red
and
ma
intain
e
d
prope
rly.
One
of
the
m
is
th
e
gro
unding
found
in
Glugur.
Th
e
m
ain
obje
c
ti
v
e
of
thi
s
rese
a
rch
is
to
co
mpre
h
e
nsivel
y
eva
lu
ate
the
subs
ta
t
ion
grounding
sys
te
m
by
modeling
th
e
groundi
ng
sys
te
m
at
th
e
Glugur
Subs
tation
using
MA
TL
AB
gra
ph
ic
a
l
user
interfa
c
e
(GU
I)
.
The
gr
ounding
resist
an
ce
fo
ll
ows
a
gr
id
sys
te
m
w
it
h
an
are
a
of
2
0
×
15=300
m²
w
it
h
spec
i
fic
r
esista
nc
e
bei
ng
cl
ay
using
100
rod
elec
trode
s
.
From
th
e
r
esult
s
of
ground
resista
n
ce
simul
ation
modeling
using
MA
TL
AB
G
UI,
i
t
can
be
conclude
d
as
foll
ows
:
for
a
c
ertain
re
sistanc
e
va
lue,
the
nu
mbe
r
of
el
e
ct
rode
s
for
1
00
Ωm
is
3.
55
Ω
,
for
grou
nd
resista
n
ce
wit
h
a
consta
n
t
dep
th
and
a
var
ying
numbe
r
o
f
100
elec
trode
s,
it
is
3
.
45
Ω,
and
for
.
The
g
rounding
resist
a
nce
wi
th
a
c
onstant
and
v
ar
ying
numb
er
of
1,
000
rods
is
ob
t
ai
ned
a
t
2
.
65
Ω.
From
the
s
e
result
s,
th
e
mo
del
ing
ca
rri
ed
o
ut
is
in
a
cc
orda
nce
with
the
st
anda
rds
of
el
e
ct
ri
ci
ty
reg
u
lations
in
Indone
si
a.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ele
ct
ro
de
Groun
ding
resi
sta
nce
Groun
ding s
ys
t
em
M
A
TLAB
gra
ph
ic
al
us
er
interface
M
odel
li
ng
Substat
ion
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Indr
a
Roza
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ele
ct
rical
Eng
i
neer
i
ng, F
ac
ulty
of Enginee
ri
ng and C
omp
ut
er, Un
i
ver
sit
as
H
a
rap
a
n Me
da
n
Jl. HM J
oni N
o.
70, Me
da
n 2
0216, N
or
t
h
S
uma
tra,
Ind
on
e
s
ia
Emai
l:
indrar
oz
a.ir@
gm
ai
l.c
om
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Ele
ct
rical
su
bs
ta
ti
on
s
a
re
crit
i
cal
com
pone
nt
s
of p
owe
r
distrib
ution
net
work
s
,
se
rv
i
ng
as h
ubs
f
or
the
transmissi
on
a
nd
distri
bu
ti
on
of
el
ect
rici
ty
from
ge
ner
at
i
ng
sta
ti
on
s
t
o
consu
mers
.
S
ub
sta
ti
on
gro
undi
ng
sy
ste
ms
are
f
unda
mental
t
o
t
he
sa
fe
a
nd
re
li
able
operati
on
of
these
faci
li
ti
es
[1]
,
[2]
.
The
y
pro
vid
e
a
low
-
impeda
nce
pat
h
for
fa
ult
cu
r
ren
ts
to
dissi
pa
te
into
the
e
arth,
th
us
re
duci
ng
t
he
risk
of
el
ect
ric
shock
to
per
s
onnel
a
nd
dama
ge
to
e
qu
i
pm
e
nt
duri
ng
fau
lt
co
ndi
ti
on
s.
S
ubsta
ti
on
gro
unding
plays
a
vital
ro
le
in
ens
ur
in
g
the
s
afety
of
pe
rsonn
el
,
protect
in
g
e
quipme
nt,
a
nd
mai
ntainin
g
syst
em
reli
abi
li
ty
[
3]
,
[4]
.
W
it
ho
ut
eff
ect
ive
gro
undi
ng,
fa
ult
cu
rr
e
nts
co
uld
pose
sig
nifica
nt
hazar
ds
to
both
in
div
id
uals
a
nd
i
nfrastr
uctu
re
[
5]
.
Groun
ding
sys
te
ms
ar
e
desig
ne
d
to
li
mit
th
e
pote
ntial
rise
in
volt
age
of
e
qu
i
pm
e
nt
a
nd
su
r
rou
nd
i
ng
s
urfaces
,
there
by
mi
nim
iz
ing
the
ris
k
of
el
ect
rical
a
cci
den
t
an
d
en
su
ri
ng
th
e
c
on
ti
nu
ous
op
e
rati
on
of
the
s
ubs
ta
ti
on
[6]
,
[
7]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng,
V
ol.
15
, No
.
1
,
Febr
uary
20
25
:
15
-
23
16
An
al
yzin
g
s
ub
sta
ti
on
groun
di
ng
s
ys
te
m
s
pr
esents
se
ver
al
chall
enges
du
e
to
the
co
mp
le
xity
of
t
he
sy
ste
m
c
omponents
a
nd
the
dynamic
natu
r
e
of
el
ect
rical
netw
orks.
Sub
sta
ti
on
la
youts
can
va
r
y
wi
de
ly
an
d
include
a
m
ul
ti
tud
e
of
gro
undi
ng
el
ement
s
su
c
h
as
gr
ound
rods
,
c
ondu
ct
or
s
,
gr
i
ds
,
an
d
c
onnecti
on
s
to
equ
i
pm
e
nt
[
8]
.
M
odel
in
g
the
se
el
ements
ac
cur
at
el
y
is
ess
entia
l
fo
r
a
sse
ssing
s
ys
te
m
pe
rformance
[9
]
.
So
il
pro
per
ti
es
[10]
,
s
uc
h
as
re
sist
ivit
y
an
d
l
ayer
i
ng
[
11]
,
vary
s
patia
ll
y
an
d
ca
n
si
gnific
antly
af
fe
ct
the
performa
nce
of
gro
unding
syst
ems
[
12]
,
[13]
.
U
nd
e
rstan
di
ng
a
nd
acc
ount
ing
f
or
s
oil
va
r
ia
bili
ty
is
cr
uci
al
for
desig
ning
e
ff
e
ct
ive
gro
unding
s
olu
ti
ons.
Substat
ion
s
are
s
us
ce
ptible
to
tr
ansient
e
ven
ts
li
ke
li
gh
tni
ng
s
trike
s
[14]
a
nd
s
witc
hing
operati
on
s,
w
hich
can
i
ntr
oduce
hi
gh
-
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
cu
rrents
[15
]
i
nto
t
he
gro
undi
ng
s
ys
te
m
[16]
.
A
nalyzi
ng
t
he
tran
sie
nt
res
ponse
of
gro
undi
ng
s
ys
te
ms
is
esse
ntial
f
or
e
valuati
ng
their
e
ff
ect
ive
ness
unde
r dynamic
cond
it
io
n
s.
Trev
i
no
et
al
.
[17
]
de
scri
be
s
that
the
perf
ormance
of
groun
ding
s
ys
te
ms
un
der
dire
ct
li
gh
tnin
g
strikes
on
a
po
wer
s
ub
sta
ti
on
is
a
nalyze
d
usi
ng
a
ne
w
model
that
is
des
cribe
d
i
n
t
his
s
tudy.
T
he
s
ubs
ta
ti
on
sh
ie
ldin
g
co
nd
ucto
rs
a
nd
t
he
su
bst
at
ion
gr
oundin
g
s
ys
te
m
are
re
prese
nted
by
t
hr
ee
different
ki
nd
s
of
mu
lt
i
-
cond
ucto
r
t
ransmi
ssio
n
li
ne
s
in
th
e
pro
pose
d
model.
Hard
i
et
al
.
[
18]
i
n
his
resear
ch
e
xpla
ined
a
bout
as
on
e
of
the
defens
es
again
st
eq
uipment
dama
ge
f
rom
fa
ult
c
urre
nts,
t
he
groun
di
ng
sy
ste
m
is
a
cr
ucial
com
po
nen
t
of
t
he
el
ect
ric
powe
r
syst
em.
So
ft
war
e
is
util
iz
ed
to
cal
culat
e
the
substat
io
n
gri
d
desi
gn
i
n
or
der
t
o
strea
mli
ne
com
pu
ta
ti
ons
and
pro
vid
e
quic
k,
reli
able
answers.
This
study
ge
ne
rated
an
a
ppli
cat
i
on
cal
le
d
“
des
ign
of
gro
unding
gr
i
d”
that
us
es
MATL
AB
A
pp
so
ft
war
e
t
o
cal
culat
e
substat
ion
gri
d
desig
ns
in
acco
r
dan
c
e
with
IEEE
St
d
80
-
2013
[
18]
.
T
his
ap
plica
ti
on
can
cal
c
ulate
gr
id
desig
ns
in
three
c
onfi
gurati
ons:
sq
ua
re
,
rectan
gu
la
r,
a
nd L
-
s
hap
e
d, ei
ther
w
it
h o
r wit
hout
rods
[
18]
.
Th
us
,
the
gro
undi
ng
s
ys
te
m
at
the
su
bst
at
ion
is
very
imp
or
ta
nt
to
ens
ure
per
s
onnel
sa
fety
an
d
the
reli
abili
ty
of
t
he
el
ect
ric
po
wer
s
ys
te
m
.
T
he
gr
oundin
g
s
ys
te
m
m
us
t
sa
fely
el
imi
nate
fau
lt
cu
rr
e
nts
to
eart
h,
mainta
in
l
ow
impe
dan
ce
,
a
nd
ens
ur
e
that
st
ep
vo
lt
ag
e
a
nd
tou
c
h
volt
age
are
within
saf
e
li
mit
s.
The
Glugur
s
ubsta
ti
on
,
li
ke
oth
e
r
s
ubsta
ti
on
s
,
r
eq
uires
a
stron
g
an
d
we
ll
-
desig
ned
gro
unding
s
ys
te
m
.
The
main
ob
j
ect
ive
of
t
his
resea
rc
h
is
to
c
ompre
hensi
vely
e
val
uate
the
s
ubsta
ti
on
gr
oundin
g
sy
ste
m
by
m
odel
ing
t
he
gro
unding
sy
ste
m
at
the
Glugur
S
ubsta
ti
on
us
i
ng
MA
TLAB
gra
ph
ic
al
us
er
inter
fa
ce
(GUI)
[
19]
.
Dev
el
op
MA
TLAB
GUI
m
odel
s
[20]
t
o
sim
ulate
the
be
havi
or
of
s
ubsta
ti
on
gro
unding
sy
ste
ms
unde
r
va
rio
us
operati
ng
conditi
ons.
As
sess
the
perf
orma
nce
of
dif
fer
e
nt
gro
undi
ng
sy
ste
m
co
nf
i
gurati
ons
in
te
rm
s
of
s
afety,
equ
i
pm
e
nt
protect
ion
, a
nd s
yst
em r
el
ia
bili
ty.
2.
METHO
D
The
Gl
ugur
Substat
ion
gro
unding
sy
ste
m
wi
ll
be
m
od
el
e
d
us
in
g
MATL
A
B
.
T
he
ste
ps
f
or
m
odel
ing
the
Gl
ugur
S
ubsta
ti
on
gr
oundin
g
s
ys
te
m
a
re:
i)
Data
on
the
s
ubsta
ti
on
an
d
gro
unding
a
vaila
ble
fro
m
the
Glugur
m
ai
n
S
ub
sta
ti
on
is
a
gr
i
d
gr
oundin
g
typ
e
with
a
gri
d
l
en
gth
of
20
m
a
nd
a
wi
dt
h
of
15
m
so
that
the
gr
i
d
groun
ding
area
is
20
×
15=300
m²
t
hen
the
nex
t
data
ne
eded
f
or
this
su
bst
at
ion
a
nal
ys
is
is
t
he
cl
ay
typ
e
;
ii
)
Fr
om
the
e
xi
sti
ng
data
in
t
he
f
orm
of
a
grap
hical
us
e
r
interface
with
M
A
TLAB
as
f
ollows
can
be
se
en
in
Figure
1
;
a
nd
ii
i)
Ca
lc
ulatin
g
the
value
of
gro
und
resi
sta
nce
in
cal
c
ulati
ng
gro
und
resist
ance
re
quires
a
sy
ste
m
or fo
rm
ulati
on
of
ground
i
ng w
it
h gi
r
ds
us
in
g
(
1)
.
=
[
1
+
1
√
20
(
1
+
1
1
+
√
20
ℎ
)
]
(
1)
wh
e
re
is
t
he
gro
und
resist
a
nc
e
of
t
he
s
ubsta
ti
on
(Ω
)
,
is
the
so
il
resist
ivit
y
(Ω
m)
,
is
the
area
occupie
d
by
the
gro
und
netw
ork
(m
2
)
,
ℎ
is
the
de
pth
of
the
gri
d
(m
)
,
an
d
is
the
t
otal
le
ng
th
of
bu
ried
c
onduct
or
s
(m)
.
The
n
in
the a
na
lysis u
sin
g
a
use
r
i
nte
rf
ace
gr
aph
ic
is
create
d.
−
Ca
lc
ulate
the
gro
und
resist
an
ce,
namel
y
by
enterin
g
the
gri
d
le
ng
t
h,
widt
h,
numb
e
r
of
r
od
s
a
nd
de
pth
so
that w
hen yo
u pr
ess
the
calc
ul
at
e g
r
ound r
e
s
ist
ance butt
on t
he gr
ound
valu
e w
il
l be
pro
du
ced.
−
In
the
anal
ys
i
s
of
t
he
subst
a
ti
on
gro
undi
ng
s
ys
te
m
,
a
si
mu
la
ti
on
is
c
a
rr
ie
d
ou
t
by
making
the
ar
ea
const
ant,
the
dep
t
h
c
onsta
nt
an
d
the
num
ber
of
r
ods
va
ried,
the
n
if
you
pr
es
s
t
he
butt
on
to
plo
t
the
gro
unding
resi
sta
nce
vs
t
hese
rods,
this
will
resu
lt
in
exe
s
1
in
the
form
of
a
plo
t
g
raph
of
the
gro
undi
ng
resist
ance
vs
t
he
v
a
riat
ion
of t
he
e
xisti
ng rods < 5
Ω.
−
The
n
the
a
rea
i
s
co
ns
ta
nt,
t
he
numb
e
r
of
r
ods
is
co
ns
ta
nt,
a
nd
t
he
dep
t
h
va
ries
in
this
simulat
ion,
wh
at
are
the
r
ods,
t
he
numb
e
r
of
r
od
s
an
d
the
ra
ng
e,
so
that
wh
e
n
you
pr
e
ss
th
e
plo
t
gro
undi
ng
resist
a
nce
vs
dep
t
h
butt
on,
cl
ic
k
on
it
an
d
t
his
will
be
dis
playe
d
on
exes
1
in
the
f
orm
of
a
gr
aph
of
gr
ound
ing
resist
ance
vs
de
pth
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Mo
delin
g of
Glugur
Su
bs
tat
ion
gro
unding
syste
ms usin
g MATLAB
gra
phic
al
us
er i
nter
face
(
Indr
a
R
oza
)
17
−
Fo
r
the
la
st
si
mu
la
ti
on,
a
3
-
di
mensional
(
3D)
grap
h
is
ma
de,
t
he
are
a
is
const
ant,
t
he
de
pth
a
nd
numbe
r
of
bar
s
va
r
y,
i
f
you
cl
ic
k
on
the
gro
und
resist
a
nce
plo
t
as
a
f
un
ct
io
n
of
the
dep
t
h
bar,
e
xe
s1
will
pro
duc
e
a
3D gra
ph wher
e the
gr
a
ph s
hows
th
e
groun
d resist
ance
valu
e as a
functi
on
of stem a
nd d
e
pth
.
−
The
n
a
nalyze
wh
at
is
ex
pec
te
d
that
in
th
e
analy
sis
usi
ng
this
us
e
r
i
nterf
ace
gra
phic
,
the
gro
undi
ng
resist
ance
is
<
5Ω,
if
it
is
t
he
n
a
nalyze
d,
if
no
t,
the
n
rev
ie
w
the
e
xisti
ng
us
er
inter
face
gr
a
phic
de
sig
n
an
d
the pr
ogress o
f
this r
e
searc
h
c
an be see
n
i
n
F
igure
2.
Figure
1. MAT
LAB
GUI
displ
ay
Figure
2. Re
se
arch
flo
w
c
ha
rt
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng,
V
ol.
15
, No
.
1
,
Febr
uary
20
25
:
15
-
23
18
2.1
.
Su
bstati
on
A
s
ubsta
ti
on
is
a
ke
y
c
omp
on
ent
of
a
n
el
ect
r
ic
al
sy
ste
m
t
ha
t
plays
a
c
ru
ci
al
ro
le
i
n
the
tr
ansmissi
on
and
distri
bu
ti
on
of
el
ect
rici
ty
[
21]
.
It
se
rv
es
as
a
n
inter
me
diar
y
po
i
nt
bet
ween
the
high
-
vo
lt
age
tra
ns
m
issi
on
[22]
net
wor
k
a
nd
the
lo
wer
-
volt
age
distrib
ut
ion
netw
ork
[5]
,
al
lo
wing
f
or
the
tra
ns
f
ormat
ion
,
s
witc
hing,
an
d
con
t
ro
l
of
el
ec
tric
al
power
.
S
ub
sta
ti
ons
a
re
equ
i
pp
e
d
with
trans
forme
rs
that
can
ste
p
up
or
ste
p
dow
n
the
vo
lt
age
of
el
ect
rici
ty
as
nee
ded.
Step
-
up
t
ran
s
f
or
me
rs
in
crease
t
he
volt
age
for
l
ong
-
di
sta
nce
tra
ns
m
issi
on
,
wh
il
e ste
p
-
dow
n
tra
nsfo
rme
rs decrease
the
volt
age
for
lo
cal
d
ist
rib
utio
n
t
o consu
mers
.
The
s
ubsta
ti
ons
con
ta
i
n
va
riou
s
switc
hi
ng
dev
ic
es
s
uc
h
as
ci
rcu
it
bre
aker
s
[
23]
,
s
w
it
ches,
an
d
disco
nnect
ors
[22]
that
al
lo
w
for
t
he
c
ontrol
a
nd
is
ola
ti
on
of
el
ect
rical
ci
rcu
it
s.
Prot
ect
ive
rela
ys
a
re
al
s
o
instal
le
d
to
det
ect
fau
lt
s
[24
]
and
i
niti
at
e
protect
ive
act
ions
to
preve
nt
da
mage
to
e
quip
ment
an
d
e
ns
ure
the
safety
a
nd
reli
abili
ty
of
the
e
le
ct
rical
sy
ste
m.
Substat
io
ns
incl
ud
e
bu
s
ba
rs,
w
hich
a
re
c
onduct
ive
ba
rs
or
rail
s
that
ser
ve
as
el
ect
rical
high
wa
ys
t
o
c
on
nect va
rio
us
c
omp
onents w
it
hin
the
substat
io
n.
Co
nducto
rs
are
u
s
ed
t
o
carr
y
el
ect
rical
curre
nt b
et
we
en
c
ompone
n
ts
su
c
h
as
tra
ns
f
ormers
, circ
uit
br
ea
kers, a
nd s
witc
hes
[25
]
.
The
s
ub
sta
t
io
ns
are
eq
uippe
d
with
co
ntr
ol
s
ys
te
ms
that
al
low
operat
or
s
t
o
m
on
it
or
a
nd
con
t
ro
l
the
op
e
rati
on
of
e
qu
i
pm
e
nt
rem
otely
[
26]
.
Super
visor
y
co
nt
ro
l
a
nd
data
ac
qu
isi
ti
on
(S
C
A
DA)
[
27]
s
ys
te
ms
are
commo
nly
us
e
d
to
pr
ov
i
de
r
eal
-
ti
me
monit
or
i
ng
of
par
a
mete
rs
su
c
h
a
s
vo
lt
age
,
cu
rrent,
an
d
te
m
pe
ratur
e
,
enab
li
ng
opera
tors
t
o
res
pond
qu
ic
kly
to
c
hanges
in
t
he
el
ect
rical
sy
ste
m.
S
ubsta
ti
ons
inc
orporate
va
rio
us
safety
meas
ur
e
s
[
12]
,
[
5]
to
protect
per
s
onne
l
an
d
e
qu
i
pme
nt
f
rom
el
ect
r
ic
al
hazar
ds
[
10]
.
T
hese
may
include
fen
ci
ng,
wa
rn
i
ng
si
gns,
sa
fety
interl
ock
s
,
gro
undi
ng
s
ys
te
ms,
a
nd
perso
nal
protect
ive
equ
i
pm
e
nt
(PP
E)
f
or
workers
[
28]
.
Substat
ion
s
ca
n
va
ry
in
siz
e,
co
mp
le
xity,
a
nd
functi
on
de
pendin
g
on
th
ei
r
locat
io
n
an
d
r
ole
within t
he
el
ec
tric
al
sy
ste
m.
2.2
.
Gr
ou
n
ding
sys
tem
A
gro
undi
ng
s
ys
te
m
is
an
es
sentia
l
com
ponen
t
of
el
ect
ric
al
instal
la
ti
on
s
desig
ned
t
o
pr
ov
i
de
a
safe
path
f
or
el
ect
ri
cal
cu
rr
e
nts
to
flo
w
t
o
the
eart
h
i
n
the
e
ven
t
of
a
fa
ult
or
s
urge
[24]
,
[
29]
.
The
pri
mar
y
pur
pose
of
a
gro
unding
sy
ste
m
is
to
protect
pe
ople
and
e
quipme
nt
from
el
ect
rical
hazar
ds
[3
0]
.
By
pro
vid
i
ng
a
low
-
impeda
nce
[25
]
path
t
o
the
e
arth,
it
help
s
to
d
issi
pate
faul
t
cur
re
nts,
re
duci
ng
the
ris
k
of
el
ect
ric
sho
ck
an
d
fire.
Groun
ding
hel
ps
to
prot
ect
el
ect
rical
e
qu
i
pm
e
nt
by
pr
ov
i
ding
a
pat
h
for
fa
ult
curre
nt
s
to
safely
dis
sipate
,
reducin
g
t
he
ri
sk
of d
a
mage
c
ause
d by over
volt
ages
or s
hor
t ci
rcu
it
s
[
31]
.
The
gro
unding
sy
ste
m
s
are
a
n
inte
g
ral
pa
rt
of
li
ghtnin
g
protect
ion
syst
ems,
pro
vid
in
g
a
path
f
o
r
li
gh
tnin
g
c
urre
nts
to
saf
el
y
di
ssipate
into
th
e
earth,
t
her
e
by
re
duci
ng
the
risk
of
dama
ge
to
str
uctu
re
s
and
equ
i
pm
e
nt
[
7]
.
Prop
e
r
gro
unding
helps
to
s
ta
bili
ze
the
el
ect
rical
sy
ste
m
and
en
sure
it
s
reli
able
pe
rfo
r
manc
e
by
reducin
g
el
ect
ro
ma
gnet
ic
interfe
ren
ce
(E
M
I
),
mi
nimizi
ng
vo
lt
age
flu
ct
uations
[
32]
,
an
d
imp
r
ov
i
ng
t
he
eff
ect
ive
ness
of
protect
ive
de
vices
s
uc
h
as
fu
ses
a
nd
ci
rc
uit
brea
ker
s
.
C
ompone
nts
of
a
gr
oundin
g
s
ys
te
m
may
i
nclu
de:
−
Groun
d
r
ods:
These
a
re
ty
pi
cal
ly
co
pp
e
r
or
gal
van
iz
e
d
st
eel
rods
dr
i
ve
n
int
o
th
e
gro
und
t
o
est
ablis
h
a
connecti
on
with
the
ea
rth
.
Mult
iple
gro
und
rods
ma
y
be
use
d
to
ac
hie
ve
the
desi
red
le
vel
of
gr
ounding
eff
ect
ive
ness.
−
Groun
ding
c
onduct
ors:
T
he
se
are
co
nduc
ti
ve
wire
s
or
cables
that
co
nn
ect
el
ect
rical
equ
i
pm
e
nt
a
nd
structu
res
t
o
th
e
gro
undi
ng elec
tro
des,
pro
vi
ding a l
ow
-
re
sist
ance
path
t
o
t
he
ea
rth.
−
Groun
ding
g
ri
ds
or
M
at
s:
I
n
la
rg
e
r
instal
la
ti
on
s
or
w
her
e
high
fa
ult
cu
r
ren
ts
a
re
ex
pe
ct
ed,
a
groun
di
ng
gr
i
d
or
mat
c
onsist
ing
of
i
nte
rcon
nected
c
onduct
ors
burie
d
beneat
h
t
he
su
r
face
may
b
e
us
e
d
t
o
e
nha
nce
the ef
fecti
ve
ne
ss of the
groun
ding s
ys
te
m.
−
Bondin
g
c
on
duct
ors:
T
hese
are
use
d
to
connect
meta
l
str
uctu
res,
e
qu
i
pm
e
nt,
a
nd
ot
her
co
nduc
ti
ve
el
ements
withi
n
a
facil
it
y
to
ens
ur
e
el
ect
rical
co
ntin
uity
a
nd
pr
e
ve
nt
dif
fer
e
nces
in
pot
entia
l
that
c
ou
ld
le
ad
to
haza
rd
s
or
eq
uipment
dama
ge.
It
i
s
i
mporta
nt
f
or
gro
undi
ng
sy
ste
ms
to
be
desi
gned
,
instal
le
d,
and
mainta
ine
d
i
n
accor
da
nce
with
releva
nt
sta
ndar
ds
an
d
re
gula
ti
on
s
t
o
e
nsu
re
th
ei
r
e
ff
ect
i
ven
e
ss
a
nd
sa
f
et
y.
Additi
on
al
l
y,
pe
rio
dic
te
sti
ng
and
in
sp
ect
io
n
are
necessa
ry
t
o
ve
rify
the
i
ntegr
it
y
of
the
groun
ding
sy
ste
m
and ide
ntify an
y
iss
ues
t
hat m
ay
a
rise ove
r
ti
me.
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
In
t
his gr
ounding anal
ys
is, it
is carr
ie
d ou
t i
n fou
r
co
ndit
ions, n
a
mely,
the
f
irst b
y
pr
ov
i
din
g a certa
in
gro
unding
de
pt
h
an
d
num
be
r
of
el
ect
r
ode
rods
,
the
sec
ond
by
prov
i
di
ng
a
certai
n
gro
unding
de
pt
h
an
d
varyin
g
numbe
r
of
el
ect
rode
rods,
t
he
thir
d
by
pr
ovidin
g
a
certai
n
nu
mb
e
r
of
el
ect
r
od
e
r
od
s
an
d
varyin
g
gro
unding
de
pt
h,
th
e
la
st
by
va
ry
i
ng
the
gro
undi
ng
an
d
numb
e
r
of
el
e
ct
rode
r
ods.
T
he
four
sta
te
s
of
the
Glugur
Substat
ion
gro
undi
ng
sy
ste
m
we
re
a
nalyze
d
with
gro
undi
ng
val
ue
s
bel
ow
5
Ω,
e
ach
value
of
w
hich
is
disp
la
yed in
2
-
dimensi
onal
(2
D)
an
d 3
-
dime
ns
io
nal (3
D) gr
aphs.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Mo
delin
g of
Glugur
Su
bs
tat
ion
gro
unding
syste
ms usin
g MATLAB
gra
phic
al
us
er i
nter
face
(
Indr
a
R
oza
)
19
a.
Glugur
M
ai
n S
ub
sta
ti
on
gro
undi
ng an
al
ys
is
dep
t
h of speci
f
ic
n
umbe
r of el
ect
rode ro
ds
Ba
sic
al
ly,
the
typ
e
of
s
oil
at
the
Glug
ur
S
ubsta
ti
on
is
cl
a
y
ty
pe
with
a
so
il
resist
ivit
y
of
100
Ωm
,
with
an
a
rea
of
the
substat
ion
that
is
gr
ou
nded
with
a
gr
i
d
sy
ste
m,
namel
y
20
×
15
=
300
m²
with
a
gri
d
siz
e
of
0.1 m de
pth an
d
a
num
ber o
f e
le
ct
ro
de
ro
ds
of 10
0
m
, th
e
n t
he
gr
oundin
g resist
ance
valu
e is o
btaine
d
as
.
=
[
1
+
1
√
20
(
1
+
1
1
+
√
20
ℎ
)
]
=100
[
1
100
+
1
√
20
300
(
1
+
1
1
+
√
20
300
0
,
1
)]
=
3.55
Ω
The
gro
unding
resist
ance
va
lue
of
t
he
G
lu
gur
M
ai
n
Substat
ion
obt
ai
ned
fro
m
th
e
res
ults
of
man
ual
cal
culat
ion
s
is
the
same
as
t
he
sim
ulati
on
resu
lt
s
us
in
g
t
he
M
A
TLAB
us
er
inter
face
(GUI)
gr
a
phic
as
i
n
Figure
3,
nam
el
y
3.55
Ω.
T
he
gro
unding
resist
ance
val
ue
of
t
he
Glug
ur
S
ub
sta
ti
on
i
s
in
acco
rd
a
nc
e
with
PU
I
L
2000
below 5 Ω.
Figure
3. Sim
ul
at
ion
r
es
ults
of the
grou
nd
i
ng
resist
ance
of
the G
l
ugur
M
a
in S
ub
sta
ti
on
with a
num
ber
of 10
0
rods
a
nd a
de
pth
of 0.1
m
b.
Groun
ding
resi
sta
nce
with c
onsta
nt
de
pth
a
nd
varyin
g n
umber
of elect
r
odes
Simulat
io
n
of
the
c
onditi
on
of
the
gr
id
gro
unding
resist
a
nce
sy
ste
m
at
the
Glugur
S
ubsta
ti
on
was
carried
out
by
making
t
he
de
pth
c
onsta
nt,
na
mely
0.5
m
a
nd
t
he
numb
e
r
of
rod
el
ect
r
od
es
var
ie
d
from
100
to
1,000
rods
.
T
hi
s
conditi
on
w
as
carrie
d
ou
t
t
o
see
t
he
e
ff
ec
t
of
c
ha
ng
i
ng
the
numb
e
r
of
el
ect
ro
de
r
ods
on
th
e
gr
i
d
gro
unding
resist
a
nce
val
ue
of
t
he
Glug
ur
M
ai
n
S
ubsta
ti
on
with
sin
gl
e
gro
undi
ng.
i
nputti
ng
th
e
va
lue
of
the
gro
undi
ng
dep
t
h
a
nd
num
ber
of
el
ect
rod
es
an
d
the
nu
mb
e
r
in
t
he
MATL
AB
use
r
i
nterf
ace
are
show
n
i
n
Figure
4
a
nd th
e res
ults are
show
n
i
n
Fi
gure
5.
Figure
4. I
nput
value
s fo
r dep
th and
num
ber
of ele
ct
rode
rods
i
n MATLA
B
u
se
r
inter
fac
e
grap
hics
Figure
5. Ef
fec
t of
num
ber o
f e
le
ct
ro
des
on g
rou
nd
i
ng r
esi
st
ance
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng,
V
ol.
15
, No
.
1
,
Febr
uary
20
25
:
15
-
23
20
Figure
5
s
how
s
the
re
su
lt
s
of
the
gro
und
resi
sta
nce
sim
ulati
on
in
t
he
M
AT
LAB
GUI
with
a
de
pth
of
0.5
m
a
nd
the
numb
e
r
of
r
od
el
ect
ro
des
var
i
ed
from
10
0
-
1,000
r
od
s
.
T
he
numb
e
r
of
el
ec
tro
des
i
n
flue
nc
es
the
gro
unding
re
sist
ance
val
ue
of
the
Glugur
M
ai
n
Substat
ion
.
T
he
num
be
r
of
el
ect
rode
s
of
100
rods
giv
es
a
gro
unding
re
sist
ance
val
ue
of
3.4
5
Ω,
w
hi
le
the
num
ber
of
el
ect
r
odes
of
1
,
000
r
ods
giv
es
a
gro
undin
g
resist
ance
valu
e
of
2.53
Ω.
T
his
s
hows
that
with
a
c
onsta
nt
gro
undi
ng
de
pt
h
an
d
by
i
ncr
e
asi
ng
the
num
ber
of
el
ect
ro
des
,
the
gro
unding
res
ist
ance
valu
e
of
t
he
Gl
ugur
Substat
ion
will
be
small
er.
This
meet
s
t
he
PUIL
2
,
000
sta
ndar
d becau
se the
gr
oundin
g resist
ance
value o
f
th
e G
lu
gur
S
ub
st
at
ion
obt
ai
ned
is st
il
l below
5 Ω.
c.
Groun
ding
resi
sta
nce
with c
onsta
nt a
nd
vary
ing
num
ber o
f rods
with
MA
TLAB
us
e
r
int
erf
ace
grap
hics
The
simulat
io
n
of
gro
undi
ng
resist
ance
in
M
AT
LAB
wi
th
bo
t
h
co
ns
ta
nt
a
nd
varyin
g
num
be
rs
of
rods
pr
ov
i
des
cru
ci
al
i
ns
ig
ht
s
int
o
how
e
le
ct
rode
c
onfi
gurati
on
s
a
ff
ect
sy
ste
m
pe
rfo
r
mance
at
s
ubs
ta
ti
on
s.
The
gr
oundin
g
resist
ance
,
a
key
factor
i
n
ens
uri
ng
el
ect
rical
safety,
decr
eases
as
the
numb
e
r
of
rods
increases
,
due
to
the
par
al
le
l
arr
a
ng
e
ment
of
gro
undi
ng
el
e
ct
rodes
t
hat
distribu
te
cu
rr
e
nt
flo
w
ac
ro
s
s
m
ulti
ple
paths
,
th
us
re
duci
ng
the
over
al
l
resist
ance.
Simulat
io
n
of
the
gro
undi
ng
resist
ance
of
t
he
Gl
ugur
S
ubsta
ti
on
was
al
so
ca
rr
ie
d
out
by
ma
ki
ng
t
he
num
be
r
of
el
ect
r
ode
r
od
s
co
ns
ta
nt,
na
mely,
100
rod
s
an
d
by
varying
t
he
gro
unding
de
pt
h
f
rom
0.1
t
o
1
m
.
Inp
utti
ng
t
he
el
ect
r
od
e
r
od
value
an
d
gro
unding
dep
t
h
is
show
n
i
n
Figure
6, an
d
t
he results a
re show
n
in
Fig
ure
7
.
Figure
6. I
nput
a num
be
r of
el
ect
rode ro
ds
of 1
,
000 r
ods a
nd a
de
pth
va
riat
ion
of 0.1
-
1 m
Figure
7. The
inf
l
uen
ce
of
gro
unding
de
pth
on the
gr
oundin
g resist
ance
of
the G
l
ugur
S
ub
sta
ti
on
Figure
7
s
how
s
the
simulat
io
n
res
ults
of
t
he
groun
ding
re
sist
ance
of
t
he
Glugur
S
ub
st
at
ion
with
a
total
of
100
el
ect
rode
r
ods
a
nd
a
gro
unding
dep
t
h
of
0.1
t
o
1
m
.
T
he
dep
t
h
of
t
he
groun
ding
has
a
n
in
f
luence
on
t
he gr
ounding
resist
ance
va
lue of the
Glugur
S
ubsta
ti
on
.
A
t a g
rou
nd
i
ng d
e
pth o
f
0.1 m an
d
wit
h
a num
be
r
of
el
ect
r
od
es
of
100
rods
it
gi
ves
a
gro
undi
ng
resist
ance
va
lue
of
2.6
5
Ω.
M
ea
nwhile
at
a
groun
ding
de
pth
of
1
m
a
nd
with
a
numb
e
r
of
e
le
ct
ro
des
of
1,
000
r
ods
it
gi
ves
a
gr
ounding
resist
ance
value
of
2.42
Ω.
This
sh
ows
that
the
deep
e
r
t
he
gro
und
resist
ance
is
made
,
the
s
mall
er
the
gro
und
resist
a
nce
va
lue
obta
ine
d
will
be.
This is i
n
acc
ordan
ce
w
it
h t
he
PU
I
L
2000 sta
nd
a
r
d,
namel
y, the
gro
unding
resist
ance
valu
e is sti
ll
b
el
ow
5
Ω.
d.
Groun
ding
resi
sta
nce
by v
a
ry
i
ng the
value
of grou
nd
i
ng d
e
pt
h
an
d n
umber
of ele
ct
rodes
The
anal
ys
is
of
groun
ding
resist
ance
by
varyin
g
both
t
he
gro
undi
ng
dep
t
h
an
d
the
nu
mb
e
r
of
el
ect
ro
des
re
ve
al
s
imp
or
ta
nt
de
sign
co
ns
ide
r
at
ion
s
for
gro
undi
ng
syst
ems,
especial
ly
i
n
e
le
ct
rical
su
bs
ta
ti
on
s.
The
gro
unding
re
sist
ance
is
inv
e
rsely
rela
te
d
to
both
pa
rameters:
as
the
de
pth
of
gro
unding
el
e
ct
rodes
increases
or
th
e
num
ber
of
el
ect
rodes
is
raised,
t
he
ov
e
rall
gro
unding
resist
ance
de
creas
es,
the
reby
im
pro
vi
n
g
sy
ste
m
pe
rformance.
Sim
ula
ti
on
of
gro
undi
ng
resist
ance
us
in
g
t
he
M
A
TLAB
i
nterf
ac
e
us
e
r
gr
a
ph
a
t
the
Glugur
S
ub
sta
ti
on
was
ca
rr
ie
d
out
by
varyi
ng
the
gro
undi
ng
dep
t
h
val
ue
,
namel
y
from
0.
1
t
o
1
m
a
nd
by
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Mo
delin
g of
Glugur
Su
bs
tat
ion
gro
unding
syste
ms usin
g MATLAB
gra
phic
al
us
er i
nter
face
(
Indr
a
R
oza
)
21
varyin
g
t
he
nu
mb
e
r
of
el
ect
r
od
e
s
from
10
0
r
ods
t
o
1
,
000
r
ods
as
s
how
n
i
n
t
he
MAT
LAB
us
e
r
i
nterf
ace
gr
a
phic
Fig
ur
e
8.
Varyin
g
t
he
num
ber
of
el
ec
tro
de
rods
an
d
gro
unding
de
pth
was
car
ri
ed
out
to
det
ermine
the
influ
e
nce
of
th
ese
tw
o
va
riabl
es.
Re
gardin
g
the
gro
undi
ng
r
esi
sta
nce
value
at
th
e
Glug
ur
Substat
ion
wh
i
ch
is
forme
d
in
a
3
-
dimensi
onal
(3D)
gr
a
ph
as
i
n
Figure
9,
t
his
s
hows
that
the
great
er
the
num
ber
of
el
ect
r
odes
a
nd
the
dee
per
t
he
gro
unding,
t
he
small
er
the
gro
unding
resist
an
ce
value
wi
ll
be
.
The
gro
undi
ng
resist
ance
va
lues
of the
Glug
ur
Substat
ion
are
sti
ll
b
el
ow
5
Ω
as s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
9.
Figure
8. Dis
play of va
riat
ions i
n
el
ect
r
ode r
od
s
a
nd grou
ndin
g dep
t
h
Figure
9. The
e
ff
ect
of d
e
pth a
nd num
be
r of
r
od
s
on t
he valu
e of
groun
ding
resist
ance
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
gro
und
r
es
ist
ance
s
ys
te
m
of
the
Gl
ugur
Substat
ion
is
c
arr
ie
d
ou
t
usi
ng
t
he
MATL
A
B
G
UI.
T
he
gro
unding
re
sist
ance
f
ollo
ws
a
gr
i
d
syst
em
with
an
area
of
20
×
15=3
00
m
²
with
s
pecific
resist
ance
bein
g
cl
ay
us
in
g
10
0
r
od
el
ect
ro
des
.
F
rom
the
res
ults
of
gro
und
resist
ance
sim
ulati
on
m
od
el
in
g
us
ing
MATL
AB
GUI,
i
t
can
be
c
oncl
ud
ed
as
f
ollo
ws:
for
a
certai
n
re
sist
ance
value
,
the
num
ber
of
el
ect
ro
des
for
100
Ωm
is
3.55
Ω
,
for
gro
und
r
esi
sta
nce
with
a
c
on
sta
nt
de
pth
a
nd
a
varyin
g
num
b
er
of
100
el
ect
ro
des
,
it
is
3.4
5
Ω,
a
nd
f
or
the
gro
unding
resi
sta
nce
with
a
const
ant
a
nd
va
ry
i
ng
num
be
r
of
1,000
r
od
s
is
obta
ine
d
at
2.6
5
Ω
.
F
r
om
these
resu
lt
s,
the
modeli
ng car
ried
ou
t i
s
in
acc
ord
ance
with th
e s
ta
nd
a
rd
s
of ele
ct
rici
ty r
e
gu
la
ti
on
s
in
Indo
nesi
a.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Y.
Sir
eg
ar,
Y.
Hu
tau
ruk
,
E.
Sin
u
lin
g
g
a,
an
d
Su
h
erm
an
,
“Grou
n
d
in
g
sy
ste
m
s
in
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
su
b
statio
n
b
y
an
aly
sis
o
p
tim
izatio
n
d
esig
n
(Case
stu
d
y
:
1
5
0
k
V
Tapak
Tu
an
su
b
statio
n
),
”
in
2
0
2
1
5
th
Inter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Confer
en
ce
o
n
Electrica
l,
Telec
o
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter Eng
in
ee
rin
g
,
ELTI
COM
20
2
1
-
Pro
ceedin
g
s
,
2
0
2
1
,
v
o
l.
5
,
p
p
.
6
4
–
6
8
,
d
o
i: 1
0
.11
0
9
/EL
T
ICO
M53
3
0
3
.
2
0
2
1
.9
5
9
0
1
1
7
.
[2]
R.
Din
zi,
Y.
Hu
ta
u
ruk
,
Y.
Siregar
,
N.
Mub
arakah
,
an
d
E.
P.
Sin
u
lin
g
g
a
,
“Op
ti
m
izatio
n
d
e
sig
n
o
f
g
rou
n
d
in
g
sy
stem
su
b
statio
n
with
m
u
ltilay
er
so
il
m
o
d
el,”
in
Pro
c
eedi
n
g
-
ELTI
CO
M
2
0
2
2
:
6
th
Inter
n
a
tio
n
a
l
Co
n
ference
o
n
Electrica
l,
Teleco
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
Engineer
in
g
20
2
2
,
2
0
2
2
,
p
p
.
8
5
–
9
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.11
0
9
/EL
TI
CO
M57
7
4
7
.2022
.100
3
8
0
3
8
.
[3]
S.
Hardi,
A
.
Nas
u
tio
n
,
an
d
F.
Pu
r
n
am
asari
,
“
Mod
el
in
g
o
f
su
b
statio
n
g
rou
n
d
i
n
g
g
rid
d
esig
n
u
sin
g
LabView
g
raph
ical
u
ser
in
terf
ace
,”
in
2
0
1
9
3
rd
Inter
n
a
tio
n
a
l
Co
n
feren
ce
o
n
Ele
ct
rica
l,
Tel
ecomm
u
n
ica
tio
n
a
n
d
Compu
ter
Eng
in
eerin
g
,
ELT
ICOM
2
0
1
9
-
Pro
ceedin
g
s
,
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
1
4
9
–
1
5
4
,
d
o
i:
10
.11
0
9
/EL
TI
CO
M47
3
7
9
.2019
.894
3
8
6
3
.
[4]
S.
Hardi,
A
.
Nas
u
tio
n
,
F.
Fah
m
i,
an
d
F.
Pu
rnamasa
ri,
“E
ff
ici
en
t
d
esig
n
o
n
th
e
subs
tatio
n
g
round
in
g
g
ri
d
:
a
case
st
u
d
y
a
t
2
x
5
0
0
MVA
G
ala
n
g
,”
in
2
0
2
0
4
rd
Inter
n
a
tio
n
a
l
Co
n
feren
ce
o
n
Elec
t
rica
l,
Tele
co
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
a
n
d
Compu
ter
Eng
in
eerin
g
(E
LT
ICOM)
,
Sep
.
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
1
8
0
–
1
8
5
,
d
o
i: 10
.11
0
9
/EL
TI
COM5
0
7
7
5
.20
2
0
.92
3
0
4
9
2
.
[5]
A.
Ph
ay
o
m
h
o
m
,
S.
Sirisu
m
rann
u
k
u
l,
an
d
B.
Ain
suk,
“Tec
h
n
iq
u
e
for
safety
d
esig
n
im
p
rov
em
en
t
o
f
g
rou
n
d
in
g
sy
stem
b
y
co
m
p
ressio
n
ratio
m
eth
o
d
s
in
m
etrop
o
litan
electri
city
a
u
th
o
rity’s
sy
stem,
”
in
Pro
ceedin
g
s
o
f
th
e
I
EE
E
Pow
er
E
n
g
in
eerin
g
S
o
ciety
Tra
n
smis
sio
n
a
n
d
Distr
ib
u
tio
n
Co
n
fe
ren
ce
,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
–
9
,
d
o
i: 10
.1109
/TD
C.2
0
1
8
.84
4
0
2
3
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng,
V
ol.
15
, No
.
1
,
Febr
uary
20
25
:
15
-
23
22
[6]
B.
An
g
g
o
ro,
R
.
S
.
Uta
m
i,
an
d
L.
H
an
d
ay
an
i,
“Op
tim
al
d
esig
n
o
f
g
rou
n
d
in
g
sy
stem
su
b
statio
n
,
case
stu
d
y
:
2
7
5
/1
5
0
k
V
Sig
li
Su
b
statio
n
,”
in
Pr
o
ceedin
g
s
o
f
th
e
2
n
d
Inter
n
a
tio
n
a
l
Co
n
feren
ce
o
n
Hig
h
Volta
g
e
Eng
in
eerin
g
a
n
d
Pow
er
S
ystems
:
To
wa
rds
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le an
d
R
elia
b
le P
o
wer
Deli
very, I
C
HV
EP
S
20
1
9
,
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
1
–
6
,
d
o
i: 10
.1109
/ICHVEPS47
6
4
3
.20
1
9
.90
1
1
0
6
4
.
[7]
C.
Ma
rtineac,
P.
C.
Da
rab,
H
.
G.
Beleiu
,
an
d
R.
N.
Hasan
ah
,
“
Influ
e
n
ce
o
f
so
il
r
esis
tiv
ity
o
n
1
1
0
k
V
s
u
b
statio
n
g
round
i
n
g
sy
stem,
”
in
E
PE
2
0
2
0
-
Pro
ceedin
g
s
o
f
th
e
2
0
2
0
1
1
th
Inter
n
a
tio
n
a
l
Co
n
feren
ce
a
n
d
Expo
sitio
n
o
n
Electrica
l
and
Pow
er
Eng
in
eerin
g
,
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
7
1
5
–
7
2
0
,
d
o
i:
10
.11
0
9
/EPE
5
0
7
2
2
.20
2
0
.9
3
0
5
6
4
5
.
[8]
R.
A.
Prat
am
a
,
H
e
rm
a
wan
,
an
d
M.
F
acta,
“
An
aly
sis
o
f
g
rou
n
d
i
n
g
sy
stem
in
1
5
0
k
V
Ku
d
u
s
Su
b
statio
n
,”
in
2
0
1
8
5
th
Inter
n
a
tio
n
a
l
Co
n
feren
ce
o
n
Info
rma
tio
n
Tech
n
o
l
o
g
y,
Co
mp
u
ter,
a
n
d
Electrica
l
Eng
in
eerin
g
(I
CITAC
EE
)
,
Sep
.
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
2
4
5
–
2
5
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.11
0
9
/ICIT
ACE
E.
2
0
1
8
.85
7
6
9
0
3
.
[9]
F.
Am
in
,
M.
R
asel,
an
d
S.
Isla
m
,
“Mod
elin
g
an
d
p
e
rf
o
r
m
an
ce
an
aly
sis
o
f
g
rou
n
d
i
n
g
syste
m
o
f
a
g
rid
su
b
statio
n
,”
in
2
0
2
1
Inter
n
a
tio
n
a
l
Confer
en
ce
o
n
S
cien
ce
a
n
d
Co
n
temp
o
ra
ry
Tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
ICS
CT
2
0
2
1
,
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.11
0
9
/ICSCT5
3
8
8
3
.2021
.9642
7
0
1
.
[10
]
A.
Pu
ttar
ach,
T.
Kasirawat
,
S
.
Pan
ta,
A
.
Ph
ay
o
m
h
o
m
,
C
.
Po
n
g
sriwat,
an
d
W
.
Nak
k
ron
g
d
ee,
“Op
tim
al
d
e
sig
n
in
d
istrib
u
tio
n
su
b
statio
n
’s
g
round
in
g
system
f
o
r
d
ecre
asin
g
t
o
u
ch
v
o
ltag
e,”
in
1
7
th
Inter
n
a
tio
n
a
l
Co
n
feren
c
e
o
n
Electrica
l
Eng
in
eerin
g
/Electro
n
ics,
Co
mp
u
ter,
Teleco
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
s
a
n
d
Info
rma
ti
o
n
Tech
n
o
lo
g
y,
ECTI
-
CON
2
0
2
0
,
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
4
8
6
–
489,
d
o
i:
1
0
.11
0
9
/ECTI
-
CO
N4
9
2
4
1
.2
0
2
0
.9
1
5
8
0
8
9
.
[11
]
A.
G
e,
D.
Xie,
Z
.
Sh
i,
G.
Yu
,
an
d
X.
Zhan
g
,
“An
al
y
sis
o
f
g
rou
n
d
in
g
g
rids
co
n
n
ectio
n
b
etween
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
fa
r
m
an
d
its
su
b
statio
n
,”
in
2
0
2
0
IE
E
E
Inter
n
a
tio
n
a
l
Co
n
feren
ce
o
n
Hig
h
Volta
g
e
Eng
in
eerin
g
a
n
d
App
li
ca
t
io
n
(I
CHV
E)
,
S
ep
.
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
1
–
4
,
d
o
i: 10
.1109
/ICHVE49
0
3
1
.2020
.9280
0
3
4
.
[12
]
G.
Jiach
en
,
C
.
Yo
n
g
,
W
.
Lino
n
g
,
S.
Bin
,
an
d
J.
Sili
a
n
g
,
“The
stu
d
y
o
f
su
b
statio
n
g
roun
d
in
g
g
rid
im
p
ressed
cu
rr
en
t
cath
o
d
ic
p
rotectio
n
sy
stems
b
ased
o
n
COMSOL
m
u
ltip
h
y
scis
,”
in
2018
5
th
In
tern
a
tio
n
a
l
C
o
n
fe
ren
ce
o
n
Electric
a
l
a
n
d
Electro
n
ics
Eng
in
eerin
g
,
ICEE
E
2
0
1
8
,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
9
3
–
1
9
7
,
d
o
i: 1
0
.1
1
0
9
/ICEE
E2.2
0
1
8
.83
9
1
3
2
8
.
[13
]
W
.
W
an
g
,
H
.
Zha
n
g
,
B.
X
ie,
an
d
C.
Liu,
“Res
ea
rch
o
n
co
rr
o
sio
n
d
etecti
o
n
sy
stem
o
f
su
b
statio
n
g
rou
n
d
in
g
g
rid
b
ased
o
n
n
o
n
-
co
n
tact
m
easu
re
m
en
t,”
in
IE
EE
Adv
a
n
ced
Info
rma
tio
n
Tech
n
o
lo
g
y,
Elec
tro
n
ic
a
n
d
Auto
m
a
tio
n
Co
n
t
ro
l
Co
n
feren
ce
(I
AE
AC)
,
2
0
2
2
,
p
p
.
1
9
3
3
–
1
9
3
6
,
d
o
i: 10
.1109
/I
AEAC5
4
8
3
0
.20
2
2
.99
2
9
5
8
6
.
[14
]
S.
M.
Gh
an
ia
an
d
A.
S.
Sh
a
fy,
“
Grou
n
d
in
g
s
y
stem
in
sid
e
h
ig
h
v
o
lt
ag
e
su
b
statio
n
s
f
o
r
trans
ien
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
u
sing
g
en
eti
c
alg
o
rithm,
”
in
2
0
1
6
Eigh
teen
th
Inter
n
a
tio
n
a
l
Mid
d
le
E
a
st
Pow
er
S
ystems
Co
n
feren
ce
(MEPC
ON)
,
Dec
.
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
5
3
6
–
5
4
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.11
0
9
/ME
PCO
N.20
1
6
.78
3
6
9
4
3
.
[15
]
M.
I
.
Kh
ate
r,
E.
N
.
Ab
d
allah
,
an
d
N.
H.
Ab
b
asy
,
“
Ne
w
m
eth
o
d
s
for
d
esig
n
in
g
a
g
rou
n
d
in
g
sy
stem
for
futu
re
ex
p
an
sio
n
o
f
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
subs
tatio
n
s,”
in
2
0
1
8
2
0
t
h
Inter
n
a
tio
n
a
l
Mid
d
le
Eas
t
Pow
er
S
ystems
Co
n
feren
ce,
MEPCON
2
0
1
8
-
Pro
ceedin
g
s
,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
6
1
5
–
6
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.11
0
9
/ME
PCO
N.20
1
8
.86
3
5
1
9
9
.
[16
]
D.
Lov
rić,
I.
K
rolo
,
an
d
I.
Ju
rić
-
Gr
g
ić,
“Estim
atio
n
o
f
effectiv
e
len
g
th
o
f
ty
p
e
-
A
g
rou
n
d
i
n
g
sy
stem
accord
in
g
to
IE
C
6
2
3
0
5
-
3
u
sin
g
a
m
achi
n
e le
arnin
g
r
eg
ressio
n
m
o
d
el,”
App
lied
Scien
ces (Sw
itzer
la
n
d
)
,
v
o
l.
1
4
,
n
o
.
1
6
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i: 10
.339
0
/ap
p
1
4
1
6
6
9
4
5
.
[17
]
R.
Tr
ev
in
o
,
J.
L
.
G
u
ardad
o
,
an
d
E.
M
o
lin
a,
“A
m
o
d
el
fo
r
su
rge
d
istrib
u
tio
n
stu
d
ies
o
n
su
b
stati
o
n
g
rou
n
d
in
g
g
rids
,”
in
2
0
1
9
IE
E
E
Inter
n
a
tio
n
a
l
Au
tu
mn
Meetin
g
o
n
Pow
er,
El
e
ctro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
tin
g
,
ROP
E
C
2
0
1
9
,
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
1
–
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.11
0
9
/ROPEC4
8
2
9
9
.2
0
1
9
.9
0
5
7
1
4
2
.
[18
]
S.
Ha
rdi,
Su
h
er
m
a
n
,
N.
Ca
rol,
A
.
N
asu
tio
n
,
an
d
A.
Fi
triani,
“Ap
p
licatio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
su
b
statio
n
g
rou
n
d
in
g
g
rid
d
esig
n
u
sing
MAT
LAB,”
in
Pr
o
ceedin
g
-
ELTI
C
OM
2
0
2
2
:
6
th
Int
ern
a
tio
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
en
ce
o
n
Electrica
l,
Teleco
mmu
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
te
r
Eng
in
eerin
g
2022
,
20
2
2
,
p
p
.
3
8
–
4
3
,
d
o
i: 10
.1109
/EL
TI
COM5
7
7
4
7
.2022
.
1
0
0
3
7
9
4
9
.
[19
]
P.
Kap
ijan
,
S.
Po
tiv
ejk
u
l,
an
d
P.
Y
u
tth
ag
o
with
,
“Gro
u
n
d
in
g
sy
stem
d
e
sig
n
o
f
su
b
statio
n
u
sin
g
MA
TL
AB
p
rog
ram
,”
in
2017
Inter
n
a
tio
n
a
l E
lectrica
l E
n
g
in
eerin
g
Co
n
g
res
s, iE
ECO
N 2
0
1
7
,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
–
4
,
d
o
i
: 10
.1
1
0
9
/I
EE
CON
.20
1
7
.80
7
5
7
6
1
.
[20
]
M.
I
rwanto
,
Y
.
T
.
Nu
g
raha,
N.
Hu
ss
in
,
I.
Nisz
a,
D
.
Pe
r
an
g
in
-
An
g
in
,
an
d
H.
Ala
m
,
“Mod
elli
n
g
o
f
wireless
p
o
wer
tr
an
sfer
sy
ste
m
u
sin
g
MAT
LAB
S
im
u
lin
k
,”
in
2
0
2
2
IE
E
E
1
3
th
Co
n
tro
l
a
n
d
S
ystem
Gra
d
u
a
te
Resear
ch
Co
l
lo
q
u
iu
m,
ICS
G
RC
2
0
2
2
-
Confer
en
ce
Pro
ceedin
g
s
,
2
0
2
2
,
p
p
.
2
1
–
2
4
,
d
o
i: 1
0
.11
0
9
/ICSGRC
5
5
0
9
6
.2022
.9845
1
8
1
.
[21
]
M.
M
.
W
arnak
u
lasu
riya,
H.
M
.
Yaso
d
Yu
sh
m
ik
a,
P.
A.
An
d
rahen
n
ad
i,
an
d
A.
S.
Ro
d
rigo
,
“Desig
n
o
f
co
m
p
lex
g
rou
n
d
i
n
g
system
in
u
n
iform
o
r
n
o
n
-
u
n
iform
so
il
stru
ct
u
re:
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
g
rou
n
d
in
g
d
esi
g
n
so
ftwar
e,
”
in
M
E
RCo
n
2
0
2
2
-
Mo
ratuw
a
Eng
in
eerin
g
Resear
ch
Co
n
feren
ce,
Pro
ceedin
g
s
,
2
0
2
2
,
p
p
.
1
–
6
,
d
o
i:
10
.11
0
9
/ME
RC
o
n
5
5
7
9
9
.20
2
2
.99
0
6
2
5
4
.
[22
]
W
.
Yan
g
,
R.
Pest
an
a,
X.
Zhan
g
,
J.
Estev
es,
Y
.
Li
,
an
d
F.
Reis
,
“
The
cu
rr
en
t
statu
s
a
n
d
ex
p
erience
o
f
renewab
le
en
ergy
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
P
o
rtug
al,”
Pro
ceedin
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
3
1
st
C
h
in
ese
Co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
Decisio
n
Co
n
fe
ren
ce,
CC
DC
2
0
1
9
,
n
o
.
Ju
ly
2
0
0
7
,
p
p
.
5
0
9
0
–
5
0
9
4
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i: 10
.1109
/C
CDC
.20
1
9
.8832
8
6
3
.
[23
]
M.
I
rwanto
,
Y.
T.
Nu
g
raha,
N.
Hu
ss
in
,
an
d
I
.
Nisja,
“Ef
f
ect
o
f
te
m
p
era
tu
re
an
d
so
lar
irr
a
d
ian
ce
o
n
th
e
p
erf
o
rm
an
ce
o
f
5
0
Hz
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
wir
eless
p
o
wer
tr
an
sfer
sy
ste
m
,”
Ju
rn
a
l
Tekn
o
l
o
g
i
,
v
o
l.
8
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
5
3
–
6
7
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.11
1
1
3
/ju
rnaltekno
lo
g
i.v
8
5
.1887
2
.
[24
]
A.
Gargo
o
m
,
A
.
O
o
,
M
.
Enamul
Haq
u
e,
M
.
Cav
an
ag
h
,
an
d
J.
Be
rnardo
,
“
Ef
fe
ct
o
f
su
b
statio
n
g
rou
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
n
eu
tral
v
o
ltag
e
i
n
su
b
statio
n
s
with
m
u
ltip
le
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
reso
n
an
t
g
rou
n
d
i
n
g
sy
stems,”
in
2
0
1
8
IE
EE
Ind
u
str
y
App
lica
tio
n
s
S
o
cie
ty
Ann
u
a
l
Meetin
g
,
IA
S
20
1
8
,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
–
7
,
d
o
i: 10
.110
9
/
IAS.
2
0
1
8
.85
4
4
5
9
7
.
[25
]
I.
Kasi
m
,
S.
Ab
d
u
h
,
an
d
N.
Fit
rya
h
,
“G
rou
n
d
in
g
system
d
esig
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
n
2
7
5
KV
B
etu
n
g
su
b
statio
n
b
ased
o
n
I
E
EE
stan
d
ard
8
0
-
2
0
0
0
,”
in
2
0
1
7
1
5
th
Int
ern
a
tio
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
en
ce
o
n
Qu
a
lity
in
Resear
ch
(Qi
R)
:
I
n
tern
a
tio
n
a
l
S
ymp
o
siu
m
o
n
Ele
ctrica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter Engineer
in
g
,
Ju
l.
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
4
0
0
–
4
0
7
,
d
o
i:
10
.11
0
9
/QIR.20
1
7
.81
6
8
5
1
9
.
[26
]
L.
Nea
m
t,
H
.
Bal
an
,
O
.
Ch
iv
er,
an
d
A.
Ho
tea,
“Co
n
sid
eration
s
ab
o
u
t
su
b
statio
n
g
round
i
n
g
sy
stem
d
esig
n
,
”
in
Pro
ceedin
g
s
o
f
2
0
1
9
8t
h
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l Co
n
feren
ce o
n
Mo
d
ern
P
o
wer
Sys
tems, M
PS 2
0
1
9
,
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
1
–
4
,
d
o
i
: 10
.11
0
9
/MPS.2019
.87
5
9
7
3
7
.
[27
]
A.
M.
P
rasetia
an
d
H.
San
to
so
,
“
I
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
sc
alar
co
n
trol
m
eth
o
d
for
3
p
h
ase
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
sp
ee
d
co
n
trol,”
Elinvo
(E
lectro
n
ics,
Info
rma
tics, an
d
V
o
ca
tio
n
a
l E
d
u
ca
tio
n
)
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
6
3
–
6
9
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i: 10
.
2
1
8
3
1
/elin
v
o
.v
3
i1
.
1
9
4
6
0
.
[28
]
M.
Ir
wan
to
,
M.
B.
Ali,
Y.
T.
Nu
g
rah
a,
B
.
Ism
a
il,
I.
Nis
ja,
an
d
W
.
Z.
L
eo
w,
“An
aly
sis
o
n
th
e
e
ff
ect
o
f
DC
cu
r
rent
ch
an
g
es
o
n
t
h
e
m
ag
n
etic
field o
f
wireless p
o
we
r
t
ra
n
sfer,
”
in
2
0
2
3
I
E
EE
1
4
th
Co
n
tro
l an
d
Sys
tem Gra
d
u
a
t
e R
esea
rch
Co
llo
q
u
iu
m,
ICS
GRC
20
2
3
-
Co
n
feren
ce P
ro
c
eedi
n
g
,
2
0
2
3
,
p
p
.
1
8
6
–
1
9
1
,
d
o
i: 10
.1
1
0
9
/ICSGRC
5
7
7
4
4
.20
2
3
.1
0
2
1
5
4
0
6
.
[29
]
M.
Ir
wan
to
,
H
.
S.
Ibrahim,
Y
.
T.
Nu
g
raha,
an
d
I.
Nisja
,
“Pe
rf
o
r
m
an
ce
an
aly
sis
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
aic
p
o
were
d
h
alf
b
ridg
e
in
v
erter
u
sin
g
sin
u
so
id
al
p
u
lse
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(SPWM)
m
eth
o
d
,”
AI
P
Co
n
fere
n
ce
Pro
ceedin
g
s
,
v
o
l.
2
9
9
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.10
6
3
/5
.0198
6
6
0
.
[30
]
P.
R.
Bo
n
d
a
an
d
M.
K.
Mish
ra,
“O
p
tim
ized
d
esig
n
o
f
earthin
g
sy
stem
for
su
b
statio
n
s
wit
h
h
ig
h
so
il
resistivity
an
d
lim
ited
p
lo
t
area
,”
in
2
0
1
8
20
th
Na
tio
n
a
l P
o
wer
S
ystems
Co
n
feren
ce,
NPS
C 2
0
1
8
,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
–
6
,
d
o
i: 10
.
1
1
0
9
/NPSC.2
0
1
8
.87
7
1
7
8
0
.
[31
]
D.
B
.
Desai,
B
.
E.
Elect
rical
,
an
d
S.
V
allab
h
b
h
ai,
“Desig
n
an
d
an
al
y
sis
o
f
g
rou
n
d
g
ri
d
sy
stem
for
su
b
st
atio
n
u
sin
g
E
-
T
A
P
so
ftwar
e
an
d
FD
M
co
d
e
in
MAT
L
AB,”
Inter
n
a
tio
n
a
l
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Eng
in
eerin
g
Resear
ch
&
Tech
n
o
lo
g
y
(I
JER
T)
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
5
1
-
5
3
,
2
0
1
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
omp E
ng
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Mo
delin
g of
Glugur
Su
bs
tat
ion
gro
unding
syste
ms usin
g MATLAB
gra
phic
al
us
er i
nter
face
(
Indr
a
R
oza
)
23
[32
]
R.
RIo
s,
M.
Qu
in
tan
a,
M
.
Ra
m
Ir
ez,
E.
Ortigo
za,
V.
Ox
ilia,
an
d
G.
Bl
an
co
,
“Use
o
f
ele
ctric
v
eh
icles
to
a
ch
iev
e
su
stain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
g
o
als
in
co
u
n
tries
with
su
rplu
ses
o
f
h
y
d
roelectricity:
case
o
f
Paragu
ay
,”
in
2
0
1
9
IE
EE
CH
ILE
AN
Co
n
feren
ce
o
n
Electrica
l,
E
lectro
n
ics
Eng
in
eerin
g
,
Info
rma
tio
n
a
n
d
Co
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
Tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
(CHILE
CON
)
,
No
v
.
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
1
–
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.11
0
9
/CHILE
C
ON4
7
7
4
6
.2019
.8988
0
3
8
.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
In
dra
Roza
rec
e
ive
d
h
is
mas
te
r’s
degr
e
e
in
el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
eng
ineeri
ng
fro
m
Insti
t
ut
Sains
dan
Te
kn
ologi
Nasiona
l
(
ISTN),
Indon
esi
a
in
2011.
He
i
s
cur
r
ent
ly
a
re
sea
rch
er
and
le
c
ture
r
in
Dep
a
rtm
ent
of
Elec
tr
ic
a
l
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Univ
ersitas
Ha
rap
an
Meda
n
.
His
rese
arc
h
int
er
est
in
cl
ud
es
elec
tr
ical
engi
n
ee
ring
,
power
q
ual
it
y
,
pro
tecti
o
n
sys
te
m,
groun
ding
sys
te
m
and
power
sys
tem.
He
c
an
b
e co
nta
c
te
d
at e
m
ail:
indra
ro
za.i
r@g
ma
il.c
o
m
Y
oga
Tri
Nu
gr
aha
recei
ved
his
ma
st
er’
s
de
gre
e
in
elec
tri
c
a
l
en
gineeri
ng
fr
om
Univer
sita
s
Muhammadiya
h
Su
ma
t
era
Utar
a
(UM
SU
),
Indone
si
a
in
2019
.
He
i
s
cur
ren
tl
y
a
rese
arc
h
er
and
lectur
er
in
Dep
artme
nt
of
E
le
c
tric
al
Engi
n
ee
r
ing,
Univer
sita
s
Al
-
Azha
r
M
eda
n.
His
rese
ar
ch
intere
st
includes
elec
tr
ic
a
l
engi
n
ee
r
ing,
elec
t
ronic
e
ngine
er
ing,
co
m
muni
c
at
ion
engi
ne
eri
ng,
m
e
cha
tron
ic
s,
ar
ti
fi
ci
a
l
in
telli
g
enc
e
and
power
sys
t
em
.
He
ca
n
b
e
cont
a
ct
ed
a
t
em
a
il
:
yogat
r
inu
gra
ha16@gmail.
com
.
Rizk
ha
Rida
rec
e
ive
d
h
is
ma
ste
r’s
degr
e
e
in
Industr
ial
Engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
Univer
sity
of
S
uma
t
era
Utar
a
in
2021.
She
i
s
cur
ren
tl
y
a
r
ese
arc
h
er
in
De
par
tment
of
Industria
l
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Univ
ersi
ta
s
Al
-
Azha
r
Meda
n.
Her
r
ese
a
rch
in
te
rest
incl
udes
supply
cha
in
,
ma
nuf
ac
t
uring,
produc
t
d
esign
and
m
anagem
en
t
engi
ne
er
ing.
She
ca
n
be
cont
a
ct
ed
a
t
em
a
il
:
riz
kh
ari
d
a
26@gma
il.c
o
m.
Muhammad
Irwan
to
re
ceiv
ed
h
is
Ph.D
.
d
eg
ree
in
el
e
ct
ri
cal
sys
te
m
engi
ne
ering
from
Unive
rsiti
Mala
ysia
Perli
s
(UniMA
P),
Mala
ysia
in
2012
.
H
e
is
cur
r
ent
ly
a
r
ese
arc
h
er
in
Depa
rtment
of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Univer
si
ta
s
Prima
Indo
nesia
(UN
PR
I).
He
is
al
so
fel
low
of
C
entre
of
Ex
cele
nc
e
for
Ren
ewa
b
le
Ene
rgy
(CE
RE),
Faculty
o
f
Elec
tri
c
al
Engi
ne
eri
ng
and
Te
chno
logy,
U
nive
rsiti
Mala
ys
ia
Per
l
is
(UniMA
P).
His
rese
ar
ch
intere
st
inc
lud
es
power
el
e
ct
roni
c,
elec
t
ric
a
l
power
sys
te
m
st
abi
l
it
y,
sol
ar
en
erg
y
and
p
hotovol
taic
appl
i
ca
t
ion
sys
te
m.
He
ca
n
be
cont
a
ct
ed
at
e
ma
il:
muh
am
m
a
dirwa
nto@unpri
mdn.
a
c.id
or
irwa
nto@uni
m
a
p.
edu.my.
Mohd.
Azl
ish
ah
Othman
r
ec
e
ive
d
his
Ph.
D.
degr
ee
in
el
e
ct
roni
c
engi
n
ee
r
ing
from
Univer
si
ty
of
Notth
inha
m
,
Unite
d
Kingdo
m
in
2013.
He
is
cur
ren
tl
y
a
r
ese
arc
h
er
in
Depa
rtment
of
El
e
ct
roni
c
Enginee
ring
,
Univ
er
siti
T
ekni
k
al
Mala
ysi
a
Mel
aka
(UTe
M).
His
r
ese
arc
h
intere
st
inc
lud
es
power
el
e
ct
roni
c,
ele
ct
roni
c
engi
n
ee
r
ing,
in
te
rn
et
of
thi
ngs
and
com
munica
ti
on.
He
ca
n
be
con
tacte
d
at email:
azl
ishah@ut
em.e
du
.
my.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.