I
n
t
e
r
n
at
ion
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
E
lec
t
r
ical
an
d
Com
p
u
t
e
r
E
n
gin
e
e
r
in
g
(
I
JE
CE
)
Vol.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
,
pp.
505
~
519
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DO
I
:
10
.
11591/i
jec
e
.
v
15
i
1
.
pp
5
05
-
519
505
Jou
r
n
al
h
omepage
:
ht
tp:
//
ij
e
c
e
.
iaes
c
or
e
.
c
om
C
on
t
r
ol
of
an
a
q
u
a
p
on
i
c
syste
m
t
o i
m
p
r
ove
t
h
e
yi
e
ld
o
f
gr
a
y
t
il
ap
ia
an
d
l
e
t
t
u
c
e
c
u
ltivat
io
n
Ju
an
Her
b
e
r
Grados
Ga
m
ar
r
a
1
,
S
an
t
iago
L
in
d
e
r
Rub
iñ
os
Jim
e
n
e
z
1
,
Roj
as
S
alazar
Ar
c
e
li
a
Ol
ga
2
,
E
d
u
ar
d
o
Ne
ls
on
Chávez
Gal
legos
3
,
L
in
e
t
t
Angél
ica
Ve
las
q
u
e
z
Jim
e
n
e
z
4
,
Rober
t
Ju
li
o
Co
n
t
r
e
r
as
Rive
r
a
5
,
M
ar
io
Alb
e
r
t
o
Garc
ia
P
e
r
e
z
1
1
D
e
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
E
le
c
tr
ic
a
l
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g, F
a
c
ul
ty
of
E
le
c
tr
ic
a
l
a
n
d E
le
c
tr
oni
c
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g, U
ni
ve
r
s
id
a
d N
a
c
io
na
l
de
l
C
a
ll
a
o, C
a
ll
a
o, P
e
r
u
2
D
e
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
N
ur
s
in
g, F
a
c
ul
ty
of
H
e
a
lt
h S
c
ie
nc
e
s
, U
ni
ve
r
s
id
a
d N
a
c
io
na
l
de
l
C
a
ll
a
o, C
a
ll
a
o, P
e
r
u
3
D
e
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
E
le
c
tr
oni
c
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g, F
a
c
ul
ty
of
E
le
c
tr
ic
a
l
a
n
d E
le
c
tr
oni
c
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g, U
ni
ve
r
s
id
a
d N
a
c
io
na
l
de
l
C
a
ll
a
o, C
a
ll
a
o, P
e
r
u
4
D
e
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
I
ndus
tr
ia
l
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g, F
a
c
ul
ty
of
S
c
ie
nc
e
a
nd E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g, U
ni
ve
r
s
id
a
d de
C
ie
nc
ia
s
y H
uma
ni
da
de
s
, L
os
O
li
vos
,
P
e
r
u
5
D
e
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
I
ndus
tr
ia
l
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g, F
a
c
ul
ty
of
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g
a
nd A
r
c
hi
te
c
tu
r
e
, U
ni
ve
r
s
id
a
d C
e
s
a
r
V
a
ll
e
jo
, C
a
ll
a
o, P
e
r
u
Ar
t
icle
I
n
f
o
AB
S
T
RA
CT
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
tor
y
:
R
e
c
e
ived
J
un
20,
2024
R
e
vis
e
d
S
e
p
9,
2024
Ac
c
e
pted
Oc
t
1,
2024
W
at
er
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
as
s
es
s
men
t
p
re
s
en
t
s
ch
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
,
p
r
i
ma
ri
l
y
t
h
e
p
au
c
i
t
y
o
f
av
ai
l
ab
l
e
d
a
t
a
an
d
o
n
g
o
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
em
ma
i
n
t
en
a
n
ce.
T
h
i
s
r
es
earch
d
ev
e
l
o
p
s
a
n
au
t
o
mat
e
d
mo
n
i
t
o
ri
n
g
an
d
co
n
t
ro
l
o
f
w
at
er
q
u
al
i
t
y
p
ara
met
ers
i
n
aq
u
a
p
o
n
i
c
s
y
s
t
ems
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
ern
e
t
o
f
t
h
i
n
g
(I
o
T
)
t
ech
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
Pro
p
er
fi
s
h
fee
d
i
n
g
man
ag
eme
n
t
i
s
i
mp
o
rt
a
n
t
,
w
h
i
ch
i
s
w
h
y
t
h
e
fi
s
h
w
ere
fed
at
1
2
:
0
0
,
1
6
:
0
0
an
d
0
7
:
0
0
.
T
h
e
mo
s
t
s
i
g
n
i
fi
ca
n
t
re
l
at
i
v
e
erro
r
rec
o
rd
e
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
v
al
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
D
S
1
8
B
2
0
,
PH
-
4
5
0
2
C,
SE
N
0
2
4
4
,
SE
N
0
2
3
7
-
A
,
SE
N
0
1
8
9
a
n
d
D
FR0
3
0
0
s
e
n
s
o
rs
i
s
5
.
0
%
.
T
h
e
max
i
mu
m
s
t
an
d
ard
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
b
et
w
een
t
h
e
men
t
i
o
n
ed
s
en
s
o
r
s
w
a
s
1
.
9
6
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
es
t
c
o
effi
c
i
en
t
o
f
v
ar
i
at
i
o
n
reac
h
ed
7
.
2
4
%
.
Befo
re
t
h
e
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
a
q
u
a
p
o
n
i
c
s
y
s
t
em,
t
h
e
s
p
ec
i
fi
c
g
ro
w
t
h
rat
e
(SG
R)
o
f
fi
s
h
w
a
s
4
.
8
9
±
0
.
1
7
%
a
n
d
af
t
er
i
mp
l
eme
n
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
a
u
t
o
mat
e
d
aq
u
a
p
o
n
i
c
s
s
y
s
t
em,
t
h
e
SG
R
o
f
f
i
s
h
i
n
cr
eas
e
d
t
o
6
.
2
1
±
0
.
2
4
%
.
T
h
e
feed
co
n
v
ers
i
o
n
rat
i
o
v
a
l
u
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
fi
s
h
,
b
o
t
h
b
ef
o
re
an
d
af
t
er
t
h
e
i
n
s
t
al
l
at
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
y
s
t
em,
w
ere
1
.
9
8
±
0
.
1
4
%
an
d
1
.
5
3
±
0
.
0
9
%
,
res
p
ect
i
v
e
l
y
.
In
ad
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
an
i
m
p
ro
v
emen
t
i
n
p
l
an
t
g
r
o
w
t
h
w
as
o
b
s
erv
e
d
,
ev
i
d
en
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
d
i
ffere
n
ce
i
n
t
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
s
o
f
h
ei
g
h
t
,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
l
eav
e
s
,
l
eaf
l
en
g
t
h
,
an
d
w
ei
g
h
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
l
a
n
t
s
b
efo
re
a
n
d
af
t
er
t
h
e
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
ro
l
s
y
s
t
em,
w
h
i
c
h
w
as
7
.
7
4
cm,
5
l
ea
v
es
,
5
.
6
cm,
an
d
4
1
.
6
g
res
p
ect
i
v
e
l
y
.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
Applica
ti
on
Aqua
ponic
I
nter
ne
t
of
thi
ngs
L
e
tt
uc
e
T
il
a
pia
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
ce
n
s
e.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
E
dua
r
do
Ne
ls
on
C
ha
ve
z
Ga
ll
e
gos
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
E
lec
tr
onic
E
nginee
r
ing
,
F
a
c
ult
y
of
E
lec
tr
ica
l
a
nd
E
lec
tr
onic
E
nginee
r
ing
,
Unive
r
s
idad
Na
c
ional
de
l
C
a
ll
a
o
Av.
J
ua
n
P
a
blo
Ⅱ
306,
B
e
ll
a
vis
ta
07011,
C
a
ll
a
o,
P
e
r
u
E
mail:
e
nc
ha
ve
z
g@una
c
.
e
du.
pe
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
T
he
pr
og
r
e
s
s
ive
r
e
duc
ti
on
o
f
a
gr
icultur
a
l
land
is
a
tt
r
ibut
e
d
to
va
r
ious
c
ur
r
e
nt
t
r
e
nds
,
s
uc
h
a
s
population
gr
owth
,
u
r
ba
niza
ti
on,
dr
a
s
ti
c
e
nvir
on
menta
l
c
ha
nge
s
,
de
c
r
e
a
s
ing
wa
ter
s
upply
a
nd
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
in
f
ood
s
e
c
ur
it
y
[
1
]
.
T
he
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
the
c
ur
r
e
nt
pa
r
a
dig
m
highl
ight
s
the
u
r
ge
nc
y
of
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
hing
ne
w
a
gr
icultur
a
l
methodologi
e
s
.
I
n
thi
s
c
ontext,
the
a
qua
ponic
c
ul
ti
va
ti
on
methodology
e
mer
ge
s
a
s
a
pr
om
is
ing
s
olut
ion
to
incr
e
a
s
e
a
gr
icultur
a
l
pr
oduc
ti
vit
y
[
2]
.
Aqua
po
nics
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nts
a
n
int
e
gr
a
ted
f
ood
pr
oduc
ti
on
s
ys
tem,
c
ombi
ning
hydr
oponics
,
a
method
of
gr
owing
pla
nts
without
s
oil
,
with
a
qua
c
ult
ur
e
,
whic
h
is
the
r
a
is
ing
of
a
qua
ti
c
a
nim
a
ls
s
uc
h
a
s
f
is
h
[
3]
.
Allowing
va
r
ious
f
unda
menta
l
int
e
r
a
c
ti
ons
be
twe
e
n
the
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
c
omponents
of
the
s
ys
tem,
including
f
is
h,
p
lants
,
nit
r
if
ying
ba
c
ter
ia
s
uc
h
a
s
nit
r
os
omonas
a
nd
nit
r
obac
ter
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
505
-
519
506
T
he
latter
a
r
e
r
e
s
pons
ibl
e
f
or
t
r
a
ns
f
or
mi
ng
the
a
m
moni
a
pr
oduc
e
d
by
f
is
h
int
o
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l
nutr
ients
f
or
plants
,
whic
h
by
a
bs
or
bing
it
i
mpr
ove
their
pe
r
f
o
r
man
c
e
whe
n
gr
owing
[
4]
,
p
r
ovidi
ng
many
a
dva
ntage
s
ove
r
tr
a
dit
ional
a
gr
icultu
r
e
,
s
ince
they
r
e
quir
e
les
s
wa
ter
,
land
a
nd
f
e
r
ti
li
z
e
r
s
,
mi
nim
izing
the
wa
s
te
[
5]
.
How
e
ve
r
,
f
a
c
tor
s
s
uc
h
a
s
the
f
il
t
r
a
ti
on
s
ys
tem,
w
a
ter
f
low
a
nd
a
e
r
a
ti
on
,
a
s
we
ll
a
s
the
type
o
f
f
is
h
a
nd
plants
gr
own,
c
a
n
r
e
gulate
the
main
a
qua
pon
ics
s
ys
tem
[
6]
,
to
a
void
a
bnor
mal
va
r
iations
in
d
is
s
olved
oxyge
n
va
lues
(
DO
)
,
a
mm
onia
(
NH
3
,
NH
4+
)
,
n
it
r
it
e
(
NO
2
-
)
,
s
a
li
nit
y,
e
lec
tr
oc
onduc
ti
vi
ty
(
E
C
)
,
potential
hydr
oge
n
(
pH)
,
tempe
r
a
tu
r
e
a
nd
tu
r
bidi
ty
[
7]
.
T
he
s
e
va
r
iations
im
pa
c
t
wa
ter
qua
li
ty
a
nd
ther
e
f
o
r
e
th
e
gr
owth
r
a
te
of
c
r
ops
,
ult
im
a
tely
c
a
us
ing
their
de
a
th
due
to
poor
wa
ter
qua
li
ty
mana
ge
ment
[
8]
.
T
his
is
why
the
int
r
oduc
ti
on
of
a
utom
a
ti
on
,
int
e
ll
igent
s
tr
a
tegie
s
a
nd
c
onne
c
ti
vit
y
is
viable
f
or
the
mana
ge
ment
of
c
ompl
e
x
a
qua
ponic
s
ys
tem
s
that
r
e
quir
e
s
pe
c
if
ic
s
kil
ls
a
nd
c
ompl
e
x
tool
s
[
9]
.
As
de
mons
tr
a
ted
by
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
by
Qin
a
nd
M
a
r
di
[
10]
,
s
im
ply
knowing
a
nd
r
e
c
or
ding
wa
t
e
r
pH
a
nd
tempe
r
a
tur
e
da
ta
in
a
qua
ponics
s
ys
t
e
ms
c
a
n
im
pr
ove
the
s
ys
tem's
a
bil
it
y
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
p
r
oblems
by
mor
e
a
c
c
ur
a
tely
identif
ying
thei
r
c
a
us
e
s
a
nd
of
f
e
r
ing
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
s
olut
ions
.
Anothe
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
c
a
r
r
ied
out
by
M
a
ns
or
e
t
al.
[
11
]
im
p
leme
nted
a
moni
to
r
ing
a
nd
da
ta
r
e
c
or
ding
s
ys
tem
that,
thr
ough
a
n
Andr
oid
de
vice
a
nd
a
we
b
s
e
r
ve
r
,
a
ll
owe
d
view
ing
the
c
ondit
ion
s
of
f
is
h
a
nd
plants
in
a
qua
ponic
s
ys
tems
,
ba
s
e
d
on
the
int
e
r
ne
t
of
thi
ng
(
I
o
T
)
to
c
ontr
ol
tempe
r
a
tur
e
,
hum
i
dit
y,
pH
leve
ls
a
nd
wa
ter
pumps
thr
ough
mi
c
r
oc
ontr
oll
e
r
s
.
How
e
ve
r
,
thes
e
s
tudi
e
s
do
not
f
ull
y
a
na
lyz
e
s
ome
f
unda
menta
l
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
f
or
wa
ter
qua
li
ty
s
ince
t
he
y
f
oc
us
mainly
on
tempe
r
a
tur
e
a
nd
pH,
r
e
s
ult
ing
in
thi
s
inf
or
mation
be
ing
ins
uf
f
icie
nt
f
or
a
c
omp
r
e
he
ns
ive
e
va
luation
of
the
a
qua
ponic
s
ys
tem,
s
ince
c
ha
nge
s
in
wa
ter
qua
li
ty
oc
c
ur
quickly
a
nd
if
one
e
leme
nt
is
out
of
s
ync
,
the
e
nti
r
e
s
ys
tem
c
ould
dir
e
c
tl
y
th
r
e
a
ten
c
r
op
gr
owth
a
nd
mor
talit
y
.
F
u
r
ther
mor
e
,
ther
e
a
r
e
s
tudi
e
s
in
whic
h,
de
s
pit
e
a
na
lyzing
a
gr
e
a
ter
nu
mber
of
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
,
the
be
ne
f
it
s
of
f
e
r
e
d
by
the
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
of
tec
hnologi
e
s
c
ompar
e
d
to
tr
a
dit
ional
method
s
in
c
r
op
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
a
r
e
not
mentioned,
a
s
is
the
c
a
s
e
of
the
s
tudy
c
a
r
r
ied
out
by
Kok
e
t
al
.
[
12]
who
us
e
d
a
P
I
C
18F
4550
mi
c
r
oc
ontr
o
ll
e
r
to
a
na
lyze
5
pa
r
a
m
e
ter
s
a
nd
f
oc
us
e
d
only
on
the
c
ont
r
ol
r
e
s
pons
e
s
.
Anothe
r
c
a
s
e
is
the
s
tudy
c
a
r
r
ied
out
by
Autos
e
t
al.
[
13
]
whe
r
e
the
A
r
duino
M
e
ga
wa
s
us
e
d
to
c
ontr
o
l
the
a
qua
ponic
s
ys
tem
a
nd
7
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
we
r
e
a
na
lyze
d,
but
it
onl
y
f
oc
us
e
d
on
the
c
ontr
ol
o
f
the
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
.
F
or
thi
s
r
e
a
s
on,
thi
s
s
tudy
e
va
luate
s
the
i
mpac
t
of
a
n
a
qua
ponic
moni
tor
ing
s
ys
tem
on
the
gr
owth
a
nd
he
a
lt
h
o
f
lettuce
(
L
ac
tuca
s
ati
v
a
v
ar
.
c
r
is
pa
)
,
whic
h
is
the
ve
ge
table
in
g
r
e
a
tes
t
de
mand,
a
nd
gr
a
y
ti
lapia
(
Or
e
oc
hr
omis
nil
oti
c
us
)
,
whic
h
c
a
n
a
da
pt
to
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
e
nvi
r
onments
[
14]
,
a
na
lyzing
the
c
ontr
ol
o
f
wa
ter
qua
li
ty
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
s
uc
h
a
s
tempe
r
a
tur
e
,
pH,
tot
a
l
dis
s
olved
s
oli
ds
(
T
DS)
,
dis
s
olved
oxyge
n,
tur
bidi
ty
,
f
lot
a
ti
on
a
nd
e
lec
tr
oc
onduc
ti
vit
y,
a
nd
thei
r
im
pa
c
t
on
c
r
op
de
ve
l
opment.
2.
M
AT
E
R
I
AL
S
AN
D
M
E
T
HO
D
T
he
R
a
s
pbe
r
r
y
P
i
4B
is
a
mi
c
r
oc
omput
e
r
us
e
d
in
thi
s
s
tudy
to
c
oll
e
c
t
da
ta,
pr
oc
e
s
s
inf
or
mation,
a
nd
tr
a
ns
mi
t
s
ignals
to
the
a
c
tuator
.
T
he
R
a
s
pbe
r
r
y
P
i
4B
wa
s
s
e
lec
ted
be
c
a
us
e
it
ha
s
be
tt
e
r
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
,
c
ompatibi
li
ty,
be
tt
e
r
pr
oc
e
s
s
or
,
mul
ti
media
s
uppor
t,
us
e
s
low
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ons
umpt
ion,
a
nd
wor
ks
ove
r
wir
e
les
s
f
idelit
y
(
W
i
-
F
i)
[
15]
.
T
he
p
r
ogr
a
mm
ing
langua
ge
us
e
d
will
be
P
ython
3.
10
with
whic
h
the
opti
mal
ope
r
a
ti
ng
va
lues
will
be
pr
ogr
a
mm
e
d.
T
he
number
o
f
metr
ics
to
moni
tor
a
ls
o
inf
luenc
e
s
the
qua
li
ty
a
nd
c
o
s
t
of
the
de
ve
loped
moni
tor
ing
s
ys
tem
[
16]
.
I
n
c
a
s
e
s
whe
r
e
the
va
lues
of
the
moni
tor
e
d
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
a
r
e
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
f
r
om
the
va
lues
e
s
tablis
he
d
a
s
opti
mal,
R
a
s
pbe
r
r
y
wil
l
s
e
nd
a
c
ontr
o
l
s
ignal
to
the
c
or
r
e
s
ponding
a
c
t
ua
tor
s
to
r
e
gular
ize
s
a
id
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
in
ti
me.
Among
the
s
e
ns
or
s
us
e
d
we
ha
ve
the
f
oll
owing:
a
tempe
r
a
tur
e
s
e
ns
or
(
DS18B
20)
,
whic
h
a
ll
ows
tempe
r
a
tu
r
e
s
be
twe
e
n
-
55
°C
to
125
°C
,
with
a
p
r
e
c
is
ion
of
±
0.
5
°C
,
pow
e
r
e
d
by
a
volt
a
ge
of
3
to
5
V;
a
pH
s
e
ns
or
(
pH
-
4502C
)
,
whic
h
a
ll
ows
mea
s
ur
e
ment
of
pH
in
a
r
a
nge
o
f
0
to
14
powe
r
e
d
f
r
om
3.
3
to
5.
5
VD
C
;
a
tot
a
l
dis
s
olved
s
oli
ds
s
e
n
s
or
(
S
E
N0244)
,
whic
h
a
ll
ows
mea
s
ur
e
ment
of
r
a
nge
s
f
r
om
0
to
2000
ppm
us
ing
a
n
ope
r
a
ti
ng
volt
a
ge
of
3.
3
to
5.
5
C
VV
;
a
dis
s
olved
oxyge
n
s
e
ns
or
(
S
E
N0237
-
A
)
,
ha
ving
a
de
tec
ti
on
r
a
nge
of
0~20
mg/
L
,
with
a
n
ope
r
a
ti
ng
volt
a
ge
r
a
nging
f
r
om
3
.
3~5.
5
V
a
nd
a
n
a
na
lo
g
output
s
ignal
that
is
be
twe
e
n
0~3
V
[
17]
;
a
ls
o
a
tur
bidi
ty
s
e
ns
or
(
S
E
N0189)
a
nd
f
loat
s
e
ns
or
(
Z
P
5210
)
a
nd
the
c
onduc
ti
vit
y
s
e
ns
or
(
DFR
0300)
.
As
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
i
n
F
igur
e
1,
a
mong
the
a
c
tuator
s
that
r
e
s
pond
to
a
c
ontr
ol
s
ignal
we
ha
ve
a
mi
ni
wa
ter
pump
(
AD
20P
-
1230A)
DC
12
V
of
4.
2
W
with
a
f
low
r
a
te
of
240
L
/H,
a
r
e
c
ir
c
ulation
pump
of
wa
ter
(
R
e
s
un
S
P
3800)
,
2
s
yr
inge
pumps
f
or
pH
that
a
r
e
a
c
ti
va
ted
by
s
teppe
r
mot
o
r
s
(
28byj48)
that
ha
ve
a
nomi
na
l
volt
a
ge
be
twe
e
n
5
a
nd
12
V
a
nd
ins
e
r
t
pH
if
the
va
lue
is
lowe
r
than
de
s
ir
e
d
or
a
ba
s
ic
s
ubs
tanc
e
if
the
va
lue
is
gr
e
a
ter
than
the
e
s
tablis
he
d
one
,
2
P
e
lt
ier
’
s
(
T
E
C
1
-
12706)
whic
h
ha
s
a
n
ope
r
a
ti
ng
volt
a
ge
of
0
-
12V
a
nd
a
n
ope
r
a
ti
ng
c
ur
r
e
nt
of
0
-
6A
to
he
a
t
or
c
ool
the
wa
ter
in
the
tank
a
n
d
a
n
a
ir
pump
to
oxyge
na
te
the
wa
ter
f
r
om
the
R
e
s
un
-
AC
O
br
a
nd
f
r
om
C
hina
with
a
powe
r
of
18
W
.
F
inall
y,
ther
e
is
a
7”
thi
n
f
il
m
tr
a
ns
is
tor
-
li
quid
c
r
ys
tal
dis
play
(
T
F
T
L
C
D)
that
a
ll
ows
the
R
a
s
pbe
r
r
y
P
i
to
dis
play
th
e
a
ve
r
a
ge
va
lues
of
tempe
r
a
tur
e
,
pH
,
tot
a
l
d
is
s
olved
s
oli
ds
,
dis
s
olved
oxyge
n,
tur
bidi
ty,
f
loat
s
e
ns
or
,
a
nd
the
s
tate
of
the
a
c
tuator
s
on
the
R
a
s
pbe
r
r
y
P
i
c
onduc
ti
vit
y.
All
t
he
s
e
s
e
n
s
or
va
lues
c
a
n
a
l
s
o
be
view
e
d
a
nd
s
tor
e
d
in
the
F
ir
e
ba
s
e
or
in
the
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on,
whic
h
c
a
n
dis
play
th
e
a
c
tuator
's
on
or
of
f
ti
me
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
C
ontr
ol
of
an
aquaponic
s
y
s
tem
to
impr
ov
e
the
y
i
e
ld
of
gr
ay
.
.
.
(
J
uan
He
r
be
r
Gr
ados
Gam
a
r
r
a)
507
F
igur
e
1.
Ge
ne
r
a
l
c
ir
c
ui
t
that
will
be
int
e
gr
a
ted
int
o
the
a
qua
ponic
s
ys
tem
2.
1.
De
s
c
r
ip
t
ion
o
f
s
ys
t
e
m
op
e
r
at
ion
B
y
pr
ogr
a
mm
ing
the
s
ys
tem
with
the
c
ondit
ions
d
e
tailed
in
F
igu
r
e
2,
the
s
ys
tem
c
a
n
c
onti
nuous
ly
moni
tor
wa
ter
qua
li
ty
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
.
I
n
tu
r
n,
it
a
c
ti
va
tes
the
a
c
tuator
s
to
a
djus
t
the
va
lues
.
T
he
s
e
v
a
lues
a
r
e
c
onf
igur
e
d
f
r
om
the
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
whe
r
e
the
int
e
r
va
l
s
f
or
e
a
c
h
pa
r
a
mete
r
a
r
e
e
s
tablis
he
d.
Onc
e
the
“
O
K”
butt
on
is
pr
e
s
s
e
d,
the
va
lues
will
be
s
e
nt
to
the
R
a
s
pbe
r
r
y
P
i
4
to
be
s
tor
e
d
in
the
f
or
m
of
va
r
iable
s
,
whic
h
will
be
us
e
d
to
c
ompar
e
with
other
va
lues
obtaine
d
in
e
a
c
h
s
e
ns
or
,
de
pe
nding
on
wha
t
you
wa
nt
to
a
c
hi
e
ve
,
the
a
c
ti
va
ti
on
c
a
n
be
c
ondit
ioned.
o
r
not
of
the
a
c
tuator
s
.
I
f
the
DS18B
20
s
e
ns
or
de
tec
ts
a
tempe
r
a
tur
e
lo
we
r
than
26
°C
to
29
°C
,
it
c
a
n
be
he
a
ted
with
the
f
ir
s
t
P
e
lt
ier
,
a
nd
if
it
is
a
higher
tempe
r
a
tur
e
,
it
c
a
n
be
c
oo
led
with
the
s
e
c
ond
P
e
lt
ier
.
I
f
the
wa
ter
leve
l
is
be
lo
w
the
mi
ni
mum
s
e
t
leve
l
,
the
r
e
c
ir
c
ulation
p
ump
will
a
utom
a
ti
c
a
ll
y
a
c
ti
va
te
to
r
a
is
e
the
nor
mal
wa
ter
le
ve
l
[
15]
.
I
f
the
P
H
-
4502C
de
tec
ts
that
the
pH
is
ou
ts
ide
the
nor
mal
r
a
nge
of
6
.
5
to
8
.
0,
it
will
be
r
e
gulate
d
b
y
dr
ippi
ng
a
lkaline
(
pH
incr
e
a
s
ing
s
olut
ion)
or
a
c
idi
c
(
pH
de
c
r
e
a
s
ing)
int
o
the
main
c
ontaine
r
us
ing
the
pH
s
yr
inge
pumps
[
18]
.
T
he
r
e
c
ir
c
ulation
pump
will
a
c
ti
va
te
if
the
T
DS
va
lue
is
a
bove
1
,
200
ppm
a
nd
will
de
a
c
ti
va
te
whe
n
the
va
lue
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
to
900
ppm.
I
n
t
he
s
a
me
wa
y,
the
r
e
c
ir
c
ulation
pump
will
maintain
the
tur
bidi
ty
in
the
r
a
nge
o
f
15
to
22
NT
U
,
a
c
ti
va
ti
ng
whe
n
the
tur
bidi
ty
va
lue
is
a
bove
the
maximum
va
lue
a
nd
tur
ning
of
f
whe
n
the
mi
nim
um
va
lue
is
r
e
a
c
he
d.
T
he
a
i
r
pump
will
be
a
c
ti
va
ted
only
if
the
dis
s
olved
oxyge
n
va
lue
is
les
s
than
5
mg/
L
,
unti
l
it
r
e
a
c
he
s
it
s
nor
mal
va
lue
of
8.
5
mg/
L
[
19]
.
High
E
C
leve
ls
s
ugge
s
t
c
o
ntamination
in
the
wa
ter
a
nd
may
r
e
s
ult
in
f
is
h
po
pulation
mor
talit
y.
How
e
ve
r
,
a
mi
nim
u
m
o
r
opti
mal
s
a
lt
c
ontent
of
1
,
000
to
1
,
500
µ
S
/cm
is
be
tt
e
r
a
s
it
h
e
lps
f
is
h
maintain
a
n
os
mot
ic
ba
lanc
e
,
maintaining
maxim
um
nutr
ient
us
e
wi
thout
the
ne
e
d
to
ove
r
-
f
e
r
ti
li
z
e
.
I
f
it
is
higher
,
the
mi
ni
wa
ter
pump
will
be
a
c
ti
va
ted,
o
th
e
r
wis
e
,
the
ba
s
ic
pH
s
yr
inge
will
be
a
c
ti
va
ted
to
maintain
the
E
C
leve
l
a
t
1
,
250
µ
S
/cm
[
20]
.
All
of
thes
e
mea
s
ur
e
ments
mentioned
will
be
s
tor
e
d
in
F
i
r
e
ba
s
e
a
nd
will
be
view
e
d
thr
ough
the
mobi
le
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on.
2.
2.
S
ys
t
e
m
ar
c
h
it
e
c
t
u
r
e
As
s
hown
in
F
igu
r
e
3
,
the
a
qua
r
ium
tank
is
mad
e
of
plas
ti
c
that
c
ontains
30
l
it
e
r
s
of
wa
ter
,
ha
s
a
c
yli
ndr
ica
l
s
ha
pe
,
a
nd
dim
e
ns
ions
of
35
c
m
in
r
a
dius
a
nd
40
c
m
in
he
ight
.
Above
the
tank
,
s
ome
polyvi
nyl
c
hlor
ide
(
P
VC
)
tubes
ha
ve
c
ir
c
ular
holes
with
a
r
a
dius
of
4
c
m,
in
whic
h
the
lettuce
plants
a
r
e
loca
ted,
a
nd
a
t
the
ba
s
e
,
it
ha
s
other
holes
f
or
the
e
nt
r
y
of
wa
ter
with
nut
r
ients
.
T
he
s
e
P
VC
pipes
a
r
e
s
tac
ke
d
on
the
tank
c
ontaining
the
ti
lapia
s
o
that
the
be
ll
s
iphon
dr
a
ins
the
pumped
wa
ter
ba
c
k
to
the
tank
thr
ough
a
c
los
e
d
c
ir
c
uit
.
T
he
wa
ter
pump
,
whic
h
is
loca
ted
a
t
the
bo
tt
om
of
the
tank,
f
r
om
it
s
pos
it
ion
pumps
wa
ter
c
o
ntaining
the
f
is
h
wa
s
te
to
the
top
thr
ough
the
pipes
,
whe
r
e
the
nit
r
if
ying
ba
c
ter
ia
r
e
s
pons
ibl
e
f
or
tr
a
ns
f
or
mi
ng
thi
s
wa
s
te
int
o
nut
r
ients
a
r
e
loca
ted,
whic
h
the
lettu
c
e
will
late
r
us
e
.
T
hus
,
de
c
r
e
a
s
ing
the
leve
l
o
f
a
mm
onia
pr
oduc
e
d
by
f
is
h
e
xc
r
e
ti
on
,
whic
h
in
tur
n
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
the
mor
talit
y
o
f
the
f
is
h
population
[
21
]
.
T
he
inc
r
e
a
s
e
in
tempe
r
a
tur
e
in
the
pond
c
a
us
e
s
toxi
c
it
y
leve
ls
to
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
,
c
a
us
ing
gr
e
a
ter
pr
oduc
ti
on
o
f
a
mm
onia
a
nd
other
nit
r
oge
nous
c
ompounds
.
T
ha
t
is
why
the
P
e
lt
ier
is
us
e
d
to
c
ontr
ol
the
tempe
r
a
tur
e
,
thr
ough
the
us
e
of
a
he
a
t
s
ink
c
onne
c
ted
to
two
hos
e
s
,
in
whic
h
one
is
in
c
h
a
r
ge
of
e
xtr
a
c
ti
ng
the
wa
ter
a
nd
the
other
of
r
e
tur
n
ing
c
old
wa
ter
to
ke
e
p
the
pond
a
t
a
n
idea
l
tempe
r
a
tur
e
.
T
he
18
W
R
e
s
un
-
AC
O,
a
n
a
ir
pump
f
r
om
the
c
it
y
of
S
he
nz
he
n
in
C
hina,
wa
s
us
e
d
to
a
c
hieve
a
n
a
de
qua
te
a
ir
d
r
op
of
4
to
8
li
ter
s
pe
r
mi
nute
f
or
s
mall
-
s
c
a
le
s
ys
tems
[
22]
.
At
the
bo
tt
om,
ne
xt
to
the
a
qua
poni
c
tank,
you
c
a
n
s
e
e
two
s
yr
inge
pumps
f
o
r
pH,
on
e
loade
d
with
a
c
id
s
olut
ion
a
nd
the
othe
r
with
a
lkaline
s
olut
ion,
e
a
c
h
one
ha
s
a
mot
o
r
that
s
tep
by
s
tep
will
a
c
ti
va
te
a
nd
go
f
or
wa
r
d
o
r
ba
c
kwa
r
d
ba
c
k
inj
e
c
ti
ng
the
s
olut
ions
int
o
the
wa
ter
to
load
the
s
yr
inge
o
f
3
c
m
in
diame
ter
a
nd
a
volum
e
of
60
ml
.
I
f
the
pH
va
lue
o
f
the
a
qua
ponic
tank
is
higher
than
e
s
tablis
he
d,
a
n
a
lkaline
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
505
-
519
508
s
olut
ion
will
be
inj
e
c
ted,
a
nd
i
f
it
is
lowe
r
,
a
n
a
c
i
dic
s
olut
ion
will
be
inj
e
c
ted.
T
he
f
is
h
wa
s
te
e
nr
ic
he
d
with
a
mm
onia
r
e
mains
de
e
p
in
the
a
qua
ponic
tank
,
whic
h
is
take
n
to
biof
il
te
r
s
thr
ough
wa
ter
pump
s
,
whe
r
e
nit
r
if
ying
ba
c
ter
ia
de
c
ompos
e
the
a
mm
onia
int
o
nit
r
a
tes
a
nd
nit
r
it
e
s
that
a
r
e
us
e
d
by
plants
a
s
n
utr
ients
.
S
ubs
e
que
ntl
y,
a
f
ter
f
il
te
r
ing
a
ll
the
wa
ter
,
it
is
r
e
c
i
r
c
ulate
d
a
ga
in
to
the
a
qua
c
ult
ur
e
tanks
s
a
f
e
ly,
thus
be
ing
a
c
los
e
d
c
ir
c
uit
[
23]
.
T
he
biof
il
te
r
c
ontains
a
f
il
ter
medium
with
a
por
ous
textur
e
,
thr
ough
whic
h
wa
ter
a
nd
ba
c
ter
ia
that
r
e
qui
r
e
good
a
e
r
a
ti
on
pa
s
s
.
T
his
bio
f
il
ter
is
a
c
yli
ndr
ica
l
tank
loca
ted
a
bove
the
two
s
yr
inge
pumps
f
or
pH
[
24
]
.
T
o
moni
tor
a
nd
a
ler
t
c
ha
nge
s
i
n
the
leve
ls
of
the
va
r
iable
s
,
the
a
qua
ponic
s
ys
tem
c
oll
e
c
ts
inf
or
mation
f
r
o
m
the
va
r
iable
s
thr
ough
the
de
vi
c
e
's
s
e
ns
or
s
,
in
the
f
or
m
o
f
tempe
r
a
tur
e
,
tu
r
bid
it
y,
pH,
dis
s
olved
oxyge
n,
T
DS,
a
mm
onia,
a
nd
leve
l
of
wa
ter
in
the
pond.
T
hr
ough
the
mi
c
r
oc
omput
e
r
,
the
da
ta
r
e
c
e
ived
by
the
s
e
ns
or
s
will
be
a
na
lyze
d
us
ing
th
e
pr
ogr
a
m
c
r
e
a
ted
in
P
ython
,
a
nd
then
the
I
oT
te
c
hnology
will
be
us
e
d
to
s
e
nd
to
the
c
loud
s
e
r
ve
r
,
f
or
r
e
gis
tr
a
ti
on
a
nd
us
e
r
int
e
r
f
a
c
e
[
25]
.
T
hus
,
a
ll
owing
the
g
r
owe
r
to
c
onti
nuous
ly
moni
tor
a
nd
e
va
luate
the
s
tatus
of
the
pond
f
r
om
a
gr
e
a
t
dis
tanc
e
in
r
e
a
l
ti
me
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
3.
Additi
ona
ll
y
,
thes
e
va
lues
will
be
dis
playe
d
on
a
T
F
T
L
C
D
s
c
r
e
e
n
c
onne
c
ted
to
the
R
a
s
pbe
r
r
y
P
i
4.
F
igur
e
2.
S
ys
tem
p
r
ogr
a
mm
ing
f
lowc
ha
r
t
F
igur
e
3.
Ar
c
hit
e
c
tur
e
of
the
a
utom
a
ted
a
qua
ponic
s
ys
tem
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
C
ontr
ol
of
an
aquaponic
s
y
s
tem
to
impr
ov
e
the
y
i
e
ld
of
gr
ay
.
.
.
(
J
uan
He
r
be
r
Gr
ados
Gam
a
r
r
a)
509
2.
3.
And
r
oid
ap
p
li
c
a
t
ion
f
or
h
yd
r
op
o
n
ic
gr
owi
n
g
T
he
Andr
oid
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
f
o
r
hyd
r
oponic
c
ult
ivat
ion
s
hown
in
F
igu
r
e
4
.
T
his
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
ha
s
a
n
int
e
r
f
a
c
e
to
dis
play
the
wa
ter
qua
li
ty
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
,
whic
h
a
r
e
obtaine
d
thr
ough
the
s
e
ns
or
s
of
the
a
q
ua
ponics
s
ys
tem
a
s
s
how
n
in
F
igur
e
4(
a
)
a
nd
with
a
n
in
ter
f
a
c
e
to
ve
r
if
y
the
s
tatus
of
the
a
c
tuator
s
a
s
s
how
n
in
F
igur
e
4(
b
).
T
hr
ough
the
mes
s
a
ge
que
uing
tele
metr
y
tr
a
ns
por
t
(
M
QT
T
)
pr
otocol
,
thi
s
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
will
a
ll
ow
you
to
moni
tor
the
s
ys
tem
r
e
mot
e
ly
by
e
xtr
a
c
ti
ng
i
nf
or
mation
f
r
om
the
s
e
ns
or
s
a
nd
s
e
nding
it
to
the
F
ir
e
ba
s
e
.
T
he
da
ta
that
will
be
s
tor
e
d
in
it
c
a
n
be
view
e
d
t
hr
ough
a
J
S
ON
f
il
e
that
is
s
ync
hr
onize
d
with
e
nd
us
e
r
s
or
Andr
oid
-
ba
s
e
d
mobi
le
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
in
r
e
a
l
-
ti
me
a
nd
will
be
upda
ted
e
ve
r
y
5
s
e
c
onds
[
26]
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
the
ope
r
a
ti
on
of
the
a
c
tuator
s
c
a
n
be
view
e
d
thr
ough
t
he
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on,
making
it
pos
s
ibl
e
to
tu
r
n
them
on
a
nd
of
f
r
e
mot
e
ly
a
s
long
a
s
the
a
f
or
e
mentioned
c
ondit
ions
a
r
e
r
e
s
pe
c
ted.
(
a
)
(
b)
F
igur
e
4.
Applica
ti
on
o
f
the
a
qua
ponic
s
ys
tem:
(
a
)
s
e
ns
or
va
lues
a
nd
(
b
)
s
tatus
of
the
a
c
tuator
s
2.
4.
E
xp
e
r
im
e
n
t
al
p
r
oc
e
d
u
r
e
T
he
c
a
li
br
a
ti
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
of
the
s
e
ns
or
node
wa
s
s
tar
ted
us
ing
c
e
r
ti
f
ied
indus
tr
ial
e
quipm
e
nt,
thr
ough
c
ompa
r
is
ons
the
pr
e
c
is
ion
o
f
the
s
e
ns
or
s
of
the
a
qua
ponics
s
ys
tems
wa
s
c
a
lcula
ted.
Onc
e
th
e
s
ys
tem
wa
s
a
utom
a
ted,
30
lettuce
s
e
e
dli
ngs
we
r
e
gr
o
wn,
whic
h
ha
d
s
pe
c
if
ic
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
with
a
he
ight
of
5
a
nd
7
c
m,
a
nd
s
e
ve
r
a
l
lea
ve
s
be
twe
e
n
4
a
nd
5.
T
he
r
oots
of
the
lettuce
s
e
e
dli
ngs
we
r
e
c
lea
ne
d
with
dis
ti
ll
e
d
wa
ter
be
f
or
e
c
ult
ivation,
e
a
c
h
one
wa
s
wr
a
ppe
d
in
a
s
ponge
a
nd
then
plac
e
d
ins
ide
a
glas
s
that
wa
s
int
r
oduc
e
d
int
o
the
P
VC
tubes
of
the
s
ys
tem.
F
o
r
f
is
h
s
e
lec
ti
on,
40
ti
lapia
that
we
r
e
in
the
f
r
y
s
t
a
ge
we
r
e
c
hos
e
n.
Af
ter
thi
s
,
da
ta
on
the
gr
owth
of
plants
a
nd
f
is
h
we
r
e
r
e
c
or
de
d,
be
f
or
e
a
nd
a
f
ter
the
a
utom
a
ted
a
qua
ponic
s
ys
tem
wa
s
ins
talled
to
c
ompar
e
the
m
[
27
]
.
I
n
the
c
a
s
e
of
ti
lapia
,
e
ve
r
y
f
our
th
nigh
t
thr
ough
r
a
ndom
s
a
mpl
ing,
the
we
ight
wa
s
mea
s
ur
e
d
wit
h
a
M
e
tt
ler
T
oledo
M
L
204T
/00
a
na
lyt
ica
l
s
c
a
le
a
nd
the
gr
owth
length
wa
s
mea
s
ur
e
d
us
ing
a
tape
mea
s
ur
e
,
to
e
va
luate
the
we
ight
ga
in
(
W
G)
,
the
s
pe
c
if
ic
gr
o
wth
r
a
te
(
S
GR
)
,
the
f
e
e
d
c
onve
r
s
ion
r
a
ti
o
a
nd
the
s
ur
vival
r
a
te
that
we
r
e
c
a
lcula
ted
with
(
1
)
to
(
4
)
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
ℎ
(
)
=
ℎ
(
)
−
ℎ
(
)
(
1)
ℎ
=
(
ln
ℎ
(
)
−
ln
ℎ
(
)
)
(
.
)
×
100
(
2)
=
(
ℎ
)
(
)
ℎ
(
ℎ
)
(
)
(
3)
%
=
ℎ
ℎ
×
100
(
4)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
505
-
519
510
T
he
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
of
the
lettuce
we
r
e
mea
s
ur
e
d
to
a
na
lyze
it
s
gr
owth.
I
n
the
c
a
s
e
of
the
lettuce
,
it
s
he
ight
a
nd
length
we
r
e
mea
s
ur
e
d
with
a
mea
s
ur
ing
tape
;
it
s
we
ight
wa
s
c
a
lcula
ted
in
gr
a
ms
e
a
c
h
w
e
e
k
that
ha
d
pa
s
s
e
d,
with
whic
h
the
gr
owth
r
a
te
o
f
the
lett
uc
e
wa
s
c
a
lcula
ted.
T
he
s
e
mea
s
ur
e
ments
we
r
e
c
a
r
r
ied
out
dur
ing
the
4
we
e
ks
that
the
e
xpe
r
i
menta
ti
on
las
ted.
2.
5.
S
e
n
s
or
c
ali
b
r
at
ion
P
r
e
c
is
ion
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nts
a
f
unda
menta
l
f
a
c
tor
that
i
nf
luenc
e
s
the
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
e
a
c
h
mea
s
ur
ing
ins
tr
ument.
F
o
r
thi
s
r
e
a
s
on,
in
thi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
the
s
tanda
r
d
de
viation,
the
r
e
lative
e
r
r
o
r
a
nd
the
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt
of
va
r
iation
we
r
e
us
e
d.
T
he
s
e
s
tatis
ti
c
a
l
tool
s
will
gua
r
a
ntee
the
r
e
li
a
bil
it
y
of
the
r
e
s
ult
s
obtaine
d
a
nd
thus
de
tec
t
pos
s
ibl
e
e
r
r
or
s
in
the
da
ta
c
oll
e
c
ted.
2.
5.
1.
S
t
an
d
ar
d
d
e
viat
ion
S
tanda
r
d
de
viation
is
a
mea
s
ur
e
of
dis
pe
r
s
ion
in
a
da
ta
s
e
t,
s
howing
how
dis
pe
r
s
e
d
the
da
ta
is
a
r
ound
the
mea
n,
a
ll
owing
us
to
e
va
luate
the
c
ons
is
tenc
y
a
nd
pr
e
c
is
ion
of
the
da
ta.
T
he
s
tanda
r
d
de
viation
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
i
n
e
a
c
h
t
e
s
t
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
o
u
t
a
l
l
o
w
s
u
s
t
o
k
n
o
w
t
h
e
p
r
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
l
e
s
.
T
h
i
s
c
a
n
b
e
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
(
5
)
.
σ
=
√
∑
(
−
)
=
1
(
−
1
)
(
5)
L
inea
r
it
y
is
c
los
e
ly
r
e
late
d
to
the
pr
opor
ti
ona
li
ty
o
f
input
a
nd
outpu
t.
T
he
c
a
li
br
a
ted
s
e
ns
or
s
in
thi
s
moni
tor
ing
de
vice
a
r
e
:
pH,
wa
ter
tempe
r
a
tur
e
,
e
l
e
c
tr
oc
onduc
ti
vit
y,
T
DS,
tempe
r
a
tu
r
e
a
nd
humi
dit
y
s
e
ns
or
s
[
28]
.
T
his
c
a
li
br
a
t
ion
im
p
r
ove
s
the
pr
e
c
is
ion
of
the
mea
s
ur
e
ments
.
2.
5.
2.
Re
lat
ive
e
r
r
or
R
e
lative
e
r
r
or
is
a
mea
s
ur
e
that
indi
c
a
tes
the
pr
e
c
is
ion
of
a
mea
s
ur
e
ment,
in
thi
s
c
a
s
e
it
is
pr
e
s
e
nted
a
s
the
dif
f
e
r
e
nc
e
be
twe
e
n
the
s
e
ns
or
r
e
a
dings
a
nd
the
a
c
tual
va
lue.
I
t
is
mea
s
ur
e
d
e
xp
r
e
s
s
e
d
in
pe
r
c
e
ntage
s
of
the
r
e
a
l
va
lue
a
s
s
hown
in
(
6)
.
T
his
e
qua
ti
on
indi
c
a
tes
that
the
s
maller
the
r
e
lative
e
r
r
or
va
lue,
the
mor
e
a
c
c
ur
a
te
the
s
e
ns
or
will
be
[
29]
.
=
|
−
|
(
100%
)
(
6)
2.
5.
3.
Coe
f
f
icie
n
t
o
f
var
iat
io
n
T
he
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt
of
va
r
iation
is
a
s
tatis
ti
c
a
l
mea
s
ur
e
that
pr
ov
ides
a
mea
s
ur
e
of
the
va
r
iabili
ty
of
the
da
ta
r
e
lative
to
it
s
a
ve
r
a
ge
s
ize
.
Us
e
f
ul
r
e
s
ult
s
to
c
ompar
e
the
dis
pe
r
s
ion
of
the
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
va
r
iable
s
[
3
0]
.
T
his
c
a
n
be
c
a
lcula
ted
us
ing
(
7)
.
=
σ
μ
(
7)
whe
r
e
is
the
s
tanda
r
d
de
viation
a
nd
is
the
mea
n
3.
RE
S
UL
T
S
AN
D
DI
S
CU
S
S
I
ON
A
s
igni
f
ica
nt
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
(
P
˂
0.
05
)
wa
s
f
ound
in
th
e
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
the
f
is
h
a
f
ter
4
we
e
ks
of
r
e
a
r
ing
in
the
a
qua
ponic
s
ys
tem.
T
he
ti
lapia
r
a
is
e
d
in
the
a
qua
ponic
s
ys
tem
r
e
a
c
he
d
higher
va
lues
in
we
ight
ga
in
a
nd
a
ve
r
a
ge
f
inal
length,
a
s
s
hown
in
T
a
ble
1.
I
t
r
e
a
c
he
d
va
lues
of
5.
74±
0.
24
g
in
we
ight
a
nd
4
.
53±
0.
16
c
m
in
length.
On
the
other
ha
nd,
in
the
tr
a
dit
ional
a
qua
ponics
s
ys
tem,
va
lues
of
lowe
r
we
ight
ga
in
a
nd
f
inal
a
ve
r
a
ge
length
we
r
e
obtaine
d,
thes
e
we
r
e
4
.
09±
0.
21
g
a
nd
3.
34±
0.
15
c
m
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly,
a
s
s
hown
in
T
a
b
le
2.
I
n
c
ompar
is
on
to
the
s
ur
vival
r
a
te
in
the
tr
a
dit
ional
a
nd
a
utom
a
ted
a
e
r
opon
ic
s
ys
tem,
thi
s
s
howe
d
a
s
ur
vival
r
a
te
of
97.
5
%
,
whi
le
the
tr
a
dit
ional
s
ys
tem
s
howe
d
a
s
ur
vival
r
a
te
o
f
85%
,
a
s
s
hown
in
T
a
ble
s
1
a
nd
2.
F
ur
ther
mor
e
,
it
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
in
thes
e
table
s
that
the
a
utom
a
ted
a
qua
ponic
s
ys
tem
s
howe
d
the
be
s
t
r
e
s
u
lt
s
s
ince
it
obtaine
d
1.
53±
0.
09
f
e
e
d
c
o
n
ve
r
s
io
n
r
a
t
io
(
F
C
R
)
a
n
d
6
.
2
1±
0
.
24
%
S
G
R
c
o
mpa
r
e
d
t
o
the
t
r
a
d
it
io
na
l
s
ys
t
e
m
w
h
ich
ob
ta
in
e
d
4
.
8
9±
0
.
17
%
.
As
e
vident
in
F
igur
e
5,
ther
e
is
a
s
igni
f
ica
nt
dif
f
e
r
e
nc
e
in
the
va
r
iable
he
ight
of
the
lettuce
s
e
e
dli
ng.
T
he
a
qua
ponic
s
ys
tem
with
the
c
ontr
ol
s
ys
tem
obtaine
d
be
tt
e
r
r
e
s
ult
s
with
a
n
a
ve
r
a
ge
he
ight
of
19.
91
c
m,
c
ompar
e
d
to
the
a
bs
e
nc
e
of
the
c
ontr
o
l
s
ys
tem,
s
ince
the
f
igu
r
e
wa
s
lowe
r
,
r
e
a
c
hing
a
n
a
ve
r
a
ge
he
ight
of
12.
17
c
m
.
T
his
is
a
c
ons
ider
a
ble
dif
f
e
r
e
nc
e
,
whic
h
is
a
good
indi
c
a
tor
of
the
f
unc
ti
onin
g
of
the
a
qua
ponic
s
ys
tem.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
C
ontr
ol
of
an
aquaponic
s
y
s
tem
to
impr
ov
e
the
y
i
e
ld
of
gr
ay
.
.
.
(
J
uan
He
r
be
r
Gr
ados
Gam
a
r
r
a)
511
As
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
6,
dur
ing
the
4
we
e
ks
of
c
ult
ivation,
the
number
a
nd
length
of
lettuce
lea
ve
s
c
ould
be
a
na
lyze
d.
T
he
r
e
s
ult
s
s
how
that
due
to
the
c
ontr
ol
s
ys
tem
a
ppli
e
d
to
the
a
qua
ponic
s
y
s
tem,
a
n
a
ve
r
a
ge
of
17
lea
ve
s
pe
r
plant
a
nd
25
.
8
c
m
in
l
e
a
f
length
we
r
e
obtaine
d
.
T
his
is
s
upe
r
ior
to
th
e
r
e
s
ult
s
obtaine
d
without
the
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
of
the
a
qua
ponic
s
ys
tem,
whe
r
e
a
n
a
ve
r
a
ge
of
12
lea
ve
s
pe
r
p
lant
a
nd
20.
2
c
m
of
lea
f
length
wa
s
obtaine
d.
F
igur
e
7
s
ho
ws
the
s
igni
f
ica
nt
dif
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
in
the
we
ight
of
lett
uc
e
a
f
ter
tr
a
ns
planting
lettuce
s
e
e
dli
ngs
.
T
he
a
ve
r
a
ge
we
ig
ht
with
the
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
of
the
a
utom
a
ted
a
qua
ponic
s
ys
tem
wa
s
176.
4
g
of
f
r
e
s
h
we
ight
,
while
without
us
ing
the
s
ys
tem,
the
maximum
a
ve
r
a
ge
va
lue
wa
s
134.
8
gr
a
ms
.
T
he
we
ight
va
r
iation
wa
s
gr
e
a
ter
du
r
ing
the
f
ou
r
th
we
e
k.
T
a
ble
1.
Gr
owth
da
ta
of
r
e
d
ti
lapia
f
inger
l
ings
in
a
n
a
utom
a
ted
a
qua
ponic
s
ys
tem
Week
Wo
W
(
t)
T
ot
a
l
w
e
ig
ht
of
f
ood
I
ni
ti
a
l
le
ngt
h
(
c
m)
F
in
a
l
le
ngt
h
(
c
m)
S
pe
c
if
ic
gr
ow
th
r
a
te
F
C
R
S
ur
vi
va
l
r
a
te
1
1.08±0.05
1.72±0.10
33.6g
0.59
±0.1
3
1.46
±0.0
6
6.21±0.24%
1.53±0.09
100%
2
1.72±0.10
2.96±0.07
52.8
1.46
±0.0
6
2.31
±0.2
4
100%
3
2.96±0.07
4.49±0.06
88.6
2.31
±0.2
4
3.46
±0.0
7
97.5%
4
4.49±0.06
5.74 ±0.24
135.6
3.46
±0.0
7
4.53
±0.1
6
97.5%
T
a
ble
2.
Gr
owth
da
ta
of
r
e
d
ti
lapia
f
inger
l
ings
in
a
tr
a
dit
ional
a
qua
ponic
s
ys
tem
Week
Wo
W
(
t)
T
ot
a
l
w
e
ig
ht
of
f
ood
I
ni
ti
a
l
le
ngt
h
(
c
m)
F
in
a
l
le
ngt
h
(
c
m)
S
pe
c
if
ic
gr
ow
th
r
a
te
F
C
R
S
ur
vi
va
l
r
a
te
1
1.04±0.08
1.58±0.13
0.58
±0.0
4
1.16
±0.1
6
32.7 g
4.89
±0.1
7
%
1.98±0.14
92.5%
2
1.58±0.13
2.15±0.06
1.16
±0.1
6
1.84
±0.2
8
51.6 g
92.5%
3
2.15±0.06
3.04±0.16
1.84
±0.2
8
2.53
±0.0
9
68.8 g
87.5%
4
3.04±0.16
4.09±0.21
2.53
±0.0
9
3.34
±0.1
5
94.3g
85%
F
igur
e
5.
P
lant
he
ight
be
f
o
r
e
a
nd
a
f
ter
the
a
utom
a
t
e
d
a
qua
ponic
s
ys
tem
F
igur
e
6.
Numbe
r
of
lea
ve
s
be
f
or
e
a
nd
a
f
te
r
the
a
u
tom
a
ted
a
qua
ponic
s
ys
tem
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
505
-
519
512
F
igur
e
7.
P
lant
we
ight
be
f
o
r
e
a
nd
a
f
te
r
the
a
utom
a
ted
a
qua
ponic
s
ys
tem
3.
1.
S
e
n
s
or
c
ali
b
r
at
ion
an
a
lys
is
T
hr
ough
the
r
e
pe
a
tabili
ty
method
,
the
pr
e
c
is
ion
o
f
the
p
r
oc
e
s
s
or
s
ys
tem
is
obtaine
d.
T
h
is
invol
ve
s
c
a
r
r
ying
out
r
e
pe
a
ted
mea
s
ur
e
ments
of
the
s
a
me
magnitude
unde
r
identica
l
c
ondit
ions
us
ing
t
he
s
a
me
mea
s
ur
e
ment
s
ys
tem
a
nd
with
the
s
a
me
ope
r
a
tor
.
I
n
thi
s
c
a
s
e
,
the
tes
ts
f
or
e
a
c
h
s
e
ns
or
we
r
e
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
out
a
t
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
in
ter
va
ls
a
nd
qua
nti
ti
e
s
.
Us
ing
4
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
mea
s
ur
e
ments
in
the
wa
ter
(
5
°C
,
10
°C
,
30
°C
,
a
nd
40
°C
)
,
with
the
mer
c
ur
y
ther
mo
mete
r
that
ha
s
the
mos
t
a
c
c
ur
a
te
c
a
pa
c
it
y
to
mea
s
ur
e
tempe
r
a
tur
e
,
the
c
a
li
br
a
ti
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
of
the
DS18B
20
s
e
ns
or
wa
s
c
a
r
r
ied
out
a
nd
e
a
c
h
one
wa
s
mea
s
ur
e
d
10
ti
mes
.
A
s
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
in
T
a
ble
3
,
the
va
lues
obtaine
d,
the
s
tanda
r
d
de
viation,
the
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt
o
f
va
r
iat
ion,
a
nd
the
r
e
lat
ive
e
r
r
or
of
the
DS18B
20
s
e
ns
or
a
r
e
s
hown.
T
a
ble
4
s
hows
the
pH
tes
t
va
lues
us
ing
the
HA
NN
A
ins
tr
ument
-
HI
98129
a
nd
the
P
H
-
4502C
s
e
ns
or
.
4
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
pH
va
lues
we
r
e
obtaine
d
f
r
o
m
the
pH
s
e
ns
or
c
a
li
br
a
ti
on
us
ing
the
“
pH
li
quid
buf
f
e
r
ins
tr
ument
.
”
T
he
s
e
va
lues
we
r
e
a
na
lyze
d
to
e
va
luate
the
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
a
nd
c
ons
is
tenc
y
of
the
c
a
li
br
a
ted
s
e
ns
or
.
T
o
mea
s
ur
e
the
va
lues
of
e
lec
tr
ica
l
c
onduc
ti
vit
y
a
nd
T
DS,
ins
tr
u
ments
s
uc
h
a
s
the
C
onduc
ti
vit
y
s
olut
ion
1
,
413
μ
s
/cm
we
r
e
us
e
d
to
c
a
li
br
a
te
the
H
AN
NA
-
HI
98129
a
t
a
li
quid
tempe
r
a
tur
e
of
25
°
C
.
T
hus
,
a
ll
owing
a
c
ompar
is
on
of
the
va
lues
obtaine
d
f
or
e
lec
tr
ica
l
c
onduc
ti
vit
y
a
nd
T
DS,
us
ing
the
DFR
0300
a
nd
S
E
N0244
s
e
ns
or
s
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
T
a
ble
s
5
a
nd
6
s
how
the
va
lues
obtaine
d
whe
n
mea
s
ur
ing
f
our
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
types
of
wa
ter
,
the
s
tanda
r
d
de
viation,
the
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt
of
va
r
iation,
a
nd
the
r
e
lative
e
r
r
o
r
of
the
S
E
N0244
a
nd
DFR
0300
s
e
ns
or
s
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
W
it
h
the
M
W
600
dis
s
olved
oxyge
n
mete
r
us
ing
4
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
mea
s
ur
e
ments
of
the
dis
s
olved
oxyge
n
leve
l
a
nd
pe
r
f
o
r
mi
ng
10
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
mea
s
ur
e
ments
in
the
wa
ter
(
5
.
3,
9.
42
,
13
.
94,
a
nd
18
.
37
m
g/L
)
the
c
a
li
br
a
ti
on
of
the
S
E
N0237
-
A
s
e
ns
or
wa
s
c
a
r
r
ied
out.
T
a
ble
7
s
hows
the
va
lues
obtaine
d,
the
s
tanda
r
d
de
viation,
the
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt
of
va
r
iation,
a
nd
the
r
e
la
ti
ve
e
r
r
or
o
f
the
S
E
N0237
-
A
s
e
ns
or
.
I
t
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
that
the
highes
t
r
e
lative
e
r
r
o
r
is
3
.
51
a
nd
the
highes
t
s
tand
a
r
d
de
viation
is
0
.
85.
As
s
hown
in
T
a
ble
8
,
c
ompar
is
ons
we
r
e
made
of
the
va
lues
obtaine
d
th
r
ough
the
B
a
nte
T
B
100
tur
bidi
mete
r
a
nd
the
S
E
N0189
s
e
ns
or
.
T
he
s
e
va
l
ue
s
we
r
e
obtaine
d
by
tes
ti
ng
with
the
T
N500
-
S
1
s
tanda
r
d
tur
bidi
ty
c
a
li
br
a
ti
on
s
olut
ion.
T
ha
nks
to
thes
e
c
ompar
is
ons
it
wa
s
pos
s
ibl
e
to
c
a
lcula
te
the
r
e
lative
e
r
r
or
,
s
tanda
r
d
de
viation
a
nd
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt
of
va
r
iation
o
f
t
he
s
e
ns
or
.
T
a
ble
3.
T
a
ble
o
f
wa
ter
tempe
r
a
tur
e
r
e
s
ult
s
in
the
c
a
li
br
a
ti
on
tes
t
W
a
te
r
t
e
mpe
r
a
tu
r
e
M
e
r
c
ur
y t
he
r
mom
e
te
r
D
S
18B
20 a
ve
r
a
ge
S
ta
nda
r
d de
vi
a
ti
on
C
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
of
va
r
ia
ti
on (
%
)
R
e
la
ti
ve
e
r
r
or
(
%
)
5
5
5.17
0.40
1.93
3.40
10
10
10.21
0.19
1.86
2.10
30
30
30.50
0.74
1.54
1.67
50
50
50.48
0.16
0.31
0.9675
T
a
ble
4.
T
a
ble
o
f
r
e
s
ult
s
of
the
pH
leve
l
in
the
c
a
li
br
a
ti
on
tes
t
pH
l
iq
ui
d buf
f
e
r
HANNA
-
H
I
98129
PH
-
4502C
a
ve
r
a
ge
S
ta
nda
r
d de
vi
a
ti
on
C
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
of
va
r
ia
ti
on (
%
)
R
e
la
ti
ve
e
r
r
or
(
%
)
4.01
4.01
4.1925
0.71
7.24
4.55
5
5
5.0375
0.39
3.85
0.75
7
7
7.31625
0.82
1.65
4.52
10.01
10.01
10.05875
0.28
2.55
0.49
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
C
ontr
ol
of
an
aquaponic
s
y
s
tem
to
impr
ov
e
the
y
i
e
ld
of
gr
ay
.
.
.
(
J
uan
He
r
be
r
Gr
ados
Gam
a
r
r
a)
513
T
a
ble
5.
T
a
ble
o
f
r
e
s
ult
s
of
the
T
DS
leve
l
in
the
c
a
li
br
a
ti
on
tes
t
L
iq
ui
d
HANNA
-
H
I
98129 (
ppm)
S
E
N
0244
(
ppm)
a
ve
r
a
ge
S
ta
nda
r
d
de
vi
a
ti
on
C
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
of
va
r
ia
ti
on (
%
)
R
e
la
ti
ve
e
r
r
or
(
%
)
D
is
ti
ll
e
d w
a
te
r
52.6
54.02
1.06
1.96
2.70
D
r
in
ki
ng w
a
te
r
128.4
126.97
1.63
1.29
1.1
D
r
um wa
te
r
176.1
178.82
2.23
1.24
1.54
R
iv
e
r
w
a
te
r
1236
1241.31
1.94
0.16
0.42
T
a
ble
6.
T
a
ble
o
f
r
e
s
ult
s
of
the
e
lec
tr
ica
l
c
onduc
ti
v
it
y
leve
l
in
the
c
a
li
br
a
ti
on
tes
t
L
iq
ui
d
HANNA
-
H
I
98129 (
µS
/c
m)
S
E
N
D
F
R
0300
(
µS
/c
m)
a
ve
r
a
ge
S
ta
nda
r
d
de
vi
a
ti
on
C
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
of
va
r
ia
ti
on (
%
)
R
e
la
ti
ve
e
r
r
or
(
%
)
D
is
ti
ll
e
d w
a
te
r
105.3
108.9125
1.79
1.64
3.43
D
r
in
ki
ng w
a
te
r
247.1
248.0625
1.91
0.77
0.38
D
r
um wa
te
r
328.6
329.7875
1.90
0.57
0.36
R
iv
e
r
w
a
te
r
2381.4
2436.7
1.96
0.08
2.32
T
a
ble
7.
T
a
ble
o
f
r
e
s
ult
s
of
the
leve
l
of
dis
s
olved
oxyge
n
in
the
wa
ter
in
the
c
a
li
br
a
ti
on
tes
t
M
W
600
di
s
s
ol
v
e
d
oxyge
n me
te
r
S
E
N
0237
-
A
a
ve
r
a
ge
(
mg/
L
)
S
ta
nda
r
d
de
vi
a
ti
on
C
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
of
va
r
ia
ti
on (
%
)
R
e
la
ti
ve
e
r
r
or
(
%
)
5.3
5.42
0.85
1.84
2.26
9.42
9.60
0.38
1.87
1.91
13.94
14.43
0.29
1.73
3.51
18.37
18.58
0.37
1.23
1.14
T
a
ble
8.
T
a
ble
o
f
r
e
s
ult
s
of
the
tur
bidi
ty
leve
l
in
th
e
wa
ter
in
the
c
a
li
br
a
ti
on
tes
t
T
N
500
-
S
1
tu
r
bi
di
ty
s
ta
nda
r
d
c
a
li
br
a
ti
on s
ol
ut
io
n
T
B
100
B
a
nt
e
tu
r
bi
di
me
te
r
(
N
T
U
)
S
E
N
0189 a
ve
r
a
ge
(
N
T
U
)
S
ta
nda
r
d
de
vi
a
ti
on
C
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
of
va
r
ia
ti
on (
%
)
R
e
la
ti
ve
e
r
r
or
(
%
)
0.02
0.02
0.021
0.00024
1.10
5
20
20
20.45
0.33
1.61
2.25
100
100
101.36
0.73
1.132
1.36
3.
2.
M
e
as
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
var
iab
les
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
a
q
u
ap
on
ic
s
ys
t
e
m
As
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
8
,
the
wa
ter
tempe
r
a
tur
e
is
ta
ke
n
a
nd
r
e
c
or
de
d
e
ve
r
y
30
mi
nutes
.
B
e
low
is
a
n
e
xa
mpl
e
of
wa
ter
tempe
r
a
tur
e
t
r
e
nds
dur
ing
Nov
e
mber
8
a
nd
9:
the
highes
t
tempe
r
a
tur
e
wa
s
28.
74
°C
a
t
2:00
p.
m
.
o
n
Nove
mber
8
a
nd
the
lowe
s
t
wa
s
2
6.
08
°C
a
t
00:00
hou
r
s
on
Nove
mber
9
.
T
he
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
be
twe
e
n
the
tempe
r
a
tur
e
s
wa
s
2.
88
°C
,
be
ing
a
r
o
und
the
opti
mal
r
a
nge
o
f
26
°C
to
29
°C
f
or
the
r
e
d
Nile
ti
lapia
.
F
ur
the
r
mor
e
,
due
to
the
a
c
ti
va
ti
on
o
r
de
a
c
ti
va
ti
on
of
the
P
e
lt
ier
whe
n
the
tempe
r
a
tur
e
va
r
ie
s
outs
ide
the
a
ll
owe
d
r
a
nge
s
,
you
c
a
n
s
e
e
how
the
tempe
r
a
tu
r
e
dr
oppe
d
a
t
2
:00
p
.
m.
a
nd
inc
r
e
a
s
e
d
a
t
00:00.
F
igur
e
9
s
hows
the
pH
va
lues
obtaine
d
dur
ing
No
ve
mber
8
a
nd
9,
take
n
a
t
e
a
c
h
hour
o
f
the
da
y
.
I
t
wa
s
obtaine
d
that
the
highes
t
pH
r
e
c
or
d
oc
c
ur
r
e
d
a
t
5:00
p.
m
.
wi
th
a
pH
of
7.
92
on
Nove
mber
8
a
nd
the
lowe
s
t
pH
r
e
c
or
d
oc
c
ur
r
e
d
a
t
8:00
a
.
m
.
with
a
pH
of
6.
74
on
Nove
mber
9.
I
n
the
f
ol
lowing
g
r
a
ph,
you
c
a
n
s
e
e
a
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
f
r
om
5:00
p.
m
.
to
5:00
a
.
m
.
due
to
the
a
c
ti
va
ti
on
of
the
pH
-
ba
s
e
s
yr
inge
pumps
due
to
a
pH
leve
l
gr
e
a
ter
than
8
.
T
he
tur
bidi
ty
va
lues
obtaine
d
dur
ing
Nove
mber
8
a
nd
9
a
r
e
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
10.
W
e
c
a
n
s
e
e
that
the
highes
t
tur
b
idi
ty
r
e
c
or
d
wa
s
21.
87
NT
U
a
t
4:0
0
p.
m
.
on
Nove
mber
8
a
nd
the
lowe
s
t
r
e
c
or
d
wa
s
3:23
p.
m
.
NT
U
a
t
3:00
p
.
m.
on
Nove
mber
9.
W
it
h
the
a
c
ti
va
ti
on
of
the
r
e
c
ir
c
ulation
pump
,
we
c
a
n
no
ti
c
e
a
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
in
the
T
ur
bidi
ty
leve
l
s
tar
ti
ng
a
t
4:00
p
.
m.
,
be
c
a
us
e
the
S
E
N0189
s
e
ns
or
de
tec
ted
a
mea
s
ur
e
ment
gr
e
a
ter
than
22
NT
U.
T
h
is
pump
s
tabili
z
e
d
the
tu
r
bidi
ty
leve
l
u
p
to
a
pp
r
oxim
a
tely
15
NT
U
a
nd
be
c
a
me
r
e
gula
r
a
s
s
e
e
n
in
the
gr
a
ph.
As
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
11,
dis
s
olved
oxyge
n
(
DO
)
d
oe
s
not
va
r
y
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
y
due
to
the
r
e
s
ti
ng
s
tate
of
the
f
is
h.
How
e
ve
r
,
the
l
inea
r
r
e
lations
hip
be
t
we
e
n
tempe
r
a
tur
e
a
nd
DO
c
a
n
be
de
noted,
s
ince
a
t
higher
tempe
r
a
tur
e
s
the
va
r
iation
o
f
DO
incr
e
a
s
e
s
,
a
nd
l
ikew
is
e
,
a
t
lowe
r
tempe
r
a
tur
e
s
it
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
.
On
t
he
other
ha
nd,
the
DO
pr
e
s
e
nts
a
n
a
br
upt
dr
op
whe
n
the
f
is
h
f
e
e
d,
be
c
a
us
e
it
is
the
ti
me
of
g
r
e
a
tes
t
locomoti
on.
T
hus
,
it
is
c
onf
ir
med
that
a
s
the
f
is
h
move,
the
wa
ter
t
e
mper
a
tur
e
is
a
f
f
e
c
ted
togethe
r
with
the
c
onc
e
ntr
a
ti
on
of
DO
in
the
wa
ter
.
T
he
a
c
ti
va
ti
on
of
the
a
ir
pump
oc
c
ur
r
e
d
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
tor
il
y,
a
voidi
ng
the
a
b
r
upt
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
in
the
DO
in
the
wa
ter
be
low
5
mg/
L
.
T
his
a
c
ti
va
ti
on
oc
c
ur
r
e
d
a
t
2:00
p
.
m.
a
nd
10:00
p.
m
.
on
Nove
mber
8
a
nd
a
t
7:00
a
.
m
.
on
Nove
mber
9,
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
11
.
As
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
in
F
igur
e
12,
the
e
lec
tr
ica
l
c
onduc
ti
vit
y
(
E
C
)
r
a
nge
d
be
twe
e
n
1
,
200
-
1
,
500
µ
S
/cm,
maintaining
it
s
a
ppr
opr
iate
r
a
nge
f
or
the
good
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
of
the
let
tuce
.
T
he
a
djus
tm
e
nt
of
the
E
C
in
the
nutr
ient
s
olut
ions
wa
s
c
a
r
r
ied
out
by
a
c
ti
va
ti
ng
t
he
mi
nipum
p
a
nd
a
c
ti
va
ti
ng
the
in
jec
ti
on
of
the
ba
s
e
pH,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
505
-
519
514
whic
h
s
im
ult
a
ne
ous
ly
r
e
duc
e
d
the
E
C
va
lue.
I
n
both
c
a
s
e
s
,
de
a
c
ti
va
ti
on
wa
s
s
c
h
e
duled
whe
n
the
E
C
r
e
a
c
he
d
1
,
250
µ
S
/cm
a
s
a
s
e
t
point
.
T
he
gr
e
a
ter
a
c
ti
vi
ty
of
the
f
is
h
a
t
the
f
e
e
ding
ti
mes
,
whic
h
a
r
e
a
t
12:00
a
n
d
16:00
on
Nove
mber
8
a
nd
7:00
on
Nove
mber
9,
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
y
incr
e
a
s
e
d
the
E
C
c
onc
e
ntr
a
ti
on
be
c
a
us
e
the
s
e
pr
oduc
e
gr
e
a
ter
wa
s
te.
T
hus
,
ob
taining
a
maximum
va
l
ue
of
1
,
492
µ
S
/cm
a
nd
a
mi
nim
um
of
1
,
258
µ
S
/cm
.
F
ur
ther
mor
e
,
it
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
that
the
lowe
r
the
tem
pe
r
a
tur
e
,
the
s
maller
the
c
ha
nge
that
oc
c
ur
s
in
the
E
C
.
T
he
maximum
a
nd
mi
nim
um
va
lue
ob
taine
d
in
thi
s
gr
a
ph
is
1
,
492
µ
S
/cm
a
nd
the
lowe
s
t
is
1
,
25
8
µ
S
/cm
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
As
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
in
F
igur
e
13,
it
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
that
th
e
T
DS
f
luctua
ted
withi
n
the
p
r
ogr
a
mm
e
d
r
a
nge
of
900
-
1200
ppm,
whic
h
is
c
ons
ider
e
d
opti
mal
to
p
r
omot
e
good
lettuce
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
.
I
n
c
a
s
e
of
a
f
lu
c
tuation
outs
ide
the
nor
mal
r
a
nge
s
,
whic
h
nor
mally
incr
e
a
s
e
s
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
y
whe
n
the
f
is
h
f
e
e
d
a
t
12:00
a
nd
16:00
on
Nove
mber
8
a
nd
7:00
on
Nove
mber
9
,
the
r
e
c
ir
c
ulation
pump
wi
ll
be
a
c
ti
va
ted
unti
l
the
opti
mal
va
lue
of
900
ppm
is
r
e
a
c
he
d.
F
u
r
ther
mor
e
,
it
is
notable
t
o
obs
e
r
ve
the
a
br
upt
c
ha
nge
s
in
T
DS
,
whic
h
r
e
f
lec
t
the
modul
a
ti
on
of
the
leve
l
towa
r
ds
900
ppm
.
As
a
n
ini
ti
a
l
tes
t
of
ope
r
a
ti
on
a
nd
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
,
th
e
s
e
ns
or
node
mea
s
ur
e
s
the
r
e
s
pons
e
ti
me
o
f
e
a
c
h
s
e
ns
or
,
c
oll
e
c
ti
ng
de
tailed
inf
or
mation
on
indi
vidu
a
l
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
.
B
e
ing
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l
to
gua
r
a
ntee
the
pr
e
c
is
ion
a
nd
r
e
li
a
bil
it
y
o
f
the
moni
tor
ing
s
ys
tem.
F
igur
e
14
s
hows
that
the
DO
mea
s
ur
e
ment
c
ons
umes
the
m
os
t
ti
me,
taking
a
n
a
ve
r
a
ge
ti
me
of
1
.
28
s
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
mea
s
ur
e
ment
a
nd
s
e
nding
c
yc
le.
On
the
other
ha
nd
,
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
t
i
m
e
t
a
k
e
n
b
y
t
h
e
p
H
a
n
d
t
u
r
b
i
d
i
t
y
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
i
s
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e
l
y
1
s
.
W
h
i
l
e
t
h
e
E
C
s
e
n
s
o
r
t
a
k
e
s
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e
l
y
1
.
3
s,
the
tempe
r
a
tur
e
a
nd
T
DS
s
e
ns
or
s
take
a
ppr
oxim
a
tely
8.
83
a
nd
7.
05
s
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
F
igur
e
8.
W
a
ter
tempe
r
a
tur
e
r
e
a
ding
F
igur
e
9.
W
a
ter
pH
r
e
a
ding
F
igur
e
10.
W
a
ter
tu
r
bidi
ty
r
e
a
ding
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.