I
n
t
e
r
n
at
ion
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
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lec
t
r
ical
an
d
Com
p
u
t
e
r
E
n
gin
e
e
r
in
g
(
I
JE
CE
)
Vol.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
,
pp.
208
~
223
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DO
I
:
10
.
11591/i
jec
e
.
v
15
i
1
.
pp
2
08
-
223
208
Jou
r
n
al
h
omepage
:
ht
tp:
//
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in
g, U
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it
y of
S
c
ie
nc
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a
nd T
e
c
hnol
ogy, I
r
bi
d,
J
or
da
n
Ar
t
icle
I
n
f
o
AB
S
T
RA
CT
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
tor
y
:
R
e
c
e
ived
M
a
y
16,
2024
R
e
vis
e
d
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e
p
17,
2024
Ac
c
e
pted
Oc
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1,
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Co
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ara
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o
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3
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mp
l
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t
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x
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em
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co
n
d
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ct
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r
(
CMO
S
)
t
e
ch
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
Ana
log
to
digi
tal
c
onve
r
ter
C
ompl
e
menta
r
y
meta
l
oxide
s
e
mi
c
onduc
tor
F
las
h
a
na
log
to
digi
tal
c
onve
r
ter
S
ingl
e
e
nde
d
c
ompar
a
tor
S
witching
volt
a
ge
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
ce
n
s
e.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
F
a
di
Ne
s
s
ir
Z
ghoul
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
E
lec
tr
ica
l
E
nginee
r
ing,
Unive
r
s
it
y
of
S
c
ienc
e
a
nd
T
e
c
hnology
I
r
bid
22110
,
J
or
da
n
E
mail:
F
R
Ne
s
s
ir
Z
ghoul@j
us
t.
e
du.
jo
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
T
he
c
ompar
a
to
r
is
the
ba
s
ic
e
leme
nt
in
buil
ding
a
na
log
-
to
-
digi
tal
c
onve
r
ter
s
(
AD
C
s
)
.
T
he
AD
C
is
the
br
idge
be
twe
e
n
the
digi
tal
s
ys
tems
a
nd
the
r
e
a
l
wor
ld.
T
he
a
s
toni
s
hing
de
mand
f
o
r
high
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
AD
C
s
is
pus
hing
towa
r
ds
de
s
igni
ng
ne
w
c
ompar
a
tor
topol
ogies
to
opt
im
ize
powe
r
dis
s
ipation,
s
ize
a
nd
s
pe
e
d
tr
a
de
-
of
f
s
.
T
he
c
ompar
a
tor
is
a
n
e
lec
tr
ica
l
c
ir
c
uit
t
ha
t
is
us
e
d
in
c
ompar
ing
two
inpu
t
s
ignals
a
nd
pr
oduc
e
s
a
digi
tal
output
s
ignal,
whic
h
it
s
va
lue
de
pe
nds
on
the
c
ompar
is
on
r
e
s
ult
.
T
he
c
ompar
a
tor
c
ould
be
a
volt
a
ge
c
ompar
a
tor
or
a
c
u
r
r
e
nt
c
ompa
r
a
tor
a
c
c
or
ding
t
o
the
c
ompar
is
on
tec
hnique
that
ha
s
be
e
n
us
e
d.
Voltage
c
ompar
a
tor
s
a
r
e
mo
r
e
popular
than
c
ur
r
e
nt
c
ompar
a
tor
s
be
c
a
us
e
it
is
e
a
s
ier
to
dis
tr
ibut
e
volt
a
ge
r
a
t
he
r
than
c
ur
r
e
nt.
Voltage
c
ompar
a
tor
s
c
ould
be
c
las
s
if
ied
int
o
thr
e
e
main
types
;
the
ope
n
loop
c
ompar
a
tor
[
1]
,
p
r
e
-
a
mpl
if
ier
latc
he
d
c
ompar
a
to
r
[
2]
–
[
5]
,
a
nd
f
ull
d
yna
mi
c
latc
he
d
c
ompar
a
to
r
[
6]
–
[
9]
.
A
s
ingl
e
c
o
mpar
a
tor
c
ould
be
c
ons
ider
e
d
a
1
-
bit
AD
C
.
T
he
pe
r
f
o
r
ma
nc
e
of
the
c
ompa
r
a
tor
ha
s
a
c
ons
e
que
nti
a
l
e
f
f
e
c
t
on
the
ove
r
a
ll
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
of
the
AD
C
[
10
]
.
P
owe
r
c
o
ns
umpt
ion,
s
ize
a
nd
DC
bias
r
e
quir
e
ments
in
AD
C
s
a
r
e
a
pr
im
e
c
onc
e
r
n
f
or
mobi
le
de
vice
s
a
nd
s
tanda
lone
s
ys
tems
.
L
owe
r
ing
the
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion,
de
c
r
e
a
s
ing
the
s
ize
a
nd
e
li
mi
na
ti
ng
the
ne
e
d
f
o
r
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
bias
vol
tage
s
by
us
ing
a
ne
w
type
of
c
ompar
a
to
r
s
whic
h
a
r
e
c
a
ll
e
d
s
ingl
e
e
nde
d
c
ompar
a
tor
s
is
the
ke
y
a
ns
we
r
to
thes
e
is
s
ue
s
.
I
n
their
pa
pe
r
,
R
a
i
e
t
al
.
[
11
]
de
s
igned
a
5
-
bit
f
las
h
AD
C
us
ing
the
thr
e
s
hold
inver
ter
qua
nti
z
a
ti
on
(
T
I
Q)
method
to
a
c
hieve
high
s
pe
e
d
a
nd
low
po
we
r
c
ons
umpt
ion.
T
he
AD
C
is
im
pleme
nted
in
0.
18
μ
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
Optimiz
ing
pow
e
r
c
ons
umption
in
nov
e
l
e
lec
tr
ical
de
s
ign
for
s
ingl
e
e
nde
d
…
(
F
adi
N
e
s
s
ir
Z
ghoul
)
209
c
ompl
e
menta
r
y
meta
l
–
oxide
–
s
e
mi
c
onduc
tor
(
C
M
OS)
tec
hnology
with
a
s
ys
tem
volt
a
ge
of
1.
8
V.
T
he
de
s
ign
incor
por
a
tes
a
mul
ti
plexe
r
a
s
a
c
ode
c
onve
r
ter
to
e
nha
nc
e
s
pe
e
d.
T
he
a
uthor
s
c
onduc
ted
a
c
om
pa
r
a
ti
ve
a
na
lys
is
a
mong
va
r
ious
AD
C
s
.
P
owe
r
dis
s
ipation,
dif
f
e
r
e
nti
a
l
non
-
li
ne
a
r
it
y
(
DN
L
)
,
int
e
g
r
a
l
non
-
li
ne
a
r
it
y
(
I
NL
)
,
a
nd
ga
in
e
r
r
o
r
we
r
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
e
d
.
T
he
y
f
ound
that
their
pr
opos
e
d
AD
C
outpe
r
f
or
ms
tr
a
dit
ional
AD
C
s
in
ter
ms
of
s
pe
e
d
a
nd
powe
r
e
f
f
icie
nc
y.
S
pe
c
if
ica
ll
y,
the
T
I
Q
-
ba
s
e
d
de
s
ign
e
li
mi
na
tes
the
ne
e
d
f
or
a
pa
s
s
ive
r
e
s
is
tor
a
r
r
a
y
f
or
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
volt
a
ge
.
T
he
r
e
s
ult
s
s
howe
d
im
pr
ove
d
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
with
lowe
r
powe
r
dis
s
ipation.
T
he
ir
de
s
ign
is
s
uit
a
ble
f
o
r
moder
n
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tems
that
de
mand
high
-
s
pe
e
d
a
nd
low
-
po
w
e
r
AD
C
s
olut
ions
.
T
he
c
ompar
a
tor
is
the
ba
s
ic
e
leme
nt
in
buil
d
ing
AD
C
s
.
T
he
a
s
toni
s
hing
de
mand
f
or
high
-
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
AD
C
s
is
pus
hing
towa
r
ds
de
s
igni
ng
ne
w
c
ompar
a
tor
topol
ogies
to
opti
mi
z
e
powe
r
dis
s
ipation,
s
ize
,
a
nd
s
pe
e
d
tr
a
de
-
of
f
s
.
I
n
their
pa
pe
r
,
P
a
va
n
e
t
al.
[
12]
de
s
igned
a
5
-
bit
f
las
h
AD
C
uti
li
z
ing
45
nm
C
M
OS
tec
hnology.
T
he
de
s
ign
c
ons
is
ts
of
a
binar
y
e
nc
ode
r
,
c
ompa
r
a
tor
,
r
e
s
is
ti
ve
ladde
r
ne
twor
k
,
a
nd
ther
mom
e
ter
c
ode
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on.
T
he
c
ompar
a
tor
is
a
n
ope
r
a
ti
on
a
l
a
mpl
if
ier
that
goe
s
thr
ough
two
s
tage
s
.
Optim
izing
the
e
nc
ode
r
c
ir
c
uit
to
incr
e
a
s
e
bit
c
ount
while
lowe
r
i
ng
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
wa
s
the
main
goa
l
.
I
n
or
d
e
r
to
do
thi
s
,
the
a
uthor
s
us
e
d
C
M
OS,
pa
s
s
tr
a
ns
is
tor
,
a
nd
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
ga
te
logi
c
to
c
ons
tr
uc
t
a
2:1
mul
t
ipl
e
x
e
r
-
ba
s
e
d
e
nc
ode
r
.
T
he
r
e
s
ult
s
de
mons
tr
a
ted
s
igni
f
ica
nt
im
pr
ove
ments
in
r
e
s
olut
ion
a
nd
powe
r
e
f
f
icie
nc
y.
T
he
s
tudy
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ull
y
de
mons
tr
a
ted
that
a
we
ll
-
opti
mi
z
e
d
e
nc
ode
r
c
ould
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
y
r
e
duc
e
powe
r
c
ons
ump
ti
on
a
nd
im
pr
ove
ove
r
a
ll
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
in
F
las
h
AD
C
de
s
ign
s
.
A
c
ur
r
e
nt
c
ompar
a
tor
us
ing
s
our
c
e
c
oupled
logi
c
(
S
C
L
)
a
nd
pos
it
ive
f
e
e
dba
c
k
s
our
c
e
c
oupled
log
ic
(
P
F
S
C
L
)
s
tyl
e
s
wa
s
de
s
igned
by
B
ha
ti
a
e
t
al
.
[
13]
.
T
he
de
s
igned
c
ompar
a
tor
c
omp
r
is
e
s
thr
e
e
s
tage
s
:
a
c
ur
r
e
nt
-
to
-
volt
a
ge
c
onve
r
ter
,
a
n
S
C
L
inver
ter
,
a
n
d
a
P
F
S
C
L
inver
ter
.
T
he
de
s
ign
wa
s
I
mpl
e
ment
e
d
us
ing
0.
18
μ
m
T
a
iwa
n
s
e
mi
c
onduc
tor
manuf
a
c
tur
ing
c
ompany
(
T
S
M
C
)
C
M
OS
tec
hnology
.
A
f
ter
c
o
nduc
ti
ng
s
im
ulations
to
e
va
luate
the
c
ompar
a
tor
's
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
,
they
f
ound
that
their
de
s
ign
a
c
hieve
d
a
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
of
28
µ
W
.
T
he
de
s
ign
is
h
ighl
y
s
uit
a
ble
f
or
c
ur
r
e
nt
mode
AD
C
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
.
T
he
r
e
a
r
e
s
e
ve
r
a
l
types
o
f
c
ompar
a
to
r
s
us
e
d
in
li
ter
a
tu
r
e
.
T
im
e
-
int
e
r
lea
ve
d
a
na
log
-
to
-
digi
tal
c
onve
r
ter
s
a
r
e
c
omm
on
[
14]
.
T
he
y
o
f
ten
s
uf
f
e
r
f
r
o
m
ti
mi
ng
mi
s
matc
he
s
a
t
high
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
.
R
e
c
e
nt
wor
k
ha
s
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
d
thi
s
i
s
s
ue
.
Σ
-
Δ
AD
C
s
a
r
e
a
ls
o
us
e
d
in
many
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
,
s
uc
h
a
s
E
C
G
s
ignal
s
[
15]
.
T
he
i
r
c
ompl
e
xit
y
a
nd
high
-
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
a
r
e
dr
a
wba
c
ks
.
R
e
c
e
nt
e
f
f
or
ts
ha
ve
im
pr
ove
d
DC
Σ
-
Δ
AD
C
s
f
or
E
C
G
s
ignals
.
T
he
s
e
c
ir
c
uit
s
,
a
nd
many
othe
r
s
,
us
e
c
ompl
e
menta
r
y
meta
l
oxide
t
r
a
ns
is
tor
s
[
16]
.
T
he
s
ingl
e
e
nde
d
c
ompar
a
tor
c
ompar
e
s
the
a
na
log
input
s
ignal
with
the
s
witching
volt
a
ge
.
T
he
va
r
iation
of
the
s
witching
volt
a
ge
va
lues
is
made
by
the
va
r
iation
in
the
length
a
nd
the
width
of
th
e
P
-
type
meta
l
oxide
s
e
mi
c
onduc
tor
(
P
M
OS
)
a
nd
the
N
-
ty
pe
meta
l
oxided
s
e
mi
c
onduc
tor
(
NM
OS
)
tr
a
ns
is
tor
of
the
c
ompar
a
tor
[
17]
.
I
n
f
las
h
AD
C
s
a
r
e
s
is
tor
a
r
r
a
y
c
ir
c
uit
is
us
e
d
in
or
de
r
to
pr
ovide
the
va
r
iatio
n
in
the
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
volt
a
ge
.
B
y
us
ing
the
s
ingl
e
e
nde
d
c
omp
a
r
a
tor
the
r
e
s
is
tor
a
r
r
a
y
c
ir
c
uit
is
e
li
mi
na
ted,
whic
h
c
a
n
be
c
ons
ider
e
d
a
s
a
gr
e
a
t
im
pr
ove
ment
to
the
f
las
h
AD
C
[
18
]
.
Als
o,
the
s
a
mpl
e
a
nd
hold
c
i
r
c
uit
will
be
e
li
mi
na
ted,
thus
will
r
e
duc
e
the
powe
r
dis
s
ipation
a
nd
the
s
ize
of
the
c
ompar
a
tor
.
An
N
-
bit
f
la
s
h
AD
C
r
e
quir
e
s
a
2
−
1
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
volt
a
ge
s
,
thus
a
2
−
1
c
ompar
a
tor
s
with
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
s
witching
volt
a
ge
s
a
r
e
ne
e
de
d.
T
he
us
e
of
c
onve
nti
ona
l
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
s
ha
s
be
e
n
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
.
Un
f
or
tunate
ly,
the
c
onve
nti
ona
l
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
s
of
ten
s
uf
f
e
r
f
r
o
m
high
powe
r
dis
s
ipation.
T
he
ke
y
is
s
ue
s
include
high
s
hor
t
-
c
ir
c
ui
t
powe
r
dis
s
ipation,
dyna
mi
c
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion,
a
nd
lea
k
a
ge
powe
r
.
S
ingl
e
e
nde
d
c
ompar
a
tor
c
ir
c
uit
c
ould
be
modi
f
ie
d
by
us
ing
a
c
a
s
c
a
d
e
d
s
tage
of
a
C
M
OS
inver
ter
,
thi
s
c
ir
c
uit
c
a
ll
e
d
the
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
[
18
]
–
[
23
]
.
T
he
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
e
nha
nc
e
s
the
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
of
th
e
s
ingl
e
e
nde
d
c
ompar
a
tor
.
T
he
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
o
f
the
T
I
Q
c
omp
a
r
a
tor
c
a
n
be
f
ur
ther
mor
e
i
mpr
ove
d
by
c
onne
c
ti
ng
a
nother
T
I
Q
a
s
a
s
e
c
ond
s
tage
.
T
he
c
os
t
of
im
pr
ov
ing
t
he
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
is
a
n
incr
e
a
s
e
the
powe
r
dis
s
ipation
a
nd
a
n
incr
e
a
s
e
in
the
a
r
e
a
of
the
c
ompar
a
to
r
[
24
]
–
[
26
]
.
T
o
r
e
duc
e
the
powe
r
dis
s
ipation
f
o
r
the
T
I
Q
c
omp
a
r
a
tor
a
n
NM
OS
a
nd
a
P
M
OS
tr
a
ns
is
tor
a
r
e
a
dde
d
a
nd
both
a
c
t
a
s
a
r
e
s
is
ti
ve
loads
[
27]
,
[
28]
.
T
h
is
c
ir
c
uit
r
e
d
uc
e
s
the
powe
r
dis
s
ipation
but
it
a
ls
o
r
e
duc
e
s
the
ga
in.
I
n
o
r
de
r
to
a
c
hieve
both
high
ga
in
a
nd
low
powe
r
dis
s
ipation
a
ne
w
T
I
Q
topo
logy
is
pr
opos
e
d
in
thi
s
pa
pe
r
.
T
he
mathe
matica
l
a
na
lys
is
a
nd
s
im
ulation
r
e
s
ult
will
s
how
that
the
pr
opos
e
d
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
r
e
duc
e
s
the
powe
r
dis
s
ipation
of
the
c
las
s
ic
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
to
ha
lf
while
ha
ving
the
s
a
me
ga
in.
W
e
int
r
oduc
e
a
nove
l
de
s
ign
f
or
the
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
t
or
that
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
y
r
e
duc
e
s
powe
r
dis
s
ipation
by
50%
c
ompar
e
d
to
the
c
las
s
ic
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
.
T
he
de
s
ign
maintains
the
s
a
me
ga
in.
T
his
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
is
a
c
hieve
d
by
uti
li
z
ing
s
tac
ke
d
NM
OS
a
nd
P
M
OS
t
r
a
ns
is
tor
s
.
Additi
ona
ll
y,
the
ne
w
T
I
Q
de
s
ign
is
a
pp
li
e
d
to
a
4
-
bit
f
las
h
AD
C
.
B
y
im
pleme
nti
ng
the
4
-
bit
f
la
s
h
AD
C
us
ing
the
de
s
igned
c
ompar
a
tor
de
mons
tr
a
tes
a
n
im
pr
ove
d
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
metr
ics
.
T
his
pa
pe
r
will
be
or
ga
nize
d
a
s
f
oll
ows
:
s
e
c
ti
on
2
of
thi
s
pa
pe
r
r
e
view
s
the
ope
r
a
ti
on
of
the
c
las
s
ic
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
a
nd
the
a
na
lys
is
of
it
s
ga
in
a
nd
powe
r
dis
s
ipation.
T
he
mathe
matica
l
ga
in
a
n
d
powe
r
dis
s
ipation
a
na
lys
i
s
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
a
nd
it
is
ope
r
a
ti
on
will
be
s
hown
in
a
ls
o
in
s
e
c
ti
on
2.
I
n
s
e
c
ti
on
2
the
pr
opos
e
d
T
I
Q
is
e
mpl
oy
in
a
4
-
bit
f
la
s
h
AD
C
.
T
he
s
im
ulation
r
e
s
ult
o
f
the
p
r
opos
e
d
c
o
mpar
a
tor
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
208
-
223
210
de
s
ign
a
nd
the
4
-
bit
f
las
h
AD
C
e
mpl
oy
the
pr
op
os
e
c
ompar
a
tor
will
be
dis
c
us
s
e
d
in
s
e
c
ti
on
3,
f
i
na
ll
y
the
c
onc
lus
ion
in
s
e
c
ti
on
4.
2.
M
E
T
HO
D
I
n
s
ingl
e
e
nde
d
c
ompar
a
tor
s
the
input
s
ignal
is
c
o
mpar
e
d
with
the
s
witching
volt
a
ge
o
f
the
inver
ter
.
I
f
the
input
s
ignal
is
higher
than
the
s
witching
volt
a
ge
the
output
of
the
c
ompar
a
tor
is
“
1
”
other
wis
e
,
the
output
of
the
c
ompar
a
tor
is
“
0
”
.
One
o
f
the
m
os
t
popular
s
ingl
e
e
nde
d
c
ompar
a
tor
de
s
igns
is
the
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
,
whic
h
is
s
hown
in
F
ig
ur
e
1.
T
he
f
ir
s
t
s
tage
is
us
e
d
to
s
e
lec
t
the
qua
nti
z
a
ti
on
leve
l,
while
the
s
e
c
ond
s
tage
is
us
e
d
to
a
mpl
if
y
the
ga
in
of
the
c
om
pa
r
a
tor
.
F
igur
e
1
.
C
las
s
ic
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
to
r
I
n
the
f
i
r
s
t
s
tage
,
the
qua
nti
z
a
ti
on
leve
l
is
de
ter
mi
ne
d
by
a
djus
ti
ng
the
width
a
nd
length
of
the
P
M
OS
a
nd
the
NM
OS.
Us
ua
ll
y,
the
lengths
o
f
both
NM
OS
a
nd
P
M
OS
t
r
a
ns
is
tor
s
a
r
e
e
qua
l
s
o,
the
qua
nti
z
a
ti
on
leve
l
de
pe
nds
on
ly
on
the
width
of
t
he
tr
a
ns
is
tor
s
.
S
ince
the
mobi
l
it
y
o
f
the
e
lec
tr
ons
is
gr
e
a
ter
than
the
mobi
li
ty
of
the
holes
by
a
f
a
c
tor
of
thr
e
e
,
t
he
s
witching
volt
a
ge
is
e
qua
l
to:
=
√
3
2
1
(
−
)
+
1
+
√
3
2
1
(
1
)
w
he
r
e
,
,
t
h
p
,
t
h
n
,
W
1
,
a
nd
W
2
a
r
e
the
s
witching
vo
lt
a
ge
,
the
P
M
OS
thr
e
s
hold
volt
a
ge
,
NM
OS
th
r
e
s
hold
volt
a
ge
,
width
o
f
the
tr
a
ns
is
tor
1
a
nd
3
a
nd
width
o
f
the
tr
a
ns
is
tor
2
a
nd
4
.
T
he
ne
xt
s
ubs
e
c
ti
ons
s
how
the
mathe
matica
l
a
na
lys
is
of
the
ga
in
a
nd
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
of
the
c
las
s
ic
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
.
2.
1.
Gai
n
an
alys
is
f
or
t
h
e
c
las
s
ic
T
I
Q
c
om
p
ar
at
or
T
he
s
mall
s
ignal
e
quivale
nt
c
ir
c
uit
f
or
the
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
in
F
ig
ur
e
1
is
s
hown
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
,
whic
h
c
a
n
be
us
e
d
to
f
ind
the
ga
in
of
the
c
a
n
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
.
=
(
4
.
4
−
3
.
3
)
.
(
3
|
|
4
)
(
2
)
3
=
−
4
=
(
2
.
2
−
1
.
1
)
.
(
1
|
|
2
)
(
3
)
1
=
−
2
=
(
4
)
S
ubs
ti
tut
ing
the
va
lue
o
f
vin
f
r
om
(
4)
in
to
(
3
)
:
3
=
−
4
=
−
(
1
+
2
)
(
1
|
|
2
)
(
5
)
B
y
s
ubs
ti
tut
ing
(
5)
int
o
(
2)
the
ga
in
o
f
the
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
is
f
ound
to
be
:
=
[
(
2
+
1
)
.
(
3
+
4
)
.
(
1
|
|
2
)
.
(
3
|
|
4
)
]
(
6
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
Optimiz
ing
pow
e
r
c
ons
umption
in
nov
e
l
e
lec
tr
ical
de
s
ign
for
s
ingl
e
e
nde
d
…
(
F
adi
N
e
s
s
ir
Z
ghoul
)
211
B
o
t
h
b
r
a
n
c
h
e
s
h
a
ve
t
h
e
s
a
me
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
vo
l
t
a
g
e
,
t
h
us
,
t
h
e
t
r
a
ns
c
o
nd
u
c
t
a
nc
e
o
f
t
r
a
n
s
is
t
o
r
s
1
a
nd
3
i
s
e
q
ua
l
t
o
:
1
=
3
=
2
(
)
[
−
ℎ
]
(
7
)
T
he
tr
a
ns
c
onduc
tanc
e
of
t
r
a
ns
is
tor
s
2
a
nd
4
is
e
qua
l
t
o:
2
=
4
=
2
(
)
[
−
−
|
ℎ
|
]
(
8
)
T
he
fi
nit
e
ou
tput
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
of
tr
a
ns
is
tor
s
1
a
nd
3
is
e
qua
l
to:
1
=
3
=
1
[
−
ℎ
]
2
.
(
)
(
9
)
T
he
fi
nit
e
ou
tput
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
of
tr
a
ns
is
tor
s
2
a
nd
4
is
e
qua
l
to:
2
=
4
=
1
[
−
−
|
ℎ
|
]
2
.
(
)
(
10
)
T
hus
,
the
ga
in
is
e
qua
l
to:
=
[
(
2
,
4
+
1
,
3
)
.
(
2
,
4
|
|
1
,
3
)
]
2
(
11
)
F
igur
e
2.
S
mall
s
ignal
e
quivale
nt
c
ir
c
uit
of
c
las
s
ic
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
to
r
2.
2.
P
owe
r
c
on
s
u
m
p
t
ion
an
alys
is
of
t
h
e
c
las
s
ic
T
I
Q
c
om
p
ar
at
or
T
he
r
e
a
r
e
thr
e
e
type
of
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
that
c
ontr
ibut
e
the
tot
a
l
powe
r
dis
s
ipation
of
the
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
.
T
he
s
hor
t
c
ir
c
ui
t
powe
r
dis
s
ipation
,
t
he
dyna
mi
c
powe
r
dis
s
ipation
a
nd
the
lea
ka
ge
powe
r
dis
s
ipation
P
L
.
T
he
lea
ka
ge
powe
r
dis
s
ipation
ha
s
a
ne
glec
ted
e
f
f
e
c
t
in
the
tot
a
l
powe
r
dis
s
ipation
whic
h
e
qua
l
to:
=
+
(
12
)
2.
2.
1.
S
h
or
t
c
irc
u
it
p
owe
r
d
is
s
ip
at
ion
W
he
n
both
of
the
P
M
OS
a
nd
the
NM
OS
tr
a
ns
is
tor
s
a
r
e
s
im
ult
a
ne
ous
ly
on,
a
dir
e
c
t
c
ur
r
e
nt
pa
th
be
twe
e
n
the
powe
r
s
upply
a
nd
gr
ound
will
be
bui
lt
whic
h
lea
d
to
pr
oduc
e
a
s
tatic
powe
r
dis
s
ipation
c
a
ll
e
d
s
hor
t
-
c
ir
c
uit
powe
r
dis
s
ipation.
T
his
dir
e
c
t
pa
th
is
buil
t
whe
n
the
inpu
t
vo
lt
a
ge
e
qua
l
to
ℎ
<
<
−
ℎ
.
T
he
s
hor
t
-
c
ir
c
uit
powe
r
d
is
s
ipation
is
f
ound
us
ing
two
methods
;
the
s
qua
r
e
-
law
M
OS
models
a
n
d
the
α
-
powe
r
meta
l
oxide
s
e
mi
c
onduc
tor
f
ield
e
f
f
e
c
t
tr
a
ns
is
tor
(
M
OSF
E
T
)
model
.
I
n
thi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
the
s
qua
r
e
-
law
M
OS
models
will
be
us
e
d.
L
e
t
us
a
s
s
ume
that
the
input
vo
lt
a
ge
is
a
puls
e
f
u
nc
ti
on
with
r
is
ing
a
nd
f
a
ll
ing
de
lay
ti
me
e
qua
l
to
=
=
And
it
ha
s
a
pe
r
iod
ti
me
e
qua
l
to
T
a
s
s
hown
in
F
ig
ur
e
3
.
Als
o,
let
us
a
s
s
ume
that
the
s
witching
point
volt
a
ge
e
qua
l
to
0.
5
V
DD
.
T
he
n
,
the
ti
me
th
a
t
take
s
s
hor
t
c
ir
c
uit
c
u
r
r
e
nt
to
incr
e
a
s
e
f
r
om
it
s
mi
nim
um
va
lue
to
it
s
maximum
va
lue
will
e
qua
l
to
the
ti
me
that
take
the
s
hor
t
c
ir
c
uit
c
ur
r
e
nt
it
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
f
r
om
it
s
maximum
va
lue
to
it
s
mi
n
im
um
va
lue
whic
h
e
qu
a
l
2
−
1
.
Dur
ing
2
−
1
.
P
e
r
iod
the
NM
OS
tr
a
ns
is
tor
1
will
be
in
the
s
a
tur
a
ti
on
r
e
gion
a
nd
the
f
i
r
s
t
s
tage
s
hor
t
c
ir
c
uit
c
ur
r
e
nt
will
e
qua
l
to:
.
1
=
(
)
.
[
−
ℎ
]
2
(
13
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
208
-
223
212
T
he
a
ve
r
a
ge
s
hor
t
c
i
r
c
uit
c
ur
r
e
nt
of
the
f
ir
s
t
s
tage
will
e
qua
l
to:
1
=
2
.
2
.
∫
(
)
.
[
−
ℎ
]
2
.
2
1
(
14
)
w
he
r
e
:
=
=
.
(
15
)
1
=
ℎ
.
(
16
)
2
=
[
−
|
ℎ
|
+
ℎ
]
.
2
.
(
17
)
T
o
s
im
pli
f
y
the
de
r
ivation
,
let
a
s
s
ume
|
ℎ
|
=
ℎ
,
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
f
ir
s
t
s
tage
s
hor
t
c
ir
c
uit
c
ur
r
e
nt
will
e
qua
l
to:
1
=
4
.
∫
[
.
−
ℎ
]
2
2
ℎ
1
=
.
6
.
.
.
(
)
(
0
.
5
−
ℎ
)
3
(
18
)
F
igur
e
3
.
S
hor
t
c
ir
c
uit
c
ur
r
e
nt
of
the
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
t
or
T
he
s
hor
t
c
ir
c
uit
c
ur
r
e
nt
of
the
s
e
c
ond
s
tage
w
il
l
be
e
qua
l
to
the
dr
a
in
c
ur
r
e
nt
of
the
P
M
OS
tr
a
ns
is
tor
4
,
the
P
M
OS
tr
a
ns
is
tor
4
a
c
t
in
the
s
a
tur
a
ti
on
r
e
gion
du
r
ing
the
ti
me
be
twe
e
n
1
a
nd
2
.
T
he
input
volt
a
ge
of
the
t
r
a
ns
is
tor
4
is
the
f
ir
s
t
s
tage
out
put
̄
.
T
he
f
ir
s
t
s
tage
output
dur
ing
the
ti
me
1
a
nd
2
will
e
qua
l
to:
̄
=
−
ℎ
+
√
2
−
2
.
+
2
.
.
ℎ
(
19
)
T
he
s
e
c
ond
s
tage
s
hor
t
c
ir
c
uit
c
u
r
r
e
nt
du
r
ing
the
ti
me
be
twe
e
n
1
a
nd
2
is
e
qua
l
to:
2
=
(
)
.
[
−
̄
−
|
ℎ
|
]
2
(
20
)
T
he
a
ve
r
a
ge
s
hor
t
c
i
r
c
uit
c
ur
r
e
nt
of
the
s
e
c
ond
s
tage
is
e
qua
l
to:
2
=
4
.
(
)
∫
[
−
̄
−
|
ℎ
|
]
2
2
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
Optimiz
ing
pow
e
r
c
ons
umption
in
nov
e
l
e
lec
tr
ical
de
s
ign
for
s
ingl
e
e
nde
d
…
(
F
adi
N
e
s
s
ir
Z
ghoul
)
213
2
=
4
.
(
)
.
2
[
1
3
(
1
−
ℎ
)
3
+
(
ℎ
)
2
−
2
ℎ
2
−
0
.
325
+
2
ℎ
3
−
2
15
(
2
ℎ
)
5
2
+
(
2
ℎ
)
3
2
]
(
21
)
T
he
tot
a
l
s
hor
t
c
ir
c
uit
powe
r
dis
s
ipation
will
be
e
q
ua
l
to:
=
.
(
1
+
2
)
(
22
)
I
t
c
a
n
be
no
tes
f
r
om
e
qua
ti
on
a
bove
that
the
s
hor
t
c
ir
c
uit
pos
it
ively
de
pe
nds
on
the
tr
a
ns
is
tor
s
ize
,
the
tr
a
ns
is
tor
thr
e
s
hold
volt
a
ge
a
nd
the
input
s
ignal
s
pe
e
d.
2.
2.
2.
Dynam
ic
p
owe
r
c
on
s
u
m
p
t
ion
o
f
t
h
e
c
las
s
ic
T
I
Q
c
om
p
ar
at
or
Dyna
mi
c
powe
r
r
e
f
e
r
s
to
the
powe
r
that
dyna
mi
c
a
l
ly
va
r
ies
with
ti
me.
I
n
the
c
las
s
ic
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
c
ir
c
uit
the
dyna
mi
c
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
is
pr
od
uc
e
d
f
r
om
c
ha
r
ging
a
nd
dis
c
ha
r
ging
the
output
load.
L
e
t
a
s
s
ume
that
the
output
load
is
e
qua
l
to
,
a
s
s
hown
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
4
,
a
nd
the
input
volt
a
ge
is
a
puls
e
wa
ve
w
it
h
pe
r
iod
ti
me
e
qua
l
.
W
he
n
the
input
volt
a
ge
moves
f
r
om
z
e
r
o
to
V
DD
,
the
loade
d
c
a
pa
c
it
or
will
s
tar
t
to
c
ha
r
ge
it
s
volt
a
ge
f
r
om
z
e
r
o
to
V
DD
,
the
output
load
c
ha
r
gi
ng
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
e
qua
l
to:
ℎ
=
1
.
∫
1
2
0
(
)
.
[
−
]
.
(
23
)
w
he
r
e
(
)
=
(
−
)
(
24
)
So
,
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
c
ha
r
ging
dyna
mi
c
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
will
e
qua
l
to:
ℎ
=
1
∫
(
−
)
(
−
)
.
2
0
ℎ
=
1
2
2
(
25
)
T
he
output
will
dis
c
ha
r
ge
to
z
e
r
o
whe
n
the
inpu
t
s
ignal
move
f
r
om
to
z
e
r
o
,
the
dis
c
ha
r
ging
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
will
e
qua
l
to:
ℎ
=
1
∫
2
(
)
2
(
26
)
w
he
r
e
2
(
)
=
−
(
27
)
B
y
s
ubs
ti
tut
ion
(
28)
in
(
27
),
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
dis
c
ha
r
gin
g
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
will
e
qua
l
to:
ℎ
=
1
∫
−
2
ℎ
=
1
2
2
(
28
)
T
he
a
ve
r
a
ge
dyna
mi
c
powe
r
dis
s
ipation
will
e
qua
l
to:
=
ℎ
+
ℎ
=
1
2
(
29
)
I
t
c
ould
be
noted
that
dyna
mi
c
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
is
indepe
nde
nt
of
the
c
i
r
c
uit
de
s
ign.
Dyna
mi
c
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
de
pe
nds
pos
it
ively
on
the
input
s
ignal
s
pe
e
d
a
nd
the
output
load.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
208
-
223
214
2.
3.
P
r
op
os
e
d
T
I
Q
c
om
p
ar
at
or
d
e
s
ign
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
low
powe
r
dis
s
ipation
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
is
s
hown
in
F
ig
ur
e
4.
T
he
s
c
he
matic
c
a
ptur
e
d
f
r
om
the
s
im
ulator
f
or
the
p
r
opos
e
d
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
is
s
hown
in
F
ig
ur
e
5.
T
he
c
ir
c
uit
is
im
plem
e
nted
in
0.
35
um
tec
hnology.
T
he
s
ymm
e
tr
ica
l
NM
OS
tr
a
ns
is
tor
s
Q1,
Q3
a
c
t
a
s
a
s
ingl
e
N
M
OS
tr
a
ns
is
t
or
,
c
a
ll
e
d
s
tac
ke
d
NM
OS
tr
a
ns
is
tor
,
whe
r
e
the
width
o
f
thi
s
tr
a
ns
is
tor
ha
s
the
s
a
me
width
o
f
t
r
a
ns
is
tor
s
Q1
a
n
d
Q3
but
the
length
of
thi
s
tr
a
ns
is
tor
is
double
the
length
of
t
r
a
ns
is
tor
s
Q1
a
nd
Q3
.
T
he
s
a
me
thi
ng
f
o
r
th
e
P
M
OS
tr
a
ns
is
tor
s
Q2
a
nd
Q4
a
c
t
a
s
a
s
ingl
e
P
M
OS
tr
a
ns
is
tor
,
c
a
ll
e
d
s
tac
ke
d
P
M
OS
tr
a
ns
is
tor
.
T
he
s
tac
ke
d
tr
a
ns
is
tor
idea
is
e
mpl
oye
d
to
r
e
duc
e
the
powe
r
dis
s
ipation
of
the
c
las
s
ic
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
to
ha
lf
without
a
ny
e
f
f
e
c
t
in
the
c
ompar
a
tor
ga
in
a
s
will
be
pr
ove
n
in
the
ne
xt
s
ubs
e
c
ti
ons
.
F
igur
e
4.
P
r
opos
e
d
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
c
i
r
c
uit
F
igur
e
5.
S
c
he
matic
o
f
the
p
r
opos
e
d
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
t
or
2.
3.
1.
Gai
n
an
alys
is
f
or
t
h
e
p
r
op
os
e
d
T
I
Q
c
om
p
ar
at
or
T
he
e
quivale
nt
c
ir
c
uit
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
T
I
Q
c
om
pa
r
a
tor
is
s
hown
in
F
ig
u
r
e
6
,
whe
r
e
the
s
tac
ke
d
NM
OS
1
a
nd
3
tr
a
ns
c
onduc
tanc
e
is
e
qua
l
to:
1
=
3
=
0
.
5
1
,
3
,
5
,
7
1
=
3
=
2
(
2
)
[
−
ℎ
]
(
30
)
And
the
tr
a
ns
c
onduc
tanc
e
of
the
s
tac
ke
d
P
M
OS
tr
a
ns
is
tor
2
a
nd
4
is
e
qua
l
to:
2
=
4
=
0
.
5
2
,
4
,
6
,
8
2
=
4
=
2
(
2
)
[
−
−
|
ℎ
|
]
(
31
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
Optimiz
ing
pow
e
r
c
ons
umption
in
nov
e
l
e
lec
tr
ical
de
s
ign
for
s
ingl
e
e
nde
d
…
(
F
adi
N
e
s
s
ir
Z
ghoul
)
215
T
he
fi
nit
e
ou
tput
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
of
NM
OS
s
tac
ke
d
tr
a
ns
is
tor
s
1
a
nd
3
is
e
qua
l
to
:
1
=
3
=
2
1
,
3
,
5
.
7
1
=
3
=
1
[
−
ℎ
]
2
.
(
2
)
(
32
)
T
he
fi
nit
e
ou
tput
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
of
P
M
OS
s
tac
ke
d
tr
a
ns
is
tor
s
2
a
nd
4
is
e
qua
l
to:
2
=
4
=
2
2
,
4
,
6
,
8
2
=
4
=
1
[
−
−
|
ℎ
|
]
2
.
(
2
)
(
33
)
T
he
s
mall
s
ignal
e
quivale
nt
c
ir
c
uit
of
the
c
ir
c
uit
s
hown
in
F
ig
ur
e
5
is
s
hown
in
F
ig
u
r
e
6
.
T
he
ga
i
n
of
thi
s
c
ir
c
uit
is
e
qua
l
to:
=
[
(
2
,
4
+
1
,
3
)
.
(
2
,
4
|
|
1
,
3
)
]
2
=
[
(
0
.
5
2
,
4
,
6
,
8
+
0
.
5
1
,
3
,
5
,
7
)
.
(
2
2
,
4
,
6
,
8
|
|
2
1
,
3
,
5
,
7
)
]
2
=
[
(
2
,
4
,
6
,
8
+
1
,
3
,
5
,
7
)
.
(
2
,
4
,
6
,
,
8
|
|
1
,
3
,
5
,
7
)
]
2
(
34
)
F
r
om
(
34
)
i
t
c
a
n
be
no
ted
that
the
pr
opos
e
d
T
I
Q
c
o
mpar
a
tor
ha
s
the
s
a
me
ga
in
as
the
c
las
s
ic
T
I
Q
c
om
pa
r
a
tor
.
F
igur
e
6.
S
mall
s
ignal
e
quivale
nt
c
ir
c
uit
of
the
p
r
o
pos
e
d
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
2.
3.
2.
P
owe
r
c
on
s
u
m
p
t
ion
an
alys
is
f
or
t
h
e
p
r
op
os
e
d
T
I
Q
c
om
p
ar
at
or
F
r
om
the
pr
e
vious
s
e
c
ti
on,
ther
e
a
r
e
two
a
f
f
e
c
ted
t
ype
s
of
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
that
c
ont
r
ibut
e
to
the
tot
a
l
powe
r
dis
s
ipation
of
the
c
ompar
a
to
r
:
s
ho
r
t
c
ir
c
uit
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
a
nd
the
dyna
mi
c
powe
r
dis
s
ipation.
T
he
dyna
mi
c
powe
r
dis
s
ipation
de
pe
n
ds
on
the
output
load
a
nd
the
input
s
ignal
s
pe
e
d
o
nly,
doe
s
not
de
pe
nd
on
the
c
ir
c
uit
de
s
ign.
W
hil
e
the
s
hor
t
c
ir
c
uit
c
ur
r
e
nt
is
a
f
f
e
c
ted
pos
it
ively
with
the
widt
h
to
the
length
r
a
ti
o
of
e
a
c
h
tr
a
ns
is
tor
.
As
mention
be
f
or
e
,
the
pr
opos
e
d
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
to
r
double
the
length
of
e
a
c
h
tr
a
ns
is
tor
.
L
e
t
us
c
ons
ider
the
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
thi
s
in
the
s
hor
t
c
ir
c
uit
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion.
As
the
a
s
s
umpt
ion
in
s
e
c
ti
on
2
,
the
input
volt
a
ge
is
a
puls
e
f
unc
ti
on
with
r
is
ing
a
nd
f
a
ll
ing
de
lay
ti
me
e
qua
l
to
=
=
a
nd
it
ha
s
a
pe
r
iod
ti
me
e
qua
l
to
.
T
he
s
tac
ke
d
NM
OS
tr
a
ns
is
tor
1
will
be
in
the
s
a
tur
a
ti
on
r
e
gion
dur
ing
the
ti
me
be
twe
e
n
1
a
nd
2
,
s
hown
in
F
ig
ur
e
3,
the
f
i
r
s
t
s
tage
s
hor
t
c
i
r
c
uit
c
ur
r
e
nt
dur
ing
thi
s
pe
r
iod
is
e
qua
l
to
:
.
1
=
(
2
)
.
[
−
ℎ
]
2
(
35
)
T
he
a
ve
r
a
ge
f
i
r
s
t
s
tage
s
hor
t
c
ir
c
uit
c
ur
r
e
nt
is
e
qua
l
to
1
=
2
.
2
.
∫
(
2
)
.
[
−
ℎ
]
2
.
2
1
1
=
.
12
.
.
.
(
)
(
0
.
5
−
ℎ
)
3
(
36
)
I
t
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
f
r
om
(
36)
a
nd
(
18)
that
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
f
ir
s
t
s
tage
s
hor
t
c
ir
c
uit
c
ur
r
e
nt
of
the
pr
opo
s
e
d
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
is
ha
lf
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
f
ir
s
t
s
tage
s
hor
t
c
i
r
c
uit
c
ur
r
e
nt
of
the
c
las
s
ic
c
ompar
a
tor
.
1
=
0
.
5
1
(
37
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
15
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
25
:
208
-
223
216
T
he
P
M
OS
s
tac
ke
d
tr
a
ns
is
tor
4
will
be
a
t
the
s
a
tur
a
ti
on
r
e
gion
du
r
ing
the
t
im
e
be
twe
e
n
1
a
nd
2
.
T
hus
,
t
he
s
e
c
ond
s
tage
s
hor
t
c
ir
c
uit
c
ur
r
e
nt
dur
ing
the
ti
me
b
e
twe
e
n
1
a
nd
2
is
e
qua
l
to:
2
=
(
2
)
.
[
−
̄
−
|
ℎ
|
]
2
(
38
)
T
he
a
ve
r
a
ge
s
hor
t
c
i
r
c
uit
c
ur
r
e
nt
of
the
s
e
c
ond
s
tage
is
e
qua
l
to:
2
=
4
.
(
2
)
∫
[
−
̄
−
|
ℎ
|
]
2
2
1
2
=
2
.
(
)
.
2
[
1
3
(
1
−
ℎ
)
3
+
(
ℎ
)
2
−
2
ℎ
2
−
0
.
325
+
2
ℎ
3
−
2
15
(
2
ℎ
)
5
2
+
(
2
ℎ
)
3
2
]
(
39
)
Als
o,
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
s
e
c
ond
s
tage
s
hor
t
c
ir
c
uit
c
ur
r
e
nt
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
is
e
qua
l
to
ha
lf
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
s
e
c
ond
s
tage
s
hor
t
c
ir
c
uit
c
ur
r
e
nt
.
2
=
0
.
5
2
(
40
)
L
e
t
us
c
ons
ider
the
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
the
p
r
opos
e
d
T
I
Q
c
om
pa
r
a
tor
in
the
s
hor
t
c
i
r
c
uit
powe
r
dis
s
ipation.
=
.
(
0
.
5
1
+
0
.
5
2
)
.
(
1
+
2
)
=
0
.
5
(
41
)
As
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
in
(
41)
,
the
pr
opos
e
d
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
t
or
r
e
duc
e
s
the
s
hor
t
c
ir
c
uit
powe
r
dis
s
ipation
of
th
e
c
las
s
ic
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
to
ha
lf
.
T
he
p
r
opos
e
d
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
ha
s
no
e
f
f
e
c
t
in
the
dyna
mi
c
powe
r
dis
s
ipati
on
of
the
c
las
s
ic
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
,
be
c
a
us
e
the
dyna
mi
c
pow
e
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
is
indepe
nde
nt
of
the
c
i
r
c
uit
de
s
ign
.
2.
4
.
4
-
B
it
f
las
h
ADC
e
m
p
loyi
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
op
os
e
d
T
I
Q
c
om
p
ar
at
or
Us
ua
ll
y,
the
f
las
h
AD
C
is
c
ons
i
s
ts
of
thr
e
e
pha
s
e
s
;
the
s
a
mpl
e
a
nd
hold
pha
s
e
,
qua
nti
z
a
ti
on
pha
s
e
a
nd
the
e
nc
oding
pha
s
e
.
T
his
is
not
the
c
a
s
e
wh
e
n
the
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
is
e
mpl
oye
d
in
the
f
las
h
AD
C
de
s
ign,
be
c
a
us
e
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
e
li
mi
na
tes
the
ne
e
d
of
s
a
mpl
e
a
nd
hold
pha
s
e
.
Not
only
the
s
a
mpl
e
a
nd
ho
ld
pha
s
e
will
be
e
li
mi
na
ted
whe
n
the
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
is
e
mpl
oye
d
in
the
f
las
h
AD
C
de
s
ign;
a
ls
o,
the
r
e
s
is
ter
a
r
r
a
y
c
ir
c
uit
will
be
e
li
mi
na
ted.
T
h
is
will
r
e
duc
e
the
s
iz
e
,
the
de
s
ign
c
ompl
e
xit
y
a
nd
the
powe
r
dis
s
ipation
of
the
AD
C
.
T
he
f
las
h
AD
C
e
mpl
oy
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
to
r
c
ons
is
t
of
two
s
tage
s
a
r
e
the
qua
nti
z
a
ti
on
s
tage
a
nd
the
e
nc
oding
s
tage
.
T
he
qua
nti
z
a
ti
on
s
tage
will
be
buil
t
on
ly
f
r
om
th
e
T
I
Q
c
ompa
r
a
tor
s
.
F
o
r
N
-
bit
f
las
h
AD
C
,
2
−
1
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
s
with
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
s
witching
volt
a
ge
s
a
r
e
r
e
quir
ing
.
T
he
s
witching
volt
a
ge
c
ould
be
a
dj
us
ted
by
va
r
ying
P
M
OS
tr
a
ns
is
tor
to
NM
OS
tr
a
ns
is
tor
wid
th
r
a
ti
o
a
s
in
(
1)
.
I
n
thi
s
pa
pe
r
a
4
-
bit
f
las
h
AD
C
will
be
de
s
ign
with
input
volt
a
ge
r
a
nge
f
r
om
0.
9
to
2
.
3
V,
thi
s
f
las
h
AD
C
r
e
qui
r
e
a
15
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
pr
opo
s
e
d
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
s
with
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
NM
OS
t
r
a
ns
is
tor
to
P
M
OS
tr
a
ns
is
tor
width
r
a
t
io.
T
he
qua
nti
z
a
ti
on
pha
s
e
ha
s
15
output
s
s
ignal
de
noted
by
,
whe
r
e
0
≤
≤
14
.
T
his
15
-
output
s
ignal
will
be
matc
he
d
with
4
-
bit
binar
y
c
ode
in
t
he
e
nc
oding
pha
s
e
.
T
he
output
bit
s
of
the
e
nc
oding
pha
s
e
a
r
e
de
noted
by
,
whe
r
e
0
≤
≤
3
.
T
he
e
nc
oding
pha
s
e
wil
l
be
buil
t
f
r
om
2
×
1
M
UX
c
ir
c
uit
.
F
ig
ur
e
7
s
hows
the
4
-
bit
f
las
h
AD
C
c
ir
c
uit
[
29
]
,
[
30]
.
T
he
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
of
the
AD
C
c
a
n
be
inves
ti
ga
ted
by
de
ter
mi
ning
the
AD
C
s
ignal
to
nois
e
r
a
ti
o
(
S
NR
)
,
DN
L
a
nd
I
NL
.
S
ignal
to
nois
e
r
a
ti
o
r
e
f
e
r
s
to
the
output
s
ignal
powe
r
to
the
nois
e
s
ignal
powe
r
r
a
ti
o.
T
he
S
NR
c
a
n
be
f
ound
us
ing
(
42)
:
=
20
(
2
2
√
2
)
(
42
)
w
he
r
e
,
=
[
−
]
(
43
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
Optimiz
ing
pow
e
r
c
ons
umption
in
nov
e
l
e
lec
tr
ical
de
s
ign
for
s
ingl
e
e
nde
d
…
(
F
adi
N
e
s
s
ir
Z
ghoul
)
217
whe
r
e
,
,
,
,
a
nd
R
r
e
f
e
r
to
the
nu
mber
o
f
the
outp
ut
c
ode
bit
,
the
volt
a
ge
dif
f
e
r
e
nc
e
be
twe
e
n
two
s
uc
c
e
s
s
ive
c
ode
,
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
qua
nti
z
a
ti
on
e
r
r
or
,
the
r
e
a
l
c
ode
tr
a
ns
it
ion
a
nd
idea
l
c
ode
t
r
a
ns
it
ion
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
As
the
S
NR
incr
e
a
s
e
the
im
muni
ty
of
the
AD
C
a
ga
ins
t
the
nois
e
is
incr
e
a
s
e
.
T
he
D
NL
or
the
dif
f
e
r
e
nti
a
l
nonli
ne
a
r
i
ty
r
e
f
e
r
s
to
the
dif
f
e
r
e
nc
e
be
twe
e
n
the
idea
l
a
nd
the
a
c
tual
input
c
ode
width
a
nd
it
given
by
(
44
)
.
T
he
I
NL
or
the
in
tegr
a
l
nonli
ne
a
r
it
y
r
e
f
e
r
s
to
the
de
viation
the
idea
l
outpu
t
c
ode
a
nd
th
e
a
c
tual
output
c
ode
a
nd
it
given
by
(
45)
.
T
he
DN
L
a
nd
I
NL
va
lue
mus
t
be
be
low
0.
5
or
the
AD
C
will
give
wr
ong
output
c
ode
.
=
−
+
1
−
1
(
44
)
=
−
(
45
)
whe
r
e
i
s
the
volt
a
ge
a
t
the
i
th
c
ode
whe
r
e
0
≤
<
2
,
N
r
e
f
e
r
s
to
the
number
o
f
b
it
in
the
output
c
ode
,
a
nd
r
e
f
e
r
s
to
the
mi
ni
mum
volt
a
ge
c
ode
.
Ne
xt
s
e
c
ti
on
will
s
how
the
s
im
ulation
r
e
s
ult
o
f
the
4
-
bit
f
las
h
A
DC
e
mpl
oying
pr
opos
e
d
T
I
Q
c
ompar
a
tor
de
s
ign.
F
igur
e
7.
4
-
bit
f
las
h
AD
C
c
i
r
c
uit
3.
RE
S
UL
T
AN
D
DI
S
CU
S
S
I
ON
T
he
opti
mum
c
ompar
a
tor
de
s
ign
ha
s
low
powe
r
dis
s
ipation,
high
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y,
a
nd
high
s
pe
e
d.
T
he
s
e
f
e
a
tur
e
s
c
ould
be
inves
ti
ga
ted
by
mathe
matica
l
a
na
lys
is
or
by
s
im
ulation.
I
n
the
pr
e
vious
s
e
c
ti
ons
,
the
mathe
matica
l
a
na
lys
is
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
T
I
Q
c
ompa
r
a
tor
s
wa
s
pe
r
f
o
r
med.
I
n
thi
s
s
e
c
ti
on,
the
s
im
ulati
on
r
e
s
ult
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
c
ompar
a
to
r
s
de
s
igns
will
be
s
how
n.
0
.
35
µ
m
C
M
OS
tec
hnology
is
us
e
d
f
o
r
s
im
ulati
on
with
3.
3
V
powe
r
s
upply,
the
P
M
OS
th
r
e
s
hold
volt
a
ge
e
qua
l
to
0.
657
V
a
nd
the
NM
OS
thr
e
s
hold
vol
tage
e
qua
l
to
0.
4979
V.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.