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I
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C
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g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
25
:
1
2
0
9
-
1
2
1
7
1210
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ased
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lace
d
in
an
y
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
o
f
th
e
I
o
T
'
s
lay
er
s
,
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
lay
e
r
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
v
u
ln
er
a
b
le.
W
h
en
an
y
th
in
g
in
a
s
y
s
tem
d
ev
i
ate
f
r
o
m
its
n
o
r
m
al
b
eh
av
io
r
,
an
in
tr
u
s
io
n
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
(
I
DS
)
in
cr
ea
s
es a
n
al
ar
m
,
th
is
is
an
es
s
en
tial c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
an
in
te
r
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
in
tr
u
s
io
n
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
f
o
u
r
m
ain
m
et
h
o
d
s
:
h
y
b
r
id
,
a
n
o
m
aly
,
s
p
ec
i
f
icatio
n
,
a
n
d
s
ig
n
atu
r
e
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
s
.
W
h
en
an
y
t
h
in
g
d
ep
a
r
ts
f
r
o
m
a
s
y
s
tem
'
s
r
eg
u
lar
p
r
o
f
ile,
an
o
m
aly
-
b
ased
I
DS
s
en
d
aler
ts
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
it
ca
u
s
es
a
lo
t
o
f
f
alse
alar
m
s
,
it
wo
r
k
s
b
est
ag
ain
s
t
u
n
k
n
o
wn
attac
k
s
[
4
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
s
ig
n
atu
r
e
-
b
ased
I
DS
u
tili
ze
th
e
p
atter
n
,
s
ig
n
atu
r
e,
an
d
b
eh
av
i
o
r
o
f
k
n
o
wn
attac
k
s
an
d
r
aise
an
aler
t
wh
en
an
y
m
atch
es
ar
e
d
is
co
v
er
ed
.
I
t
d
o
es
n
o
t
id
en
tify
u
n
k
n
o
wn
ass
au
lts
an
d
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
attac
k
s
.
I
DS
b
ased
o
n
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
ca
n
o
n
ly
i
d
en
tif
y
s
o
m
e
ty
p
es o
f
attac
k
s
an
d
a
r
e
ch
allen
g
in
g
to
cr
ea
te
a
n
d
v
al
id
ate
[
5
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
h
y
b
r
id
-
b
ased
I
DS
co
m
b
in
es
th
e
t
h
r
ee
.
D
u
e
to
d
aily
n
o
v
el
attac
k
s
th
at
f
o
llo
w
n
o
s
et
p
atter
n
,
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
p
r
iv
ac
y
o
f
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
n
o
t
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
s
ec
u
r
ed
b
y
tr
ad
itio
n
al
I
DS,
wh
ich
m
ak
es
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
-
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
(
AI
-
I
o
T
)
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
wit
h
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
an
d
s
elf
-
co
r
r
ec
tiv
e
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies
n
ec
ess
ar
y
.
AI
ca
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
a
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
b
r
ai
n
in
t
h
is
co
m
b
in
atio
n
,
wh
ile
I
o
T
ca
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
a
n
er
v
o
u
s
s
y
s
tem
th
at
ca
r
r
ies
o
u
t
th
e
p
r
ed
eter
m
in
ed
ac
tio
n
a
g
ain
s
t
th
e
attac
k
.
C
lo
u
d
-
b
ased
I
o
T
,
wh
ich
ca
n
s
o
lv
e
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
,
s
to
r
ag
e
ca
p
ac
ity
,
an
d
d
ata
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
is
s
u
es,
h
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
p
o
p
u
lar
ity
as a
r
esu
lt o
f
I
o
T
'
s
l
im
ited
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
p
o
we
r
an
d
s
to
r
a
g
e
ca
p
ac
ity
[
6
]
.
W
h
en
clo
u
d
-
b
ased
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
an
d
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
e
n
ce
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
co
m
b
i
n
ed
,
it
b
ec
o
m
es
ea
s
ier
to
r
esp
o
n
d
o
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
ata
an
d
cr
ea
te
s
y
s
tem
s
th
a
t
ca
n
m
ak
e
th
e
r
i
g
h
t
d
ec
is
io
n
s
u
n
d
er
p
ar
ticu
lar
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Ma
ch
in
e
lear
n
in
g
(
ML
)
in
AI
h
elp
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
a
n
y
n
o
d
e'
s
an
aly
s
i
s
tim
e.
A
ca
m
er
a
o
p
er
atin
g
as
a
s
en
s
o
r
in
th
e
I
o
T
,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
wo
u
ld
s
u
b
m
it
ev
er
y
im
ag
e
f
o
r
an
aly
s
is
.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
ca
m
er
a
with
in
b
u
ilt
ML
wo
u
ld
o
n
ly
s
en
d
im
ag
es
co
n
tain
in
g
a
s
p
ec
if
ied
o
b
ject
f
o
r
s
tu
d
y
.
I
t
r
e
d
u
ce
s
d
o
wn
o
n
an
aly
s
is
tim
e
b
y
s
u
p
p
ly
in
g
o
n
ly
f
r
am
es
o
f
im
a
g
es
th
at
m
atch
.
T
h
u
s
,
in
th
e
le
ast
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
tim
e,
m
ac
h
in
e
l
ea
r
n
in
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
b
etter
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
in
tr
u
s
io
n
d
etec
tio
n
[
7
]
.
Ma
ch
i
n
e
lear
n
in
g
h
as
em
er
g
ed
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
d
ata
in
to
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
th
e
twen
ty
-
f
ir
s
t
ce
n
tu
r
y
.
I
t
ca
n
q
u
ick
ly
id
en
tif
y
p
ar
ticu
lar
tr
en
d
s
a
n
d
p
atter
n
s
f
r
o
m
h
u
g
e
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al,
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
I
t
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
ac
cu
r
ate
wa
y
to
f
in
d
n
etwo
r
k
in
tr
u
s
io
n
s
.
C
lo
u
d
-
b
ased
d
ata
ce
n
ter
s
o
f
f
e
r
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
er
v
ices,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
o
f
twar
e
-
as
-
a
-
s
er
v
ice
(
SaaS)
,
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
-
as
-
a
-
s
er
v
ice
(
I
aa
S),
an
d
p
latf
o
r
m
-
as
-
a
-
s
er
v
ice
(
PaaS)
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
cu
s
to
m
er
s
ar
e
f
lex
ib
le
,
ea
s
ily
av
ailab
le,
an
d
b
etter
s
er
v
ices.
Fo
r
h
an
d
lin
g
th
e
n
etw
o
r
k
in
g
asp
ec
ts
o
f
co
m
p
licated
q
u
ality
o
f
s
er
v
ice
(
Qo
S
)
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
in
th
e
clo
u
d
,
a
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
p
o
p
u
lar
c
h
o
ice
is
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e
-
d
ef
in
ed
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
(
SDN)
n
etwo
r
k
[
8
]
.
Ad
eq
u
ate
cy
b
e
r
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
f
o
r
clo
u
d
s
er
v
ices
with
o
u
t
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
q
u
ality
o
f
s
er
v
ice
an
d
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
s
u
f
f
icien
t
lev
el
o
f
o
p
en
n
ess
is
an
o
th
er
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
Desp
ite
its
o
u
t
s
tan
d
in
g
ab
ilit
y
in
m
an
ag
in
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
tr
af
f
ic
ty
p
es
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
q
u
ality
o
f
s
er
v
ice
d
em
an
d
s
,
SDN
is
lack
in
g
in
teg
r
ate
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
.
T
o
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
itted
a
cr
o
s
s
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
f
u
r
th
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
lay
e
r
s
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
,
m
u
c
h
lik
e
in
tr
ad
itio
n
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Fire
walls,
a
cc
es
s
c
o
n
tr
o
l
lis
ts
(
AC
L
s
)
,
an
tiv
ir
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
en
c
r
y
p
tio
n
,
a
n
d
o
th
e
r
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ar
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
p
r
ev
e
n
tiv
e
d
ef
e
n
s
es
[
9
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
is
s
u
es
r
em
ain
an
d
in
tr
u
s
io
n
s
ca
n
s
till
h
ap
p
en
e
v
en
with
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
d
ef
en
s
e
lin
e.
I
DS
an
d
o
th
er
a
d
d
itio
n
al
r
ea
ctiv
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
tech
n
iq
u
es
th
u
s
b
ec
o
m
e
n
e
ce
s
s
ar
y
.
W
h
ile
n
etwo
r
k
-
b
ased
in
tr
u
s
io
n
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
(
NI
DS)
d
ir
ec
tly
g
et
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
ac
k
et
ex
am
in
atio
n
,
I
DS
id
en
tify
in
tr
u
s
io
n
s
b
y
ev
alu
atin
g
s
y
s
tem
d
ata.
All
p
a
ck
ets
ar
e
an
aly
ze
d
b
y
tr
ad
itio
n
al
I
DS
lik
e
Su
r
icata
an
d
Sn
o
r
t.
Ho
wev
er
d
u
e
to
th
e
h
u
g
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
ata,
th
is
ca
u
s
es
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
to
o
p
er
ate
wo
r
s
e,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
ela
y
an
d
ad
d
in
g
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
co
s
t
to
th
e
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
g
ap
s
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
f
r
o
m
b
el
o
w
liter
atu
r
e
s
u
r
v
ey
ar
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
p
r
ec
is
io
n
a
n
d
d
e
tectio
n
r
ate.
Fo
llo
win
g
is
th
e
ar
r
an
g
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
co
n
ten
t
i
n
th
e
ar
ticle
in
clu
d
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
is
liter
atu
r
e
s
u
r
v
ey
.
S
ec
tio
n
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
th
e
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
b
ased
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
an
o
m
aly
in
tr
u
s
io
n
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
a
l
n
etwo
r
k
(
ANN)
.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
4
ex
p
lain
s
r
esu
lt
an
aly
s
is
an
d
s
ec
tio
n
5
co
n
clu
d
es th
e
p
ap
er
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
SU
RVE
Y
In
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
ey
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
an
in
tr
u
s
io
n
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
to
d
etec
t
an
d
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ty
p
es
o
f
attac
k
s
,
b
ased
o
n
m
ac
h
in
e
lea
r
n
in
g
an
d
s
tate
o
b
s
er
v
e
r
.
T
h
e
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
p
ick
s
u
p
o
n
an
o
m
alies
in
b
o
t
h
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
s
tates
o
f
th
e
tr
ain
s
an
d
th
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
wir
ele
s
s
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
two
lay
er
s
in
th
is
m
eth
o
d
[
1
1
]
.
Usi
n
g
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
lay
er
d
etec
ts
an
d
id
en
tifie
s
wir
eless
n
etwo
r
k
attac
k
s
.
B
ased
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
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n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
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u
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u
tin
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viro
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men
t
b
a
s
ed
h
iera
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ch
ica
l a
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ma
ly
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u
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1211
o
n
a
s
tate
o
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er
v
er
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eter
m
in
e
th
e
a
n
o
m
alo
u
s
p
h
y
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ical
s
tate
o
f
tr
ain
o
p
e
r
atio
n
,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
la
y
er
is
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
th
e
u
s
ef
u
l a
n
d
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Fo
r
th
e
f
ield
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
in
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
p
r
o
ce
s
s
au
to
m
atio
n
,
a
n
o
v
el
m
u
ltimo
d
el
-
b
ased
an
o
m
alo
u
s
in
tr
u
s
io
n
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
with
em
b
ed
d
e
d
in
tellig
en
ce
a
n
d
r
esil
ien
t
co
o
r
d
i
n
atio
n
is
cr
ea
ted
[
1
2
]
.
Fo
r
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
a
m
u
ltimo
d
el
-
b
ased
an
o
m
aly
d
etec
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
s
u
g
g
ested
,
an
d
r
elate
d
i
n
tellig
en
t
d
etec
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
c
r
ea
ted
.
Fin
al
ly
,
an
e
x
ten
s
iv
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
elec
ted
I
DS
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
d
etec
tio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
tili
zin
g
an
o
p
tim
ized
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
n
etwo
r
k
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
to
o
l
o
n
a
co
m
b
i
n
ed
s
im
u
latio
n
p
latf
o
r
m
.
Hig
h
p
r
ec
is
io
n
an
d
g
o
o
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
c
ap
ab
ilit
ies
ar
e
two
ar
ea
s
in
wh
ich
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
,
as th
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
tal
r
esu
lts
clea
r
ly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate.
A
n
o
v
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
n
lin
ea
r
s
y
s
tem
s
th
eo
r
y
-
b
ased
in
tr
u
s
io
n
d
etec
tio
n
f
o
r
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
l
e
n
etwo
r
k
r
o
u
tin
g
.
T
h
ey
ca
n
d
if
f
e
r
en
tiate
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
en
t
ty
p
es
o
f
r
o
u
tin
g
attac
k
s
b
y
tak
in
g
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
th
e
z
-
p
lan
e
p
o
les
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
ey
ca
n
th
o
u
g
h
t
o
f
th
e
z
-
p
lan
e
as
a
n
atu
r
ally
o
cc
u
r
r
i
n
g
two
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
p
ac
e.
T
h
e
n
ew
lin
ea
r
s
y
s
tem
s
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
as
th
e
b
as
is
f
o
r
two
d
if
f
er
en
t h
o
s
t
-
b
ased
in
tr
u
s
io
n
d
etec
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es,
wh
ich
a
r
e
p
r
esen
te
d
an
d
e
x
am
in
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
o
f
s
elf
-
g
en
er
ated
c
o
d
in
g
,
an
in
tr
u
s
io
n
d
etec
tio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast
to
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
etec
t
io
n
m
eth
o
d
s
th
at
d
e
p
en
d
o
n
p
s
eu
d
o
r
a
n
d
o
m
co
d
in
g
g
en
er
ato
r
s
;
b
y
u
s
in
g
an
au
th
en
ticatio
n
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
m
eth
o
d
g
en
e
r
ates
a
m
u
ltip
licativ
e
co
d
in
g
s
ch
em
e
o
n
its
to
b
e
u
s
ed
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
b
y
p
ar
s
i
n
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
en
t
tim
estam
p
th
at
is
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
o
n
lin
e,
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
tr
ain
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
d
ata'
s
en
cr
y
p
tin
g
an
d
d
ec
r
y
p
tin
g
co
d
in
g
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
ar
e
d
y
n
am
ically
u
p
d
ate
d
.
B
y
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
th
e
attac
k
er
f
r
o
m
id
en
tify
i
n
g
th
e
co
d
in
g
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
b
ef
o
r
e
th
ey
ar
e
u
s
ed
,
th
is
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
tr
ain
-
g
r
o
u
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
etwo
r
k
'
s
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
ec
u
r
ity
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
en
h
a
n
ce
s
y
s
tem
-
w
id
e
s
itu
atio
n
al
awa
r
en
ess
,
a
m
ec
h
an
is
m
f
o
r
in
teg
r
atin
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
cy
b
er
d
o
m
ain
s
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
th
is
wo
r
k
.
I
t
is
s
h
o
wn
h
o
w
en
h
an
ce
d
s
itu
atio
n
al
awa
r
en
ess
m
ig
h
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
in
tr
u
s
io
n
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
f
alse
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
.
Dif
f
er
en
t
f
ea
tu
r
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
s
elec
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
h
an
d
le
th
e
ex
p
lo
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
y
b
er
-
p
h
y
s
ical
s
tate
s
p
ac
e
th
at
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
co
m
b
in
i
n
g
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
d
ig
ital
d
ata.
An
ap
p
licatio
n
th
at
r
ep
r
esen
ts
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
l
d
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
s
s
ee
n
in
a
u
tili
ty
b
y
g
ath
er
in
g
cy
b
er
an
d
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
telem
etr
y
f
r
o
m
m
a
n
y
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
c
o
m
b
in
es
o
u
r
f
u
s
io
n
e
n
g
in
e
ev
en
m
o
r
e
in
to
a
test
b
ed
f
o
r
c
y
b
er
-
p
h
y
s
ical
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
5
]
.
A
h
y
b
r
id
m
o
d
el
is
s
u
g
g
ested
t
o
f
in
d
an
o
m
alies in
in
teg
r
atio
n
clo
u
d
s
er
v
ice
(
I
C
S)
s
etu
p
s
.
T
o
g
en
er
ate
a
s
ig
n
atu
r
e
d
atab
ase,
it u
tili
ze
s
a
B
lo
o
m
f
ilter
,
an
u
p
d
ated
n
e
ar
est
-
n
eig
h
b
o
r
r
u
le
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
d
ataset
b
alan
ce
,
d
im
en
s
io
n
ality
r
ed
u
ctio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
an
o
m
aly
id
en
tific
at
io
n
,
an
d
p
r
ep
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
n
o
r
m
alize
an
d
s
ca
le
d
ata.
T
o
id
e
n
tify
n
o
v
el
attac
k
s
,
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
co
m
b
in
es
d
etec
tio
n
at
t
h
e
p
ac
k
ag
e
co
n
ten
ts
lev
el
with
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
in
s
tan
ce
-
b
ased
lear
n
er
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
g
l
o
b
a
l
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
,
a
n
I
DS
m
o
d
e
l
t
h
a
t
i
n
t
e
g
r
at
e
s
m
a
n
y
d
e
t
ec
t
io
n
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
i
n
t
o
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
is
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
.
I
t
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
s
a
m
o
d
i
f
i
e
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
c
a
l
le
d
g
r
a
p
h
,
w
h
i
c
h
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
s
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
u
s
i
n
g
a
d
e
e
p
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
et
w
o
r
k
[
1
7
]
.
V
er
i
f
i
e
d
o
n
t
h
r
e
e
d
a
t
as
e
ts
w
i
t
h
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
l
e
v
e
ls
o
f
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
,
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
a
t
e
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
d
e
t
ec
t
i
o
n
r
e
s
u
l
ts
,
h
i
g
h
e
r
d
e
t
e
c
ti
o
n
r
a
t
es
,
a
n
d
l
es
s
f
al
s
e
p
o
s
i
ti
v
e
s
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
f
alse
d
etec
tio
n
r
ates
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
etec
tio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
s
u
g
g
est
a
lo
ca
l
o
u
tlier
f
ac
to
r
(
L
OF)
-
b
ased
i
n
tr
u
s
io
n
d
etec
tio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
t
h
a
t
u
s
es
v
o
ltag
e
s
ig
n
als
o
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
ller
ar
ea
n
etwo
r
k
(
C
AN)
b
u
s
es.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
is
th
e
f
ir
s
t
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
v
e
h
icles
b
u
s
-
o
f
f
in
tr
u
s
io
n
d
etec
tio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
ch
an
g
in
g
th
e
C
AN
p
r
o
to
co
l
o
r
ad
d
in
g
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
b
u
r
d
e
n
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
also
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
f
alse
d
etec
tio
n
r
ate
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
s
o
lv
e
d
ata
im
b
alan
ce
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
ests
a
u
n
i
q
u
e
AI
-
b
ased
an
o
m
aly
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
[
1
9
]
.
R
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
er
r
o
r
,
W
ass
er
s
tein
d
is
tan
ce
-
b
ased
g
en
er
ativ
e
ad
v
e
r
s
ar
ial
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
an
d
s
m
all
attac
k
tr
af
f
ic
ar
e
all
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
s
y
s
tem
's
ad
v
an
ce
d
g
en
er
ativ
e
m
o
d
el,
wh
ic
h
u
ti
lizes
au
to
en
co
d
er
-
d
r
iv
e
n
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els
to
g
en
er
ate
s
y
n
th
etic
d
ata.
I
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
n
et
wo
r
k
th
r
ea
t
d
etec
tio
n
is
th
e
ai
m
o
f
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
W
ith
o
u
t
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
r
estricte
d
d
ata
ac
ce
s
s
o
r
ch
an
g
in
g
th
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
c
o
n
tr
o
l
u
n
it
(
E
C
U)
,
attac
k
s
ar
e
elim
in
ated
b
y
th
e
n
o
v
el
u
n
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
in
tr
u
s
io
n
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
(
I
PS
)
f
o
r
v
eh
icle
C
ANs.
T
o
id
en
tify
f
u
zz
in
g
a
n
d
s
p
o
o
f
in
g
attac
k
s
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
u
tili
ze
s
two
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
th
e
m
o
s
t
ac
cu
r
ate
o
f
r
e
q
u
ir
es
lo
west
n
u
m
b
er
b
y
tes
o
f
d
ata
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
attain
s
ab
o
v
e
9
9
%
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
9
7
%
F1
-
s
co
r
es,
an
d
less
th
an
8
0
μ
s
d
etec
tio
n
tim
es.
T
h
e
o
n
l
y
m
eth
o
d
th
at
ca
n
g
et
r
e
m
o
v
al
o
f
attac
k
in
g
f
r
am
es
b
ef
o
r
e
d
am
ag
e
is
d
o
n
e
with
th
is
ty
p
e
o
f
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Usi
n
g
b
in
ar
y
an
d
m
u
lticlas
s
cl
ass
if
icatio
n
,
to
en
h
an
ce
n
etwo
r
k
in
tr
u
s
io
n
d
etec
tio
n
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
in
u
s
e
is
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
co
n
v
o
lu
tio
n
al
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
(
C
NN)
an
d
b
id
ir
e
ctio
n
al
lo
n
g
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
m
em
o
r
y
(
B
iLST
M)
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
lar
d
atasets
wer
e
u
t
ilized
to
test
an
d
e
v
alu
ate
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
m
o
d
el'
s
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
y
m
ad
e
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
SDN
d
ataset
,
wh
ich
is
d
ed
icate
d
o
n
ly
to
SDN
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
th
at
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
m
o
d
el
is
at
o
b
tain
in
g
h
ig
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
wh
ile
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
less
er
tr
ain
in
g
tim
e.
B
y
d
etec
tin
g
attac
k
s
ea
ch
tim
e
a
p
ac
k
et
is
r
ec
eiv
ed
,
t
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
r
ed
u
ce
s
s
y
s
tem
lo
ad
an
d
allo
ws
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
etec
tio
n
.
I
n
c
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
tech
n
iq
u
es,
it
r
ed
u
ce
s
m
em
o
r
y
ac
ce
s
s
in
cr
ea
s
es
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
25
:
1
2
0
9
-
1
2
1
7
1212
less
th
an
3
0
%
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
to
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
h
i
g
h
class
if
icatio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
h
ar
d
war
e
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e
-
b
ased
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
f
er
s
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
an
d
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
ag
ain
s
t
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
th
r
ea
ts
,
en
ab
lin
g
it to
d
etec
t a
n
d
p
r
ev
e
n
t d
if
f
er
e
n
t c
y
b
er
-
attac
k
s
.
Dy
n
am
ic
-
weig
h
ted
ag
g
r
eg
atio
n
f
ed
e
r
ated
lear
n
i
n
g
(
DAFL
)
,
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
tr
u
s
io
n
d
etec
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
th
at
u
tili
ze
s
f
ed
er
ated
lea
r
n
in
g
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
DAFL
h
as
p
r
es
er
v
ed
d
ata
p
r
i
v
ac
y
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
all
o
f
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
f
ed
er
ated
lear
n
i
n
g
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
o
u
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
d
y
n
am
ically
im
p
lem
en
ted
weig
h
tin
g
an
d
f
ilter
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
lo
ca
l
m
o
d
els,
a
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
a
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
f
e
d
er
ated
-
lear
n
i
n
g
b
ased
in
tr
u
s
i
o
n
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
[
2
3
]
.
DAFL
ca
n
id
e
n
tify
n
etw
o
r
k
in
tr
u
s
io
n
s
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
an
d
with
less
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
v
er
h
ea
d
in
th
is
m
an
n
er
.
T
h
ey
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
d
esig
n
s
f
o
r
DAFL
,
a
n
d
o
u
r
test
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
D
AFL
ca
n
m
ain
tain
d
ata
p
r
iv
ac
y
wh
ile
ac
h
iev
in
g
g
o
o
d
d
etec
tio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
with
m
in
im
al
n
etwo
r
k
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
o
v
er
h
ea
d
.
I
n
th
is
ar
ticle,
th
ey
will
cr
ea
te
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
to
e
v
alu
ate
an
d
ap
p
ly
n
etwo
r
k
s
ec
u
r
ity
tech
n
i
q
u
es
wh
ile
k
ee
p
in
g
tr
ac
k
o
f
ea
ch
d
e
v
ice
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
an
d
it
s
attac
k
r
ate.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
d
if
f
er
en
t o
p
tio
n
s
will
b
e
o
f
f
er
e
d
f
o
r
p
r
o
tectin
g
th
e
cl
o
u
d
s
er
v
er
ag
ain
s
t in
tr
u
s
io
n
s
[
2
4
]
.
Sev
er
al
f
ac
to
r
s
will b
e
u
s
ed
at
th
e
en
d
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
ac
cu
r
at
e
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
an
d
ea
ch
co
n
clu
s
io
n
will
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
th
is
r
esear
ch
will b
e
d
eter
m
in
e
d
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
i
d
en
tify
m
alicio
u
s
an
o
m
alies
th
at
p
o
s
e
a
th
r
ea
t
to
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
at
t
h
e
u
n
m
an
n
ed
ae
r
ial
v
eh
icles
(
UAVs)
an
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
tatio
n
lev
els,
an
ad
v
an
ce
d
in
tr
u
s
io
n
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
r
u
n
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
i
n
v
o
lv
es
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
al
o
f
a
co
llectio
n
o
f
d
et
ec
tio
n
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
s
to
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
s
o
f
UAVs
an
d
class
i
f
y
th
em
in
to
n
o
r
m
al,
ab
n
o
r
m
a
l,
s
u
s
p
icio
u
s
,
an
d
m
alicio
u
s
c
ateg
o
r
ies
b
ased
o
n
th
e
cy
b
er
-
attac
k
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
d
etec
ted
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
ey
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
o
n
th
e
leth
al
cy
b
er
attac
k
s
th
at
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
a
UAV
n
etwo
r
k
:
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
f
als
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
jam
m
in
g
,
g
lo
b
al
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
(
GPS)
s
p
o
o
f
in
g
,
an
d
b
lack
h
o
le
an
d
g
r
ay
h
o
le
attac
k
s
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
In
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
f
r
am
e
o
f
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
b
ased
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
an
o
m
aly
in
tr
u
s
io
n
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
ANN
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
t
h
e
d
ataset
is
co
llected
as
in
p
u
t.
T
h
e
d
ata
u
n
d
er
g
o
es
p
r
e
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
an
d
f
ea
t
u
r
es
ar
e
th
en
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
e
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
d
ata
,
th
e
d
at
a
is
g
iv
en
to
f
lo
w
ag
g
r
eg
ato
r
.
T
h
e
f
lo
w
-
b
ased
I
DS
“a
n
o
m
aly
d
etec
tio
n
en
g
in
e”
is
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
d
ata
in
f
lo
w
ag
g
r
eg
ato
r
.
Af
ter
,
th
e
I
DS b
ased
o
n
f
lo
w
tr
ain
in
g
d
ata
an
d
test
in
g
d
ata
ar
e
th
e
two
ca
teg
o
r
ies in
to
wh
ich
th
e
d
ata
is
d
iv
id
ed
.
T
h
e
tr
ain
s
et
is
g
iv
en
to
tr
ain
m
o
d
el
as
well
as
tes
t
s
et
is
g
iv
en
to
ANN
class
if
ier
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
is
ev
alu
ated
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
f
in
d
in
g
an
d
f
i
x
in
g
(
o
r
elim
in
atin
g
)
in
c
o
r
r
ec
t
o
r
in
co
m
p
lete
r
ec
o
r
d
s
f
r
o
m
a
d
ataset
is
k
n
o
wn
as
d
ata
p
r
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
p
r
ep
a
r
atio
n
,
o
r
clea
n
i
n
g
.
I
t
i
n
v
o
lv
es
d
ete
r
m
in
in
g
wh
eth
er
s
ec
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
d
ata
ar
e
in
co
m
p
lete,
in
ac
cu
r
ate,
o
r
ir
r
elev
an
t,
an
d
th
en
ch
an
g
i
n
g
,
r
ep
lacin
g
,
o
r
d
eletin
g
th
e
co
ar
s
e
d
ata.
Data
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
is
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
c
o
n
v
er
tin
g
u
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
d
ata
in
to
an
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
a
b
le
f
o
r
m
at.
T
h
is
ess
en
tial
p
h
ase
o
f
d
ata
m
in
i
n
g
o
cc
u
r
s
s
in
ce
we
ar
e
u
n
ab
le
t
o
o
p
er
ate
with
r
aw
d
ata.
I
n
f
ea
tu
r
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
,
r
aw
d
ata
is
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
in
to
n
u
m
er
ical
f
ea
tu
r
es
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
t
h
e
o
r
ig
in
al
d
ata
s
et.
I
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ea
tu
r
es
ar
e
th
e
n
ch
o
s
en
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ataset.
T
h
ese
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
ets
will
h
elp
in
th
e
class
if
ier
's
ab
ilit
y
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
r
ec
o
r
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
an
d
p
atter
n
s
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
c
o
m
m
o
n
an
d
att
ac
k
p
ac
k
et
ty
p
es.
An
y
clas
s
if
ier
will
lead
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
u
e
to
im
p
r
o
p
er
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
elec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
an
d
p
atter
n
o
f
n
ew
p
ac
k
et
s
will
b
e
p
r
ed
icted
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
e
class
if
ier
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
lear
n
in
g
wi
ll h
ap
p
en
q
u
ick
ly
an
d
attac
k
p
r
ed
ictio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
will
in
cr
ea
s
e.
T
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
f
ea
tu
r
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
is
to
ex
tr
ac
t
as
m
u
ch
th
e
r
elev
an
t
d
ata
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le
wh
ile
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
th
e
d
ata
s
o
m
etim
es
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
“
d
at
a
d
im
en
s
io
n
ality
.
”
T
h
is
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
an
aly
s
is
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
s
th
e
ef
f
e
ctiv
en
ess
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
m
a
ch
in
e
lear
n
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
In
th
e
SDN
n
etwo
r
k
,
th
e
f
lo
w
ag
g
r
eg
ato
r
is
in
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
co
llectin
g
p
o
r
t
an
d
f
lo
w
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
Op
en
Flo
w
s
witch
es.
T
h
is
m
o
d
u
le
r
etr
iev
es
f
lo
w,
p
o
r
t,
a
n
d
ag
g
r
eg
ate
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
witch
es
b
y
s
en
d
in
g
p
er
io
d
ic
q
u
er
ies th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
R
ep
ly
ev
en
t m
ess
ag
es a
r
e
r
etu
r
n
ed
b
y
Op
e
n
Flo
w
s
witch
es.
I
n
th
e
p
o
r
t
s
tatis
tic
s
r
ep
ly
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
p
ac
k
ets
s
en
t
an
d
r
ec
eiv
ed
,
b
y
tes,
d
r
o
p
p
ed
p
ac
k
ets,
er
r
o
r
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
cy
clic
r
ed
u
n
d
an
cy
c
h
ec
k
(
C
R
C
)
an
d
f
r
am
es,
an
d
co
llis
io
n
s
,
ar
e
in
clu
d
ed
;
in
th
e
a
g
g
r
e
g
ate
s
tati
s
tics
r
ep
ly
,
th
e
to
tal
ag
g
r
eg
ated
b
y
te
c
o
u
n
t
an
d
th
e
p
ac
k
et
c
o
u
n
t
h
a
n
d
led
b
y
a
s
witch
ar
e
in
clu
d
ed
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
t
o
co
l,
b
y
te
an
d
p
ac
k
et
co
u
n
ts
,
d
u
r
at
io
n
,
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
d
esti
n
atio
n
m
ed
ia
ac
ce
s
s
co
n
tr
o
l
(
MA
C
)
an
d
in
ter
n
et
p
r
o
to
c
o
l (
I
P)
ad
d
r
ess
es a
r
e
also
in
clu
d
e
d
in
th
e
f
l
o
w
s
tatis
tics
r
ep
ly
.
I
n
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
I
DS
d
esig
n
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
lin
e
o
f
d
ef
e
n
s
e
is
th
e
f
lo
w
-
b
ased
I
DS.
T
h
e
d
atasets
co
m
p
r
is
e
n
etwo
r
k
tr
af
f
ic
th
at
is
b
o
th
n
o
r
m
al
an
d
m
alicio
u
s
.
Ma
licio
u
s
tr
af
f
ic
th
at
is
co
n
tain
ed
in
th
e
d
ataset
is
f
o
u
n
d
b
y
th
e
I
DS.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
ac
tu
al
an
d
d
etec
ted
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
attac
k
s
b
y
a
n
I
DS
is
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
I
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
n
all
in
c
o
m
in
g
n
et
wo
r
k
tr
a
f
f
ic.
T
h
e
d
etec
tio
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
is
b
ased
o
n
an
an
o
m
al
y
-
b
ased
s
ch
em
e
.
An
y
s
u
s
p
icio
u
s
ac
tio
n
th
at
d
if
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
y
o
u
r
estab
lis
h
ed
n
o
r
m
al
p
atter
n
s
o
f
b
eh
av
io
r
is
d
etec
ted
b
y
an
o
m
aly
d
etec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
d
ata
is
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
tr
ain
s
et
an
d
a
test
s
et.
T
o
b
e
m
o
r
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
C
lo
u
d
co
mp
u
tin
g
en
viro
n
men
t
b
a
s
ed
h
iera
r
ch
ica
l a
n
o
ma
ly
i
n
tr
u
s
io
n
…
(
Ma
n
g
a
la
p
a
lli V
a
msi
kri
s
h
n
a
)
1213
p
r
ec
is
e,
tr
ain
in
g
d
ata
is
th
e
d
ataset
th
at
y
o
u
u
tili
ze
to
tr
ain
y
o
u
r
alg
o
r
it
h
m
o
r
m
o
d
e
l
to
m
ak
e
co
r
r
ec
t
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
y
o
u
r
r
esu
lt
s
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
v
alid
atio
n
d
ata
is
to
ass
es
s
an
d
d
ir
ec
t
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
y
o
u
ch
o
o
s
e
f
o
r
y
o
u
r
m
o
d
el.
T
esti
n
g
d
atasets
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
d
ata
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
to
th
e
A
NN
class
if
ier
af
ter
th
e
tr
ain
e
d
m
o
d
el.
Mo
d
elin
g
co
m
p
lex
p
a
tter
n
s
an
d
p
r
ed
ictin
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
ANN
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
b
r
ai
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
An
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
m
a
ch
in
e
lear
n
in
g
f
o
r
ca
teg
o
r
izatio
n
is
s
u
es
is
th
e
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
.
A
weig
h
ted
s
et
o
f
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
p
u
t
-
o
u
tp
u
t
n
etwo
r
k
s
is
ca
lled
an
ANN.
E
ac
h
co
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
h
as
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
weig
h
t
ass
ig
n
ed
to
it.
I
t
h
as
th
r
ee
lay
er
s
:
o
n
e
f
o
r
i
n
p
u
t,
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
f
o
r
in
ter
m
e
d
iate,
an
d
o
n
e
f
o
r
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
d
ata
is
th
e
n
e
v
alu
ated
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fra
m
e
o
f
clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t b
ased
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
an
o
m
al
y
in
tr
u
s
io
n
d
et
ec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
ANN
4.
RE
SU
L
T
ANAL
YSI
S
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
aly
s
is
o
f
f
r
am
e
o
f
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
b
ased
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
a
n
o
m
aly
in
tr
u
s
io
n
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
ANN
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
I
n
T
a
b
le
1
,
AN
N
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
tr
ee
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
a
n
aly
ze
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
a
h
ier
a
r
ch
ical
a
n
o
m
aly
in
tr
u
s
io
n
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
b
ased
o
n
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
Acc
u
r
ac
y
,
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
a
n
d
d
etec
tio
n
r
ate
ar
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
f
o
r
ANN
s
.
B
ec
au
s
e
ANN
is
u
s
ed
in
a
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
b
y
th
is
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
an
o
m
aly
in
tr
u
s
io
n
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
I
t
an
aly
ze
s
d
ata
ev
en
in
h
ig
h
lev
els o
f
tr
af
f
ic
an
d
p
r
o
tects c
o
m
p
u
ter
n
et
wo
r
k
s
as we
ll a
s
d
ata
f
r
o
m
m
a
licio
u
s
ac
tiv
ity
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
aly
s
is
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
t
r
e
e
(
D
T)
ANN
A
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
9
1
.
3
9
8
.
5
P
r
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
8
5
.
4
9
2
.
7
D
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
R
a
t
e
7
8
.
6
8
9
.
1
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
ac
cu
r
ac
y
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
g
r
ap
h
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
is
b
etwe
en
d
ec
is
io
n
tr
ee
a
n
d
ANN.
ANN
s
h
o
ws
h
ig
h
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
f
o
r
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
b
ased
h
ier
ar
c
h
ical
an
o
m
aly
in
tr
u
s
io
n
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
ANN.
As
attac
k
s
wil
l
ca
n
b
e
d
etec
ted
ac
cu
r
ately
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
ANN.
Pre
cisi
o
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
g
r
ap
h
is
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
tr
ee
an
d
ANN
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
f
o
r
p
r
ec
is
io
n
.
T
h
e
a
t
a
s
e
t
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
t
a
r
e
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
l
o
g
g
r
e
g
a
t
o
r
e
a
t
r
e
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
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l
o
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e
d
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o
m
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t
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e
T
r
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e
s
t
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i
t
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r
a
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s
e
t
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t
s
e
t
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r
a
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n
o
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l
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
e
r
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
v
a
l
a
t
i
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
25
:
1
2
0
9
-
1
2
1
7
1214
p
r
ec
is
io
n
s
h
o
ws
h
ig
h
er
f
o
r
c
lo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
b
ased
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
an
o
m
al
y
in
tr
u
s
io
n
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
ANN.
Gr
ap
h
ical
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
d
etec
tio
n
r
a
te
ef
f
icien
cy
is
co
m
p
ar
e
d
b
et
wee
n
d
ec
is
io
n
tr
ee
an
d
ANN
is
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
ANN
s
h
o
ws
h
ig
h
e
r
ef
f
icien
cy
d
etec
tio
n
r
ate
f
o
r
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
b
ased
h
ie
r
ar
ch
ic
al
an
o
m
aly
in
tr
u
s
io
n
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
ANN.
Att
ac
k
s
ar
e
d
etec
ted
ac
cu
r
ately
an
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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m
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c
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.