Inter
national
J
our
nal
of
Electrical
and
Computer
Engineering
(IJECE)
V
ol.
15,
No.
1,
February
2025,
pp.
803
∼
816
ISSN:
2088-8708,
DOI:
10.11591/ijece.v15i1.pp803-816
❒
803
Analytic
hierar
ch
y
pr
ocess
geographic
inf
ormation
system
based
model
f
or
sustainable
construction
and
demolition
waste
landll
site
selection
Mohamed
A
y
et
Allah
Bilel
Soussi
1
,
Nermine
El
Madsia
2
,
Chamseddine
Zaki
3
,
Alaaeddine
Ramadan
4
,
Louai
Sak
er
3
,
Moustafa
Ibrahim
3
1
Geotechnical
Engineering
and
Georisk
Research
Laboratory
,
National
School
of
Engineering
of
T
unis,
Uni
v
ersity
of
T
unis,
T
unis,
T
unisia
2
Department
of
Rural
W
ater
and
F
orest
Engineering,
National
Agronomic
Institute
of
T
unisia,
Uni
v
ersity
of
Carthage,
T
unis,
T
unisia
3
Colle
ge
of
Engineering
and
T
echnology
,
American
Uni
v
ersity
of
the
Middle
East,
Eg
aila,
K
uw
ait
4
Colle
ge
of
Engineering
and
Computing,
American
Uni
v
ersity
of
Bahrain,
Rif
f
a,
Bahrain
Article
Inf
o
Article
history:
Recei
v
ed
Mar
27,
2024
Re
vised
Aug
26,
2024
Accepted
Oct
1,
2024
K
eyw
ords:
Analytic
hierarch
y
process
Construction
and
demolition
w
aste
Geographic
information
system
Multi-criteria
decision
making
Sustainability
ABSTRA
CT
Properly
managing
w
aste
generated
by
b
uildings
and
public
w
orks
is
a
signi-
cant
challenge
in
T
unisia,
particularly
in
the
city
of
Bizerte.
The
inadequate
dis-
posal
of
such
w
aste
can
cause
substantial
harm
to
human
life,
property
,
and
the
en
vironment.
Thi
s
paper
proposes
an
multi-cri
teria
decision
making
(MCDM)
that
utilizes
the
analytic
hierarch
y
process
(AHP)
decision
support
tool
to
iden-
tify
suitable
landll
sites
for
construction
and
demolition
w
aste
(CD
W)
in
Biz-
erte.
The
AHP
method
is
widely
used
in
MCDM
applications.
The
approach
in
v
olv
es
classifying
dif
ferent
scenarios
based
on
v
arious
e
xclusion
and
appre-
ciation
crit
eria
to
determine
the
optimal
locations
for
future
landlls.
Further
-
more,
the
paper
de
v
elops
a
conceptual
approach
for
identifying
better
sites
for
the
disposal
of
CD
W
,
resulting
in
a
comprehensi
v
e
database
capable
of
storing,
accessing,
and
e
xtracting
information
at
both
conceptual
and
operational
le
v
els.
The
proposed
model
considers
spatial,
technical,
and
en
vironmental
criteria
in
the
selection
of
a
suitable
landll
site.
The
proposed
methodology
of
fers
an
ef
fecti
v
e
and
practical
solution
for
properly
managing
CD
W
w
aste
in
Bizerte,
T
unisia,
and
can
be
applied
to
other
re
gions
f
acing
similar
challenges.
This
is
an
open
access
article
under
the
CC
BY
-SA
license
.
Corresponding
A
uthor:
Chamseddine
Zaki
Colle
ge
of
Engineering
and
T
echnology
,
American
Uni
v
ersity
of
the
Middle
East
Eg
aila
54200,
K
uw
ait
Email:
chamseddine.zaki@aum.edu.kw
1.
INTR
ODUCTION
The
interest
in
en
vironmental
preserv
ation
has
witnessed
a
signicant
sur
ge,
leading
go
v
ernments
and
industries
to
incorporate
en
vironmental
protecti
on
as
an
inte
gral
part
of
their
ongoing
initiati
v
es
[1].
This
heightened
a
w
areness
stems
from
the
realization
of
the
profound
impact
that
construction
and
public
w
orks
w
aste
ha
v
e
on
the
en
vironment,
particularly
w
ater
resources
[2].
Industrial
gro
wth,
increased
production,
and
urban
population
density
ha
v
e
signicantly
increased
solid
w
aste
v
olume,
resulting
in
the
uncontrolled
ooding
of
public
landlls
[3].
These
constitute
a
real
and
permanent
threat
to
the
quality
of
life.
T
unisia
has
seen
gro
wth
in
the
past
fe
w
decades
which
has
led
to
more
urban
de
v
elopment
putting
more
strain
on
nature
and
causing
the
e
xcessi
v
e
use
of
natural
resources.
T
o
address
this
T
unisia
has
been
gradually
putting
in
place
en
vironmental
J
ournal
homepage:
http://ijece
.iaescor
e
.com
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
804
❒
ISSN:
2088-8708
protection
measures
that
ha
v
e
no
w
become
a
foundation,
for
promoting
gr
o
wt
h.
Managing
w
aste
properly
is
a
part
of
sustainable
de
v
elopment
as
it
helps
protect
the
en
vironment
and
public
health.
Zhang
et
al
.
[4]
look
ed
into
ho
w
construction
and
demolition
w
aste
management
aligns
with
sustainable
de
v
elopment
goals
(SDGs)
focusing
on
(clean
w
ater
and
sanitation),
pesponsible
consumption
and
production
(SDG12),
and
sustainable
cities
and
communities
(SDG11).
In
T
unisia,
solid
w
aste
management
follo
ws
frame
w
ork
la
w
no.
96
41
from
1996.
This
la
w
cate
gorizes
w
aste
based
on
their
characterist
ics.
Sets
rules
for
collecting,
transporting,
treating
and
disposing
of
w
aste.
This
study
specica
lly
looks
at
construction
and
demolition
w
aste
(CD
W)
which
f
alls
into
three
cate
gories;
w
aste,
non
hazardous
w
aste
and
hazardous
w
aste.
Inert
w
aste
mak
es
up
the
majority
(90%)
of
CD
W
.
Remains
chemically
sta
b
l
e
o
v
er
time
without
changes
in
its
properties.
This
mak
es
it
gene
rally
safe,
for
the
en
vironment
as
it
does
not
pose
threats.
In
contrast
dangerous
w
aste
includes
metals,
v
aluable
or
uncommon
metals,
(lik
e
platinum
and
palladi
u
m
)
and
semi
v
aluable
metals
(such,
as
titanium,
cobalt,
molybdenum
and
v
anadium).
Unlik
e
dangerous
w
ast
e
hazardous
w
aste
sho
ws
harmful
characteristics
that
can
ne
g
ati
v
ely
impact
both
human
health
and
the
en
vironment.
The
ef
fecti
v
e
management
of
CD
W
plays
a
pi
v
otal
role
in
T
unisia’
s
de
v
elopment
strate
gy
,
with
an
increasing
recognition
of
the
necessity
for
enhanced
CD
W
management
practices.
In
an
y
case,
for
these
initiati
v
es
to
w
ork
and
for
goals
to
be
met,
carefully
thought-
out
alternati
v
es
must
be
considered
in
the
conte
xt
of
T
unisia
as
a
whole
and
indi
vidually
for
each
pro
vince
in
the
country
.
In
this
conte
xt,
the
objecti
v
e
of
this
study
is
to
identify
an
appropriate
solution
for
establishing
construction
w
aste
landll
sites
in
the
Bizerte
re
gion
of
T
unisia.
The
study
proposes
a
multicriteria
analysis
based
on
the
analytic
hierarch
y
process
(AHP)
to
identify
sites
that
meet
the
criteria
for
CD
W
disposal.
AHP
is
a
particular
paradigm
that
has
been
widely
used
in
MCDM
[5].
The
remainder
of
the
article
is
or
g
anized
as
fol
lo
ws:
section
2
pro
vides
an
o
v
ervie
w
of
the
current
state
of
the
art.
Section
3
be
gins
by
e
xamining
the
study
area,
co
v
ering
its
geographical,
geological,
and
h
ydrological
aspects.
This
section
also
outlines
the
methodology
emplo
yed
for
landll
site
selection,
utilizing
AHP
and
geographic
information
system
(GIS)
tools.
In
section
4,
the
results
are
presented
and
discussed.
The
article
concludes
in
section
5
by
summarizing
the
ndings
and
of
fering
future
perspecti
v
es.
2.
LITERA
TURE
REVIEW
CD
W
pertains
to
the
solid
w
aste
generated
from
acti
vities
within
the
b
uilding
and
construction
sec-
tors.
The
generation
of
this
w
aste
stream
is
a
direct
consequence
of
v
arious
construction-related
acti
vities,
such
as
construction,
reno
v
ation,
and
demolition
operations.
These
acti
vities
encompass
a
wide
range
of
tasks,
including
ci
vil
w
orks,
site
clearance,
road
construction,
land
e
xca
v
ation,
grading,
and
demolition
acti
vities.
En
vironmental
dis
asters
such
as
oods,
earthquak
es,
and
hurricanes
also
produce
signicant
CD
W
[6].
T
yp-
ical
materials
utilized
in
D
W
encompass
a
range
of
substances
such
as
rock,
masonry
,
asphalt,
metals,
sand,
plastics,
asbestos,
plasterboard,
and
cardboard.
CD
W
accounts
for
o
v
er
30%
of
global
solid
w
aste
generation
[7].
Ef
fecti
v
e
CD
W
management
minimizes
its
impact
on
ecosystems,
human
health,
and
natural
resources
[8].
Sustainable
practices
and
inno
v
ation
in
w
aste
reduction,
rec
ycling,
and
disposal
are
needed.
Proper
CD
W
management
is
an
interdisciplinary
topic
encompassing
engineering,
management,
t
echnology
,
and
polic
y
per
-
specti
v
es,
contrib
uting
to
the
circular
economy
.
Massi
v
e
quantities
of
CD
W
are
generated
w
orldwide.
F
or
instance,
China
produced
approximately
2,300
million
tons
in
2019
,
making
it
the
lar
gest
CD
W
producer
glob-
ally
.
According
to
the
global
w
aste
management
outlook
report
in
2015
[9]
about
85%
of
global
solid
w
aste
is
disposed
of
in
landlls,
with
lo
w
reuse
and
rec
ycling
rates.
In
Beij
ing,
China,
70-80%
is
dumped
in
landlls
[10].
The
AHP
is
a
decision-maki
ng
methodology
introduced
by
Saaty
in
1977
[11].
It
f
acilitates
e
v
aluating
and
prioritizing
alternati
v
es
by
considering
a
predened
set
of
criteria.
The
pro
vided
frame
w
ork
presents
a
methodical
approach
to
na
vig
ating
intricate
decision-making
processes
through
the
e
xamination
of
the
hierar
-
chical
structure
inherent
in
the
problem
at
hand.
The
AHP
is
a
methodology
that
utilizes
pairwise
comparisons
to
ascertain
the
relati
v
e
signicance
of
v
arious
elements.
In
the
decision-making
process,
indi
viduals
assess
the
relati
v
e
signicance
of
v
arious
projects
or
al
ternati
v
es
by
eng
aging
in
pairwise
comparisons
and
assigning
numerical
v
alues
to
encapsulate
their
judgments.
Subsequently
,
the
priority
ratios
between
the
alternati
v
es
are
deri
v
ed
based
on
the
pairwise
comparisons.
The
AHP
has
the
potential
to
be
ef
fecti
v
ely
combined
with
a
range
of
other
methodologies,
includ-
ing
linear
programming,
quality
function
deplo
yment,
and
fuzzy
logic.
The
e
xibility
inherent
in
this
system
enables
users
to
inte
grate
v
arious
methodologies
and
le
v
erage
their
syner
gistic
ef
fects,
thereby
enhancing
the
ef
fecti
v
eness
and
ef
cienc
y
of
decision-making
processes
[12].
The
AHP
has
found
e
xtensi
v
e
utilization
across
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng,
V
ol.
15,
No.
1,
February
2025:
803-816
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng
ISSN:
2088-8708
❒
805
di
v
erse
domains
in
practical
scenarios.
In
the
eld
of
healthcare
research,
the
AHP
has
been
utili
zed
to
assess
and
prioritize
treatment
options,
e
v
aluate
patient
needs,
and
analyze
the
allocation
of
resources.
The
AHP
is
a
v
aluable
tool
in
the
eld
of
project
management,
as
it
aids
in
the
selection
and
prioritization
of
projects
within
a
portfolio.
T
ransparent
and
objecti
v
e
criteria
guide
this
process.
The
appl
ication
of
AHP
has
also
been
observ
ed
in
the
e
v
aluation
of
domain-specic
modeling
languages
to
de
v
elop
intricate
intelligent
systems.
W
ithin
the
realm
of
w
aste
management,
the
AHP
can
be
emplo
yed
as
a
means
to
discern
and
choose
appropriate
landll
locations
for
the
management
of
CD
W
.
The
procedure
e
xamines
multiple
f
actors
and
criteria,
including
the
proximity
to
the
w
aste
source,
en
vironmental
consequences,
nancial
implications,
and
ease
of
access.
The
AHP
allo
ws
decision-mak
ers
to
methodically
assess
these
f
actors
and
mak
e
well-informed
decisions
concern-
ing
the
selection
of
landll
sites
to
implement
ef
fe
cti
v
e
and
sustainable
practices
in
the
management
of
CD
W
.
In
study
[13],
the
fuzzy
analytic
hierarch
y
process
(F
AHP)
approach
w
as
used
to
assess
dif
ferent
CD
W
man-
agement
alternati
v
es
(landl
ling,
rec
ycling,
reusing,
and
reduction)
in
T
ehran,
Iran.
The
proposed
alternati
v
es
were
in
v
estig
ated
concerning
dif
ferent
criteria,
and
di
vided
into
four
dif
ferent
groups
(en
vironmental,
social,
technical,
and
economic).
The
F
AHP
approach
helps
in
determi
ning
the
most
suitable
CD
W
by
pro
viding
a
comprehensi
v
e
and
systematic
w
ay
to
e
v
aluate
dif
ferent
alternati
v
es
based
on
multiple
criteria
analyses.
The
study
of
Ghafourian
et
al
.
[14]
aims
to
empirically
in
v
estig
ate
sustainable
CD
W
management
in
Malaysia.
It
combines
both
qualitati
v
e
and
quantitati
v
e
data
to
pro
vide
an
accurate
and
holistic
assessment
of
w
aste
manage-
ment
practices.
L
´
opez
et
al
.
et
al
.
[15]
inte
grate
AHP
,
GIS,
and
remote
sensing
(RS)
to
pro
vide
a
management
tool
to
assist
decision-mak
ers
in
ef
fecti
v
ely
selecting
landll
sites
while
promoting
territorial
sustainability
.
It
identies
fourteen
sub-criteria
and
cate
gorizes
them
into
ph
ysical,
en
vironmental,
and
socioeconomic
f
actors.
The
results
sho
w
highly
,
moderately
,
mar
ginally
,
and
unsuit
able
areas
for
landll
sites.
The
study
by
Shah
[16]
uses
AHP
and
GIS
to
identify
and
prioritize
suitable
landll
sites
in
India.
It
aids
to
wn
planning
departments
in
identifying
w
aste
processing
and
collection
centers
for
cities
that
highly
contrib
ute
to
solid
w
aste.
Gra
v
e
et
al
.
[17]
use
AHP
and
sensiti
vity
analysis
(SA)
to
impro
v
e
classication
reliability
in
Geographical
information
systems-multicriteria
decision
analysis
(GIS-MCD
A).
The
study
helps
stak
eholders
identify
the
classication
scheme
that
best
con
v
e
ys
the
coastal
zone’
s
dif
ferential
e
xposure
to
hurricanes.
Our
study
is
focused
on
addressing
the
challenges
of
solid
w
aste
management
in
the
go
v
ernorate
of
Bizerte.
It
aims
to
nd
sustainable
solutions
for
these
w
aste
management
issues
that
tak
e
into
consideration
the
specic
spatial
and
en
vironmental
features
of
this
area.
The
rst
step
to
w
ards
achie
ving
this
goal
is
the
establishment
of
landll
sites
that
comply
with
the
standards
set
by
the
T
unisian
go
v
ernment.
T
o
conduct
our
analysis,
we
emplo
y
the
AHP
in
combination
with
GIS.
Additionally
,
we
of
fer
the
user
the
opportunity
to
dene
the
GIS
model
and
spatial
constraints
using
a
specic
spatiotemporal
conceptual
model
named
modeling
of
application
data
with
spatio-temporal
features
(MADS)
[18],
[19].
MADS
is
considered
one
of
the
best
geographical
spatiotemporal
models
[20],
[21].
It
is
directly
transformed
into
a
relational
database
management
system
that
easily
nds
all
the
features
that
should
be
analyzed
and
assessed
for
AHP
.
W
e
pro
vide
users
with
a
simple
tool
to
identify
their
constraints
and
shield
them
from
the
comple
xities
of
the
information
system
while
dealing
with
intricate
computerized
transformations.
Our
approach
enables
the
making
of
informed
decisions
and
the
ef
cient
management
of
solid
w
aste
in
the
re
gion.
3.
METHOD
This
research
in
v
olv
ed
g
athering
data
from
multiple
elds
such
as
geomorphology
,
geology
,
h
ydrol-
ogy
,
and
h
ydrogeol
ogy
to
de
v
elop
a
spatial
reference
information
system
for
Bizerte
using
ArcGIS
softw
are.
A
multicriteria
e
v
aluation
using
the
AHP
w
as
conducted
for
the
w
aste
disposal
site
selection,
in
v
olving
criteria
di
vided
into
f
actors
(suitability)
and
constraints
(e
xclusion).
Six
constraint
layers
and
v
e-f
actor
layers
were
identied,
with
scenario
se
lection
based
on
v
arying
the
weight
of
certain
f
actors.
The
methodology
,
v
alidated
by
local
e
xperts,
emphasizes
adaptability
to
each
ne
w
case
study’
s
geographical
nuances,
suggesting
that
the
generalizable
approach
requires
customization
based
on
specic
local
conditions
[22].
3.1.
The
study
ar
ea
The
pro
vince
of
Bizerte-T
unisia,
located
in
the
e
xtreme
northeast
of
the
country
,
benets
from
a
pri
vile
ged
location
with
a
wide
opening
on
the
Mediterranea
n
Sea:
250
kilometers
of
coastline
as
sho
wn
in
Figure
1.
The
pro
vinces
of
Ariana
and
Manuba
border
Bizerte
to
the
south,
Beja
to
the
west,
and
the
Mediterranean
Sea
t
o
the
north.
The
area
comprises
di
v
erse
geographical
features
such
as
mountainous
relief,
hills,
alluvial
plains,
gypsum
deposits
in
the
Medjerda
V
alle
y
,
Sebkhas,
lagoons,
and
v
alle
ys
of
major
ri
v
ers.
Analytic
hier
ar
c
hy
pr
ocess
g
eo
gr
aphic
information
system
based
...
(Mohamed
A
yet
Allah
Bilel
Soussi)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
806
❒
ISSN:
2088-8708
Alluvial
v
alle
y
soils
and
colluvium,
frequently
accompanied
by
sandy
and
loamy
outcrops,
ank
gently
sloping
terrains
wi
thout
signicant
clif
fs,
are
characteristics
of
the
lands
crossed.
When
the
ground
is
well-drained,
the
current
pedogenesis
is
bro
wn.
But
when
the
ground
is
conned,
it
has
v
ertical
or
h
ydrodynamic
dynamics
that
are
af
fected
by
the
geochemical
conte
xt
and
can
someti
mes
ha
v
e
noticeable
saline
ef
fects.
The
land
use
in
the
re
gion
includes
concentrated
urbanization
along
the
coast,
re
gions
with
polycultures,
agricultural
areas
emplo
ying
plo
wed
systems,
and
rural
agro-pastoral
zones.
The
h
ydrographic
netw
ork
features
streams
that
o
w
east-northeast,
connecting
lak
es
and
marsh
y
areas.
The
area
benets
from
a
well-de
v
eloped
road
netw
ork,
and
it
e
xperiences
a
Mediterranean
climate
with
mild
winters,
hot
summers,
and
v
arying
rainf
all.
Hydrogeologically
,
the
re
gion
is
characterized
by
phreatic
aquifers
with
dif
ferent
salinity
le
v
els
as
well
as
deep
aquifers
that
support
v
arious
uses
and
pro
vide
w
ater
to
the
ar
ea.
T
able
1
represents
the
characteristics
of
the
Bizerte
‘data
we
collected
and
used
in
this
study
.
Figure
1.
Location
of
the
study
area
T
able
1.
Data
used
in
this
study
Data
type
Description
Resolution/scale
Source
Digital
ele
v
ation
model
(DEM)
ASTER
GDEM
30
m
Earth
e
xplorer
Slope
Extracted
from
the
DEM
30
m
Earth
e
xplorer
Hydraulic
Netw
orks
Digital
1/50,0000
Digitization
Pedology
Digital
1/50,0000
Digitization
Road
netw
orks
Digital
1/50,0000
Digitization
Groundw
ater
Digital
1/50,0000
Digitization
Deep
groundw
ater
Digital
1/50,0000
Digitization
Land
use
Digital
1/50,0000
Digitization
3.2.
The
criteria
conditioning
landll
sites
The
prospecti
v
e
search
for
suitable
sit
es
for
landll
acti
vity
is
carried
out
based
on
the
e
v
al
uation
of
e
xclusion
criteria
and
appreciation
criteria
dened
in
the
conte
xt
of
this
study
.
The
criteria
of
e
xclusion
(constraints)
aim
to
limit
the
search
for
suitable
sites,
in
domains
of
an
e
xclusi
v
e
nature
that
do
not
tolerate
an
y
competition.
The
follo
wing
e
xclusion
constraints
ha
v
e
been
chosen:
−
W
atercourse:
poorly
des
igned
landlls
threaten
surf
ace
w
ater
sources.
W
ater
pollution
can
result
from
CD
W
containing
landll
chemicals
and
byproducts.
Uncontrolled
landll
leachate
contaminates
ecological
resources
and
endangers
people
who
drink
and
touch
thi
s
w
ater
.
At
least
300
m
is
the
safety
radius
for
all
h
ydrographic
elements
[23].
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng,
V
ol.
15,
No.
1,
February
2025:
803-816
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng
ISSN:
2088-8708
❒
807
−
Groundw
ater:
a
h
ydrogeological
study
must
locate
shallo
w
and
deep
groundw
ater
aquifers
to
choose
a
landll
site.
This
study
aims
to
minimize
and
predict
the
impact
of
CD
W
on
surf
ace
w
ater
and
groundw
ater
,
as
man
y
f
actors
can
pollute
groundw
ater
and
mak
e
it
unsuitable
for
special
acti
vities
and
consumption.
A
b
uf
fer
zone
of
2
km
[24]
is
required
around
deep
aquifers
and
800
m
around
shallo
w
ones.
−
Hill
dams
and
lak
es:
we
mark
ed
zonal
h
ydrograph
y
(lak
es),
punctual
h
ydraulic
structures
(hill
dams),
and
isolated
h
ydraulic
structures
(hill
lak
es)
on
the
h
ydrographic
netw
ork
map
for
the
study
area.
W
e
set
a
300
m
safety
radius
for
all
h
ydrographic
elements
[23].
−
Residential
areas:
the
proximity
of
a
landll
s
ite
to
a
residential
area
gi
v
es
rise
to
a
range
of
en
vironmental
concerns,
including
those
related
to
human
health,
land
v
alues,
and
urban
de
v
elopment.
It
can
also
lead
to
v
arious
harmful
en
vironmental
pollution
due
to
odors
and
noise
from
landlls.
A
b
uf
fer
zone
of
1
km
around
residential
areas
is
required.
−
Road
netw
orks:
road
netw
ork
proximity
is
a
major
f
actor
in
city
distance
and
main
road
access.
If
the
landll
site
is
f
ar
from
the
road,
it
will
increase
transportation
costs
and
pollution;
if
it
is
close,
it
will
look
bad
[23].
F
or
this
reason,
a
b
uf
fer
zone
of
less
than
500
m
from
roads
has
been
chosen.
−
Pedology:
ho
w
much
groundw
ater
rechar
ge
can
penetrate
the
soil
af
fects
ho
w
well
pollutants
can
mo
v
e
v
er
-
tically
through
the
unsat
urated
zone.
Sandy
soils
are
highly
porous
and
permeable,
making
them
unsuitable
for
landlls
and
af
fecting
local
w
ater
quality
.
Motlagh
and
Sayadi
[25]
suggested
that
loamy
clay
is
the
best
soil
te
xture,
follo
wed
by
loamy
sand.
−
Land
occupanc
y:
The
land
use
layers
may
inform
de
v
elopment
decisions
and
re
gional
de
v
elopment
guide-
lines.
W
e
chose
protected
areas,
forests,
f
armlands,
and
agricultural
lands.
A
b
uf
fer
zone
of
300
meters
is
permitted
around
these
areas
[26].
−
Historical
and
archaeological
site:
al
l
areas
that
e
xhibit
cultural
aspects
(archaeology
and
natural
heritage)
must
be
e
xcluded.
A
b
uf
fer
zone
of
500
meters
has
been
selected.
−
The
coastal
features:
coastal
areas
are
attracti
v
e
spaces
subject
to
high
population
pressure.
The
y
are
di
v
erse
territories
with
v
ery
dif
ferent
en
vironments
(beaches,
clif
fs,
and
dunes)
that
host
multiple
uses
(commercial,
industrial
acti
vities,
and
shing).
Consequently
,
se
v
eral
strate
gies
ha
v
e
been
implemented
to
protect
coastal
interests
in
T
unisia.
The
general
rule
of
the
appreciation
criterion
in
AHP
is
to
e
v
aluate
and
compare
the
relati
v
e
impor
-
tance
of
dif
ferent
criteria
concerning
a
common
goal.
T
able
2
sho
ws
the
appreciation
constraints
that
ha
v
e
been
chosen,
and
the
description
of
each
constraint
is
listed
belo
w:
−
T
opograph
y:
the
slope
is
considered
an
important
criterion
for
selecting
landll
sites.
An
y
increase
in
slope
leads
to
inltration
of
contaminated
leachate
into
adjacent
residential
areas,
especially
in
areas
with
high
altitudes.
In
this
study
,
the
slope
should
be
between
0
and
10%
[27].
−
Hydrogeological
f
actors:
the
y
include
proximity
to
w
atercourses.
The
proximity
criterion
to
w
atercourses
has
been
standardized
by
considering
the
distance
v
alues
through
a
monotonic
increasing
function.
−
Social
f
actors:
proximity
to
residential
areas
reects
the
primary
social
f
actor
in
decision-making
to
select
the
best
sites.
−
Economic
f
actors:
the
y
include
proximity
to
the
road
netw
ork.
−
En
vironmental
f
actors:
the
soil
has
a
signicant
ef
fect
on
the
quantity
of
groundw
ater
rechar
ge
that
can
penetrate
the
soil
and
thus
on
the
ability
of
pollutants
to
mo
v
e
v
ertically
in
the
unsaturated
zone.
T
ables
2
and
3
pro
vide
a
concise
summary
of
the
d
e
cision
f
actors
for
our
analysis,
including
thei
r
respecti
v
e
sub-f
actors
and
corresponding
criteria
and
b
uf
fer
zones.
T
able
2.
Hierarchical
structure
for
selecting
the
best
landll
site
location
Decision
f
actor
Sub
f
actors
Exclusion
criteria
Appreciation
criteria
T
opograph
y
Slope
x
Hydrogeology
W
atercourse
x
x
Groundw
ater
x
Hill
dams
and
lak
es
x
Social
Residential
areas
x
x
Economy
Road
netw
ork
x
x
En
vironment
Pedology
x
x
Land
occupanc
y
x
Historical
and
Archaeological
sites
x
Coastline
x
Analytic
hier
ar
c
hy
pr
ocess
g
eo
gr
aphic
information
system
based
...
(Mohamed
A
yet
Allah
Bilel
Soussi)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
808
❒
ISSN:
2088-8708
T
able
3.
The
data
set
for
the
b
uf
fer
zone
analysis
Decision
sub
f
actor
Buf
fer
zones
W
atercourse
300
m
Groundw
ater:
deep
aquifer
2000
m
Groundw
ater:
shallo
w
aquifer
800
m
Hill
dams
and
lak
es
300
m
Residential
areas
1000
m
Road
netw
ork
500
m
Pedology
’Clay
loam
soil’
or
’Sandy
loam
soil’
Land
occupanc
y
300
Historical
and
Archaeological
sites
500
Coastline
250
3.3.
The
criteria
conditioning
landll
sites
In
decision-making
methods
such
as
multicriteria
analysis,
the
user
may
consider
that
all
criteria
do
not
ha
v
e
the
same
importance.
Thus,
most
multicriteria
methods
translate
this
importance
into
weights,
to
mak
e
them
comparable
and
to
inte
grate
them
into
the
suitability
calculation
model.
The
method
is
based
on
compari
ng
the
dif
ferent
f
actors,
pairwise.
St
arting
from
the
construction
of
a
square
matrix,
as
sho
wn
in
T
able
4,
the
relati
v
e
importance
of
one
f
actor
to
another
is
e
v
aluated
using
an
adequate
scale
proposed
by
Saaty
[28].
P
airwise
comparisons
of
all
f
actors
were
tak
en
as
input
data
for
the
matrix.
Once
the
comparison
matrix
is
lled,
the
eigen
v
alue
of
each
one
and
its
corresponding
eigen
v
ector
are
calculated.
The
eigen
v
ector
indicates
the
priority
order
or
weight
of
the
studied
f
actors.
This
result
is
important
for
probability
e
v
aluation
since
it
will
be
used
to
indicate
the
relati
v
e
importance
of
each
f
actor
.
The
f
actors
ha
ving
been
standardized,
were
subsequently
weighted
by
the
pairwise
comparison
method.
The
pairwise
comparison
of
f
actors
is
intended
to
help
the
decision-mak
er
,
whether
public
or
pri
v
ate,
rene
his
decision-making
process
by
e
xamining
the
coherence
and
logic
of
his
preferences.
The
pairwise
comparison
generates
a
matrix
from
which
the
relati
v
e
importance
of
each
f
actor
is
deduced.
This
importance
is
e
xpressed
according
to
Saaty
[28]
by
weights
on
a
scale
of
v
alues
from
1
to
8
and
it
is
s
ho
wn
in
T
able
4
as
the
intensity
of
importance.
These
v
alues
mak
e
it
possible
to
de
v
elop
matrices
of
pairwise,
reciprocal,
and
positi
v
e
com-
parisons.
Using
statistical
tests,
the
comparison
matrix
leads
to
a
weighting
matrix.
The
latter
denes
priority
v
alues
called
eigen
v
ectors
or
weighting
coef
cients,
whose
sum
is
equal
to
1.
F
or
e
xample,
in
scenario
2,
as
per
T
able
5,
to
estimate
the
weighting
coef
cient
of
the
social
f
actor
,
the
procedure
requires
the
calculation
of
the
eigen
v
ector
of
the
pairwise
comparison
matrix
of
the
criteria
according
to
(1):
v
p
=
n
q
Y
a
ij
(1)
where
n
is
the
number
of
f
actors
and
a
ij
is
the
v
alue
of
the
element
(i)
in
the
ith
ro
w
and
the
element
(j)
in
the
jth
column.
The
v
alues
of
these
eigen
v
ectors
(
v
p
)
are
determined
by
calculating
their
geometric
mean
by
(2):
v
p
=
5
r
1
2
×
1
2
×
1
×
1
×
1
≈
0
.
76
(2)
Thus,
the
weighting
coef
cient
for
each
f
actor
is
deri
v
ed
by
standardi
zing
the
eigen
v
ector
by
di
viding
each
eigen
v
ector
by
its
sum.
W
eigh
ting
co
ecien
t
=
v
p
P
v
p
(3)
F
or
the
social
criterion
listed
in
T
able
5
as
one
of
the
decision
criteria,
the
weighting
coef
cient
is:
W
eigh
ting
co
ecien
t
=
0
.
76
1
.
32
+
2
.
05
+
0
.
76
+
0
.
76
+
0
.
64
≈
0
.
14
(4)
This
calculation
w
as
performed
for
the
other
f
actors
(topograph
y;
h
ydrogeology;
economy;
en
vironment).
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng,
V
ol.
15,
No.
1,
February
2025:
803-816
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng
ISSN:
2088-8708
❒
809
T
able
4.
Binary
comparison
scale
[28]
Intensity
of
importance
Expression
of
a
criterion
in
relation
to
another
1
Equal
importance
3
Lo
w
importance
of
one
o
v
er
the
other
5
Essential
importance
7
Demonstrated
importance
9
Absolute
importance
2,
4,
6,
8
Intermediate
T
able
5.
Calculation
of
weighting
coef
cients
for
decision
f
actors
Decision
criteria
T
opograph
y
Hydrogeology
Social
Economic
En
vironment
Eigen
v
ector
W
eighting
coef
cient
Scenario
1
(same
weighting
for
all
f
actors)
T
opograph
y
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.2
Hydrogeology
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.2
social
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.2
Economic
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.2
En
vironment
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.2
Scenario
2
(h
ydrogeology
>
topograph
y
>
en
vironment;
social;
economy)
T
opograph
y
1
1/3
2
2
3
1.32
0.24
Hydrogeology
3
1
2
2
3
2.05
0.37
social
1/2
1/2
1
1
1
0.76
0.14
Economic
1/2
1/2
1
1
1
0.76
0.14
En
vironment
1/3
1/3
1
1
1
0.64
0.12
Scenario
3
(topograph
y
>
h
ydrogeology
>
en
vironment;
social;
economic)
T
opograph
y
1
3
2
2
3
2.05
0.37
Hydrogeology
1/3
1.0
2
2
3
1.32
0.24
social
1/2
1/2
1
1
1
0.76
0.14
Economic
1/2
1/2
1
1
1
0.76
0.14
En
vironment
1/3
1/3
1
1
1
0.64
0.12
Scenario
4
(social
>
topograph
y
>
en
vironment;
economic
>
h
ydrogeology)
T
opograph
y
1
3
1/3
2
2
1.32
0.24
Hydrogeology
1/3
1
1/3
1
1
0.64
0.12
social
3
3
1
2
2
2.05
0.37
Economic
1/2
1
1/2
1
1
0.76
0.14
En
vironment
1/2
1
1/2
1
1
0.76
0.14
Scenario
5
(economy
>
topograph
y
>
en
vironment;
social
>
h
ydrogeology)
T
opograph
y
1
3
2
1/3
2
1.32
0.24
Hydrogeology
1/3
1
1
1/3
1
0.64
0.12
social
1/
2
1
1
1/2
1
0.76
0.14
Economic
3
3
2
1
2
2.05
0.37
En
vironment
1/2
1
1
1/2
1
0.76
0.14
The
v
erication
of
Saaty’
s
pairwise
comparison
matrix
[11]
relies
on
tw
o
metrics:
the
cons
istenc
y
inde
x
(CI)
and
the
consistenc
y
ratio
(CR).
CI
is
founded
upon
the
principle
of
judgment
transiti
vity
.
F
or
instance,
if
the
preference
is
gi
v
en
to
A
o
v
er
B
and
to
B
o
v
er
C
,
transiti
vity
dictates
that
A
should
be
preferred
to
C
.
Hence,
CI
g
auges
the
reliability
of
comparisons
made
through
consiste
nt
judgments.
A
higher
CI
indicates
greater
consistenc
y
in
the
e
xpressed
judgments
within
the
comparison
matrix,
and
con
v
ersely
.
The
formula
for
CI
is
described
as
(5):
C
I
=
λ
max
−
k
k
−
1
(5)
where:
-
k
,
being
the
number
of
compared
f
actors.
-
λ
max
,
a
v
alue
calculated
based
on
Saaty’
s
matrix
[28],
eigen
v
ectors,
and
k
.
The
CR
is
dened
by
Saaty
in
1980
[28]
as
the
ratio
of
the
CI
calculated
from
the
matrix
corresponding
to
the
judgments
of
the
actors
(matrix
resulting
from
pairwise
comparison)
and
the
random
inde
x
(RI)
of
a
matrix
of
the
same
dimension.
The
RI
sho
wn
in
T
able
6
is
deri
v
ed
from
a
sample
of
500
randomly
generated
Analytic
hier
ar
c
hy
pr
ocess
g
eo
gr
aphic
information
system
based
...
(Mohamed
A
yet
Allah
Bilel
Soussi)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
810
❒
ISSN:
2088-8708
positi
v
e
reciprocal
matrices
of
size
11
by
11
.
This
method
ensures
a
rob
ust
and
consi
stent
assessment
of
the
judgments
made
by
the
actors
in
v
olv
ed
in
the
decision-making
process.
T
able
7
sho
ws
the
calculated
consistenc
y
ratio
(CR).
The
follo
wing
formula
gi
v
es
the
equation
of
CR:
C
R
=
C
I
R
I
(6)
The
research,
citing
[28],
highlights
that
a
CR
abo
v
e
10%
indicates
incoherence
in
comparisons.
T
o
ensure
the
coherence
of
pairwise
comparisons
at
the
matrix
le
v
el,
CR
w
as
calculated
and
found
to
be
well
belo
w
0.1,
conrming
consistenc
y
.
The
study
used
a
mathematical
approach
to
determine
the
best
scenario
for
landll
site
selection
from
v
e
options
by
calculating
the
a
v
erage
of
the
weighting
coef
cients
for
each
criterion.
This
method,
e
xible
to
changes
or
additions
in
criteria,
is
detailed
alongside
results
in
T
able
8.
The
prioritization
emphasizes
locating
the
landll
on
lo
w-slope
terrain
with
specic
soil
te
xtures.
F
or
multicriteria
e
v
aluation,
three
aggre
g
ation
methods
were
e
xplored:
complete
aggre
g
ation,
which
eliminates
incomparability;
partial
aggre
g
ation,
which
accepts
it;
and
local
aggre
g
ation,
an
iterati
v
e
approach
seeking
optimal
solutions.
The
study
emplo
yed
a
complete
aggre
g
ation
method,
reducing
multiple
criteria
to
a
single
one
for
decision-making,
and
utilized
ArcGIS’
s
weighted
sum
functionality
with
the
weighted
linear
combination
(WLC)
algorithm
for
f
actor
aggre
g
ation.
This
produced
a
suitability
map
for
b
urying
CD
W
in
Bizerte,
presented
in
the
research,
to
identify
optimal
landll
sites.
T
able
6.
V
alue
of
RI
[28]
Number
of
criteria
(n)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
R
I
0
0.58
0.9
1.12
1.24
1.32
1.41
1.45
1.49
1.51
T
able
7.
Calculation
of
the
CR
λ
max
CI
CR
5.23
0.06
0.05
T
able
8.
Calculation
of
weighting
coef
cients
for
decision
f
actors
in
the
a
v
erage
scenario
A
v
erage
scenario
W
eighting
coef
cient
T
opograph
y
0.26
Hydrogeology
0.21
Social
0.20
Economic
0.20
En
vironment
0.14
3.4.
Conceptual
appr
oach
T
o
enhance
the
clarity
,
e
xtensibility
,
and
reusability
of
our
w
ork,
we
based
our
approach
on
the
MADS
frame
w
ork,
a
conceptual
model
s
pecically
designed
for
modeling
spatiotemporal
data
[18].
According
to
the
state
of
the
art,
MADS
is
one
of
the
best
models
in
this
cate
gory
[20],
[29],
[30].
W
e
ha
v
e
elaborated
on
using
the
MADS
model
to
de
v
elop
a
conceptual
frame
w
ork
that
accurately
represents
the
entities
and
topological
relationships
in
v
olv
ed
in
the
site
selection
process
for
construction
and
demolition
w
aste.
These
relationships
are
clearly
and
ef
fecti
v
ely
depicted
in
the
MADS
conceptual
model.
Furthermore,
we
ha
v
e
im
p
l
emented
these
relationships
generically
in
PL/Python
and
PL/Pgsql,
presenting
a
model
that
can
be
easily
e
xtended
and
reused
for
an
y
geographic
AHP
study
.
The
MADS
model
simplies
the
conception
of
the
spatiotemporal
case
study
,
ensuring
clarity
and
comprehensibility
.
Additionally
,
the
de
v
elopment
of
ne
w
generic
functions
f
acilitates
the
inte
gration
of
an
y
conceptual
model
reecting
a
geographic
AHP
study
into
PostgreSQL/PostGIS
[29],
[30].
This
enhancement
increases
the
e
xibility
and
applicability
of
our
approach,
m
aking
it
a
v
aluable
tool
for
geographic
AHP
case
studies.
3.4.1.
Choice
of
design
methodology
Be
yond
the
v
arious
models
for
conceptual
spatiotemporal
data
modeling,
we
note
that
the
MADS
model,
which
has
been
highly
re
g
arded
in
numerous
studies,
also
pro
v
es
to
be
more
adv
antageous
than
other
models
in
meeting
our
requirements.
In
terms
of
clarity
,
MADS
stands
out
as
the
best
option
compared
to
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng,
V
ol.
15,
No.
1,
February
2025:
803-816
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng
ISSN:
2088-8708
❒
811
other
models.
It
supports
orthogonality
between
dif
ferent
concepts
of
the
model,
allo
wing
spatial,
temporal,
and
spatiotemporal
dimensions
to
be
freely
assigned
to
dif
ferent
classes
and
associations.
Furthermore,
MADS
f
acilitates
the
graphical
attrib
ution
of
spatial
and
temporal
constraints
on
associations
within
the
model.
Based
on
our
requirements,
we
are
condent
that
the
MADS
model
fully
meets
our
needs
[20],
[29],
[30].
3.4.2.
Conceptual
data
model
In
this
section,
we
present
the
v
arious
entities,
attrib
utes,
and
methods
of
our
conceptual
s
chema
created
using
the
MADS
formalism.
As
depicted
in
Figure
2,
our
model
comprises
a
primary
entity
named
StudyAreaAHP
,
along
wi
th
six
additional
entities:
pedology
,
slope,
urban
areas,
groundw
ater
table,
road,
and
h
ydraulic
netw
ork.
These
entities
are
designed
to
align
with
the
constraints
of
our
case
study
,
emphasizing
the
necessity
to
analyze
their
characteristics
to
select
the
optimal
location
for
public
b
uilding
demolition
w
aste.
The
entities
are
described
as
follo
ws:
−
Pedology:
pro
vides
detailed
information
on
the
or
g
anization
and
description
of
dif
ferent
soil
types
encoun-
tered
in
the
area.
−
Slope:
contains
all
the
v
alues
of
the
topographic
slope
within
the
Bizerte
area.
−
Groundw
ater
table:
includes
data
on
both
shallo
w
and
deep
groundw
ater
tables.
−
Road:
represents
the
v
arious
road
se
gments
in
the
road
database.
−
Hydraulic
netw
ork:
depicts
the
dif
ferent
w
atercourses
present
in
the
Bizerte
area.
−
Urban
area:
describes
the
characteristics
of
the
closest
urban
area
relati
v
e
to
the
StudyAreaAHP
.
Figure
2.
Conceptual
schema
of
the
landll
site
database
Each
of
these
six
entities
is
connected
to
the
StudyAreaAHP
through
topological
relationships,
which
are
graphically
represented
using
MADS.
The
characteristics
of
these
topological
relationships
are
visually
depicted,
allo
wing
for
an
intuiti
v
e
understanding
of
their
interactions.
Furthermore,
each
pictogram
used
to
characterize
the
topological
relations
is
automatically
transformed
and
utilized
in
the
ph
ysical
model,
f
acili-
tating
the
AHP
analysis.
F
or
instance,
the
topological
relationship
“distance”
between
the
entities
urban
area
and
StudyAreaAHP
automatically
calculates
the
distances
bet
ween
all
semantically
possible
instances
of
urban
areas
and
the
corresponding
instances
of
StudyAreaAHP
.
Analytic
hier
ar
c
hy
pr
ocess
g
eo
gr
aphic
information
system
based
...
(Mohamed
A
yet
Allah
Bilel
Soussi)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
812
❒
ISSN:
2088-8708
4.
RESUL
TS
AND
DISCUSSION
The
results
of
this
study
focus
on
tw
o
k
e
y
aspects
critical
to
ef
fecti
v
e
landll
site
selection.
First,
a
suitability
map
w
as
de
v
eloped
to
represent
a
v
erage
en
vironmental,
social,
and
economic
conditions,
pro
viding
a
balanced
vie
w
of
potential
areas.
Second,
specic
areas
were
identied
as
highly
suitable
for
landll
loca-
tion,
based
on
aggre
g
ated
f
actors
such
as
land
use
compatibility
,
accessibility
,
and
minimal
impact
on
densely
populated
or
ecologically
sensiti
v
e
zones.
4.1.
De
v
elopment
of
the
suitability
map
f
or
the
a
v
erage
scenario
The
map
presented
in
Figure
3
is
based
on
the
analysis
of
tw
o
types
of
criteria,
e
xclusion
and
appreci-
ation.
As
sho
wn
in
Figure
4
once
the
appreciation
f
actors
were
established
and
weighted,
the
y
were
aggre
g
ated
using
the
WLC
algorithm
in
ArcGIS.
The
dark
green
areas
in
Figure
5
represent
the
most
suitable
locations
for
the
placement
of
landll
sites,
whereas
the
least
suitable
locations
are
depicted
in
shades
of
red.
Figure
3.
Output
suitability
map
of
landll
sites
Figure
4.
The
graphical
interf
ace
of
the
“weighted
sum”
tool
on
ArcGIS
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng,
V
ol.
15,
No.
1,
February
2025:
803-816
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.