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a
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it
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se
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it
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ted
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se
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jo
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d
fu
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re
se
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h
d
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ti
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s.
K
ey
w
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d
s
:
An
aly
s
is
B
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
Hig
h
er
o
r
d
er
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
Scien
ce
Selecte
d
jo
u
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n
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T
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is i
s
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CC B
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C
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A
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W
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Pro
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Natu
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Scien
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E
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Ma
th
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Natu
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Scien
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s
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Un
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C
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Ja
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u
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es.a
c.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
h
u
m
an
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
in
th
e
2
1
s
t
ce
n
tu
r
y
is
claim
ed
to
h
av
e
th
r
ee
ess
en
tial
ab
ilit
ies,
n
am
e
ly
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
,
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
[
1
]
.
T
h
ese
th
r
ee
s
k
ills
ar
e
k
n
o
wn
as
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
th
in
k
i
n
g
o
r
h
ig
h
er
o
r
d
er
t
h
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
(
HOT
S
)
.
Ad
ap
tin
g
to
th
e
2
1
s
t
ce
n
tu
r
y
r
eq
u
ir
es
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
d
ev
elo
p
cr
ea
tiv
ity
an
d
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
2
]
.
C
r
itical
th
in
k
in
g
is
n
ee
d
ed
in
s
o
lv
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
r
a
p
id
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
at
h
u
m
an
ity
wi
ll
f
ac
e
in
th
e
2
1
st
ce
n
tu
r
y
to
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
k
i
n
d
o
f
th
in
k
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
at
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
n
ee
d
to
d
e
v
elo
p
to
p
r
e
p
ar
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
th
e
r
ea
l
wo
r
ld
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
o
r
e
th
an
ju
s
t
s
im
p
le
lear
n
in
g
ab
o
u
t
f
ac
ts
an
d
co
n
ten
t
[
4
]
.
Hig
h
-
lev
el
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
ar
e
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
asp
ec
t
o
f
teac
h
in
g
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
esp
ec
iall
y
in
c
o
lleg
es
o
r
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
[
5
]
.
T
h
in
k
i
n
g
s
k
ills
tr
ain
in
g
is
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
g
en
er
i
c
s
k
ills
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
em
b
e
d
d
ed
in
all
s
u
b
ject
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
[
6
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
with
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
ills
ar
e
ab
le
to
lear
n
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
th
eir
w
ea
k
n
ess
es [
7
]
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
lear
n
in
g
s
h
o
u
ld
p
u
t
m
o
r
e
em
p
h
asis
o
n
th
e
asp
ec
ts
o
f
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
ills
[
8
]
.
Dev
elo
p
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
HOT
S is
a
co
m
p
lex
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
ch
allen
g
e
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
[
9
]
.
HOT
S is
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
an
aly
ze
,
ev
alu
ate,
s
y
n
t
h
esize,
an
d
cr
itically
ev
alu
ate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
ec
eiv
ed
[
1
0
]
.
HOT
S
also
p
o
in
ts
to
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
th
in
k
at
a
h
ig
h
e
r
lev
el.
Stu
d
en
ts
wh
o
h
av
e
HOT
S
will
b
e
ab
le
t
o
an
aly
ze
,
ev
alu
ate,
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
695
-
707
696
cr
ea
te
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
in
s
o
lv
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
1
1
]
.
HOT
S
n
ee
d
s
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
cien
ce
an
d
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
at
i
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
a
lo
t o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
s
o
lv
e
d
u
s
in
g
HOT
S c
ap
ab
ilit
ies [
1
2
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
b
io
lo
g
y
lear
n
in
g
h
as
g
r
o
wn
r
ap
i
d
ly
,
th
er
e
a
r
e
s
till
s
o
m
e
asp
ec
ts
th
at
h
av
e
n
o
t
f
u
lly
f
ac
ilit
ated
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
t
h
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
B
io
lo
g
y
lear
n
in
g
is
s
till
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
t
h
e
elab
o
r
atio
n
o
f
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
with
o
u
t
g
i
v
in
g
s
u
f
f
icien
t
em
p
h
asis
to
cr
itical
an
aly
s
is
,
s
y
n
th
esis
,
an
d
e
v
alu
atio
n
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
lace
s
cr
itical
t
h
in
k
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
as
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
s
to
b
e
m
aster
ed
b
y
p
u
p
ils
[
1
3
]
.
HOT
S
is
u
s
ed
to
f
o
r
m
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ar
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
cr
itical,
cr
ea
tiv
e,
an
d
s
elf
-
r
elian
t
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
f
ac
t
in
th
e
f
ield
,
n
o
t
all
t
ea
ch
er
s
/ed
u
ca
to
r
s
ar
e
ab
le
t
o
c
r
ea
te
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ar
e
ca
p
a
b
le
o
f
cr
itical
t
h
in
k
in
g
an
d
s
o
lv
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
i
n
class
r
o
o
m
s
o
r
i
n
r
ea
l
life
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
On
e
s
ce
n
a
r
io
t
h
at
h
ap
p
en
s
i
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
is
,
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
tr
ain
ed
to
ask
HOT
S
q
u
esti
o
n
s
o
n
ly
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
em
h
av
e
v
e
r
y
litt
le
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
HOT
S
p
ed
ag
o
g
ics
[
1
5
]
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
b
est
way
s
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
u
s
e
cr
i
tical
th
in
k
in
g
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
in
ev
e
r
y
d
ay
life
is
wh
en
teac
h
er
s
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
h
av
e
g
o
o
d
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ics,
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
HOT
S,
r
ea
lly
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
HOT
S
th
en
tr
an
s
late
th
at
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
to
e
v
er
y
d
ay
less
o
n
s
s
o
i
t
b
ec
o
m
es
ea
s
ier
to
s
ee
ch
an
g
es in
s
tu
d
en
t th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
ills
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
HOT
S
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
ap
p
licab
le
to
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
lev
el
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
b
u
t
is
ex
p
ec
ted
t
o
ap
p
ly
to
all
lev
els
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
HOT
S
in
ea
ch
lev
el
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
v
ar
ies,
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
c
u
r
r
icu
l
u
m
ap
p
lied
a
n
d
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
lear
n
in
g
[
1
8
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
HOT
S
h
as
g
r
ea
t b
en
ef
its
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
HOT
S
in
th
e
f
ield
is
o
f
ten
h
am
p
er
ed
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
ese
o
b
s
tacle
s
m
ay
in
clu
d
e
a
lack
o
f
teac
h
er
s
’
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
HOT
S,
lack
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
s
ch
o
o
ls
an
d
f
am
ilies
,
an
d
lack
o
f
ad
eq
u
ate
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ies
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
d
ee
p
er
ef
f
o
r
ts
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
im
p
lem
en
t
HOT
S
i
n
lear
n
in
g
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
f
in
d
o
u
t
th
e
r
esear
ch
tr
e
n
d
s
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
HOT
S th
en
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
ed
a
n
aly
s
is
lik
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
[
2
1
]
.
B
ib
lio
m
etr
ics
is
a
b
r
an
ch
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
cien
ce
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
lib
r
ar
ies
to
k
n
o
w
in
d
etail
th
e
y
ea
r
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
,
citatio
n
s
,
as
wel
l
as
im
ag
es
an
d
g
r
ap
h
ics
th
at
ar
e
p
r
esen
t
in
th
e
tex
t
o
f
th
e
ar
ticle
[
2
2
]
.
B
ib
lio
m
etr
ics
is
wid
ely
u
s
ed
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
s
cien
ce
a
n
d
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
;
in
v
esti
g
ate
n
ew
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
in
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
f
ield
;
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
a
p
p
in
g
o
f
f
iel
d
s
o
f
s
cien
ce
[
2
3
]
.
I
n
lo
o
k
in
g
at
HOT
S
r
esear
ch
t
r
en
d
s
,
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
b
ec
o
m
es
im
p
o
r
tan
t
[
2
4
]
.
B
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
ca
n
h
elp
to
s
ee
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
an
d
q
u
ality
o
f
s
cien
tific
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
HOT
S
in
s
elec
ted
j
o
u
r
n
als,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
m
o
s
t in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
as we
ll a
s
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
r
esear
ch
tr
en
d
s
in
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
[
2
5
]
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
R
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
llo
w
b
i
b
lio
m
etr
ic
s
tu
d
y
g
u
i
d
elin
es
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
an
d
S
co
p
u
s
d
atab
ases
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ese
s
o
u
r
ce
s
in
clu
d
e
jo
u
r
n
als
th
at
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
m
o
r
e
r
elev
an
t
b
y
th
e
s
cien
tific
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
as
well
as
th
eir
r
ig
id
ity
an
d
p
er
io
d
icit
y
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
was
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
a
d
atab
ase
f
r
o
m
th
r
e
e
s
elec
ted
jo
u
r
n
als
n
am
ely
J
o
u
r
n
al
o
f
R
esear
ch
i
n
Scien
ce
T
ea
ch
in
g
(
J
R
ST
)
,
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
J
o
u
r
n
al
o
f
Scien
c
e
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
I
J
SE
)
an
d
R
ev
iew
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
R
esear
ch
(
R
E
R
)
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
b
eg
an
with
an
o
n
lin
e
s
ea
r
ch
u
s
in
g
th
e
Pu
b
lis
h
o
r
Per
is
h
(
Po
P)
ap
p
licatio
n
s
tar
t
in
g
Octo
b
er
1
0
,
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
e
s
t
ep
s
tak
en
o
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
s
ea
r
ch
ed
ar
ticles o
n
lin
e
b
y
en
ter
in
g
k
ey
w
o
r
d
s
“
HOT
S
,
s
cien
ce
”
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
4
to
2
0
2
3
.
Data
s
ea
r
ch
is
d
o
n
e
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
Po
P
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
r
e
w
er
e
3
3
3
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
m
ee
tin
g
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
cr
iter
ia
f
r
o
m
9
4
7
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
2
0
1
4
to
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
Po
P
s
e
ar
ch
r
esu
lts
d
id
n
o
t
all
m
atch
wh
at
th
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
ex
p
ec
ted
,
b
ec
a
u
s
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
r
esear
ch
er
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
o
f
ar
ticles
th
er
e
ar
e
s
till
m
an
y
ar
ticles
th
at
d
o
n
o
t
m
atch
th
e
r
esear
ch
th
em
e,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
e
m
er
g
en
ce
o
f
ar
ticles
ab
o
u
t
cr
iticis
m
o
f
p
o
liti
cs.
B
e
s
id
es,
th
er
e
ar
e
also
d
u
p
licate
an
d
in
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
ar
ticle
d
ata.
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
c
o
llected
is
th
e
n
s
to
r
e
d
in
.
r
is
f
o
r
m
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
th
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
e
d
is
t
h
en
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
in
v
ar
io
u
s
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
f
o
r
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
a
n
aly
s
is
:
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
E
x
ce
l
an
d
VOSv
iewe
r
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
VOSv
iewe
r
s
o
f
twar
e
is
u
s
ed
to
f
in
d
t
r
en
d
s
in
r
esear
ch
o
n
HOT
S [
2
7
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Step
s
in
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
in
g
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
Id
e
n
tif
ic
at
ion
Sc
re
e
n
ing
E
li
gi
b
il
ity
In
cl
u
d
e
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Hig
h
er o
r
d
er th
in
kin
g
s
kills
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
tr
en
d
s
:
a
b
ib
lio
metric a
n
a
lysi
s
in
s
elec
ted
jo
u
r
n
a
ls
… (
Lil
is
Li
s
ma
ya
)
697
T
h
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
was
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
to
an
aly
z
e
r
esear
ch
tr
en
d
s
th
at
in
clu
d
e
d
th
e
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
f
HOT
S
in
s
elec
ted
jo
u
r
n
al
s
,
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
o
f
HOT
S
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
th
e
s
u
b
ject
ca
teg
o
r
ies
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
m
a
n
u
s
cr
ip
ts
o
f
th
e
HOT
S
,
p
atter
n
s
o
f
th
e
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
HOT
s
b
a
s
ed
o
n
f
ield
s
o
f
s
cien
ce
,
th
e
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
h
ig
h
o
r
d
e
r
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
b
ased
o
n
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el,
a
n
d
tr
e
n
d
s
in
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
th
e
HOT
S
d
u
r
in
g
2
0
1
4
to
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
e
em
er
g
en
ce
o
f
jo
in
t
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
is
d
o
n
e
with
VOSv
iewe
r
,
wh
ich
u
s
es
th
e
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
o
f
s
im
ilar
ities
(
VO
S)
alg
o
r
ith
m
as
an
alter
n
ativ
e
to
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
s
ca
lin
g
[
2
8
]
.
Gen
er
ally
s
p
e
ak
in
g
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was a
d
o
p
ted
f
r
o
m
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
[
2
9
]
;
it c
an
b
e
s
e
en
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
h
o
o
s
in
g
a
1
0
-
y
ea
r
p
er
io
d
as
th
e
tim
e
f
r
am
e
f
o
r
r
ev
iewin
g
th
e
ar
ticle
h
as
s
o
m
e
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
r
elate
d
to
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
[
3
0
]
.
Her
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
wh
y
u
s
in
g
a
1
0
-
y
ea
r
p
er
io
d
,
n
a
m
ely
:
u
s
in
g
a
1
0
-
y
ea
r
p
er
io
d
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
o
r
e
d
a
ta
an
d
r
esear
ch
r
elev
an
t
t
o
th
e
r
ev
iew.
T
h
is
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
ch
an
ce
s
o
f
id
en
tify
in
g
s
tr
o
n
g
er
tr
en
d
s
,
m
o
r
e
estab
lis
h
ed
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
o
r
g
ap
s
in
liter
atu
r
e.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
m
an
y
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
tak
es
p
lace
in
a
p
ar
ti
cu
lar
cy
cle,
lik
e
f
iv
e
o
r
ten
y
ea
r
s
.
Usi
n
g
a
1
0
-
y
ea
r
p
er
io
d
,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
s
ee
ch
an
g
es
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
ts
o
v
er
tim
e
[
3
1
]
.
Usi
n
g
a
r
o
u
n
d
er
p
er
io
d
s
u
ch
as
1
0
y
ea
r
s
ca
n
m
ak
e
it
ea
s
ier
to
co
m
p
ar
e
r
e
v
iews
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
ar
ticles
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
v
er
th
e
s
am
e
p
er
io
d
o
f
tim
e.
I
t
ca
n
h
elp
m
ain
tain
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
[
3
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
R
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
B
ased
o
n
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
r
esu
lts
Po
P
ca
n
g
r
o
u
p
t
h
e
ar
ticles
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
s
ev
er
al
cr
iter
ia,
i.e
.
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
m
o
s
t
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u
o
tatio
n
s
,
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
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ti
o
n
o
f
ar
ticles
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ased
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
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er
o
f
s
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ip
ts
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r
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n
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o
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ch
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s
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ts
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s
ea
r
ch
ty
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teg
o
r
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d
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r
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g
2
0
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o
2
0
2
3
u
s
in
g
VOSv
iewe
r
.
3
.
1
.
Ra
n
k
ing
o
f
hig
her
o
rde
r
t
hin
k
ing
s
k
ills
a
rt
icle
writ
er
s
ba
s
ed
o
n num
ber
o
f
cit
a
t
io
ns
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
c
r
iter
io
n
is
th
e
r
an
k
i
n
g
o
f
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S
a
r
ticle
au
th
o
r
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
h
ig
h
est
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
citatio
n
s
;
th
e
r
esu
lts
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
1
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
tab
le
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
m
o
s
t
citatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esear
ch
in
q
u
ir
y
with
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
n
u
m
b
e
r
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f
citatio
n
as
m
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ch
as
1
9
9
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is
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n
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e
h
alf
o
f
Ab
r
am
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with
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h
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ticle
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o
b
tain
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ticles
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at
s
tu
d
y
H
OT
S
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
e
d
ia
an
d
lear
n
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies.
I
t
s
h
o
ws
th
at
HOT
S
ca
n
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
with
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
le
ar
n
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
[
3
3
]
,
o
n
e
o
f
wh
ich
is
in
q
u
ir
y
,
b
ec
au
s
e
with
lear
n
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g
i
n
q
u
ir
ies
s
tu
d
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ts
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
th
in
k
in
g
at
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
in
lear
n
in
g
[
3
4
]
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
tr
ain
e
d
to
d
is
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v
er
th
eir
o
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h
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d
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r
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er
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th
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en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
ar
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n
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
r
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u
g
h
in
q
u
ir
y
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n
also
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
in
d
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id
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als
to
f
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d
cr
ea
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
r
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u
esti
o
n
s
th
ey
f
ac
e
.
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h
is
p
r
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ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
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a
v
ar
iety
o
f
HOT
S sk
ills
,
s
u
ch
as p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
,
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
an
d
cr
itical
th
in
k
i
n
g
[
3
6
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
R
an
k
in
g
o
f
ar
ticle
wr
iter
s
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S
b
y
n
u
m
b
er
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f
citat
io
n
s
A
u
t
h
o
r
Ti
t
l
e
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mb
e
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c
i
t
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t
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o
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s
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b
r
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a
n
d
B
e
r
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r
d
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t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
f
o
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a
c
h
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n
g
st
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d
e
n
t
s
to
t
h
i
n
k
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
:
a
met
a
-
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
1
9
9
9
K
e
n
n
e
d
y
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o
w
d
o
e
s
p
r
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l
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r
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?
1
6
8
0
Ev
a
n
s
M
a
k
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se
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se
of
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e
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d
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t
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6
M
a
n
z
R
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La
z
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f
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e
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La
z
o
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sk
i
a
n
d
H
u
l
l
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ma
n
M
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t
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v
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t
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t
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:
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m
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w
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1
2
Th
u
r
l
i
n
g
s
a
n
d
T
e
v
e
r
s
To
w
a
r
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a
m
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e
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p
l
a
i
n
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s
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v
a
t
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v
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b
e
h
a
v
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o
r
:
a
l
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t
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r
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t
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w
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5
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v
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r
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l
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on
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t
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r
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me
t
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s
7
3
5
K
u
l
i
k
a
n
d
F
l
e
t
c
h
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r
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f
e
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t
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n
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e
l
l
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g
e
n
t
t
u
t
o
r
i
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g
s
y
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ms
:
a
m
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t
a
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a
l
y
t
i
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v
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w
6
7
8
AI
A
b
d
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l
J
a
b
b
a
r
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n
d
F
e
l
i
c
i
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a
mep
l
a
y
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n
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a
g
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t
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n
d
l
e
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r
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i
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m
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b
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se
d
l
e
a
r
n
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n
g
:
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sy
s
t
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m
a
t
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c
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e
v
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e
w
6
5
7
3
.
2
.
Num
ber
o
f
m
a
nu
s
cr
ipts
pu
bli
s
hed h
ig
her
o
rder
t
hin
k
ing
s
k
ills
per
y
ea
r
T
h
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
d
ed
icate
d
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
HOT
S
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
1
4
to
2
0
2
3
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
HOT
S
r
esear
ch
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
2
0
1
4
to
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
HOT
S
ar
ticles
v
ar
ies
f
r
o
m
y
ea
r
to
y
ea
r
.
T
h
e
f
u
ll r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
HOT
S a
r
ticles d
u
r
in
g
2
0
1
4
to
2
0
2
3
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
m
a
n
u
s
cr
i
p
ts
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
y
HOT
S
ea
ch
y
ea
r
B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
if
an
aly
ze
d
ev
er
y
y
ea
r
it
tu
r
n
s
o
u
t
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
HOT
S
r
esear
ch
v
ar
ies
an
d
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
Ho
ts
r
esear
ch
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s
in
2
0
1
6
b
o
th
i
n
th
e
I
J
SE,
J
R
ST
an
d
R
E
R
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
HOT
S
s
tu
d
y
is
s
t
ill
an
in
ter
esti
n
g
to
p
ic
to
s
tu
d
y
,
eith
er
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el,
t
h
e
v
a
r
iab
les
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
,
o
r
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
r
esear
ch
u
s
ed
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
ar
ticle
t
h
er
e
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a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
i
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
ar
ticles
in
th
e
th
r
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jo
u
r
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als
in
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0
1
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d
u
e
t
o
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e
s
h
if
t
in
th
e
f
o
c
u
s
o
f
th
e
p
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io
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o
f
th
e
jo
u
r
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th
at
in
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l
u
en
ce
d
r
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e
r
s
to
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er
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ics th
at
ar
e
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en
co
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r
ag
in
g
o
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o
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ts
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e
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e
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ea
o
f
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S,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
em
er
g
en
ce
o
f
r
esear
ch
r
elat
ed
lo
wer
o
r
d
er
t
h
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
(
L
OT
S
)
.
B
u
t
in
th
e
y
ea
r
s
th
at
f
o
llo
wed
,
th
e
to
p
ic
o
f
HOT
S
b
ac
k
b
ec
a
m
e
a
to
p
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o
f
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
t
h
e
th
r
ee
jo
u
r
n
als.
L
OT
S
r
ef
er
s
to
b
asic
lev
el
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
th
at
in
v
o
lv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
r
em
e
m
b
er
in
g
,
an
d
ap
p
ly
in
g
co
n
cr
ete
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
is
s
k
ill
f
o
cu
s
es
m
o
r
e
o
n
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
asp
ec
ts
o
f
a
co
n
ce
p
t
o
r
m
ater
ial
th
an
o
n
th
e
an
aly
s
is
,
ev
alu
atio
n
,
o
r
s
y
n
th
esis
o
f
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
l
ex
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
So
m
e
ex
am
p
les
o
f
L
OT
S
a
r
e:
m
em
o
r
y
,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
a
p
p
li
ca
tio
n
,
class
if
icatio
n
an
d
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
[
3
8
]
.
L
OT
S
ten
d
to
b
e
co
n
cr
ete
an
d
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
in
itial
asp
ec
ts
o
f
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
a
m
atter
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
L
OT
S
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
as
a
b
asis
f
o
r
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
h
i
g
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
to
d
ev
elo
p
HOT
S
s
o
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
an
aly
s
is
,
s
y
n
th
esis
,
ev
alu
atio
n
,
a
n
d
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
in
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
c
o
n
tex
ts
[
3
9
]
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
u
s
u
ally
s
tar
t
b
y
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
L
OT
S a
n
d
th
en
p
r
o
g
r
ess
to
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
th
in
k
i
n
g
o
v
e
r
tim
e
an
d
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
.
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
RER
IJSE
JRS
T
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
2
0
2
3
Yea
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Hig
h
er o
r
d
er th
in
kin
g
s
kills
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
tr
en
d
s
:
a
b
ib
lio
metric a
n
a
lysi
s
in
s
elec
ted
jo
u
r
n
a
ls
… (
Lil
is
Li
s
ma
ya
)
699
3
.
3
.
Dis
t
ributio
n o
f
hig
her
o
rder
t
hin
k
ing
s
k
ills
pu
bli
ca
t
i
o
ns
by
co
un
t
ry
B
ased
o
n
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
HOT
S
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
r
esear
ch
o
n
HOT
S
v
ar
ies,
an
d
is
d
o
m
in
ated
b
y
th
e
f
o
u
r
co
u
n
tr
ies
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
u
b
li
ca
tio
n
s
in
th
e
th
r
ee
s
elec
ted
jo
u
r
n
als:
th
e
Un
ited
States
,
th
e
Un
ited
Kin
g
d
o
m
,
Au
s
tr
alia
,
an
d
C
an
ad
a.
T
h
e
f
u
ll
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
HOT
S
ar
ticles
b
y
co
u
n
tr
y
o
f
o
r
ig
i
n
d
u
r
in
g
2
0
1
4
to
2
0
2
3
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
f
iv
e
co
u
n
tr
ies
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
HOT
S
s
cr
ip
ts
ar
e
th
e
Un
ited
States
,
th
e
Un
ited
Kin
g
d
o
m
,
Au
s
tr
alia
,
Sp
ain
,
an
d
T
h
ailan
d
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
HOT
S
r
esear
ch
is
s
till
a
lo
t
d
o
n
e
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
u
n
tr
ies,
with
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
o
c
u
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
f
in
d
in
g
an
d
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
s
o
m
et
h
in
g
(
o
b
jects,
h
u
m
an
s
,
o
r
ev
e
n
ts
)
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
,
cr
itically
,
lo
g
ically
,
an
aly
ticall
y
s
o
th
at
th
ey
ca
n
f
o
r
m
u
late
th
eir
o
wn
d
is
co
v
e
r
ies with
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
.
B
ased
o
n
a
r
ev
iew
o
f
th
e
H
OT
S
r
esear
ch
ar
ticle
,
it
ca
n
b
e
an
aly
ze
d
th
at
i
n
th
e
Un
it
ed
States
,
r
esear
ch
o
n
HOT
S
is
m
o
r
e
r
el
ated
to
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
e
is
a
s
tr
o
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
t
o
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
,
wh
e
r
e
teac
h
e
r
s
an
d
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
wo
r
k
to
g
et
h
er
to
d
esig
n
an
d
im
p
lem
en
t
teac
h
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
en
h
a
n
ce
HOT
S,
with
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
teac
h
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
HOT
S
r
esear
ch
in
th
e
UK
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
in
teg
r
atin
g
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
ills
in
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
cu
r
r
ic
u
la.
T
h
e
r
e
is
an
in
ter
est
in
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
n
aly
tical,
s
y
n
th
esis
,
an
d
e
v
alu
a
tio
n
s
k
ills
th
r
o
u
g
h
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
r
o
jects.
R
esear
ch
in
Au
s
tr
alia
in
clu
d
es
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
en
h
an
ce
cr
itical
an
d
cr
e
ativ
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
ac
r
o
s
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
els.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
jects
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
th
at
s
tim
u
lates
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
th
i
n
k
in
g
an
d
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
HOT
S.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
HOT
S p
u
b
licatio
n
s
b
y
c
o
u
n
tr
y
HOT
S
r
esear
ch
in
Sp
ain
r
elate
s
to
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
m
o
d
er
n
ize
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
a
n
d
ad
ap
t
it
to
g
lo
b
al
d
em
an
d
s
.
R
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
es
in
clu
d
e
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
teac
h
i
n
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
HOT
S,
an
d
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
im
p
a
ct
o
f
HOT
S.
HOT
S
r
esear
ch
i
n
T
h
ailan
d
r
ef
lects
ch
an
g
es
in
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
at
th
e
n
atio
n
al
lev
el.
R
esear
ch
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
h
i
g
h
-
lev
el
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
in
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
r
ea
s
o
n
s
wh
y
r
esear
ch
o
n
HOT
S
is
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
m
i
n
en
t
in
th
e
Un
ited
States
,
o
n
e
o
f
wh
ich
is
th
at
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
in
th
e
US,
esp
ec
ially
at
th
e
co
lleg
e
lev
el,
o
f
ten
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
HOT
S
[
4
0
]
.
Un
iv
er
s
ities
an
d
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
Am
er
ica
u
s
u
ally
p
lace
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
n
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
h
i
g
h
-
lev
el
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
as
p
ar
t
o
f
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
[
4
1
]
.
T
h
e
Un
ited
States
h
as
a
lo
n
g
h
is
to
r
y
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
an
d
ad
o
p
tin
g
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
Ma
n
y
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
ar
e
tr
y
in
g
t
o
in
te
g
r
ate
HOT
S
in
to
th
eir
cu
r
r
icu
la
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
e
ch
a
n
g
in
g
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
e
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
ly
co
m
p
lex
la
b
o
r
m
a
r
k
et
[
4
2
]
.
3
.
4
.
Dis
t
ributio
n o
f
hig
her
o
rder
t
hin
k
ing
s
k
ills
re
s
ea
rc
h
s
cr
ipt
in s
u
bje
ct
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
r
esear
ch
s
u
b
ject
ca
teg
o
r
ies,
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
s
o
m
e
r
esear
ch
s
u
b
jects
f
o
u
n
d
in
HOT
S
ar
ticle
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
2
0
1
4
to
2
0
2
3
,
in
clu
d
in
g
teac
h
er
s
,
lectu
r
er
s
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
en
ts
,
an
d
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l/S
ME
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
o
r
d
er
o
f
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
cr
ip
ts
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
y
HOT
S
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
o
f
r
esear
ch
s
u
b
jects
ar
e
teac
h
er
s
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
lectu
r
er
s
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
s
u
b
j
ec
ts
ar
e
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l/s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
t
s
h
o
ws
th
at
HOT
S
r
esear
ch
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
o
n
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
lev
els
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
t
i
s
tailo
r
ed
to
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t's
lev
el
o
f
th
in
k
in
g
,
b
ec
au
s
e
HOT
S e
n
co
m
p
ass
es h
ig
h
-
lev
el
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
th
at
a
r
e
ess
en
tial f
o
r
o
n
e's in
tellectu
al
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
HOT
S
in
v
o
lv
es
cr
itical,
ev
alu
ativ
e,
an
d
an
aly
t
ical
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
[
4
3
]
.
T
h
ese
s
k
ills
ar
e
r
elev
a
n
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
695
-
707
700
at
all
lev
els
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
ev
elo
p
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
to
war
d
s
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
co
n
ce
p
ts
th
ey
f
ac
e
[
4
4
]
.
HOT
S
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
,
wh
ich
ar
e
u
n
iv
e
r
s
al
s
k
ills
r
eq
u
ir
ed
in
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
life
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
ese
s
k
ills
ar
e
r
elev
an
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
elem
e
n
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
lev
el
to
co
lleg
e
an
d
e
v
en
in
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
wo
r
k
.
HOT
S
c
o
v
er
s
th
e
asp
ec
t
o
f
c
r
ea
tiv
ity
,
wh
ic
h
is
a
h
ig
h
ly
v
alu
ed
s
k
ill
in
v
ar
io
u
s
ar
ea
s
o
f
life
.
Hig
h
-
lev
el
ed
u
ca
tio
n
n
ee
d
s
to
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
cr
ea
tiv
it
y
to
h
elp
th
em
b
ec
o
m
e
in
n
o
v
a
tiv
e
th
in
k
er
s
[
4
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
HOT
S
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
cr
ip
t b
y
s
u
b
ject
ca
teg
o
r
y
3
.
5
.
Dis
t
ributio
n o
f
re
s
ea
rc
h
s
cr
ipt
hig
her
o
rder
t
hin
k
ing
s
k
ills
ba
s
ed
o
n r
esea
rc
h m
et
ho
ds
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
s
,
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
u
s
ed
in
a
r
ticle
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
ts
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
2014
-
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
e
f
ig
u
r
e
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
m
o
s
t
wid
ely
u
s
ed
r
es
ea
r
ch
m
eth
o
d
s
in
HOT
S
p
u
b
licatio
n
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
ts
o
n
s
elec
ted
jo
u
r
n
als
ar
e
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
,
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
,
an
d
s
u
r
v
ey
,
s
o
th
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
we
u
s
e
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
HOT
S
is
ac
tio
n
r
esear
c
h
.
Actio
n
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
o
f
ten
co
n
s
id
er
ed
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
HOT
S
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
h
av
e
s
o
m
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
an
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
th
at
m
atch
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
th
in
k
i
n
g
s
k
ills
[
4
6
]
.
Actio
n
r
esear
ch
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
ati
o
n
o
f
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
,
s
u
ch
as
teac
h
er
s
,
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
th
e
s
u
b
ject
o
f
r
esear
c
h
b
u
t
also
th
e
m
ain
ac
to
r
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
lear
n
in
g
ch
an
g
e
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
A
ctio
n
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t w
ith
in
th
e
c
o
n
te
x
t o
f
d
aily
ac
tiv
ities
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t [
4
7
]
.
I
t
allo
ws
teac
h
er
s
to
r
esp
o
n
d
d
ir
ec
tly
to
th
e
r
ea
l
n
ee
d
s
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
th
eir
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
ac
e
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
HOT
S.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
ac
tio
n
r
esear
c
h
,
teac
h
er
s
ca
n
f
ee
l
m
o
r
e
em
p
o
wer
e
d
in
m
an
ag
in
g
an
d
lead
in
g
ch
an
g
e
in
th
eir
class
r
o
o
m
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
ca
n
also
b
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
allo
win
g
th
em
to
h
av
e
a
m
o
r
e
ac
tiv
e
r
o
le
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
Ov
er
all,
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
ca
n
b
e
a
u
s
ef
u
l
an
d
r
elev
an
t
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
t
o
en
h
an
ce
HOT
S
as
i
t
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
s
p
ac
e
f
o
r
ac
tiv
e
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t,
s
u
s
tain
ed
r
ef
lectio
n
,
an
d
co
n
tex
tu
al
a
d
a
p
tatio
n
th
at
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
t
h
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
in
an
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
t [
4
8
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
HOT
S
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
cr
ip
t b
ased
o
n
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Hig
h
er o
r
d
er th
in
kin
g
s
kills
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
tr
en
d
s
:
a
b
ib
lio
metric a
n
a
lysi
s
in
s
elec
ted
jo
u
r
n
a
ls
… (
Lil
is
Li
s
ma
ya
)
701
3
.
6
.
Dis
t
ributio
n
o
f
re
s
ea
rc
h
s
cr
ipt
hig
her
o
rder
t
hin
k
ing
s
k
ills
ba
s
ed
o
n r
esea
rc
h
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
r
esear
c
h
s
cr
ip
t,
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
s
o
m
e
ty
p
es
o
f
r
esear
ch
m
a
n
u
s
cr
ip
ts
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
e
HOT
S
ar
ticle
s
cr
ip
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
2
0
1
4
to
2
0
2
3
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
em
p
ir
ical,
p
o
s
itio
n
,
th
e
o
r
y
,
an
d
r
ev
iew.
T
h
e
f
ig
u
r
e
s
h
o
ws
th
e
o
r
d
e
r
o
f
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
HOT
S
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
r
esear
c
h
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t
is
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
ty
p
e
in
b
o
th
R
E
R
,
I
J
SE
an
d
J
R
ST
jo
u
r
n
als.
E
m
p
ir
ical
r
esear
ch
is
m
u
ch
d
o
n
e
b
y
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
b
ec
au
s
e
it
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
an
d
co
n
cr
ete
ev
id
e
n
ce
t
h
at
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
claim
s
o
r
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
HOT
S,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
h
av
e
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
e
n
ce
th
at
c
an
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
a
m
et
h
o
d
o
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
HOT
S
[
4
9
]
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
em
p
ir
ic
r
esear
ch
is
o
f
ten
co
n
s
id
er
ed
m
o
r
e
co
n
v
in
cin
g
an
d
h
a
s
a
g
r
ea
ter
im
p
ac
t
i
n
s
h
ap
in
g
le
ar
n
in
g
p
o
licies
o
r
p
r
ac
tices.
E
m
p
ir
ical
r
esear
ch
m
a
y
in
clu
d
e
s
tu
d
ies
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
co
g
n
itiv
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
a
n
d
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
lea
r
n
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
o
n
HOT
S
[
5
0
]
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
d
ir
ec
t
i
n
s
ig
h
t
in
to
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
way
s
th
at
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
o
r
m
eth
o
d
s
ca
n
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
HOT
S.
E
m
p
ir
ical
r
esear
ch
is
o
f
ten
ea
s
ier
to
a
d
o
p
t
b
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
b
ec
au
s
e
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
co
n
cr
ete
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
wh
at
wo
r
k
s
an
d
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
in
lear
n
in
g
s
ettin
g
s
.
I
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
th
e
r
ec
ep
tiv
ity
o
f
r
esear
ch
b
y
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
ity
an
d
f
ield
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
[
5
1
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
HOT
S
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
cr
ip
t b
ased
o
n
r
esear
ch
s
cr
ip
t ty
p
es
3
.
7
.
Dis
t
ributio
n o
f
pu
bli
ca
t
io
ns
ba
s
ed
o
n
hig
her
o
rder
t
hin
k
ing
s
k
ills
a
s
pect
s
B
ased
o
n
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
HOT
S
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
asp
ec
ts
s
tu
d
ied
in
HOT
S
v
ar
y
in
th
e
th
r
ee
s
elec
ted
jo
u
r
n
als:
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
,
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
m
a
n
u
s
cr
ip
t
b
ased
o
n
HOT
S
asp
ec
ts
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
8
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
r
esear
ch
p
u
b
licatio
n
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
ts
b
ased
o
n
HOT
S
asp
ec
ts
th
at
ar
e
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
ied
in
th
e
th
r
ee
s
elec
ted
jo
u
r
n
als
ar
e
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
b
l
em
s
o
lv
in
g
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
also
asp
ec
ts
o
f
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
,
d
ec
is
io
n
m
a
k
in
g
,
an
al
y
zin
g
,
ev
alu
atin
g
,
s
y
n
th
esis
,
cr
ea
tin
g
,
an
d
L
OT
S
.
C
r
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
,
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
m
a
k
in
g
a
r
e
m
u
ch
s
tu
d
ied
at
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
t
l
ev
el
b
ec
au
s
e
at
th
is
lev
el,
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
g
ag
e
in
d
ee
p
er
an
d
m
o
r
e
a
n
aly
tical
lear
n
in
g
[
5
2
]
.
T
h
ey
a
r
e
in
v
ited
to
q
u
e
s
tio
n
,
ev
alu
ate,
an
d
d
etail
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
c
r
itically
.
Dis
cu
s
s
io
n
s
an
d
m
o
r
e
in
-
d
e
p
th
r
esear
ch
ten
d
to
b
u
ild
c
r
itical
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
B
esid
es,
co
lleg
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
o
f
t
en
em
p
h
asize
cr
ea
tiv
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
-
s
o
lv
in
g
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
St
u
d
en
ts
o
f
ten
e
n
g
ag
e
in
cr
ea
tiv
e
p
r
o
jects
an
d
r
ese
ar
ch
th
at
d
r
i
v
e
th
eir
im
ag
i
n
atio
n
.
Stu
d
en
ts
ar
e
also
o
f
te
n
co
n
f
r
o
n
ted
with
s
itu
atio
n
s
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
e
co
m
p
lex
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
.
Dec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
b
ased
o
n
an
aly
s
is
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
m
o
r
e
co
m
m
o
n
.
L
OT
S
its
elf
i
s
m
u
ch
r
esear
ch
ed
at
th
e
lev
el
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
b
ec
au
s
e
lear
n
in
g
is
s
till
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
,
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
[
5
3
]
.
T
h
e
lo
w
lev
el
o
f
r
esear
ch
o
n
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
i
n
k
in
g
,
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
in
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
in
th
e
n
e
w
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
o
n
b
asic
cr
i
tical
-
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
s
u
ch
as
s
im
p
le
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
c
lass
if
icatio
n
,
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
t
h
er
e
is
in
d
ee
d
g
r
ea
t
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
cr
ea
tiv
ity
at
th
is
lev
el,
b
u
t
it
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
teac
h
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
an
d
em
p
h
a
s
is
o
n
th
e
s
u
b
ject.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
at
th
is
lev
el
m
ay
b
e
s
im
p
ler
,
th
ey
r
em
ain
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
ch
ild
r
e
n
'
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
5
4
]
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
r
em
em
b
er
t
h
at
th
is
lev
el
o
f
s
k
ill
ca
n
b
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
teac
h
er
teac
h
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
s
c
h
o
o
l
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
,
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
E
ac
h
lev
el
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
d
e
v
elo
p
th
ese
s
k
ills
in
a
u
n
iq
u
e
way
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
ch
ild
'
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ta
l
s
tag
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
695
-
707
702
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
HOT
S
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
cr
ip
t b
ased
o
n
HOT
S
asp
e
cts
3
.
8
.
VO
Sv
iewe
r
s
o
f
t
wa
re
-
ba
s
ed
inq
uiry
re
s
ea
rc
h t
re
nd
s
v
is
ua
liza
t
io
n
R
esear
ch
tr
en
d
m
ap
p
in
g
is
a
m
ap
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
th
at
c
o
n
t
ain
s
to
p
ics
f
r
o
m
s
cien
ce
th
at
ca
n
h
elp
r
esear
ch
er
s
co
m
p
ile
th
eir
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
T
h
is
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
m
ad
e
u
s
in
g
VOSv
iewe
r
.
VOSv
iewe
r
is
a
co
m
p
u
ter
p
r
o
g
r
am
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
to
cr
ea
te
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
m
ap
s
[
5
5
]
.
Simp
ly
p
u
t,
VOSv
iewe
r
s
er
v
es
to
cr
ea
te,
v
is
u
alize
,
an
d
ex
p
lo
r
e
m
ap
s
b
ased
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
n
et
wo
r
k
s
th
at
s
h
o
w
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
in
th
e
citatio
n
o
f
a
p
u
b
licatio
n
[
5
6
]
.
B
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
m
ap
p
i
n
g
with
VOSv
iewe
r
t
y
p
ically
u
s
es
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
d
atab
ase
s
o
u
r
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
,
C
r
o
s
s
r
ef
,
Sco
p
u
s
,
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
,
an
d
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t A
ca
d
em
ic
Sear
ch
[
33
]
.
W
h
ile
th
is
r
esear
ch
u
s
es
Sco
p
u
s
an
d
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
as
a
d
atab
ase.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
Sco
p
u
s
an
d
Go
o
g
le
Sc
h
o
lar
ar
e
t
h
e
lar
g
est
an
d
m
o
s
t
r
e
p
u
tab
le
d
atab
ase
o
f
n
atio
n
al
an
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
cien
tific
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
[
5
7
]
.
Am
o
n
g
3
3
3
HOT
S
r
esear
ch
p
ap
e
r
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
s
ea
r
ch
es
u
s
in
g
Po
P
with
Sco
p
u
s
an
d
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
d
atab
ases
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
wer
e
ab
le
to
v
is
u
alize
th
e
tr
en
d
s
o
f
r
esear
ch
o
n
t
h
e
to
p
ic
o
f
HOT
S
ass
i
s
ted
b
y
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e
VOSv
iewe
r
.
VOSv
iewe
r
’
s
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
is
an
attem
p
t
to
h
elp
d
is
co
v
e
r
th
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
r
esear
ch
[
5
8
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
s
h
o
ws
an
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
HO
T
S
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
wo
r
ld
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
eig
h
t
m
aj
o
r
clu
s
ter
s
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
r
ed
,
g
r
ee
n
,
b
lu
e,
y
ello
w
,
p
u
r
p
le,
to
s
ca
,
o
r
an
g
e,
a
n
d
p
i
n
k
co
lo
r
s
.
I
f
we
ex
a
m
in
e
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
v
a
r
iab
les
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
t
h
e
tr
en
d
a
n
d
n
o
v
elty
o
f
HOT
S
r
esear
ch
,
s
ev
er
al
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
,
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
r
e
d
,
g
r
ee
n
,
b
lu
e,
y
ello
w,
p
u
r
p
le,
to
s
ca
,
o
r
a
n
g
e
,
a
n
d
p
in
k
co
lo
r
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Ov
e
r
v
iew
o
f
th
e
HO
T
S
s
tu
d
y
f
o
r
2
0
1
4
to
2
0
2
3
B
ased
o
n
th
e
VOSv
iewe
r
r
e
s
u
lts
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
,
it
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
th
at
clu
s
ter
1
,
n
a
m
ely
o
r
d
er
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
,
in
d
icate
d
b
y
t
h
e
r
ed
lin
e,
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
f
in
d
in
g
th
at
r
esear
ch
o
n
HOT
S
in
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
o
r
d
er
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
is
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
teac
h
in
g
HOT
S
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el,
an
d
th
e
lear
n
er
o
f
HOT
S
.
C
lu
s
ter
2
,
n
a
m
ely
ev
alu
atio
n
,
is
in
d
icate
d
b
y
a
g
r
ee
n
lin
e,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Hig
h
er o
r
d
er th
in
kin
g
s
kills
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
tr
en
d
s
:
a
b
ib
lio
metric a
n
a
lysi
s
in
s
elec
ted
jo
u
r
n
a
ls
… (
Lil
is
Li
s
ma
ya
)
703
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
at
r
esear
ch
o
n
HOT
S
in
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
ev
al
u
atio
n
is
s
tu
d
ied
.
T
h
e
e
v
alu
a
tio
n
to
o
ls
u
s
ed
in
lear
n
in
g
HOT
S
o
n
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ar
ticles ar
e
wr
itten
s
u
b
jects,
wo
r
k
s
h
ee
ts
,
p
r
o
jects,
an
d
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
s
.
C
lu
s
ter
3
(
HOT
S
)
is
in
d
icate
d
b
y
a
b
lu
e
lin
e.
T
h
is
clu
s
ter
3
s
h
o
ws
th
at
r
esear
ch
o
n
HOT
S
is
wid
el
y
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
v
ar
i
o
u
s
ar
ea
s
o
f
lear
n
in
g
,
s
u
ch
as
s
cien
ce
lear
n
in
g
,
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
C
lu
s
ter
4
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
y
ello
w
lin
e
,
th
is
cl
u
s
ter
ex
p
lain
s
a
n
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
h
o
w
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
f
ac
ilit
ate,
s
tr
en
g
th
en
,
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
in
in
d
iv
id
u
als.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
s
o
f
twar
e,
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
s
er
io
u
s
g
a
m
es,
an
d
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
ts
d
esig
n
e
d
to
s
tim
u
late
cr
itical,
an
aly
tical,
s
y
n
th
etic,
an
d
ev
alu
ativ
e
th
i
n
k
in
g
.
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
o
n
lin
e
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
d
esig
n
an
d
s
im
u
lati
o
n
to
o
ls
,
as
well
as
d
ig
ital
lea
r
n
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
en
h
a
n
ce
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
ab
ilit
y
to
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
th
in
k
cr
itically
.
C
lu
s
ter
5
,
tax
o
n
o
m
y
,
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
p
u
r
p
le
lin
e,
em
p
h
asizes
th
at
r
esear
ch
o
n
o
f
HOT
S
i
n
th
e
r
ea
l
m
o
f
tax
o
n
o
m
y
.
T
h
is
clu
s
ter
ex
p
l
o
r
es wa
y
s
to
ap
p
ly
ta
x
o
n
o
m
y
i
n
teac
h
in
g
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
to
s
tim
u
late
HOT
S.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
teac
h
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
ea
ch
tax
o
n
o
m
ic
lev
el,
as
well
as
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ev
alu
atio
n
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
th
at
ca
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
p
r
o
g
r
ess
i
n
ac
h
iev
in
g
h
ig
h
er
co
g
n
itiv
e
s
k
ills
,
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
o
f
twar
e,
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
an
d
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
d
esig
n
ed
to
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
e
v
elo
p
HOT
S
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
lear
n
i
n
g
ac
tiv
ities
,
an
d
th
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
to
p
ics,
task
s
,
o
r
p
r
o
jects
d
es
ig
n
ed
to
ev
alu
at
e
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
.
C
lu
s
ter
6
,
n
am
ely
s
u
b
ject,
is
in
d
icate
d
b
y
a
to
s
ca
co
lo
r
lin
e,
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
I
n
q
u
ir
y
m
o
d
el,
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
g
ag
e
in
s
cien
tific
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
th
at
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
ac
tiv
e
u
s
e
o
f
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
s
tim
u
lates
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
q
u
esti
o
n
,
an
aly
z
e,
ev
al
u
ate,
an
d
p
r
esen
t
ar
g
u
m
en
ts
b
ased
o
n
s
cien
tific
ev
id
en
ce
.
I
n
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
e
v
elo
p
cr
i
tical
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
th
at
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
i
n
s
cien
tific
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
,
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
in
ev
er
y
d
ay
life
.
C
lu
s
ter
7
,
wo
r
k
s
h
ee
t,
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
o
r
an
g
e
lin
e
.
I
n
th
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
till
h
av
e
th
e
f
r
ee
d
o
m
t
o
co
n
d
u
ct
t
h
e
ir
o
wn
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
an
d
d
i
s
co
v
er
ies,
b
u
t
with
g
u
id
an
ce
a
n
d
g
u
id
an
ce
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
t
h
e
teac
h
er
.
C
lu
s
ter
8
,
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
i
n
g
,
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
p
i
n
k
lin
e.
T
h
is
clu
s
ter
ex
p
lo
r
es
h
o
w
to
s
tim
u
late,
d
ev
elo
p
,
an
d
ev
al
u
ate
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
a
b
ilit
ies
at
a
h
ig
h
er
lev
el,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
d
esig
n
ed
to
en
co
u
r
ag
e
c
r
ea
tiv
e
th
i
n
k
in
g
at
a
h
ig
h
lev
el.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
es,
p
r
o
b
lem
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
s
,
cr
ea
tiv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
te
ch
n
iq
u
es,
an
d
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
cr
ea
tiv
e
to
o
ls
s
u
ch
a
s
m
in
d
m
ap
p
in
g
,
b
r
ain
s
to
r
m
i
n
g
,
o
r
attr
ib
u
te
an
aly
s
is
.
I
n
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
,
th
is
clu
s
ter
ca
n
h
elp
i
d
en
tify
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
a
u
th
o
r
s
o
r
jo
u
r
n
als
th
at
h
av
e
a
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
o
n
asp
ec
ts
o
f
s
cien
tific
th
in
k
in
g
[
59
]
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
u
s
e
d
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
tr
e
n
d
s
in
s
c
ien
tific
th
in
k
in
g
o
r
r
esear
c
h
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
ed
in
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
d
is
cip
lin
e.
T
h
ese
clu
s
ter
s
ca
n
also
h
elp
in
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
teac
h
in
g
o
r
tr
ain
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
en
h
an
ce
s
cien
tific
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
in
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
f
ield
[
6
0
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
VOSv
iewe
r
,
we
ca
n
al
s
o
f
i
n
d
o
u
t
th
e
g
en
er
al
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
HOT
S
l
ea
r
n
in
g
f
o
r
2
0
1
4
to
2
0
2
3
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
o
v
er
lay
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
w
h
ich
ca
n
be
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Ov
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
H
OT
S
s
tu
d
y
f
o
r
2
0
1
4
to
2
0
2
3
b
ased
o
n
o
v
er
lay
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
I
n
v
is
u
alizin
g
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
s
cien
ce
(
VOS
)
m
ap
p
in
g
,
co
lo
r
b
ar
s
p
lay
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
u
s
ef
u
l
v
is
u
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
d
ata
s
et
th
at
is
d
r
awn
.
C
o
lo
r
b
a
r
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
v
is
u
al
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
h
o
w
o
f
ten
an
item
(
s
u
ch
as
a
k
e
y
wo
r
d
,
to
p
ic
,
o
r
d
o
c
u
m
en
t)
ap
p
ea
r
s
in
a
d
r
a
wn
d
ata
s
et.
Dar
k
er
co
lo
r
s
o
f
te
n
in
d
icate
h
ig
h
er
le
v
els
o
f
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
,
wh
ile
b
r
ig
h
ter
co
lo
r
s
in
d
icate
l
o
wer
lev
els
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
695
-
707
704
T
h
is
h
elp
s
u
s
er
s
to
q
u
ick
ly
id
e
n
tify
th
e
m
o
s
t im
p
o
r
tan
t o
r
f
r
e
q
u
en
tly
ap
p
ea
r
in
g
ele
m
en
ts
in
a
d
ata
s
et.
Usi
n
g
a
co
lo
r
b
ar
,
u
s
er
s
ca
n
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
elem
en
ts
d
r
awn
b
y
co
lo
r
i
n
ten
s
ity
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
th
e
u
s
er
ca
n
s
ee
h
o
w
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
a
p
p
ea
r
a
n
ce
o
f
a
to
p
ic
o
r
k
ey
w
o
r
d
v
a
r
ies
b
etwe
en
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
d
o
c
u
m
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
o
r
p
e
r
io
d
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
in
te
n
s
ity
o
f
th
e
co
lo
r
o
f
th
e
b
ar
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
a
co
lo
r
b
a
r
,
th
e
u
s
er
s
ca
n
q
u
ick
ly
f
in
d
tr
en
d
s
o
r
p
atter
n
s
in
th
e
d
ata
s
et
th
at
m
a
y
b
e
d
if
f
icu
lt to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
b
y
j
u
s
t u
s
in
g
tex
t o
r
n
u
m
b
er
s
.
B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
,
VOSv
ie
wer
’
s
o
v
er
lay
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
s
h
o
ws
th
e
to
p
ic
’
s
f
r
esh
n
ess
,
m
ea
n
in
g
th
at
th
e
b
r
ig
h
te
r
th
e
co
l
o
r
o
n
th
e
i
m
ag
e
m
ea
n
s
th
e
r
esear
ch
to
p
i
cs
ar
e
g
ettin
g
n
ewe
r
,
s
o
th
at
r
esear
ch
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
o
n
th
e
latest
tr
en
d
s
m
ar
k
e
d
wi
th
b
r
i
g
h
ter
co
lo
r
s
o
n
th
e
i
m
ag
e
VOSv
iewe
r
’
s
o
v
er
la
y
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
r
esear
ch
to
p
ics
ar
e
m
o
r
e
cu
r
io
u
s
an
d
m
u
ch
in
d
em
a
n
d
b
y
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
.
B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
e
latest
to
p
ics
th
at
c
an
b
e
u
s
ed
as
r
esear
ch
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
u
ch
as
th
e
to
p
ics
h
ig
h
er
o
r
d
er
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ill
(
HOT
S
)
,
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
,
an
d
l
o
wer
o
r
d
er
t
h
in
k
in
g
ab
ilit
ies
(
L
OT
S
)
.
Ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
b
ein
g
b
ased
o
n
o
v
e
r
lay
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
,
we
ca
n
also
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
g
en
e
r
al
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
2
0
1
4
to
2
0
2
3
HOT
S
s
tu
d
y
b
ased
o
n
d
en
s
ity
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
VO
Sv
iewe
r
,
s
h
o
ws
th
at
o
f
ten
o
r
n
o
t
th
e
r
esear
ch
is
d
o
n
e,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
d
ar
k
er
th
e
c
o
lo
r
o
n
th
e
im
a
g
e
m
ea
n
s
th
at
r
esear
ch
to
p
ics
ar
e
s
till
r
ar
ely
d
o
n
e,
s
o
if
we
a
n
aly
ze
r
esear
ch
o
n
HOT
S th
is
ca
n
b
e
o
u
r
c
o
n
s
id
e
r
atio
n
to
d
e
v
elo
p
r
esear
ch
in
t
h
e
p
r
esen
t a
n
d
f
u
t
u
r
e.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
is
w
o
r
k
,
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
m
e
th
o
d
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
s
tate
o
f
r
esear
ch
in
a
p
a
r
ticu
la
r
f
ield
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
HOT
S
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
id
en
tify
in
g
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
HOT
S
r
esear
ch
es
ea
ch
y
ea
r
,
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
th
e
HOT
S
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
m
o
s
t
citatio
n
s
,
HOT
S
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
s
tu
d
ied
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
y
ea
r
s
2
0
1
4
t
o
2
0
2
3
,
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
Ho
ts
p
u
b
licatio
n
b
ased
o
n
r
esear
ch
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
h
o
ts
r
esear
ch
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
ts
in
th
e
s
u
b
ject
c
ateg
o
r
ies,
a
n
d
th
e
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
o
f
r
esear
c
h
tr
en
d
s
b
ased
o
n
VOSv
iewe
r
HOT
S
s
o
f
twar
e
d
u
r
in
g
2
0
1
4
t
o
2
0
2
3
T
h
e
HOT
S
tr
en
d
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
r
esu
lted
in
8
m
ain
cl
u
s
ter
s
in
d
icate
d
b
y
r
e
d
,
g
r
ee
n
,
b
lu
e
,
y
ello
w,
p
u
r
p
le
,
to
s
ca
,
o
r
an
g
e
,
an
d
p
in
k
.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
ar
e
t
h
at
HOT
S
ca
n
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
o
r
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
m
eth
o
d
s
,
m
o
r
e
s
u
itab
le
to
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
at
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
in
co
lleg
e,
with
th
e
asp
ec
ts
o
f
HOT
S
b
ein
g
s
tu
d
ied
s
u
ch
as
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
,
cr
ea
tiv
e
t
h
in
k
in
g
,
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
m
ed
ia
a
n
d
u
s
e
o
f
wo
r
k
s
h
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