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On
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SB
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SB
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in
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ass
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e
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b
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p
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cr
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k
in
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r
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b
lem
-
s
o
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v
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,
an
d
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
[
1
]
.
I
t
p
r
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m
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tu
d
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ter
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tak
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s
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[
2
]
.
Desp
ite
its
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en
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,
SB
A
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ac
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ch
allen
g
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li
k
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g
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o
f
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p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
,
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
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r
o
r
s
[
3
]
.
T
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o
lo
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y
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teg
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co
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ld
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h
an
ce
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an
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lev
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ts
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t
d
ata
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is
,
s
to
r
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d
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T
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h
if
t
to
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s
d
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p
latf
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r
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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J
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R
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,
Vo
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.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
389
-
397
390
e
-
p
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r
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lects
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h
with
s
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u
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ity
an
d
ac
cu
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ac
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ch
allen
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es
[
4
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.
Seizi
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v
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tag
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[
5
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.
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to
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at,
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d
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ased
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2.
L
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Gen
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BC
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o
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o
s
s
ess
th
e
n
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ar
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p
er
m
is
s
io
n
s
[
6
]
.
Gen
e
r
ally
,
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a
r
e
two
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if
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in
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C
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n
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
f
r
o
m
a
ce
n
tr
al
s
o
u
r
ce
.
H
o
wev
er
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
is
a
co
n
ce
r
n
b
ec
au
s
e
i
f
th
e
ce
n
t
r
al
s
o
u
r
ce
is
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
ed
,
all
u
s
er
s
ar
e
af
f
ec
ted
b
ec
a
u
s
e
all
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t d
ata
is
s
to
r
ed
o
n
a
s
in
g
le
s
er
v
er
[
1
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
d
ec
e
n
tr
alize
d
B
C
-
b
ased
s
h
ar
in
g
allo
ws
f
o
r
th
e
s
h
ar
in
g
o
f
co
m
p
lete
d
ata,
wh
er
e
teac
h
er
s
ca
n
ex
ch
an
g
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
with
o
u
t
r
ely
in
g
o
n
a
ce
n
tr
al
au
th
o
r
ity
wh
o
co
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
s
er
v
er
.
I
t
is
a
p
ee
r
-
to
-
p
ee
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
r
ef
er
s
t
o
a
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
m
o
d
el
wh
er
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
ca
lled
p
ee
r
s
(
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
s
tak
eh
o
l
d
e
r
s
–
ac
co
r
d
in
g
ly
f
it
b
y
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
au
t
h
o
r
ity
)
,
ca
n
d
ir
ec
tly
in
t
er
ac
t
an
d
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
with
o
n
e
an
o
t
h
er
with
o
u
t
r
ely
in
g
o
n
a
ce
n
tr
al
au
th
o
r
ity
.
T
h
is
is
co
m
m
o
n
ly
s
ee
n
in
B
C
,
wh
ich
en
s
u
r
es
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
an
d
p
r
ev
e
n
ts
m
is
u
s
e
[
7
]
.
T
h
is
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
f
er
s
b
en
ef
its
lik
e
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
f
au
lt
to
ler
an
ce
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
ag
ain
s
t
s
in
g
le
p
o
in
ts
o
f
f
ailu
r
e
[
8
]
.
M
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
t
an
tly
,
B
C
o
p
er
ates
in
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
a
n
d
d
ec
en
tr
ali
ze
d
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
co
m
p
u
ter
s
(
n
o
d
es)
th
at
wo
r
k
to
g
eth
e
r
to
u
p
h
o
ld
an
d
v
alid
ate
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
d
ata.
T
h
is
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
r
em
o
v
es th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
d
ep
en
d
e
n
ce
o
n
a
s
o
le
ce
n
tr
al
s
er
v
er
,
th
er
eb
y
m
i
n
im
izin
g
th
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
s
er
v
er
ja
m
s
o
r
f
ailu
r
es
[
9
]
.
W
ith
in
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ass
ess
m
en
t
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
ch
o
lar
s
h
a
v
e
d
e
v
o
ted
th
eir
ef
f
o
r
ts
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
m
o
d
els
an
d
p
r
o
to
ty
p
es
th
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
B
C
.
Ho
wev
er
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
ese
m
o
d
els
p
r
im
ar
ily
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
o
n
m
o
d
el
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t,
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
an
d
d
r
awin
g
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
asp
ec
ts
an
d
p
o
te
n
tial
b
en
ef
its
th
e
y
o
f
f
er
.
E
x
p
lo
r
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e
r
ea
d
in
ess
to
u
tili
ze
t
h
ese
m
o
d
els
h
as
y
et
to
b
e
u
n
d
er
tak
e
n
.
B
esid
es,
wi
th
th
e
em
er
g
en
ce
o
f
B
C
as
a
n
o
v
el
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
f
u
r
th
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
,
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
d
is
tin
ct
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
o
f
B
C
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
ea
r
lier
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
h
av
e
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
tly
b
ee
n
i
n
v
esti
g
ated
in
th
e
co
n
tex
ts
o
f
b
a
n
k
in
g
,
f
in
a
n
cin
g
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ain
m
an
a
g
em
en
t,
wh
ile
th
e
s
am
e
r
esear
ch
o
n
B
C
r
ea
d
in
es
s
in
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
co
n
te
x
t,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
p
er
tain
i
n
g
to
p
r
o
ject
p
a
p
er
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t,
r
em
ain
s
lim
ited
[
1
1
]
.
Sch
o
lar
s
h
av
e
em
p
lo
y
e
d
v
ar
io
u
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
r
ea
d
in
ess
th
eo
r
ies
o
v
er
th
e
p
ast
f
ew
d
ec
ad
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
m
o
d
el
(
T
AM
)
,
u
n
if
ied
th
e
o
r
y
o
f
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
a
n
d
u
s
e
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
UT
AUT
)
,
th
eo
r
y
o
f
p
lan
n
ed
b
eh
av
io
r
(
T
PB
)
,
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
(
DOI
)
an
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
r
ea
d
in
ess
in
d
ex
(
T
R
I
)
.
P
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
[
1
2
]
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
n
ar
r
o
w
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
T
AM
,
UT
AUT
,
an
d
r
elate
d
m
o
d
els
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
an
d
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
ese
m
o
d
els
ad
o
p
t
a
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
f
r
o
m
s
o
cial
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
y
th
at
ce
n
ter
s
o
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al
u
s
e
r
s
.
T
h
ey
p
r
esu
m
e
a
d
ir
ec
t
ca
u
s
al
im
p
ac
t
o
f
r
ea
d
in
ess
o
n
ac
tu
al
b
eh
av
io
r
.
T
h
e
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
in
th
ese
m
o
d
els
m
a
in
ly
af
f
ec
t
u
s
ag
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
u
s
ag
e
in
ten
tio
n
,
ig
n
o
r
in
g
th
e
b
r
o
a
d
er
s
o
cio
-
tec
h
n
ical
asp
ec
ts
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
,
an
d
s
o
ciety
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
Desp
ite
th
eir
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
T
AM
a
n
d
UT
AUT
h
av
e
b
ee
n
cr
iticized
f
o
r
r
ea
ch
in
g
th
eir
to
p
ce
ilin
g
[
1
3
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
is
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
it
is
cr
u
cial
to
tak
e
a
b
r
o
ad
e
r
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
co
n
s
id
er
s
b
o
th
th
e
tech
n
ical
asp
ec
ts
an
d
th
e
r
elate
d
is
s
u
es.
W
h
ile
T
AM
p
r
im
a
r
ily
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
s
y
s
tem
u
s
e,
it
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
e
n
h
an
ce
d
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
p
o
wer
with
th
e
in
cl
u
s
io
n
o
f
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
f
o
r
e
x
ten
s
io
n
s
,
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
,
an
d
m
o
d
if
icati
o
n
s
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
,
th
is
m
o
d
el
’
s
th
eo
r
etica
l
o
r
ien
tatio
n
u
tili
ze
d
th
e
t
h
eo
r
y
o
f
T
AM
in
co
m
b
in
atio
n
with
DOI
to
p
r
e
d
ict
teac
h
er
s
’
r
ea
d
in
ess
to
u
s
e
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
lik
e
B
PP
M.
Alth
o
u
g
h
T
AM
s
o
lely
ce
n
ter
s
o
n
s
y
s
tem
u
s
e,
it
r
em
ain
s
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
p
r
e
d
i
ctiv
e
to
o
l
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ex
ten
d
ed
,
d
ev
elo
p
ed
,
an
d
m
o
d
if
ied
t
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
ev
en
g
r
e
ater
in
s
ig
h
t
in
to
u
s
er
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
an
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
T
AM
m
o
d
el
h
as
b
ee
n
ex
p
a
n
d
ed
in
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
way
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
b
y
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
at
in
g
ex
ter
n
al
v
ar
iab
les to
alig
n
with
th
e
co
n
tex
t o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
ese
alt
er
atio
n
s
h
av
e
th
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
t
o
f
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
m
o
d
el
’
s
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
p
o
wer
a
n
d
ca
n
b
e
ad
ap
ted
to
p
ar
ticu
la
r
s
itu
atio
n
s
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
d
ee
p
er
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
u
s
er
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
h
as
also
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
m
ee
t
th
e
th
r
ee
b
asic
cr
iter
ia
(
p
ar
s
im
o
n
y
,
v
er
if
iab
ilit
y
,
an
d
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
)
f
o
r
an
aly
zin
g
a
c
o
m
p
lex
s
y
s
tem
lik
e
B
C
[
1
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Mo
d
elin
g
b
lo
ck
c
h
a
in
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
a
s
s
ess
men
t m
a
n
a
g
eme
n
t
:
th
e
in
itia
l rea
d
in
ess
…
(
Jo
h
a
r
r
i S
h
u
h
a
imi
)
391
3.
CO
NCEPT
UAL
M
O
D
E
L
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
el
,
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
is
g
e
n
er
ally
d
er
iv
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
DOI
a
n
d
T
AM
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
eig
h
t
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
B
PP
M
r
ea
d
in
ess
am
o
n
g
p
r
e
-
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
teac
h
er
s
.
I
t
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
th
at
two
DOI
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
n
am
ely
r
elati
v
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
(
RA
)
an
d
c
o
m
p
a
tib
ilit
y
(
C
OM
)
,
will
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
t
th
e
m
ajo
r
T
AM
v
ar
iab
les,
wh
er
ea
s
ca
r
d
io
p
u
lm
o
n
ar
y
ex
e
r
cise
test
(
C
P
X
)
will
n
eg
ativ
ely
af
f
ec
t
th
e
T
AM
v
ar
iab
les.
B
e
s
id
es,
th
e
T
AM
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
PE
OU
an
d
PU
ar
e
ex
p
ec
te
d
to
co
r
r
elate
p
o
s
itiv
ely
with
th
e
in
itial
tr
u
s
t
(
I
NT
)
o
f
th
e
B
PP
M.
At
a
d
ee
p
er
lev
el,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
I
NT
m
ay
s
er
v
e
as
a
m
ed
iato
r
b
etwe
en
th
e
T
AM
v
ar
iab
les
an
d
teac
h
er
s
'
r
ea
d
in
ess
to
em
b
r
ac
e
B
PP
M.
Fin
ally
,
it
is
an
ticip
ated
th
at
wo
r
k
lo
ad
(
WL
)
will m
o
d
er
ate
th
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
I
NT
o
n
th
e
r
esea
r
ch
tar
g
et
v
ar
iab
le.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
th
e
B
PP
M
r
ea
d
in
ess
m
o
d
el
4.
M
E
T
H
O
D
Similar
to
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
es
,
th
is
p
r
o
ject
em
er
g
ed
n
o
t
o
n
ly
f
r
o
m
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
d
g
ap
s
in
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
b
u
t a
ls
o
f
r
o
m
s
u
b
jects th
at
in
itiated
in
ter
est an
d
s
p
ar
k
ed
cu
r
io
s
ity
.
T
ea
c
h
er
s
'
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t in
teac
h
in
g
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
,
alo
n
g
with
r
ef
lectio
n
o
n
teac
h
er
s
'
in
tellectu
al,
ex
p
er
ien
ce
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
W
L
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
,
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
t
ed
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
r
ee
m
ain
s
tep
s
.
I
n
itially
,
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
r
e
v
iew
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
f
ac
to
r
s
r
elate
d
to
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tep
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
u
s
in
g
th
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
to
class
if
y
,
id
en
tify
,
an
d
c
ateg
o
r
ize
r
ea
d
in
ess
f
ac
to
r
s
.
I
n
th
e
f
in
al
s
tep
,
t
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
e
n
cin
g
p
r
e
-
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
teac
h
er
s
'
r
ea
d
in
e
s
s
to
ad
o
p
t
B
PP
M
wer
e
g
ath
er
ed
a
n
d
d
eter
m
i
n
e
d
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
t
s
ec
tio
n
s
will
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
etailed
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
co
llectin
g
d
ata,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
s
a
m
p
le,
an
d
th
e
tech
n
i
q
u
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
.
4
.
1
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n m
et
ho
d
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
u
s
ed
a
q
u
alitativ
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
ca
lled
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
s
p
o
s
ted
in
a
T
eleg
r
a
m
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
M
alay
s
ian
p
r
e
-
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
teac
h
er
s
to
o
b
tain
th
eir
v
iews
an
d
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
B
PP
M.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
was
ch
o
s
en
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
h
o
w
B
PP
M
ca
n
b
e
ad
o
p
ted
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es,
wh
ich
is
h
ar
d
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
with
n
u
m
b
er
s
[
1
9
]
.
Q
u
alitativ
e
r
esear
ch
is
a
g
o
o
d
way
to
d
ig
d
ee
p
in
t
o
wh
at
teac
h
er
s
th
in
k
an
d
f
ee
l,
s
ee
in
g
th
eir
u
n
iq
u
e
v
iewp
o
in
t
s
r
ath
er
th
a
n
ju
s
t
lo
o
k
in
g
at
f
ac
ts
[
2
0
]
.
I
t
h
elp
ed
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
co
n
n
ec
t
with
k
ey
p
eo
p
le
lik
e
p
r
e
-
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
teac
h
er
s
w
h
o
d
ir
ec
tly
i
n
ter
ac
t
with
th
e
w
h
o
le
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
Usi
n
g
th
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
g
ain
ed
a
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
p
r
e
-
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
teac
h
er
s
'
r
ea
d
in
ess
to
ad
o
p
t
B
PP
M.
Su
ch
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
an
s
wer
in
g
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
in
alig
n
m
e
n
t
with
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
g
o
als.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
o
n
e
m
ain
p
r
im
a
r
y
,
as
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
:
“
I
s
ee
k
th
e
p
ers
p
ec
tives
o
f
fello
w
tea
ch
ers
o
n
th
e
imp
leme
n
ta
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
e
-
u
n
ivers
ity
p
r
o
ject
p
a
p
er
u
n
d
er
a
s
ystem
kn
o
w
n
a
s
th
e
b
lo
ck
ch
a
in
-
b
a
s
ed
p
r
o
ject
p
a
p
er
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t
(
B
P
P
M).
S
p
ec
ifica
lly,
w
h
a
t
f
a
cto
r
s
w
o
u
ld
ma
ke
tea
ch
ers
w
illi
n
g
to
a
d
o
p
t
th
is
s
ystem
in
s
tu
d
en
t p
r
o
ject
p
a
p
er a
s
s
ess
m
en
t a
ctivities?
”
T
h
r
ee
ex
p
e
r
ts
v
er
if
ied
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
to
en
s
u
r
e
it
h
ad
g
o
o
d
f
ac
e
an
d
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
.
T
h
e
s
e
ex
p
er
ts
in
clu
d
ed
d
o
m
ain
o
r
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
ex
p
er
ts
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
ac
ad
e
m
ia
an
d
b
u
s
in
ess
es,
in
d
iv
id
u
a
ls
p
r
o
f
icien
t
in
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
b
ein
g
s
tu
d
ied
an
d
th
o
s
e
f
am
iliar
with
th
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
f
o
r
wh
o
m
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
wo
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
[
2
1
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
th
r
ee
ex
p
er
ts
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
an
ac
ad
em
ician
s
p
ec
ializin
g
in
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ad
o
p
tio
n
,
a
s
en
io
r
p
r
e
-
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
teac
h
er
d
ir
ec
tly
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
m
an
a
g
in
g
p
r
o
ject
p
ap
er
s
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
a
n
o
f
f
icer
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
d
ep
ar
tm
en
t f
r
o
m
th
e
d
is
tr
ict
ed
u
c
atio
n
o
f
f
ice.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
389
-
397
392
4
.
2
.
Co
nte
x
t
o
f
t
he
s
t
ud
y
As
th
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
o
f
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
p
r
e
-
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
teac
h
er
s
,
th
e
q
u
alitativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
eth
n
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
is
id
ea
l.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
en
a
b
les
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
p
atter
n
s
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
d
ee
p
ly
with
in
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
r
o
u
p
s
;
an
d
m
in
im
u
m
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
3
0
to
5
0
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
h
as
b
ee
n
p
o
s
ted
i
n
th
e
T
eleg
r
am
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
4
4
2
p
r
e
-
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
teac
h
e
r
s
an
d
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
h
as
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
e
x
tr
ac
te
d
v
iews
f
r
o
m
5
9
teac
h
er
s
i
n
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
eleg
r
am
ap
p
licatio
n
is
b
ec
o
m
in
g
p
o
p
u
l
ar
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
it
h
as
s
ev
er
al
f
ea
tu
r
es
th
at
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
-
teac
h
e
r
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tak
eh
o
ld
e
r
s
'
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
ea
ch
er
s
also
u
s
e
th
e
ap
p
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
to
f
ac
ili
tate
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
i
n
g
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
f
a
ct,
th
e
T
eleg
r
a
m
ap
p
licatio
n
h
as
r
ec
en
tly
b
ec
o
m
e
f
am
iliar
am
o
n
g
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
ag
en
cies
in
Ma
lay
s
ia.
Ad
d
iti
o
n
ally
,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
em
p
ir
icall
y
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
p
o
s
s
ess
s
im
ila
r
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
ar
e
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
th
e
s
am
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
licies
im
p
lem
en
ted
b
y
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
au
t
h
o
r
ity
.
T
ea
c
h
er
s
o
f
ten
ex
h
ib
it
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
in
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
u
e
to
f
ac
t
o
r
s
s
u
ch
as
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
t
s
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
tr
ain
in
g
,
a
n
d
s
h
ar
ed
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
2
5
]
.
I
t
is
wo
r
th
n
o
tin
g
th
at
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
Ma
lay
s
ian
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
tr
ain
ed
a
n
d
r
ec
r
u
ited
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
o
v
er
s
ee
n
b
y
th
e
m
in
is
tr
y
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
a
c
o
m
m
o
n
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
ase
an
d
in
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
al
p
r
ac
tices
am
o
n
g
teac
h
er
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
s
im
ilar
ities
wit
h
in
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
teac
h
er
s
'
v
iew
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
latf
o
r
m
is
h
ig
h
ly
u
s
ef
u
l to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
4
.
3
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
q
u
alitativ
e
co
n
ten
t
a
n
aly
s
is
m
eth
o
d
was
a
p
p
lied
to
e
x
am
in
e
th
e
o
p
en
-
e
n
d
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
ab
o
u
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
a
n
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
B
PP
M
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
.
A
to
tal
o
f
5
9
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
co
llected
f
r
o
m
5
9
p
r
e
-
u
n
iv
er
s
i
ty
teac
h
er
s
a
n
d
ca
te
g
o
r
ized
in
t
o
f
o
u
r
t
h
em
es
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
p
u
t.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
ar
e
ass
ig
n
ed
wit
h
co
d
es
b
ased
o
n
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
s
u
itab
ilit
y
.
T
h
o
s
e
n
o
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
ar
e
c
o
d
ed
as
1
,
wh
ile
t
h
o
s
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
a
r
e
c
o
d
ed
as
2
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
v
iews
th
at
ar
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
b
u
t
o
n
ly
if
t
h
er
e
a
r
e
n
o
s
er
v
e
r
is
s
u
es
ar
e
co
d
e
d
as
3
,
an
d
o
n
ly
i
n
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
c
o
n
f
id
e
n
tiality
is
s
u
es a
r
e
co
d
ed
as 4
.
T
h
e
n
,
t
h
e
co
m
m
en
t
a
n
d
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
a
r
e
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
.
T
h
e
m
a
ti
c
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
i
s
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
t
o
ca
t
e
g
o
r
i
z
e
t
h
e
d
a
t
a
an
d
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
t
e
c
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
e
s
t
o
a
d
d
r
es
s
th
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
ch
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
.
T
h
i
s
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
b
e
g
i
n
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
in
itial
s
t
a
g
e
o
f
d
a
t
a
an
aly
s
is
a
n
d
i
s
f
o
ll
o
we
d
b
y
a
n
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
,
w
h
ic
h
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
s
en
ter
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
d
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
p
h
a
s
e
a
n
d
c
o
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
d
a
ta
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
m
a
t
r
i
c
e
s
o
r
ta
b
l
e
s
,
n
e
tw
o
r
k
s
,
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
m
ap
s
,
f
l
o
w
c
h
a
r
ts
,
d
i
a
g
r
a
m
s
,
t
o
f
a
c
i
l
it
a
t
e
r
e
a
d
e
r
s
i
n
ex
am
in
in
g
t
h
e
o
b
tain
e
d
r
ese
ar
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
also
em
p
lo
y
s
th
r
e
e
ty
p
es
o
f
c
o
d
in
g
,
n
am
ely
i)
o
p
en
co
d
in
g
;
ii)
ax
i
al
co
d
in
g
;
an
d
iii)
s
elec
tiv
e
c
o
d
in
g
to
o
b
tain
r
esear
c
h
f
in
d
in
g
s
th
at
ar
e
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
th
eo
r
y
at
th
e
en
d
o
f
th
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
ese
th
r
ee
ty
p
es
o
f
co
d
es
ar
e
also
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
co
d
in
g
,
wh
ich
aim
s
to
g
ath
er
all
co
d
es
in
itially
,
th
en
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
co
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
ased
on
to
p
ics,
an
d
f
in
ally
s
y
n
th
esize
to
f
o
r
m
a
co
n
ce
p
t o
r
th
em
e,
n
am
el
y
an
aly
tic
co
d
in
g
[
2
8
]
.
5.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
two
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
o
b
jectiv
e.
First,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
n
p
r
e
-
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
teac
h
er
s
'
o
p
in
i
o
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
B
PP
M
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
teac
h
er
s
'
n
u
an
ce
d
v
iewp
o
i
n
ts
o
n
th
e
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
B
PP
M
in
th
eir
p
r
o
ject
p
ap
e
r
m
an
ag
em
en
t
ar
e
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
in
v
esti
g
ated
.
Seco
n
d
,
t
h
e
s
am
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
u
s
ed
t
o
p
r
esen
t
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
im
p
ac
tin
g
teac
h
er
s
'
r
ea
d
in
ess
to
u
s
e
B
PP
M.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
g
o
es f
u
r
th
e
r
in
to
th
e
is
s
u
es
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
teac
h
e
r
s
'
will
in
g
n
ess
an
d
ab
ilit
y
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
B
PP
M
in
to
th
eir
p
r
o
ject
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t p
r
ac
tices.
5
.
1
.
Su
it
a
bil
it
y
o
f
B
P
P
M
im
plem
ent
a
t
io
n
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
r
e
-
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
teac
h
er
s
'
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
B
PP
M
in
a
s
s
ess
m
en
t
p
r
ac
tice.
T
h
eir
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
in
clu
d
ed
teac
h
er
s
wh
o
a
g
r
ee
d
with
o
th
er
teac
h
er
s
'
co
m
m
en
ts
in
th
eir
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
a
to
tal
o
f
5
9
teac
h
er
s
r
esp
o
n
d
ed
to
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
o
n
ly
4
4
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
to
alig
n
with
th
e
o
b
jecti
v
e
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
ca
teg
o
r
iz
ed
in
to
f
o
u
r
th
e
m
es
b
ased
o
n
t
h
eir
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
p
r
e
-
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
teac
h
e
r
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
f
a
v
o
r
a
b
le
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
o
n
th
e
B
PP
M
I
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
p
r
e
-
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
teac
h
er
s
ag
r
ee
d
th
at
B
PP
M
is
p
r
ac
tic
al
an
d
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
m
an
ag
in
g
p
r
e
-
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
ass
ess
m
en
t
d
ata
(
2
5
%).
Ap
a
r
t
f
r
o
m
th
at,
n
i
n
etee
n
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
4
3
%)
ex
p
r
ess
ed
th
at
th
e
B
PP
M
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
is
s
u
itab
le
if
th
e
s
y
s
tem
h
as
n
o
co
n
f
i
d
en
tiality
an
d
s
er
v
er
is
s
u
e
(
1
1
%).
T
h
is
im
p
lies
th
at
m
o
s
t
p
r
e
-
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
teac
h
e
r
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
B
PP
M
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
with
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
ad
d
r
ess
two
p
r
im
ar
y
co
n
ce
r
n
s
:
s
er
v
er
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
an
d
co
n
f
id
e
n
tiality
is
s
u
es.
T
h
i
s
r
esu
lt
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
o
f
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
wh
er
e
teac
h
er
s
'
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
p
r
o
ject
p
ap
er
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
p
r
ac
tices sl
ig
h
tly
v
ar
ied
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
s
u
b
ject
o
r
d
o
m
ain
th
ey
tau
g
h
t
[
2
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Mo
d
elin
g
b
lo
ck
c
h
a
in
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
a
s
s
ess
men
t m
a
n
a
g
eme
n
t
:
th
e
in
itia
l rea
d
in
ess
…
(
Jo
h
a
r
r
i S
h
u
h
a
imi
)
393
T
ab
le
1
.
Pre
-
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
teac
h
e
r
s
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
B
PP
M
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
Th
e
m
e
C
o
d
e
f
%
N
o
t
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
t
o
b
e
i
mp
l
e
m
e
n
t
e
d
1
9
20
S
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
t
o
b
e
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
e
d
2
11
25
S
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
t
o
b
e
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
e
d
i
f
t
h
e
sy
s
t
e
m
h
a
s
n
o
ser
v
e
r
i
ss
u
e
3
5
11
S
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
t
o
b
e
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
e
d
i
f
t
h
e
sy
s
t
e
m
h
a
s
n
o
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
t
i
a
l
i
t
y
i
ss
u
e
4
19
43
To
t
a
l
44
1
0
0
5
.
2
.
F
a
ct
o
r
influencing
pre
-
un
iv
er
s
it
y
t
ea
cher
s
t
o
a
do
pt
B
P
P
M
T
h
is
s
eg
m
en
t
in
clu
d
es
th
em
atic
d
is
co
v
er
ies
th
at
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
elem
en
ts
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
B
PP
M
r
ea
d
in
ess
with
in
th
e
p
r
e
-
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
Pre
-
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
teac
h
er
s
in
d
icate
d
cr
u
cial
asp
ec
ts
th
at
n
ec
es
s
itate
atten
tio
n
an
d
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
f
o
r
B
PP
M
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
im
p
ac
tin
g
th
e
em
b
r
ac
e
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
Mo
s
t
p
r
e
-
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
ag
r
ee
d
w
ith
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
a
n
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
t
h
at
th
e
B
PP
M
r
ea
d
in
ess
m
o
d
el,
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
ac
co
r
d
a
n
ce
with
t
h
e
DOI
an
d
T
AM
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
is
ac
ce
p
tab
le
f
o
r
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
elem
en
ts
th
at
a
f
f
ec
t
teac
h
er
s
'
r
ea
d
in
ess
to
em
p
lo
y
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
ev
alu
atio
n
.
T
h
o
s
e
elem
en
ts
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
s
u
b
-
s
ec
tio
n
.
5
.
2
.
1
.
Rela
t
iv
e
a
dv
a
nt
age
Pre
-
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
teac
h
er
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
at
th
e
r
elativ
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
lik
e
its
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
s
o
lv
e
s
er
v
er
is
s
u
es,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ev
id
en
ce
d
is
p
o
s
al
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es a
n
d
p
r
o
m
is
ed
im
m
u
tab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
ass
ess
m
en
t d
ata,
p
lay
cr
u
cial
r
o
les
in
ad
o
p
tin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
lin
e
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
[
3
0
]
,
wh
ich
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
co
n
f
id
e
n
tiality
o
f
ass
ess
m
en
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
ee
m
to
b
e
th
e
m
ajo
r
p
r
io
r
ity
am
o
n
g
teac
h
e
r
s
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
B
PP
M.
T
ea
ch
er
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
in
s
ig
h
ts
o
n
th
e
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
m
ad
e
b
y
teen
ag
er
s
in
I
C
T
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
cl
o
u
d
-
b
ased
an
d
b
l
o
ck
ch
ain
tech
n
o
l
o
g
i
es.
On
e
teac
h
er
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
th
is
p
r
o
g
r
ess
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
u
p
tim
e,
an
d
s
p
ee
d
.
An
o
th
er
p
ar
ticip
an
t
em
p
h
asized
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
u
n
d
e
r
lin
in
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
ec
u
r
e
as
s
ess
m
en
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
ey
ca
u
ti
o
n
ed
ag
ain
s
t
o
p
en
ac
ce
s
s
,
ex
p
r
ess
in
g
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
p
o
ten
tial
d
is
p
u
tes
am
o
n
g
teac
h
er
s
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
e
g
io
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
t
ass
ess
m
en
t
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
v
a
r
iab
ilit
y
in
s
co
r
in
g
b
y
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
teac
h
er
s
was
also
m
en
tio
n
ed
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
,
th
ey
s
u
g
g
ested
r
e
s
tr
ictin
g
ac
ce
s
s
to
s
co
r
in
g
an
d
ev
id
en
ce
to
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
ar
ties
.
5
.
2
.
2
.
Co
m
pa
t
ibi
lity
Par
ticip
an
ts
em
p
h
asized
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
B
PP
M
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
all
s
u
b
jects
an
d
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
atib
ilit
y
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
s
y
s
tem
an
d
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
b
u
ild
s
o
n
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
[
3
1
]
,
wh
ich
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
teac
h
er
s
'
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
f
p
r
o
ject
p
ap
e
r
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
d
if
f
er
e
d
s
lig
h
tly
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
s
u
b
ject
o
r
ar
ea
th
ey
t
au
g
h
t.
A
teac
h
er
d
is
ag
r
ee
s
an
d
r
aises
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
its
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
W
L
f
o
r
th
e
h
is
to
r
y
s
u
b
ject
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
ey
s
tr
ess
ed
th
at
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
f
i
d
en
tial
n
atu
r
e
o
f
ass
ess
m
en
t
s
co
r
es,
m
an
ag
ed
b
y
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
au
th
o
r
ity
,
is
m
ain
tain
ed
with
o
u
t
is
s
u
es.
T
h
e
teac
h
er
n
o
te
d
th
at
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
en
s
itiv
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
ex
am
s
co
r
es,
ac
ce
s
s
is
lim
ited
to
au
t
h
o
r
ized
in
d
iv
id
u
als,
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
n
f
i
d
en
tiality
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
an
o
th
er
teac
h
er
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
f
o
llo
win
g
t
h
e
r
u
les
an
d
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
d
is
p
o
s
al
o
f
ev
id
e
n
ce
.
T
h
ey
p
o
in
te
d
o
u
t
th
at
ev
id
e
n
ce
is
s
af
eg
u
a
r
d
ed
u
n
d
er
th
e
o
f
f
icial
s
ec
r
ets
ac
t
(
OSA)
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
,
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
f
r
o
m
in
itiatio
n
to
d
is
p
o
s
al.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
au
th
o
r
ity
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
r
e
f
er
e
n
ce
f
o
r
all
m
atter
s
r
elate
d
to
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
t
was
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
at
w
h
ile
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le,
it
m
u
s
t a
lig
n
with
cu
r
r
e
n
t a
s
s
ess
m
en
t n
ee
d
s
an
d
b
e
in
lin
e
with
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
I
t
is
em
p
h
asized
b
y
a
teac
h
er
th
at
an
y
s
y
s
tem
s
h
o
u
ld
ad
d
r
ess
ex
is
tin
g
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
ies th
at
co
u
ld
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
b
o
t
h
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
eth
i
cs a
n
d
co
n
f
i
d
en
tiality
[
3
2
]
.
5
.
2
.
3
.
Co
m
plex
it
y
T
ea
ch
er
s
em
p
h
asized
th
at
th
e
is
s
u
e
with
th
e
s
er
v
er
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
e,
ca
u
s
in
g
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
an
d
ad
d
in
g
co
m
p
lex
it
y
to
th
e
B
PP
M
s
y
s
tem
.
A
teac
h
er
em
p
h
asized
th
at
B
PMM
co
u
ld
cr
ea
te
p
r
ess
u
r
e
f
o
r
all
teac
h
er
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
th
o
s
e
wh
o
ar
e
less
f
am
iliar
with
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
ar
is
es f
r
o
m
th
e
n
ee
d
t
o
r
ev
iew
s
tu
d
en
t w
o
r
k
,
h
a
n
d
le
v
ar
io
u
s
d
ata,
an
d
co
m
p
lete
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
en
t.
T
h
is
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
a
p
ar
ticip
an
t
wh
o
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
u
n
f
am
iliar
ity
o
f
a
p
er
s
o
n
with
ce
r
tain
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
co
u
l
d
lead
to
r
ejec
tio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
lo
w
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
.
T
h
e
teac
h
er
is
n
o
t
co
m
f
o
r
t
ab
le
s
p
en
d
in
g
ex
te
n
d
ed
p
er
io
d
s
o
n
th
e
lap
to
p
as
th
ey
also
n
ee
d
to
m
an
u
ally
c
o
u
n
t
e
v
er
y
wo
r
d
in
s
tu
d
en
t
e
s
s
ay
s
f
o
r
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
T
h
e
teac
h
er
s
tr
ess
ed
th
at
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
m
an
u
al
m
eth
o
d
is
m
o
r
e
co
m
f
o
r
ta
b
le
an
d
c
o
n
v
e
n
i
en
t.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
teac
h
er
s
till
b
eliev
es
in
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
way
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
u
n
f
am
iliar
ity
with
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
teac
h
er
b
eli
ev
es
u
s
in
g
p
e
n
an
d
p
ap
er
is
th
e
b
est
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
e
ca
u
s
e
th
er
e'
s
a
r
is
k
o
f
co
n
f
id
e
n
tial
m
ater
ial
leak
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ig
ital
m
ea
n
s
.
T
h
e
teac
h
er
em
p
h
asized
th
at
f
o
r
m
ar
k
in
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
th
e
o
p
tio
n
to
u
p
lo
ad
m
ater
ials
in
d
i
v
id
u
ally
is
alr
ea
d
y
av
ailab
le.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
e
y
p
er
s
o
n
ally
p
r
ef
er
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
,
esp
ec
ially
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
eir
ag
e
.
Usi
n
g
p
en
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
389
-
397
394
an
d
p
a
p
er
en
ab
les
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
s
tu
d
en
t
r
esp
o
n
s
es
an
d
o
f
f
er
s
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
a
u
th
en
ti
c
wr
itin
g
,
alo
n
g
with
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
tr
ac
k
ch
an
g
es th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
in
ted
an
d
e
d
ited
m
ater
i
als.
B
esid
es,
i
t
is
also
em
p
h
asize
d
th
at
th
e
B
PP
M
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
to
s
im
p
lify
teac
h
er
s
'
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
task
s
.
I
f
th
er
e
ar
e
an
y
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
,
th
e
ap
p
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
i
n
s
tan
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
s
o
teac
h
er
s
c
an
s
o
lv
e
th
em
.
A
teac
h
er
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
s
er
v
er
ch
allen
g
es
r
em
ain
a
p
er
s
is
ten
t
is
s
u
e,
th
o
u
g
h
ef
f
o
r
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
h
av
e
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
to
ad
d
r
ess
it
b
y
n
o
w
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
teac
h
er
ad
d
ed
th
at,
c
u
r
r
en
tly
,
e
-
s
u
b
m
is
s
io
n
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
co
u
r
s
ewo
r
k
m
ar
k
s
,
with
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
c
h
allen
g
e
b
ein
g
s
er
v
er
c
o
n
g
esti
o
n
.
W
h
ile
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
em
b
r
ac
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
th
e
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
r
esear
ch
,
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
'
s
elf
-
tr
o
u
b
lesh
o
o
tin
g
in
t
h
is
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
y
em
p
h
asized
th
e
cr
itical
s
te
p
o
f
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
b
e
f
o
r
e
p
r
o
c
ee
d
in
g
f
u
r
th
er
.
5
.
2
.
4
.
Usef
uln
ess
T
h
e
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
f
o
c
u
s
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
'
v
i
e
w
s
r
e
v
o
l
v
e
d
a
r
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
B
P
P
M
.
T
h
is
s
e
r
v
e
s
as
a
p
r
a
c
t
i
ca
l
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
o
c
o
l
l
ec
t
t
h
e
i
r
i
n
s
i
g
h
ts
o
n
t
h
e
k
e
y
e
l
e
m
e
n
ts
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
i
n
g
B
PP
M
r
e
a
d
i
n
es
s
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
e
-
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
T
h
e
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
t
h
e
m
e
s
wi
t
h
i
n
t
h
is
s
c
o
p
e
r
e
v
o
l
v
e
d
a
r
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
r
es
u
l
ti
n
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
e
n
e
f
i
ts
o
f
t
h
is
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
.
T
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
p
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
t
h
e
B
PP
M
t
o
h
a
v
e
a
d
u
a
l
i
m
p
a
c
t
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
u
b
i
q
u
i
t
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
m
o
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
a
p
e
r
l
e
s
s
p
r
a
c
t
ic
e
s
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
e
y
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
B
PP
M
w
o
u
l
d
l
e
a
d
t
o
i
ts
wi
d
e
s
p
r
e
a
d
p
r
e
s
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
a
c
ce
s
s
i
b
il
i
ty
a
c
r
o
s
s
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
s
.
S
i
m
u
l
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
l
y
,
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
a
n
t
i
c
i
p
a
te
t
h
at
t
h
e
B
P
P
M
w
o
u
l
d
i
n
i
ti
a
t
e
a
m
o
v
e
f
r
o
m
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
al
p
a
p
e
r
-
b
a
s
e
d
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
t
o
a
m
o
r
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
l
y
f
r
i
e
n
d
l
y
a
n
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
o
m
a
n
ag
i
n
g
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
r
o
c
es
s
es
.
A
c
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
i
n
g
t
h
e
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
i
t
o
f
f
e
r
s
p
a
p
e
r
l
e
s
s
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
,
h
i
g
h
a
c
c
e
s
s
i
b
i
li
t
y
,
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
i
e
n
c
e
o
f
r
e
v
i
e
wi
n
g
w
o
r
k
a
t
a
n
y
l
o
c
at
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
i
m
e
,
s
e
a
m
le
s
s
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
ti
o
n
b
et
w
e
e
n
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
a
n
d
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
,
a
n
d
s
i
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
d
e
r
r
o
r
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
i
s
te
a
c
h
e
r
'
s
p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
c
a
n
b
e
t
a
k
e
n
i
n
t
o
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
i
n
d
i
c
at
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
B
PP
M
s
h
o
u
l
d
o
f
f
e
r
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
'
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
t
a
s
k
s
.
5
.
2
.
5
.
E
a
s
e
o
f
us
e
T
h
e
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
lin
ess
o
f
a
B
PP
M
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
s
ev
er
al
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
s
h
a
p
e
its
o
v
er
all
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
On
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
f
ac
to
r
is
th
e
lev
el
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
am
o
n
g
u
s
er
s
[
1
7
]
.
I
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
in
te
r
f
ac
e
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
in
a
way
th
at
alig
n
s
with
u
s
er
s
'
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
,
it
en
h
an
ce
s
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
n
av
ig
ate
an
d
u
tili
ze
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
tly
[
1
7
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
in
lin
e
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
c
h
[
2
9
]
,
th
at
a
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
t
h
asti
ly
ju
m
p
ed
to
th
e
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
th
at
th
e
B
PP
M
m
ig
h
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
teac
h
er
s
'
wo
r
k
lo
ad
,
e
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
teac
h
er
h
as
n
o
t
y
et
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
d
h
o
w
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
ates.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
ea
s
e
o
f
ac
ce
s
s
is
also
a
p
iv
o
t
al
elem
en
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
B
PP
M
[
3
6
]
.
A
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
B
PP
M
s
h
o
u
ld
en
a
b
le
s
ea
m
less
ac
ce
s
s
f
r
o
m
v
ar
i
o
u
s
d
ev
ices
a
n
d
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
teac
h
er
s
an
d
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
ato
r
s
ca
n
in
ter
ac
t
with
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
o
r
tles
s
ly
.
T
h
is
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
's
f
r
ien
d
lin
ess
b
y
ac
co
m
m
o
d
atin
g
d
iv
er
s
e
u
s
er
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
an
d
wo
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
A
teac
h
er
r
e
p
lied
,
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
in
cl
u
s
io
n
o
f
r
u
b
r
ic
-
f
r
ie
n
d
ly
f
u
n
ctio
n
alities
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ly
im
p
ac
t
th
e
f
r
ien
d
lin
ess
o
f
th
e
B
PP
M.
I
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
ad
a
p
tab
le
an
d
cu
s
to
m
izab
le
r
u
b
r
ics,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
ca
n
alig
n
ass
ess
m
en
t
cr
iter
ia
with
th
eir
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ee
d
s
,
m
ak
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
m
o
o
th
er
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
tai
lo
r
ed
to
in
d
iv
id
u
al
c
o
n
tex
ts
.
5
.
2
.
6
.
T
rus
t
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
m
o
s
t
p
r
e
-
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
teac
h
er
s
,
th
ey
m
o
s
tly
s
tr
ess
th
at
to
p
p
r
io
r
ity
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
g
iv
en
to
m
ain
tain
in
g
co
n
f
i
d
en
tiality
d
u
r
in
g
ass
ess
m
en
ts
,
wh
ich
m
u
s
t
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
a
s
ec
u
r
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
W
h
ile
s
o
m
e
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
co
m
f
o
r
tab
le
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
B
PP
M
as
a
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
o
v
er
lo
o
k
in
g
s
ec
u
r
ity
f
ea
tu
r
es
wo
u
ld
b
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
er
r
o
r
[
3
0
]
.
T
ea
ch
e
r
s
s
tr
ess
ed
th
at
ca
n
d
id
ate
s
co
r
es
ar
e
co
n
f
id
e
n
tial.
E
v
id
en
ce
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
k
ep
t
c
o
n
f
id
e
n
tial,
an
d
it
is
wo
n
d
er
in
g
if
th
e
s
y
s
tem
wh
er
e
all
p
ar
ties
ca
n
ac
ce
s
s
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
On
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
teac
h
er
s
s
ee
m
to
h
av
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
,
esp
ec
ially
if
th
is
in
n
o
v
ati
o
n
ca
n
e
asil
y
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
is
is
s
u
e.
Un
d
er
lin
in
g
th
e
v
iab
ili
ty
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
teac
h
er
s
tr
ess
ed
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
v
ia
b
le
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
lim
it
ac
ce
s
s
s
o
lely
to
r
elev
an
t
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
ey
s
u
g
g
ested
s
ee
k
in
g
in
p
u
t
f
r
o
m
au
th
o
r
ity
o
f
f
icer
s
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ly
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
wo
r
r
ies
r
elate
d
to
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
co
r
e
a
n
d
m
ater
ia
l
leak
s
,
p
r
ev
e
n
tin
g
p
o
ten
tial
s
etb
ac
k
s
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
a
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
in
b
u
ild
i
n
g
t
r
u
s
t
an
d
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
u
s
e
B
PP
M
i
s
m
ak
in
g
s
u
r
e
th
at
t
h
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
ac
tiv
itie
s
ar
e
ef
f
icien
t,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e,
a
n
d
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
t
with
in
a
s
ec
u
r
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
I
t is im
p
o
r
tan
t f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
tem
to
b
e
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
f
r
ee
f
r
o
m
th
r
ea
ts
.
5
.
2
.
7
.
Wo
rk
lo
a
d
T
h
em
atica
lly
,
two
p
r
im
ar
y
is
s
u
es
wer
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
tea
ch
er
s
'
co
m
m
en
ts
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
,
b
o
th
o
f
wh
ich
ar
e
r
elate
d
to
wo
r
k
lo
ad
.
T
ea
c
h
in
g
in
ter
r
u
p
ti
o
n
s
an
d
s
er
v
er
f
ailu
r
es
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
as
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
teac
h
er
s
'
jo
b
p
ac
e
[
2
9
]
.
T
ea
c
h
er
s
d
is
ag
r
ee
b
ec
a
u
s
e
n
o
t
all
ass
ess
m
en
t
ac
tiv
ities
ar
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
B
PP
M
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
I
t
s
lo
ws
d
o
wn
th
e
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
c
ess
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
p
r
ef
er
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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-
8
8
2
2
Mo
d
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c
h
a
in
tech
n
o
lo
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y
in
a
s
s
ess
men
t m
a
n
a
g
eme
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t
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th
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in
itia
l rea
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ess
…
(
Jo
h
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r
r
i S
h
u
h
a
imi
)
395
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
as
s
tu
d
en
ts
g
r
asp
th
e
m
ater
ial
b
etter
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
ju
s
t
ad
d
s
to
teac
h
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s
'
wo
r
k
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a
n
d
tim
e.
Fu
r
th
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m
o
r
e
,
s
er
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f
ailu
r
es
a
ls
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co
n
tr
ib
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te
to
th
e
teac
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'
wo
r
k
lo
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as
th
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p
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tim
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ass
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n
o
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ly
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er
lap
p
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g
with
th
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esp
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s
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I
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th
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ca
s
es,
teac
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iew
B
PP
M
a
s
an
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tr
a
wo
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if
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e
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
n
o
t
d
eliv
er
ef
f
e
ctiv
ely
.
5
.
3
.
Resea
rc
h im
pli
ca
t
io
n
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
ad
d
itio
n
al
wo
r
th
to
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
b
o
d
y
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
h
in
d
er
t
h
e
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
with
in
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
ass
ess
m
en
t.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
f
e
r
s
v
alu
ab
le
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
p
er
ce
p
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
B
PP
M
in
p
r
e
-
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
p
r
o
g
r
am
in
Ma
lay
s
ia.
T
h
e
c
h
allen
g
es
f
ac
ed
wh
en
ad
o
p
tin
g
B
C
as
n
ew
tech
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o
l
o
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,
esp
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ially
i
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ed
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ca
tio
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,
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n
co
m
p
ass
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ar
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u
s
f
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to
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s
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in
clu
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g
b
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s
u
ch
as
ad
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tag
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a
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p
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ity
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f
f
er
e
d
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y
th
e
tec
h
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,
tech
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ical
asp
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ts
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th
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s
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ch
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s
’
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ts
to
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tili
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it,
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d
th
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tem
’
s
co
m
p
lex
it
y
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
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s
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
th
is
f
in
d
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g
p
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v
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m
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en
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s
f
o
r
r
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s
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in
v
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ate
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in
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titativ
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ap
p
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h
.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
p
a
p
er
aim
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
n
ewly
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
el,
wh
ich
is
b
u
ilt
u
p
o
n
th
e
DOI
a
n
d
T
AM
,
b
y
in
v
o
lv
in
g
p
r
e
-
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
teac
h
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s
i
n
th
eir
r
ea
d
in
ess
to
ad
o
p
t
B
PP
M
f
o
r
ass
ess
m
en
t
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
h
is
is
v
alu
ab
le
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
ter
ested
in
e
x
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n
t
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e
x
t
s
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n
d
am
o
n
g
v
ar
io
u
s
g
r
o
u
p
s
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f
p
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p
l
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o
s
u
m
u
p
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
is
to
ad
d
r
ess
an
ex
is
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g
r
esear
ch
g
ap
.
T
o
th
e
b
est
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
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’
s
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
n
o
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
o
u
tlin
ed
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
lead
to
a
d
o
p
tin
g
a
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ass
ess
m
en
t.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
B
PP
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im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
its
ca
p
ac
ity
to
m
ee
t
u
s
er
n
ee
d
s
an
d
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
wh
ile
d
eliv
er
in
g
clea
r
b
en
ef
its
,
alo
n
g
with
s
u
p
e
r
io
r
i
ty
co
m
p
ar
e
d
with
ex
is
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
-
b
ased
ass
ess
m
en
t
an
d
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
(
SP
PB
S
)
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
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th
e
s
tu
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y
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s
r
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lts
wil
l
o
f
f
er
in
s
ig
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p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
au
th
o
r
ity
,
to
c
o
n
f
ir
m
th
e
g
e
n
er
al
r
u
le
o
f
b
l
o
ck
ch
ain
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
H
.
C
h
i
n
,
L.
M
.
Th
i
e
n
,
a
n
d
C
.
M
.
C
h
i
e
w
,
“
t
h
e
R
e
f
o
r
ms
o
f
N
a
t
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o
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l
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ss
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M
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y
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d
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c
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t
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o
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y
st
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m,
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o
u
rn
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l
o
f
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s
a
n
t
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ra
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t
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v
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l
.
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o
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:
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o
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u
s.
v
o
l
4
i
ss
1
p
p
9
3
-
1
1
1
.
[
2
]
Z.
D
u
b
e
-
X
a
b
a
a
n
d
R
.
X
u
l
u
,
“
O
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
i
e
s a
n
d
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
i
n
sc
h
o
o
l
b
a
s
e
d
a
ssessm
e
n
t
:
T
o
u
r
i
sm
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s’
v
i
e
w
s,
”
A
f
ri
c
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
H
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
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t
y
,
T
o
u
r
i
sm
a
n
d
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e
i
s
u
re
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
5
,
2
0
2
0
.
[
3
]
C.
-
T.
Ts
a
i
,
J
.
-
L.
W
u
,
Y
.
-
T.
Li
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
K
.
-
C
.
Y
e
h
,
“
D
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
men
t
o
f
a
B
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
-
B
a
s
e
d
S
e
c
u
r
e
S
c
o
r
i
n
g
M
e
c
h
a
n
i
sm
f
o
r
O
n
l
i
n
e
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
”
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
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o
c
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e
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
0
5
–
1
2
1
,
2
0
2
2
.
[
4
]
R
.
A
.
R
a
sh
e
e
d
,
A
.
K
a
msi
n
,
a
n
d
N
.
A
.
A
b
d
u
l
l
a
h
,
“
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
o
n
l
i
n
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
b
l
e
n
d
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
:
A
s
y
st
e
ma
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
rs
a
n
d
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
4
,
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o
.
M
a
r
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p
.
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o
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j
.
c
o
mp
e
d
u
.
2
0
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9
.
1
0
3
7
0
1
.
[
5
]
W
.
M
.
A
l
-
r
a
h
m
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
M
o
d
e
l
w
i
t
h
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
D
i
f
f
u
s
i
o
n
T
h
e
o
r
y
:
A
n
Em
p
i
r
i
c
a
l
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
st
u
d
e
n
t
s’
I
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
t
o
u
se
E
-
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
S
y
st
e
ms,
”
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EE
E
A
c
c
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
P
P
,
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o
.
c
,
p
.
1
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
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9
/
A
C
C
ES
S
.
2
0
1
9
.
2
8
9
9
3
6
8
.
[
6
]
N
.
H
u
sn
a
Za
k
a
r
i
a
,
S
.
K
u
n
h
i
b
a
v
a
,
a
n
d
A
.
B
a
k
a
r
M
u
n
i
r
,
“
P
r
o
sp
e
c
t
s
a
n
d
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
:
B
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
S
p
a
c
e
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
,
”
M
a
l
a
y
a
n
L
a
w
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Ar
t
i
c
l
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[
7
]
T.
Y
.
La
m,
“
A
b
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
-
e
n
a
b
l
e
d
e
-
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
m,”
I
n
t
e
ra
c
t
i
v
e
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
En
v
i
r
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n
m
e
n
t
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
0
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
2
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9
–
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5
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,
2
0
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2
,
d
o
i
:
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0
.
1
0
8
0
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1
0
4
9
4
8
2
0
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
7
1
6
0
2
2
.
[
8
]
S
u
d
a
r
y
o
n
o
,
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