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univ
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P
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ti
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a
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o
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g
a
n
ism
s
th
a
t
h
a
v
e
c
lo
se
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v
o
l
v
e
m
e
n
t
with
st
u
d
e
n
t
li
fe
,
e
sp
e
c
ially
in
m
a
in
tain
in
g
t
h
e
b
a
lan
c
e
o
f
e
c
o
sy
ste
m
s
o
n
e
a
rth
.
Li
tera
c
y
in
stru
m
e
n
ts
a
b
o
u
t
p
r
o
ti
sts
a
re
im
p
o
rtan
t
to
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
b
e
c
a
u
se
stu
d
e
n
ts
n
e
e
d
to
k
n
o
w
t
h
e
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
b
e
twe
e
n
p
r
o
ti
sts
a
n
d
li
fe
.
Th
is
in
str
u
m
e
n
t
wa
s
d
e
v
e
lo
p
e
d
b
e
c
a
u
se
th
e
re
is
n
o
sp
e
c
ifi
c
in
stru
m
e
n
t
to
m
e
a
su
re
stu
d
e
n
t
p
r
o
ti
st
li
tera
c
y
.
Th
e
p
u
r
p
o
se
o
f
th
is
st
u
d
y
is
t
o
d
e
v
e
lo
p
a
n
e
w
p
r
o
ti
s
t
li
tera
c
y
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
(N
-
P
LA)
fo
r
u
n
iv
e
rsity
stu
d
e
n
ts.
T
h
e
N
-
P
LA
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
p
ro
c
e
ss
c
o
n
sists
o
f
t
h
re
e
sta
g
e
s,
n
a
m
e
ly
,
i
)
d
ime
n
si
o
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t,
it
e
m
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
rt
v
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
;
ii
)
e
x
p
lo
ra
t
o
ry
fa
c
to
r
a
n
a
ly
si
s
(EF
A),
c
o
n
ten
t
v
a
li
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it
y
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a
n
d
d
a
ta
re
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u
c
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;
i
ii
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in
tern
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o
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y
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ro
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o
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to
ry
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c
to
r
a
n
a
ly
sis
(CF
A).
Th
e
re
su
lt
s
o
f
th
e
stu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
se
v
e
n
d
ime
n
sio
n
s o
f
p
r
o
ti
st
li
tera
c
y
wit
h
a
to
tal
o
f
3
6
it
e
m
s:
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
(Cn
K)
(7
it
e
m
),
re
latio
n
i
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
(RlI)
(6
i
tem
),
fa
c
t
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
(F
c
E)
(5
it
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m
),
re
a
l
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(RlS
)
(5
it
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),
a
rg
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m
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n
ti
fica
ti
o
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(ArI
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(3
i
tem
),
se
lf
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c
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fid
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c
e
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-
C)
(4
i
tem
),
a
n
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sc
ien
ti
fic
v
a
lu
e
(S
c
V)
(
6
it
e
m
).
Th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
e
d
N
-
P
LA
h
a
s a
re
latio
n
sh
ip
b
e
twe
e
n
d
ime
n
si
o
n
s a
n
d
it
e
m
s b
a
se
d
o
n
EF
A
a
n
d
CF
A
tes
t
re
su
lt
s.
N
-
P
L
A
h
a
s
two
ty
p
e
s
o
f
in
str
u
m
e
n
ts,
n
a
m
e
ly
b
y
u
sin
g
tes
ts
a
n
d
q
u
e
sti
o
n
n
a
ires
to
b
e
a
b
le
t
o
m
e
a
su
re
th
e
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o
g
n
it
iv
e
a
n
d
a
ffe
c
ti
v
e
o
f
st
u
d
e
n
ts.
N
-
P
LA
is
r
e
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
a
s
a
m
e
a
su
rin
g
to
o
l
th
a
t
c
a
n
m
e
a
su
re
th
e
p
r
o
ti
st
l
it
e
ra
c
y
o
f
u
n
iv
e
rsity
stu
d
e
n
ts.
Th
e
re
su
lt
s
o
f
m
e
a
su
rin
g
stu
d
e
n
t’s
p
ro
ti
st
li
tera
c
y
b
e
c
o
m
e
a
re
fe
re
n
c
e
in
e
m
p
o
we
rin
g
stu
d
e
n
ts
p
r
o
ti
st
lit
e
ra
c
y
in
t
h
e
lea
rn
i
n
g
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
u
n
i
v
e
rsity
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
New
p
r
o
tis
t liter
ac
y
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
Pro
tis
t c
o
u
r
s
e
Pro
tis
t e
d
u
ca
tio
n
Pro
tis
t liter
ac
y
Un
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Su
s
r
iy
ati
Ma
h
an
al
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
B
io
lo
g
y
,
Facu
lt
y
o
f
Ma
th
e
m
atics a
n
d
Natu
r
al
Scien
ce
s
,
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Neg
er
i M
alan
g
Sem
ar
an
g
s
tr
ee
t n
o
.
5
,
Ma
lan
g
6
5
1
4
5
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail:
s
u
s
r
iy
ati.
m
ah
an
al.
f
m
ip
a@
u
m
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Pro
tis
ts
h
av
e
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
l
e
in
t
h
e
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
o
n
ea
r
th
a
n
d
th
e
s
u
r
v
i
v
al
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
liv
in
g
th
i
n
g
s
.
Pro
tis
ts
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
co
n
tr
i
b
u
to
r
s
to
n
u
tr
ien
t
cy
clin
g
,
e
n
er
g
y
tr
a
n
s
f
er
,
an
d
th
e
o
v
er
all
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
o
f
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
]
.
Hete
r
o
tr
o
p
h
ic
p
r
o
tis
ts
ar
e
m
o
r
e
d
iv
e
r
s
e
an
d
ab
u
n
d
a
n
t
th
a
n
p
h
o
to
tr
o
p
h
ic
p
r
o
tis
ts
wh
ich
ca
n
r
eg
u
late
th
e
b
ala
n
ce
o
f
e
co
s
y
s
tem
s
o
n
ea
r
th
[
2
]
.
Pro
tis
ts
th
at
liv
e
in
m
o
is
t
s
o
il
ar
ea
s
s
y
m
b
io
tically
with
o
th
e
r
m
icr
o
b
es
f
o
r
m
m
icr
o
b
ial
co
m
m
u
n
ities
th
at
ca
n
f
er
tili
ze
th
e
s
o
il
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
d
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
ea
r
th
-
d
wellin
g
p
r
o
tis
ts
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes to
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
in
te
r
co
n
n
ec
ted
n
ess
o
f
p
r
o
tis
ts
to
ev
er
y
d
a
y
life
.
Pro
tis
t
lear
n
in
g
i
n
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
b
io
lo
g
y
h
as
ch
allen
g
es
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
p
r
o
tis
t
m
ater
ial.
T
h
er
e
is
s
till
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
tis
t
m
ater
ial
co
n
ten
t
th
at
is
ab
s
tr
ac
t,
s
o
it
s
ee
m
s
ir
r
elev
an
t
to
s
tu
d
en
t
life
[
4
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
f
in
d
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
p
r
o
tis
ts
s
u
ch
as
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
class
if
icatio
n
,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
e
x
am
p
les
o
f
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
f
p
r
o
tis
t
s
w
ith
th
e
h
u
m
an
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
[
5
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
b
etwe
en
p
r
o
tis
ts
,
b
ac
ter
ia,
an
d
v
ir
u
s
es
[
6
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
d
o
n
o
t
y
et
k
n
o
w
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
p
r
o
tis
ts
in
r
ea
l
life
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
[
7
]
.
Scien
tific
liter
ac
y
in
p
r
o
tis
t
lear
n
in
g
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
n
ew
p
r
o
tis
t litera
cy
a
s
s
es
s
men
t fo
r
u
n
ivers
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
Ha
r
d
ia
n
to
)
613
Pro
tis
t
liter
ac
y
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
s
ci
en
tific
liter
ac
y
th
at
ca
n
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t
p
r
o
tis
t
an
d
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
tis
t
co
n
ce
p
t
in
ev
er
y
d
ay
lif
e.
Pro
tis
t
liter
ac
y
is
an
in
d
i
v
id
u
al'
s
ab
ilit
y
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
,
an
aly
ze
,
a
n
d
ap
p
ly
th
e
c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f
p
r
o
tis
t
in
a
r
ea
l
-
life
co
n
tex
t
[
9
]
.
Pro
tis
t
d
iv
er
s
ity
is
a
n
ew
ch
allen
g
e
i
n
th
e
f
ield
o
f
b
io
lo
g
y
to
b
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
f
u
r
t
h
er
[
1
0
]
.
Mo
s
t
b
io
l
o
g
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
o
n
o
t
y
et
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
p
r
o
tis
ts
i
n
th
eir
liv
es
[
1
1
]
.
Pro
tis
ts
s
tu
d
ied
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
lim
ited
to
tax
o
n
o
m
ic
co
n
ce
p
ts
th
at
ca
n
b
e
r
ea
d
in
t
ex
tb
o
o
k
s
[
5
]
.
Pro
tis
t
m
ater
ial
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
an
d
m
u
s
t
b
e
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
b
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
its
r
o
le
in
h
u
m
a
n
life
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
Pro
tis
t
liter
ac
y
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
th
e
is
s
u
es
o
f
p
r
o
tis
t
o
r
g
a
n
is
m
s
in
h
u
m
an
life
.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
p
r
o
tis
t
o
r
g
an
is
m
s
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
s
u
r
v
iv
al
o
f
h
u
m
an
s
[
1
4
]
.
Pro
tis
t
liter
ac
y
p
r
o
m
o
tes
an
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
p
r
o
tis
t
o
r
g
a
n
is
m
s
an
d
is
s
u
es
r
elate
d
to
p
r
o
tis
t
o
r
g
an
is
m
s
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
etwe
en
p
r
o
tis
ts
an
d
th
eir
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
r
eq
u
ir
es
e
x
ten
s
iv
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
p
r
o
t
is
ts
[
1
5
]
–
[
1
7
]
.
An
aly
s
is
an
d
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f
p
r
o
tis
t
liter
ac
y
m
ak
e
it
e
asier
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
a
b
o
u
t
v
ar
io
u
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
p
r
o
tis
t
o
r
g
an
is
m
s
[
9
]
.
Pro
tis
t
liter
ac
y
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
in
p
r
o
tis
t
lear
n
in
g
at
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
.
Stu
d
en
ts
h
a
v
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
p
r
o
tis
ts
lear
n
ed
in
th
e
p
r
o
tis
t
clas
s
[
7
]
.
Pro
tis
t
o
r
g
an
i
s
m
s
th
at
ar
e
v
er
y
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
m
ak
e
it
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
p
r
o
tis
t
o
r
g
an
is
m
s
[
1
1
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
ca
n
o
n
ly
s
ee
th
e
p
ictu
r
es
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
lec
tu
r
er
s
,
as
well
as
th
e
v
e
r
y
d
en
s
e
p
r
o
tis
t
co
n
te
n
t
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
ten
t
o
f
p
r
o
tis
t
co
n
tain
s
a
lo
t
o
f
L
atin
,
w
h
ile
th
e
o
b
ject
b
ein
g
s
tu
d
ied
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
with
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
to
o
ls
s
u
ch
as
a
m
icr
o
s
co
p
e
[
1
9
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
m
em
o
r
ize
m
o
r
e
th
an
to
s
ee
th
e
o
b
jects
d
ir
ec
tly
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
s
tu
d
en
t
p
r
o
tis
t liter
ac
y
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t to
ass
es
s
.
Sear
ch
r
esu
lts
in
v
ar
io
u
s
liter
atu
r
e
d
atab
ases
h
av
e
n
o
t
y
et
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
th
e
p
r
o
tis
t
liter
ac
y
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
Sev
er
al
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
s
o
f
a
r
a
r
e
r
e
lated
to
p
r
o
tis
t
liter
ac
y
,
n
am
e
ly
th
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
s
o
cio
-
s
cien
tific
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
(
Qu
ASSR
)
in
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
tu
d
en
t
s
c
ien
ce
liter
ac
y
[
2
0
]
.
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
cien
ce
lite
r
ac
y
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
f
o
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
[
2
1
]
.
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
b
io
lo
g
ical
liter
ac
y
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
b
ased
o
n
b
io
lo
g
ical
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
eten
cies
in
ju
n
i
o
r
h
i
g
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
2
2
]
.
So
f
ar
,
n
o
s
p
ec
if
ic
liter
ac
y
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t h
as b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
p
r
o
tis
t le
ar
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
Pro
tis
ta
liter
ac
y
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
p
r
o
t
is
t
liter
ac
y
.
Me
asu
r
em
en
t
o
f
p
r
o
t
is
t
liter
ac
y
is
n
o
t
lim
ited
to
p
l
an
t
-
lik
e
p
r
o
tis
ts
,
f
u
n
g
i
-
lik
e
p
r
o
tis
ts
,
an
d
an
im
al
-
lik
e
p
r
o
tis
ts
.
T
h
is
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
s
cien
ce
liter
ac
y
wh
ich
a
s
s
es
s
es
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
co
g
n
itiv
e
s
k
ills
,
a
n
d
attitu
d
es
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ai
m
ed
to
d
ev
el
o
p
a
p
r
o
tis
t
liter
ac
y
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
f
ra
m
e
wo
r
k
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
an
d
v
alid
atin
g
th
e
p
r
o
tis
t
liter
ac
y
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
p
r
o
tis
ts
,
co
g
n
itiv
e
s
k
ills
,
an
d
attitu
d
es.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
p
r
o
tis
t
liter
ac
y
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
g
o
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
ev
er
al
s
tag
es
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
wh
ic
h
r
ef
er
to
v
ar
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t;
i
)
d
im
en
s
io
n
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
item
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
an
d
ex
p
er
t
v
alid
atio
n
;
ii
)
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
(
E
FA)
,
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
,
an
d
d
ata
r
ed
u
ctio
n
;
a
n
d
iii
)
in
te
r
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
is
(
C
FA)
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
is
th
e
n
ew
p
r
o
tis
t
liter
ac
y
ass
ess
m
en
t
(N
-
PLA)
wh
ich
h
as
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
m
e
asu
r
e
s
tu
d
en
t
p
r
o
tis
t
liter
ac
y
.
2
.
2
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nt
Par
ticip
an
ts
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
3
4
9
b
io
lo
g
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
s
ev
er
al
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
is
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
h
as
q
u
alif
ied
to
c
o
n
d
u
ct
f
a
cto
r
an
aly
s
is
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
e
m
in
im
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wh
o
m
ee
t
t
h
e
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
is
1
5
0
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
wo
m
en
7
4
.
5
0
%
(
n
=2
6
0
)
,
an
d
m
en
2
5
.
5
0
%
(
n
=8
9
)
.
Data
f
r
o
m
3
4
9
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
d
escr
ip
tiv
ely
,
E
FA
an
d
C
FA.
Stu
d
en
t
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ar
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
h
av
e
g
o
n
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
Pro
tis
ta
m
ater
ial
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
Stu
d
en
ts
ar
e
m
ap
p
ed
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
m
ajo
r
is
lan
d
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
J
av
a
I
s
lan
d
3
8
.
9
6
%
(
n
=1
3
6
)
,
Kalim
an
tan
I
s
lan
d
1
1
.
7
4
%
(
n
=4
1
)
,
Su
lawe
s
i
I
s
lan
d
2
8
.
9
3
% (
n
=
1
0
1
)
,
an
d
Su
m
atr
a
I
s
lan
d
2
0
.
3
4
% (
n
=7
1
)
.
2
.
3
.
Di
m
ens
io
n dev
elo
pm
ent
,
it
em
s
,
a
nd
ex
pert
v
a
lid
a
t
io
n
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
Pro
tis
ta
liter
ac
y
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
is
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
d
im
en
s
i
o
n
s
,
item
s
,
an
d
ex
p
er
t
v
alid
atio
n
.
T
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
tis
t
liter
ac
y
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
b
eg
a
n
with
f
o
c
u
s
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
(
FGD)
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
h
e
FGD
was
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
a
team
o
f
r
esear
ch
er
s
alo
n
g
with
ex
p
e
r
ts
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
tis
t
ex
p
e
r
ts
at
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Neg
er
i
Ma
lan
g
.
T
h
e
FGD
aim
s
to
o
b
tain
th
eir
o
p
in
i
o
n
s
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
item
s
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
Pro
tis
ta
l
iter
ac
y
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
wh
ich
will
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
b
asis
in
ass
es
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
p
r
o
tis
t
lit
er
ac
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
tis
t
lite
r
ac
y
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
ev
en
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
an
d
ea
c
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
612
-
620
614
d
im
en
s
io
n
is
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
s
ev
er
al
q
u
esti
o
n
item
s
o
r
s
tatem
en
ts
.
Nex
t,
we
s
u
r
v
ey
ed
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
s
ee
h
o
w
im
p
o
r
tan
t th
e
s
ev
en
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
p
r
o
tis
t liter
ac
y
wer
e
in
p
r
o
tis
t le
ar
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
p
r
o
tis
t
liter
ac
y
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
a
r
e
i
)
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
(
C
n
K)
;
ii
)
r
elatio
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
(
R
lI
)
;
iii
)
f
ac
t
ev
alu
atio
n
(
FcE
)
;
iv
)
r
ea
l
s
o
lu
tio
n
(
R
lS)
;
v
)
ar
g
u
m
en
t
id
en
tific
atio
n
(
Ar
I
)
;
vi
)
s
elf
-
co
n
f
id
en
ce
(S
-
C)
;
an
d
v
ii
)
s
cien
tific
v
alu
e
(
ScV)
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
c
r
ea
tio
n
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
item
s
an
d
s
tatem
en
ts
o
f
p
r
o
tis
t
liter
ac
y
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
co
m
es
f
r
o
m
s
ev
en
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
an
d
i
s
v
alid
ated
b
y
ex
p
e
r
ts
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
b
io
l
o
g
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
p
r
o
t
is
t
s
o
th
at
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
an
d
th
e
item
s
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
h
av
e
h
ar
m
o
n
y
.
E
x
p
er
t
v
alid
ato
r
s
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
b
i
o
lo
g
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
av
e
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
in
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
b
io
lo
g
y
an
d
h
av
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
in
teac
h
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ev
al
u
atio
n
co
u
r
s
es.
E
x
p
er
t
v
alid
ato
r
s
o
n
p
r
o
tis
t
m
ate
r
ials
h
av
e
r
esear
ch
ex
p
er
ien
ce
i
n
th
e
f
ield
o
f
p
r
o
ti
s
t
an
d
teac
h
p
r
o
tis
t
m
ater
ials
in
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
.
T
h
e
v
alid
atio
n
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
o
r
o
n
e
m
o
n
th
,
an
d
th
e
r
esear
ch
team
m
et
with
v
alid
ato
r
s
to
d
i
s
cu
s
s
in
p
u
t
an
d
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
f
o
r
v
alid
atio
n
r
esu
lts
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
r
ev
iew
an
d
r
ev
is
e
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
with
ex
p
er
t v
alid
atio
n
.
2
.
4
.
E
x
plo
ra
t
o
ry
f
a
ct
o
r
a
na
l
y
s
is
,
co
nte
nt
v
a
lid
it
y
,
a
nd
da
t
a
re
du
ct
io
n
Descr
ip
tiv
e
an
aly
s
is
is
u
s
ed
to
id
en
tify
v
alid
item
s
s
o
th
at
it
b
ec
o
m
es th
e
b
asis
f
o
r
co
n
d
u
ct
in
g
f
u
r
t
h
er
test
s
wi
th
E
FA.
E
FA
test
in
g
is
in
ten
d
ed
to
r
e
d
u
ce
item
s
with
s
im
ilar
o
r
v
ag
u
e
s
tatem
en
ts
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
d
ata
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
f
o
r
th
e
E
FA te
s
t,
n
am
ely
f
ir
s
t c
ar
r
ied
o
u
t th
e
Kaiser
-
Me
y
er
-
Olk
in
(
KM
O)
test
with
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
s
am
p
lin
g
ad
eq
u
ac
y
(
MSA)
v
al
u
e
o
f
>0
.
5
an
d
B
ar
tlett'
s
test
<
0
.
0
5
.
E
FA
test
in
g
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
l
o
o
k
in
g
at
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
f
ac
t
o
r
lo
ad
i
n
g
,
if
th
e
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
v
alu
e
is
<0
.
3
th
e
n
t
h
e
item
is
d
elete
d
[
2
7
]
.
2
.
5
.
I
nte
rna
l c
o
ns
is
t
ency
wit
h c
o
nfir
m
a
t
o
r
y
f
a
c
t
o
r
a
na
ly
s
is
C
o
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
d
im
en
s
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
d
f
r
o
m
E
FA
r
esu
lts
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
d
ata
u
s
ed
in
clu
d
es
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
ized
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
a
r
e
r
esid
u
al
(
SR
MR),
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
f
it
in
d
e
x
(
C
FI)
,
T
u
ck
er
–
L
ewis
’
s
in
d
e
x
(
T
L
I
)
,
n
o
r
m
ed
f
it
in
d
ex
(
NFI
)
,
a
n
d
g
o
o
d
n
ess
o
f
f
it
in
d
ex
(
GFI
)
.
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
an
d
av
er
ag
e
v
ar
ian
ce
ex
t
r
ac
t
(
A
VE
)
ar
e
also
u
s
ed
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
item
is
in
ter
n
ally
co
n
s
is
ten
t.
C
r
iter
ia
u
s
ed
f
o
r
SR
MR≤
0
.
0
8
.
C
FI,
T
L
I
,
NFI
,
an
d
GFI
,
if
it
h
as
a
v
alu
e
o
f
≥
0
.
9
,
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
g
o
o
d
,
an
d
≥
0
.
0
8
is
ac
ce
p
tab
le
[
2
6
]
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
I
tem
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
ev
en
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
p
r
o
t
is
t
liter
ac
y
.
Pro
tis
ta
liter
ac
y
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
ar
e
d
iv
id
ed
i
n
to
two
ty
p
es
o
f
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
,
n
am
ely
test
-
s
h
ap
ed
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
in
d
icato
r
s
:
C
n
K
,
R
lI
,
FcE
,
R
lS
,
Ar
I
an
d
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
es
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
:
S
-
C
an
d
ScV
.
W
e
cr
ea
te
item
s
t
h
at
ar
e
v
alid
ated
b
y
ex
p
er
ts
s
o
th
at
b
etwe
en
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
an
d
item
s
ar
e
alig
n
ed
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
y
ex
p
er
ts
,
s
ev
er
al
asp
ec
ts
n
ee
d
to
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
u
ch
as
n
ar
r
ativ
e,
p
r
o
tis
t
co
n
ten
t,
u
s
e
o
f
ter
m
s
in
b
io
lo
g
y
,
less
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
en
ten
ce
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
an
d
n
o
m
e
n
clatu
r
e
wr
itin
g
o
f
p
r
o
tis
t
o
r
g
an
is
m
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
v
is
ed
item
s
ar
e
2
,
6
,
8
,
1
2
,
1
6
,
1
8
,
2
0
,
2
1
,
2
3
,
2
8
,
3
0
,
3
5
,
3
7
,
3
8
,
3
9
,
4
1
,
4
2
,
4
5
.
E
x
p
er
ts
r
ev
ali
d
ate
r
ev
is
ed
item
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
v
is
ed
s
tatem
en
t
is
th
en
u
s
ed
to
test
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
co
n
ten
t
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
d
ata
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
t
h
e
r
e
ar
e
4
5
item
s
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
s
an
d
s
tatem
en
ts
s
p
r
ea
d
ac
r
o
s
s
all
s
ev
en
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
p
r
o
tis
t
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
v
alid
ity
r
esu
lt
o
f
ex
p
er
t
v
alid
atio
n
is
9
4
.
5
8
%.
E
x
am
p
les
o
f
item
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
u
tco
m
es
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
e
v
en
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
p
r
o
tis
t liter
ac
y
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
,
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
(
SD)
d
id
n
o
t
e
x
ce
ed
2
.
5
SD
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ea
n
an
d
th
e
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
v
al
u
e
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
(p
-
v
alu
e
<
0
.
0
5
)
.
T
h
e
av
e
r
ag
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
item
r
an
g
e
d
f
r
o
m
0
.
2
7
5
-
4
.
3
9
3
with
an
SD
o
f
0
.
4
4
9
-
0
.
4
9
2
T
h
e
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
e
f
f
icien
t
(
r
)
r
an
g
e
d
f
r
o
m
0
.
1
6
7
-
0
.
9
6
1
,
with
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lev
el
o
f
<
0
.
0
5
.
T
h
e
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
is
a
ty
p
e
o
f
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
test
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
r
elati
o
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
s
co
r
e
o
f
a
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al
item
a
n
d
th
e
t
o
tal
s
co
r
e.
R
ef
er
r
i
n
g
to
th
e
v
al
u
e,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
aid
t
h
at
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
“
th
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
is
lar
g
e
en
o
u
g
h
o
r
s
tr
o
n
g
en
o
u
g
h
”
to
“
th
e
co
r
r
elat
io
n
is
v
er
y
lar
g
e
o
r
v
er
y
s
tr
o
n
g
”
.
As a
r
esu
lt,
all
it
em
s
in
th
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t c
an
b
e
u
s
ed
as a
b
asis
f
o
r
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
E
FA te
s
ts
.
E
x
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
t
o
r
an
al
y
s
is
tes
t
r
esu
lts
as
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
3
,
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
MSA
v
alu
e
in
th
e
KM
O
test
is
in
th
e
"
v
er
y
g
o
o
d
"
ca
teg
o
r
y
(N
-
PLA
(
test
)
0
.
8
8
8
,
N
-
PLA
(
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
)
)
.
T
h
e
d
ata
m
e
et
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
f
o
r
th
e
E
FA
test
,
as
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
B
ar
tlett
test
s
co
r
e
<0
.
0
0
1
.
T
h
e
E
FA
test
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
f
iv
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
in
N
-
PLA
(
test
)
an
d
two
d
im
en
s
i
o
n
s
in
N
-
PLA
(
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e)
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
9
item
s
with
a
lo
ad
i
n
g
s
f
ac
to
r
v
alu
e
o
f
<0
.
3
(
1
,
9
,
1
2
,
2
5
,
3
6
,
4
0
,
4
1
,
4
2
,
4
3
)
,
r
e
m
ain
in
g
3
6
item
s
.
C
o
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
r
esu
lts
with
f
iv
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
n
N
-
PLA
(
test
)
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
s
h
o
w
g
o
o
d
s
tatis
tical
v
alu
e.
C
FI
v
alu
e=
0
.
9
5
4
(
g
o
o
d
)
,
NFI
=0
.
9
4
1
(
g
o
o
d
)
,
T
L
I
=
0
.
9
4
8
(
g
o
o
d
)
,
GFI
=0
.
8
2
6
(
ac
ce
p
tab
le)
,
SR
MR=0
.
0
2
6
(
g
o
o
d
)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
C
FA
with
two
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
n
N
-
PL
A
(
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e)
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
also
s
h
o
w
g
o
o
d
s
tatis
tical
v
alu
e.
C
FI
v
a
lu
e=
0
.
8
8
6
(
ac
ce
p
tab
le)
,
NFI
=0
.
8
8
4
(
ac
ce
p
tab
le)
,
T
L
I
=0
.
8
4
9
(
ac
ce
p
tab
le)
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tan
t
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le
in
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tain
ab
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d
ev
elo
p
m
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n
t
[
1
4
]
.
Pro
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t
liter
ac
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th
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asis
f
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at
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ca
n
m
ak
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a
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if
ican
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tio
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ass
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s
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in
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.
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th
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tar
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d
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tio
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[
4
]
.
T
h
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r
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le
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in
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s
e
o
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in
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r
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m
as
m
o
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el
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an
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m
s
is
v
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y
h
elp
f
u
l
in
s
tu
d
y
i
n
g
o
t
h
er
b
i
o
lo
g
ic
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s
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s
.
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tis
t
s
ca
n
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ep
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t h
ig
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er
o
r
g
an
is
m
s
as th
e
b
asis
o
f
b
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lo
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y
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s
u
ch
as p
h
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s
io
lo
g
y
,
ec
o
lo
g
y
,
tax
o
n
o
m
y
,
an
d
ev
o
lu
ti
o
n
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
r
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tis
t
o
r
g
an
i
s
m
s
in
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io
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y
lear
n
in
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m
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k
e
s
it
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s
y
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
o
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s
er
v
e
v
ar
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u
s
co
n
te
x
ts
o
f
b
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lo
g
ical
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
a
.
N
-
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v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
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y
test
in
g
u
s
in
g
E
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d
C
FA
test
s
.
T
h
e
r
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lts
o
f
th
e
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s
is
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
in
s
tr
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m
en
t
is
v
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a
n
d
in
ter
n
ally
co
n
s
is
ten
t.
N
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PLA
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
ased
o
n
s
ev
en
d
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e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
p
r
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tis
t
lit
er
ac
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.
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h
e
f
ir
s
t
d
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en
s
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,
C
n
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is
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u
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co
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ce
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t
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s
t
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m
s
.
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g
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f
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r
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asic c
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ce
p
ts
o
f
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ts
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ir
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o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
tatem
en
t item
s
in
th
is
d
im
en
s
io
n
i
n
clu
d
e
s
o
m
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
Pro
tis
ta
,
t
h
e
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
o
f
th
e
o
r
g
an
is
m
Pro
tis
ta
,
an
d
ev
er
y
th
in
g
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
co
n
c
ep
t
o
f
p
r
o
tis
t
.
T
h
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
g
ain
ed
is
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
an
aly
ze
d
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
,
R
lI
m
ea
n
s
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
co
m
b
in
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
p
r
o
tis
t
o
r
g
an
is
m
s
.
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
b
tain
ed
r
elate
d
to
p
r
o
tis
t
o
r
g
an
is
m
s
is
v
er
y
m
u
c
h
in
h
u
m
an
life
,
s
u
ch
as
v
ar
io
u
s
s
p
ec
ies
o
f
p
r
o
t
is
ts
th
at
liv
e
in
th
e
h
u
m
an
d
ig
esti
v
e
tr
ac
t
[
3
3
]
.
Qu
esti
o
n
item
s
in
th
is
d
im
en
s
io
n
ar
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
b
o
u
t
al
g
ae
p
o
p
u
latio
n
ex
p
lo
s
io
n
s
an
d
b
io
lu
m
in
escen
ce
ev
en
ts
.
I
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
h
as th
e
p
o
ten
tial to
d
e
v
elo
p
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
v
ar
io
u
s
ex
is
tin
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
d
im
en
s
io
n
,
FcE
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
ev
alu
atin
g
s
cien
tific
f
ac
ts
r
elate
d
to
p
r
o
tis
t
o
r
g
an
is
m
s
.
T
h
e
item
in
q
u
esti
o
n
r
elate
s
to
th
e
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
o
f
p
r
o
tis
ts
as
p
ar
asit
es
an
d
d
is
ea
s
es
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
p
r
o
tis
t
o
r
g
a
n
is
m
s
.
Ph
en
o
m
en
a
r
elate
d
to
p
r
o
tis
t
o
r
g
an
is
m
s
ar
e
f
ac
ts
th
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
ch
ec
k
ed
f
o
r
tr
u
th
.
Scien
tific
f
ac
ts
ar
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
th
at
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
r
ep
ea
ted
l
y
s
o
th
at
th
ey
ca
n
b
e
ac
ce
p
ted
as
tr
u
e
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
th
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
612
-
620
618
d
im
en
s
io
n
,
R
lS
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
r
i
g
h
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
p
r
o
tis
t
o
r
g
an
is
m
s
.
Qu
esti
o
n
item
s
ar
e
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
o
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
p
r
esen
ted
r
elate
d
to
Pro
tis
ta
,
as
well
a
s
s
o
m
e
p
o
ten
tial
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
s
o
l
v
e
th
ese
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
.
A
g
o
o
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
f
o
u
n
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
ely
,
an
d
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
o
b
tain
ed
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
e
f
if
th
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
,
A
r
I
m
ea
n
s
id
e
n
tify
in
g
s
cien
tific
ar
g
u
m
e
n
ts
ab
o
u
t
p
r
o
tis
ts
.
Qu
esti
o
n
item
s
r
elate
to
s
ev
er
al
s
cien
tific
ar
g
u
m
en
ts
an
d
wh
y
th
ey
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
.
Scien
tific
ar
g
u
m
en
tatio
n
is
a
to
o
l
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
in
k
in
g
[
3
7
]
.
Scien
ce
is
s
u
es
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
to
tr
ain
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
s
cien
tific
ar
g
u
m
e
n
ts
[
3
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
ix
th
an
d
s
ev
en
th
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
b
elo
n
g
to
th
e
af
f
ec
tiv
e
d
o
m
ain
.
T
h
e
s
ix
th
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
,
S
-
C
i
s
d
ef
in
ed
as
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
co
n
f
id
en
c
e
in
lea
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
tis
t
.
T
h
e
s
tatem
en
t
item
p
r
esen
ted
is
a
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
s
tatem
en
t
th
at
s
ee
k
s
to
s
ee
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
th
e
p
r
o
tis
t
m
ater
ial
o
b
tain
ed
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
tis
t
class
.
Stu
d
en
t
lear
n
i
n
g
o
u
tco
m
es
ca
n
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
y
h
a
v
in
g
o
p
tim
al
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
lear
n
in
g
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
ev
e
n
th
d
im
en
s
io
n
is
ScV
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
e
s
cien
tific
v
a
lu
es
th
at
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
wh
e
n
s
tu
d
y
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
is
t.
T
h
e
s
tatem
en
t
item
r
elate
s
to
th
e
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
tis
t
o
r
g
an
is
m
af
ter
it
h
as
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
.
Stu
d
en
ts
u
s
e
th
eir
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
b
ased
o
n
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
cien
tific
co
n
ce
p
ts
[
4
0
]
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
n
ew
p
r
o
tis
t
liter
ac
y
ass
ess
m
en
t
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
ev
en
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
p
r
o
tis
t
l
iter
ac
y
with
a
to
tal
o
f
3
6
item
s
;
C
n
K
(
7
item
s
)
,
R
lI
(
6
item
s
)
,
FcE
(
5
item
s
)
,
R
lS
(
5
item
s
)
,
Ar
I
(
3
item
s
)
,
S
-
C
(
4
item
s
)
,
an
d
ScV
(
6
item
s
)
.
E
FA
an
d
C
FA
an
aly
s
is
is
u
s
ed
to
s
ee
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
an
d
item
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
All
item
s
ar
e
in
ter
n
ally
co
n
s
is
ten
t,
s
o
th
ey
h
av
e
th
e
p
o
te
n
tial
to
d
escr
ib
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
p
r
o
tis
t
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
is
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
u
s
ef
u
l
in
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
liter
ac
y
asp
ec
ts
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
p
r
o
test
s
in
p
r
o
tis
t
lear
n
in
g
i
n
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
N
-
PLA
h
as
im
p
licatio
n
s
th
at
ca
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
p
r
o
tis
t
liter
ac
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
t
h
e
latest
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
N
-
PLA.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
ese
ar
ch
er
s
ca
n
u
s
e
th
is
r
esear
ch
as
a
r
e
f
er
en
ce
in
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
o
n
liter
ac
y
.
Oth
er
r
esear
ch
er
s
ca
n
al
s
o
u
s
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els
in
th
e
Pro
tis
ta
co
u
r
s
e
wh
o
s
e
r
esu
lts
ca
n
b
e
a
s
s
es
s
ed
with
N
-
PLA.
R
esear
ch
er
s
ca
n
th
e
n
m
a
k
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
o
n
N
-
PLA
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
tim
e,
an
d
s
cien
ce
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
h
as
lim
itatio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
,
n
am
ely
,
th
e
c
o
n
d
itio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
en
wo
r
k
in
g
o
n
N
-
PLA
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
r
esear
c
h
er
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
n
ly
r
esear
ch
er
s
s
h
ar
e
it
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
o
n
lin
e
p
latf
o
r
m
.
Fu
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
b
e
ab
le
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
en
wo
r
k
in
g
o
n
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
an
k
y
o
u
t
o
all
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
h
av
e
v
o
lu
n
teer
e
d
to
ass
is
t
r
es
ea
r
ch
er
s
in
co
llectin
g
r
esear
ch
d
ata.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
wo
u
ld
also
lik
e
to
th
a
n
k
v
alid
ato
r
s
wh
o
h
a
v
e
ex
am
i
n
ed
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t v
er
y
ca
r
ef
u
lly
.
W
e
ex
p
r
ess
o
u
r
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
th
e
Dir
ec
to
r
ate
o
f
R
esear
ch
,
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ity
Ser
v
ice
(
DR
T
PM)
,
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
C
u
ltu
r
e,
R
esear
ch
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
u
n
d
er
Gr
an
t
1
4
0
/E5
/PG.0
2
.
0
0
.
PL/2
0
2
3
&
2
0
.
6
.
2
3
/UN3
2
.
2
0
.
1
/LT
/
2
0
2
3
wh
o
h
av
e
f
u
n
d
ed
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
A
.
M
.
O
l
i
v
e
r
i
o
,
S
.
G
e
i
s
e
n
,
M
.
D
e
l
g
a
d
o
-
B
a
q
u
e
r
i
z
o
,
F
.
T.
M
a
e
st
r
e
,
B
.
L
.
T
u
r
n
e
r
,
a
n
d
N
.
F
i
e
r
e
r
,
“
T
h
e
g
l
o
b
a
l
-
sc
a
l
e
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
so
i
l
p
r
o
t
i
s
t
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
b
e
l
o
w
g
r
o
u
n
d
sy
s
t
e
ms
,
”
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
4
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
2
6
/
sc
i
a
d
v
.
a
a
x
8
7
8
7
.
[
2
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9
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g
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c
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u
sr
iy
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ti
Ma
h
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p
ro
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ss
o
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in
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h
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field
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f
b
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ti
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th
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De
p
a
rtme
n
t
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f
Bio
l
o
g
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a
c
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lt
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th
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tu
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iv
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h
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s
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ies
,
b
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g
y
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rn
in
g
m
e
d
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2
1
st
c
e
n
tu
r
y
sk
il
ls
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field
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f
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h
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c
a
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c
o
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tac
ted
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m
a
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:
su
sriy
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ti
.
m
a
h
a
n
a
l.
fm
ip
a
@
u
m
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a
c
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id
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e
n
d
r
a
S
u
s
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n
to
is
a
n
a
ss
o
c
iate
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
in
th
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field
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f
b
i
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lo
g
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a
t
t
h
e
De
p
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rtme
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t
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f
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l
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g
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a
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lt
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f
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a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
a
n
d
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tu
ra
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
Un
iv
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Ne
g
e
ri
M
a
lan
g
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
He
h
a
s
a
r
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se
a
rc
h
fo
c
u
s
in
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field
s
o
f
m
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lec
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lar
b
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lo
g
y
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h
u
m
a
n
p
h
y
si
o
l
o
g
y
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g
e
n
e
ti
c
s,
a
n
d
m
e
d
icin
e
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
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m
a
il
:
h
e
n
d
ra
b
i
o
@u
m
.
a
c
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id
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ito
r
e
sm
i
Pr
a
b
a
n
in
g
ty
a
s
is
a
n
a
ss
o
c
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p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
in
th
e
f
iel
d
o
f
b
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l
o
g
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t
th
e
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p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
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l
o
g
y
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
a
n
d
Na
tu
ra
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
Un
iv
e
rsitas
Ne
g
e
ri
M
a
lan
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
a
re
se
a
rc
h
fo
c
u
s
in
t
h
e
field
s
o
f
m
icro
b
io
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
p
h
y
c
o
lo
g
y
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
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:
sito
re
s
m
i.
p
ra
b
a
n
i
n
g
t
y
a
s.fm
ip
a
@u
m
.
a
c
.
i
d
.
S
iti
Zu
b
a
i
d
a
h
is
a
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
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n
b
io
l
o
g
y
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
t
t
h
e
De
p
a
r
tme
n
t
o
f
Bi
o
lo
g
y
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
ti
c
s
a
n
d
Na
tu
ra
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
U
n
iv
e
rsitas
Ne
g
e
ri
M
a
lan
g
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
a
re
se
a
rc
h
fo
c
u
s
i
n
t
h
e
fiel
d
o
f
b
i
o
lo
g
y
lea
rn
i
n
g
stra
teg
ies
,
b
io
lo
g
y
lea
rn
i
n
g
m
e
d
ia,
2
1
st
c
e
n
tu
ry
sk
il
ls
in
th
e
field
s
o
f
b
i
o
lo
g
y
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
p
lan
t
g
e
n
e
ti
c
s,
a
n
d
a
g
ricu
l
tu
re
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
siti
.
z
u
b
a
id
a
h
.
f
m
ip
a
@u
m
.
a
c
.
id
.
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