I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n a
nd
Resea
rc
h in E
du
ca
t
io
n (
I
J
E
RE
)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
5
,
p
p
.
1
46
~
1
56
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ijer
e
.
v
1
4
i
1
.
2
8
2
6
5
146
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ere.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Intellec
tual
ma
pp
ing
of t
he
sig
n lan
g
ua
g
e role in deaf
educatio
n:
foreca
sting
f
u
ture
ref
o
rms
Ro
na
Alm
o
s
1
,
Alies P
o
et
ri
L
inta
ng
s
a
ri
2
,
H
er
ry
Nur
H
ida
y
a
t
1
1
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
M
i
n
a
n
g
k
a
b
a
u
Li
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
S
t
u
d
i
e
s,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
a
s
A
n
d
a
l
a
s,
P
a
d
a
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
2
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
S
t
u
d
i
e
s,
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
a
s B
r
a
w
i
j
a
y
a
,
M
a
l
a
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Oct
31
,
2
0
2
3
R
ev
is
ed
J
u
n
20
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
J
u
l
25
,
2
0
2
4
Ov
e
r
th
e
fiv
e
d
e
c
a
d
e
s,
d
e
b
a
tab
le ap
p
ro
a
c
h
e
s o
n
d
e
a
f
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
re
tan
g
led
i
n
th
e
issu
e
s
o
f
o
ra
li
sm
a
n
d
m
a
n
u
a
l
ism
.
Th
e
late
r
h
a
s
v
a
lu
e
d
sig
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
s
th
e
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
fa
c
to
r
i
n
t
h
e
e
ffo
r
t
o
f
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
q
u
a
li
t
y
d
e
a
f
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
T
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
a
ims
a
t
m
a
p
p
i
n
g
th
e
i
n
t
e
ll
e
c
tu
a
l
re
p
o
r
ts
o
n
sig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
p
o
si
ti
o
n
in
d
e
a
f
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
fro
m
1
9
7
2
u
n
ti
l
2
0
2
3
i
n
c
lu
d
in
g
1
,
0
0
0
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
ts
fro
m
Web
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
d
a
tab
a
se
.
T
h
is
r
e
se
a
rc
h
u
se
VO
S
Vie
we
r
b
y
imp
lem
e
n
ti
n
g
co
-
c
it
a
ti
o
n
a
n
a
l
y
sis,
b
ib
li
o
g
ra
p
h
i
c
c
o
u
p
li
n
g
a
n
d
c
o
-
o
c
c
u
rre
n
c
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
to
se
e
th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
re
se
a
rc
h
,
th
e
n
e
two
r
k
a
n
d
th
e
e
m
e
rg
i
n
g
t
o
p
ica
l
fo
c
u
s.
Th
e
re
su
lt
s
su
g
g
e
st
t
h
a
t
sig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
p
la
y
s
t
h
e
p
iv
o
tal
ro
le
in
d
e
a
f
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
th
a
t
p
re
d
ict
t
h
e
fu
t
u
re
r
e
fo
rm
s
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
a
f
in
fo
rm
o
f
b
il
in
g
u
a
l
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
te
g
ra
ti
o
n
.
Ot
h
e
r
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
c
e
s
re
late
d
to
th
e
to
p
d
isc
u
ss
e
d
t
h
e
m
e
s,
th
e
lea
d
in
g
a
u
t
h
o
rs,
t
h
e
in
fl
u
e
n
ti
a
l
p
u
b
li
sh
e
rs
a
re
a
lso
d
isc
u
ss
e
d
to
se
e
k
th
e
in
terw
e
a
v
in
g
c
o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
su
b
-
e
m
e
rg
e
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
fo
c
i.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
Deaf
Dea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Sig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Alies Po
etr
i L
in
tan
g
s
ar
i
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
L
an
g
u
ag
e
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
Facu
lty
o
f
C
u
ltu
r
al
Stu
d
ies,
Un
iv
er
s
itas
B
r
awijay
a
Vete
r
an
Stre
et
No
.
1
0
-
1
1
,
Keta
wan
g
g
ed
e,
L
o
wo
k
war
u
,
Ma
la
n
g
C
ity
,
E
ast J
av
a
,
6
5
1
4
5
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: a
lies
lin
tan
g
@
u
b
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
d
ea
f
p
e
o
p
le
h
a
v
e
g
r
a
p
p
led
with
th
e
h
is
to
r
ica
l
an
d
c
u
ltu
r
al
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
h
is
to
r
y
th
at
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
q
u
al
ity
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
er
v
ices.
Desp
ite
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
d
ea
f
p
eo
p
le
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ex
p
er
ien
cin
g
lan
g
u
ag
e
d
ep
r
i
v
atio
n
d
u
e
to
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
lan
g
u
ag
e
m
o
d
ality
,
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
f
o
r
d
ea
f
p
u
p
ils
h
av
e
p
r
im
ar
ily
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
ated
o
n
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
k
ills
[
1
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
u
n
d
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
in
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
ei
r
h
ea
r
in
g
p
ee
r
s
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
co
u
n
tr
ies,
s
p
ec
if
ically
in
ter
m
s
o
f
liter
ac
y
an
d
wr
itten
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
[
2
]
–
[
8
]
.
R
esear
ch
d
o
n
e
in
Swed
e
n
in
v
o
lv
in
g
2
,
1
4
4
d
ea
f
p
eo
p
le
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
d
ea
f
p
o
p
u
latio
n
h
as
a
lo
wer
-
lev
el
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
h
ea
r
in
g
p
eo
p
le
[
1
]
.
Similar
s
itu
atio
n
also
f
o
u
n
d
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
as
m
o
s
t
o
f
d
ea
f
c
o
lleg
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
s
tr
u
g
g
lin
g
in
liter
ac
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
clu
d
in
g
lex
ical,
m
o
r
p
h
o
l
o
g
ical
,
an
d
s
y
n
tactica
l
[
3
]
–
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
a
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
o
n
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ical
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
d
ea
f
/
h
ar
d
o
f
h
ea
r
in
g
(
Ho
H
)
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ep
o
r
t
th
at
t
h
ey
h
a
v
e
lo
w
co
m
p
eten
c
y
in
th
e
r
ea
d
i
n
g
s
k
ills
s
p
ec
if
ically
in
th
e
ar
ea
s
o
f
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
,
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
,
r
ea
d
i
n
g
f
lu
en
c
y
an
d
th
e
g
r
ap
h
e
m
e
-
p
h
o
n
em
e
r
elatio
n
[
8
]
.
No
t
o
n
ly
in
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
,
d
ea
f
/Ho
H
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
also
s
tr
u
g
g
lin
g
in
th
e
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
co
v
er
in
g
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
p
h
r
ases
in
to
s
en
ten
ce
s
,
th
ey
ten
d
to
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
lo
wer
s
en
ten
ce
s
an
d
u
n
ac
ce
p
tab
le
s
en
ten
ce
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
th
e
y
ar
e
also
r
ep
o
r
ted
h
av
in
g
c
h
allen
g
es
in
n
ar
r
ativ
e
wr
itin
g
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
,
[
9
]
–
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
af
o
r
em
e
n
tio
n
ed
r
ev
iew
o
n
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
h
av
e
g
en
e
r
ally
r
e
p
o
r
ted
t
h
at
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
s
till
f
ac
in
g
ch
allen
g
es
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
th
u
s
,
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
e
f
o
r
m
s
f
o
r
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
an
d
u
n
av
o
i
d
ab
le.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
tellectu
a
l m
a
p
p
i
n
g
o
f t
h
e
s
ig
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
r
o
le
i
n
d
ea
f e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
:
fo
r
ec
a
s
tin
g
fu
tu
r
e
r
efo
r
ms
(
R
o
n
a
A
lmo
s
)
147
E
n
tailin
g
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
ef
o
r
m
s
f
o
r
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
n
o
t
o
n
ly
r
eq
u
ir
es
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t,
m
o
r
e
o
v
er
,
ch
an
g
in
g
th
e
cu
ltu
r
al
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e
to
war
d
d
ea
f
p
e
o
p
le.
As
m
en
tio
n
ed
ea
r
lier
th
at
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
er
v
ices
f
o
r
d
ea
f
p
eo
p
le
is
cl
o
s
ely
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
h
is
to
r
ical
a
n
d
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
te
x
t
o
n
h
o
w
s
o
ciety
r
eg
ar
d
d
ea
f
p
eo
p
le.
Pre
v
io
u
s
liter
atu
r
es
d
escr
ib
e
h
o
w
th
e
h
is
to
r
ical
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
t
f
r
am
ed
u
p
d
ea
f
id
en
tity
as
a
s
u
p
p
r
ess
ed
li
n
g
u
is
tic
g
r
o
u
p
o
v
er
h
ea
r
in
g
p
eo
p
le
in
f
av
o
r
o
f
lan
g
u
a
g
e
m
o
d
ality
[
1
4
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
h
ea
r
in
g
o
r
ien
tat
io
n
h
a
v
e
af
f
ec
ted
t
h
e
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
d
ea
f
s
t
u
d
en
ts
.
Or
alis
m
o
r
ed
u
ca
tin
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
p
ee
ch
h
av
e
b
ee
n
f
o
r
ce
d
o
n
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
co
u
n
tr
ies.
Or
alis
m
h
as
b
ee
n
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
as
th
e
ch
o
s
en
m
eth
o
d
to
ed
u
ca
te
d
ea
f
ch
il
d
r
en
with
s
en
s
e
o
f
h
ea
r
in
g
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
,
th
e
y
ar
e
f
o
r
ce
d
to
g
o
in
h
ea
r
in
g
wo
r
ld
b
y
teac
h
in
g
th
em
t
o
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
te
in
h
ea
r
in
g
p
eo
p
le
way
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
tr
ai
n
in
g
o
f
p
h
o
n
o
-
ar
ticu
lato
r
y
s
y
s
tem
(
th
e
p
r
ac
tice
to
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
th
e
p
h
o
n
em
e)
with
d
r
illi
n
g
m
eth
o
d
a
n
d
lip
r
ea
d
in
g
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
o
r
alis
m
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ec
laim
ed
as
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
t
o
ed
u
ca
te
d
ea
f
c
h
ild
r
en
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
ea
f
ch
ild
r
e
n
wh
o
h
av
e
r
esid
u
al
h
ea
r
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
h
o
wev
er
,
d
ea
f
ch
ild
r
e
n
with
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
o
r
to
tal
h
ea
r
in
g
lo
s
s
will
n
o
t
h
av
e
b
en
ef
its
f
r
o
m
th
is
m
eth
o
d
[
1
7
]
.
B
esid
es
th
e
ten
d
en
cy
th
at
o
r
alis
m
is
n
o
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
d
ea
f
ch
ild
r
en
with
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
an
d
t
o
tal
h
ea
r
in
g
lo
s
s
,
it
is
also
v
iewe
d
as
th
e
ac
t
o
f
h
ea
r
in
g
n
o
r
m
aliza
tio
n
o
v
er
d
ea
f
p
eo
p
le
th
at
af
f
ec
t th
eir
id
e
n
tity
.
Dea
f
p
eo
p
le
h
av
e
id
en
tifie
d
t
h
em
s
elv
es
as
cu
ltu
r
al
m
in
o
r
ity
g
r
o
u
p
in
s
tead
o
f
p
a
r
t
o
f
d
is
ab
ilit
y
.
I
t
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
wo
r
k
o
f
ter
m
in
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
lab
ellin
g
to
war
d
d
ea
f
p
eo
p
le
w
h
ich
also
af
f
ec
t
h
o
w
cu
ltu
r
e
an
d
s
o
ciety
tr
ea
t
d
ea
f
p
eo
p
le.
Dea
f
ac
tiv
is
ts
ten
d
to
f
in
d
it
m
o
r
e
co
m
f
o
r
tab
le
with
th
e
ter
m
“
Deaf
”
(
w
ith
ca
p
ital
D)
an
d
h
ar
d
o
f
h
ea
r
in
g
(
Ho
H
)
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
h
ea
r
i
n
g
im
p
air
e
d
/im
p
air
m
en
t
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
is
em
an
cip
at
o
r
y
cu
ltu
r
al
id
en
tity
h
as
s
h
ap
ed
Dea
f
p
eo
p
le
as
lin
g
u
is
tic
m
in
o
r
ity
g
r
o
u
p
,
it
r
ef
e
r
s
to
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
as
th
e
m
ai
n
m
o
d
ality
o
f
th
eir
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
[
1
8
]
.
Sig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
th
e
n
atu
r
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
o
f
th
e
Dea
f
p
eo
p
le
th
at
h
as
d
if
f
er
en
t
lin
g
u
is
tic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
f
r
o
m
v
er
b
al
o
r
wr
itten
lan
g
u
a
g
e
[
1
9
]
.
W
ith
th
e
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
Dea
f
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
ac
tiv
is
m
,
n
atu
r
al
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
h
as b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
as th
e
alter
n
ativ
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
in
Dea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
is
s
u
es
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
o
s
itio
n
in
Dea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
th
is
p
ap
e
r
aim
s
at
m
ap
p
in
g
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
a
n
d
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
Dea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
ast
d
ec
ad
es
u
n
til
p
r
esen
t
ti
m
e.
I
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
a
n
aly
s
is
,
th
is
p
ap
er
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
r
ee
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
o
b
jectiv
es
v
iz
:
i
)
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
Dea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
r
esear
ch
;
ii
)
t
h
e
in
tellectu
al
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
t
h
e
Dea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
r
esear
ch
;
an
d
iii
)
i
n
tellectu
al
m
ap
p
in
g
o
f
Dea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
s
ig
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
r
esear
ch
.
V
OS
v
iewe
r
s
o
f
twar
e
v
er
s
io
n
1
.
6
.
1
9
was
u
s
ed
to
an
aly
ze
m
etad
ata
f
r
o
m
1
,
0
0
0
jo
u
r
n
al
ar
ticles
cr
af
ted
f
r
o
m
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
d
atab
ase.
T
h
e
W
eb
o
f
Scien
c
e
d
atab
ase
was
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
it
s
r
ep
u
tab
le
a
n
d
c
r
ed
ib
ilit
y
jo
u
r
n
als
as
well
as
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
elate
d
p
a
p
er
s
th
at
is
q
u
ite
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ase.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
o
s
e
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
ed
r
esear
ch
o
b
je
ctiv
es,
s
o
m
e
an
aly
s
is
wa
s
ap
p
lied
in
clu
d
in
g
co
-
citatio
n
an
al
y
s
is
,
co
-
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
an
aly
s
is
an
d
b
ib
lio
g
r
ap
h
ic
co
u
p
lin
g
an
aly
s
is
em
p
lo
y
in
g
v
a
r
io
u
s
u
n
it
o
f
an
aly
s
is
in
clu
d
in
g
au
th
o
r
s
,
co
u
n
tr
ies,
p
u
b
lis
h
er
s
,
a
n
d
au
th
o
r
s
’
k
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
wo
u
l
d
b
e
th
e
b
asis
to
f
o
r
ec
ast
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
Dea
f
ed
u
c
at
io
n
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
B
ib
li
o
m
etr
ic
an
al
y
s
is
u
s
in
g
VOS
Viewe
r
s
o
f
twar
e
v
e
r
s
io
n
1
.
6
.
1
9
to
r
ev
iew
th
e
liter
atu
r
es o
n
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
to
war
d
Dea
f
ed
u
c
atio
n
b
ased
o
n
th
e
m
etad
ata
m
in
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
d
atab
ase
o
v
er
d
ec
a
d
es
s
in
ce
1
9
7
2
u
n
til
2
0
2
3
am
o
u
n
ted
to
1
,
0
0
0
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
d
eter
m
i
n
atio
n
o
f
th
e
d
ataset
is
n
o
t
lim
ited
s
in
ce
th
e
r
esear
ch
r
elate
d
to
th
e
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
Dea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
s
t
ill
le
s
s
ex
p
lo
r
ed
.
T
o
g
ain
m
an
y
in
s
ig
h
ts
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
a
n
d
ty
p
e
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
e
x
tr
ac
ted
f
o
r
an
a
ly
s
is
m
ig
h
t
in
clu
d
e
r
elev
an
t
jo
u
r
n
al
ar
ticles,
b
o
o
k
s
o
r
p
r
o
ce
ed
in
g
s
.
T
h
is
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
ap
p
lied
th
e
B
o
o
lean
o
p
er
ato
r
f
o
r
th
r
ee
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
as sh
o
wn
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
B
o
o
lean
o
p
er
at
o
r
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
B
o
o
l
e
a
n
o
p
e
r
a
t
o
r
D
e
a
f
‘
D
e
a
f
’
O
R
‘
h
a
r
d
o
f
h
e
a
r
i
n
g
’
O
R
‘
D
/
D
H
H
’
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
‘
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
’
O
R
‘
s
c
h
o
o
l
’
O
R
‘
tr
a
i
n
i
n
g
’
S
i
g
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
‘
S
i
g
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
’
T
h
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
is
r
es
ea
r
ch
elab
o
r
ates
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
an
aly
s
es
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
V
OS
Viewe
r
v
er
s
io
n
1
.
6
.
1
9
.
T
h
is
s
o
f
twar
e
is
id
ea
l
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
an
d
v
is
u
alize
th
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
m
ap
p
in
g
b
ased
o
n
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
th
e
d
ata
[
2
0
]
.
VO
S
Viewe
r
s
et
o
u
t
th
e
an
aly
s
is
u
n
it
o
f
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
t
h
at
co
m
p
r
is
es
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
,
co
u
n
tr
ies,
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
,
citatio
n
s
,
jo
u
r
n
al,
an
d
cited
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
th
at
d
ev
elo
p
clu
s
ter
s
r
e
p
r
ese
n
ted
b
y
t
h
e
c
o
lo
r
f
u
l
n
o
d
es
co
n
n
ec
te
d
b
y
lin
es.
T
h
e
lin
es
co
n
n
ec
t
th
e
n
o
d
es
b
ased
th
e
co
lo
r
s
th
at
r
ep
r
esen
t
ea
ch
clu
s
ter
,
th
e
len
g
th
o
f
th
e
lin
es
s
ig
n
if
ies
th
e
in
t
er
-
r
elate
d
n
ess
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
d
es,
th
e
s
h
o
r
ter
t
h
e
lin
es
r
ef
lect
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
er
in
ter
-
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
1
46
-
1
56
148
r
elate
d
n
ess
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
lin
e
th
ick
n
ess
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
n
o
d
es
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
ap
p
lied
th
r
ee
an
aly
s
es
in
VO
S
Viewe
r
to
m
ap
an
d
clu
s
ter
th
e
m
o
s
t
cu
r
r
en
t
liter
atu
r
e
to
g
et
a
m
o
r
e
d
etailed
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
ch
o
lar
ly
n
etwo
r
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
m
e
an
aly
s
is
in
VO
S
Vie
wer
s
u
c
h
as
co
-
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
,
b
ib
lio
g
r
ap
h
ic
co
u
p
lin
g
a
n
d
co
-
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
an
aly
s
is
[
2
0
]
.
T
o
b
eg
i
n
with
,
th
e
co
-
a
u
th
o
r
s
h
ip
an
aly
s
is
was
ap
p
lied
to
m
ap
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
o
f
th
e
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
ch
o
lar
s
in
th
e
to
p
ic
o
f
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
n
d
Dea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
n
o
d
es
lin
k
s
th
at
d
en
o
te
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
an
d
th
e
co
u
n
tr
ies.
T
h
e
n
o
d
es’
co
l
o
r
s
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
clu
s
ter
s
o
f
ea
c
h
au
th
o
r
lin
k
s
th
at
s
h
o
w
th
e
co
-
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
o
f
a
p
air
o
f
au
th
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
co
-
a
u
th
o
r
s
h
ip
s
tr
en
g
th
is
id
en
tifie
d
b
ase
d
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
th
e
co
-
au
th
o
r
ed
p
u
b
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
a
n
aly
s
is
is
th
e
b
ib
lio
g
r
ap
h
ic
c
o
u
p
lin
g
th
at
ai
m
s
to
d
is
clo
s
e
th
e
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
th
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
to
Dea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
b
ib
l
io
g
r
ap
h
ic
co
u
p
lin
g
an
aly
s
es
th
e
p
r
o
m
in
en
t
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
cited
b
y
two
au
th
o
r
s
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
is
an
aly
s
is
,
s
ch
o
lar
s
ca
n
m
ap
th
e
s
ch
o
o
ls
o
f
th
o
u
g
h
t
as
it
is
m
o
s
tly
cited
b
y
two
au
th
o
r
s
,
it
im
p
lies
th
at
th
o
s
e
au
th
o
r
s
ar
e
i
n
th
e
s
im
ilar
s
ch
o
o
ls
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
r
o
le
to
war
d
Dea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
L
astl
y
is
th
e
co
-
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
a
n
aly
s
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ar
ticle’
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
aim
s
at
e
lab
o
r
atin
g
th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
t
o
p
ic
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
r
elate
d
to
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
r
o
le
to
war
d
Dea
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
o
v
er
1
0
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
th
e
to
p
ic
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
o
d
es,
t
h
e
m
o
r
e
o
f
ten
t
h
e
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
e
m
er
g
e
to
g
eth
er
in
t
h
e
s
im
ilar
p
u
b
licatio
n
im
p
lies
th
at
th
ey
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
r
elate
d
.
T
h
e
co
-
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
clu
s
ter
s
o
f
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
also
im
p
ly
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esear
ch
to
p
ics
th
at
in
d
ir
ec
tly
r
e
f
lect
th
e
b
asis
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
r
o
le
to
war
d
Dea
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
[
2
1
]
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
T
he
dev
elo
pm
ent
o
f
s
ig
n la
ng
ua
g
e
a
nd
dea
f
educa
t
io
n r
esea
rc
h
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
in
v
o
lv
ed
1
,
0
0
0
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
d
ata
b
ased
f
o
r
f
iv
e
d
ec
a
d
es
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
1
0
7
2
u
n
til
2
0
2
3
.
As
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
n
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
n
d
Dea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
th
e
last
two
d
ec
ad
es
as
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
th
ir
d
d
ec
ad
e
(
p
e
r
io
d
1
9
9
2
to
2
0
0
2
with
3
8
p
u
b
licatio
n
)
to
th
e
f
o
u
r
th
d
ec
a
d
e
b
ec
am
e
2
0
3
p
u
b
li
ca
tio
n
s
in
th
e
p
er
io
d
2003
t
o
2
0
1
2
an
d
th
e
last
d
ec
ad
e
r
ea
ch
its
p
ea
k
with
7
5
0
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
in
th
e
p
e
r
io
d
2
0
1
3
to
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
e
t
r
en
d
o
f
r
esear
ch
o
f
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
n
d
Dea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
r
esear
ch
in
cr
ea
s
es
y
ea
r
b
y
y
ea
r
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
is
q
u
ite
m
in
im
u
m
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
r
elate
d
to
Dea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
th
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
i
c
r
esear
ch
o
n
h
ea
lth
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
Dea
f
u
s
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
th
at
g
ath
e
r
ed
in
t
o
tal
3
,
3
6
7
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
[
2
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
r
en
d
s
in
p
u
b
licati
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
er
i
o
d
1
0
7
2
to
2
0
2
3
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
wer
e
cr
af
ted
f
r
o
m
6
0
6
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
wh
ich
im
p
lies
th
at
th
e
f
ield
o
f
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
an
d
Dea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
r
esear
ch
is
s
till
ca
teg
o
r
ized
m
in
im
u
m
.
Am
o
n
g
th
o
s
e
6
0
6
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
o
n
ly
1
4
co
r
e
jo
u
r
n
als
th
at
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
r
esear
ch
o
n
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
Dea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
with
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
5
cited
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
as
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
to
p
th
r
ee
o
f
co
r
e
jo
u
r
n
al
th
at
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
r
esear
ch
r
elate
d
to
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
Dea
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
ar
e
s
p
ec
if
ically
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
Dea
f
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
Dea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
u
ch
as
J
o
u
r
n
al
o
f
Dea
f
Stu
d
ies
an
d
Dea
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
Am
er
ican
A
n
n
als
o
f
T
h
e
Dea
f
,
an
d
Dea
f
n
ess
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
t
er
n
atio
n
al.
T
h
e
to
p
cited
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
wer
e
co
m
in
g
f
r
o
m
J
o
u
r
n
al
o
f
Dea
f
Stu
d
ies
an
d
Dea
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
wit
h
1
0
0
9
citatio
n
f
o
r
4
9
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
to
p
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
ts
o
n
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
Dea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
r
esear
c
h
wer
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
y
Am
er
ican
An
n
als
o
f
T
h
e
Dea
f
with
6
2
ar
ticles
th
at
al
s
o
p
lace
d
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
to
p
m
o
s
t
cited
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
s
o
u
r
ce
is
Dea
f
n
ess
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
with
2
6
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
ts
an
d
1
7
2
cited
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
er
e
ar
e
two
jo
u
r
n
al
th
at
s
p
ec
if
ically
p
u
b
lis
h
r
esear
ch
r
elate
d
to
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
th
at
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
tellectu
a
l m
a
p
p
i
n
g
o
f t
h
e
s
ig
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
r
o
le
i
n
d
ea
f e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
:
fo
r
ec
a
s
tin
g
fu
tu
r
e
r
efo
r
ms
(
R
o
n
a
A
lmo
s
)
149
is
th
e
jo
u
r
n
al
o
f
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
1
4
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
with
9
1
citatio
n
an
d
jo
u
r
n
al
o
f
Dea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
ch
alle
n
g
es
f
o
r
b
ilin
g
u
al/m
u
ltil
in
g
u
al
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
with
f
iv
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
an
d
s
till
h
av
e
ze
r
o
citatio
n
.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
s
o
u
r
c
es
ar
e
n
o
t
s
p
ec
if
ically
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
n
d
Dea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
y
et
it
co
v
er
s
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e,
b
ilin
g
u
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
.
T
ab
le
2
.
C
o
r
e
jo
u
r
n
al
p
u
b
lis
h
i
n
g
o
n
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
d
ea
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
s
C
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
D
e
a
f
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
a
n
d
D
e
a
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
49
1
0
0
9
A
meric
a
n
A
n
n
a
l
s
o
f
T
h
e
D
e
a
f
62
7
1
7
D
e
a
f
n
e
ss
a
n
d
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
26
1
7
2
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
B
i
l
i
n
g
u
a
l
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
B
i
l
i
n
g
u
a
l
i
sm
11
1
3
3
S
i
g
n
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
14
91
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
c
l
u
si
v
e
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
9
68
F
r
o
n
t
i
e
r
s
i
n
P
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
8
63
C
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
D
i
s
o
r
d
e
r
s
Q
u
a
r
t
e
r
l
y
7
56
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
6
39
Ed
u
c
a
r
e
m r
e
v
i
st
a
8
36
U
n
i
v
e
r
sa
l
A
c
c
e
ss
i
n
t
h
e
I
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
S
o
c
i
e
t
y
5
22
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
6
5
R
e
v
i
s
t
a
i
b
e
r
o
-
A
m
e
r
i
c
a
n
a
d
e
e
st
u
d
o
s
e
m e
d
u
c
a
c
a
o
7
4
D
e
a
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
f
o
r
B
i
l
i
n
g
u
a
l
/
M
u
l
t
i
l
i
n
g
u
a
l
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
5
0
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
is
p
ap
er
r
ep
o
r
ts
th
e
m
o
s
t
in
f
lu
en
tial
au
th
o
r
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
citatio
n
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
citatio
n
an
aly
s
is
o
n
ly
in
cl
u
d
es
au
th
o
r
s
with
f
iv
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
p
u
b
licati
o
n
,
f
r
o
m
2
,
5
0
9
au
th
o
r
s
,
o
n
ly
2
4
au
t
h
o
r
s
m
et
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
.
T
ab
le
3
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
d
ata
o
f
1
0
m
o
s
t
cited
au
t
h
o
r
s
in
th
e
f
ield
.
Ma
r
s
ch
ar
k
is
ap
p
ar
en
tly
th
e
m
o
s
t
cited
au
th
o
r
s
with
3
2
7
citatio
n
s
with
in
9
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
,
wh
ile
Sn
o
d
d
o
n
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
d
u
ct
iv
e
au
th
o
r
s
with
1
1
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
.
T
ab
le
3
.
T
op
1
0
m
o
s
t c
ited
au
t
h
o
r
s
o
n
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
n
d
d
ea
f
e
duc
atio
n
N
o
.
A
u
t
h
o
r
s
Li
n
k
To
t
a
l
l
i
n
ks
D
o
c
u
me
n
t
s
C
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
1
M
a
r
sc
h
a
r
k
,
M
a
r
c
4
10
9
3
2
7
2
Le
d
e
r
b
e
r
g
,
A
my
R
.
14
36
6
2
9
2
3
M
c
k
e
e
,
M
i
c
h
a
e
l
M
.
2
9
5
2
1
1
4
K
u
sh
a
l
n
a
g
a
r
,
P
o
o
r
n
a
10
28
9
2
0
4
5
Za
z
o
v
e
,
P
h
i
l
i
p
2
8
6
1
8
7
6
Ea
st
e
r
b
r
o
o
k
s,
S
u
s
a
n
R
.
6
23
8
1
6
6
7
M
a
t
h
u
r
,
G
a
u
r
a
v
8
30
5
1
5
8
8
N
a
p
o
l
i
,
D
o
n
n
a
J
o
8
30
5
1
5
8
9
R
a
t
h
m
a
n
n
,
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
8
30
5
1
5
8
10
S
n
o
d
d
o
n
,
K
r
i
st
i
n
9
14
11
1
2
2
3
.
2
.
T
he
net
wo
rk
o
f
c
o
lla
bo
ra
t
iv
e
re
s
ea
rc
h o
n si
g
n la
ng
ua
g
e
a
nd
Dea
f
educa
t
io
n
R
esear
ch
n
etwo
r
k
is
cr
u
cial
to
s
u
s
tain
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
t
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
a
r
esear
ch
i
n
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
i
eld
.
I
s
s
u
es
on
s
ig
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
an
d
Dea
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
ast
d
ec
a
d
es
h
as
d
ev
elo
p
ed
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
s
y
s
tem
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
co
u
n
tr
ies.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
ap
p
lied
co
-
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
an
aly
s
is
to
m
ap
th
e
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
wo
r
k
b
et
wee
n
au
th
o
r
s
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
co
u
n
tr
ies.
T
h
e
d
ata
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
co
-
a
u
th
o
r
s
h
ip
an
aly
s
is
was
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
with
f
iv
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
(
N=
2
4
)
,
ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
au
th
o
r
s
with
n
o
lin
k
with
o
th
er
au
th
o
r
s
wer
e
also
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
an
aly
s
is
to
s
ee
th
e
r
esear
ch
th
at
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
r
ep
o
r
ted
1
2
clu
s
ter
s
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
s
with
5
clu
s
ter
s
with
lin
k
am
o
n
g
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
an
d
7
clu
s
ter
s
with
n
o
lin
k
with
o
th
e
r
au
th
o
r
s
as illu
s
tr
ated
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
.
I
t r
e
v
ea
l
s
th
at
au
th
o
r
s
with
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
o
ci
o
n
Dea
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
liter
ac
y
a
r
e
m
o
s
tly
alr
ea
d
y
co
n
n
ec
ted
an
d
h
av
e
a
s
o
lid
n
etwo
r
k
ex
ce
p
t
An
d
r
ews.
Similar
to
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
clu
s
ter
,
au
th
o
r
s
n
etwo
r
k
o
n
Dea
f
cu
ltu
r
e
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ar
e
alr
ea
d
y
co
n
n
ec
ted
as
well
as
h
ea
lth
liter
ac
y
f
o
r
Dea
f
p
e
o
p
le.
Ho
we
v
er
,
au
th
o
r
s
with
r
esear
ch
to
p
ics
o
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
r
e
s
till
n
o
t
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
ea
ch
o
th
er
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
T
ab
le
4
o
f
f
er
s
d
etails
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
co
lla
b
o
r
ativ
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Gen
er
ally
,
th
er
e
ar
e
f
iv
e
b
ig
th
em
es
em
er
g
e
d
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
n
etwo
r
k
s
n
am
ely
Dea
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
n
d
liter
a
cy
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
as
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
b
y
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
n
etw
o
r
k
in
clu
s
ter
1
,
3
,
4
,
6
,
Dea
f
cu
ltu
r
e
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
e
m
er
g
es
in
cl
u
s
ter
2
,
Dea
f
h
ea
lth
liter
ac
y
an
d
ed
u
c
atio
n
th
at
is
f
o
u
n
d
in
cl
u
s
ter
5
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
Dea
f
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
in
clu
s
ter
7
,
9
,
1
0
an
d
Am
er
ican
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
i
n
clu
s
ter
1
1
a
n
d
1
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
1
46
-
1
56
150
N
o
t
e
:
t
h
e
d
a
t
a
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
w
i
t
h
5
o
r
m
o
r
e
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
n
=
2
4
o
f
2
,
5
0
9
a
u
t
h
o
r
s)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
co
lla
b
o
r
ativ
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
T
ab
le
4
.
Au
th
o
r
s
n
etwo
r
k
s
o
n
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
d
ea
f
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
A
u
t
h
o
r
s
C
l
u
st
e
r
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
th
e
mes
A
f
f
i
l
i
a
t
i
o
n
C
o
u
n
t
r
y
D
o
c
u
me
n
t
s
C
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
B
e
a
l
-
A
l
v
a
r
e
z
,
J
e
n
n
i
f
e
r
S
1
S
i
g
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
D
e
a
f
/
H
o
H
V
a
l
d
o
s
t
a
S
t
a
t
e
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
U
S
A
6
98
D
o
st
a
l
,
H
a
n
n
a
h
M
.
1
N
EA
G
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
U
S
A
6
1
0
7
Ea
st
e
r
b
r
o
o
k
s,
S
u
s
a
n
R
.
1
G
e
o
r
g
i
a
S
t
a
t
e
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
U
S
A
8
1
6
6
Le
d
e
r
b
e
r
g
,
A
my
R
.
1
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
M
i
n
n
e
so
t
a
U
S
A
6
2
9
2
S
c
o
t
t
,
Jess
i
c
a
A
.
1
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
A
r
k
a
n
s
a
s
U
S
A
11
91
H
u
mp
h
r
i
e
s,
To
m
2
D
e
a
f
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
C
a
l
i
f
o
r
n
i
a
S
a
n
D
i
e
g
o
U
S
A
5
1
1
8
K
u
sh
a
l
n
a
g
a
r
,
P
o
o
r
n
a
2
G
a
l
l
a
u
d
e
t
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
G
a
l
l
a
u
d
e
t
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
U
S
A
9
2
0
4
M
a
t
h
u
r
,
G
a
u
r
a
v
2
U
S
A
5
1
5
8
N
a
p
o
l
i
,
D
o
n
n
a
J
o
2
S
w
a
r
t
h
m
o
r
e
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
U
S
A
5
1
5
8
R
a
t
h
m
a
n
n
,
C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n
2
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
H
a
m
b
u
r
g
G
e
r
man
y
5
1
5
8
K
n
o
o
r
s,
H
a
r
r
y
3
D
e
a
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
R
a
d
b
o
u
d
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
N
e
t
h
e
r
l
a
n
d
s
5
62
M
a
r
sc
h
a
r
k
,
M
a
r
c
3
R
o
c
h
e
st
e
r
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
e
o
f
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
U
S
A
9
3
2
7
V
e
r
h
o
e
v
e
n
,
L
u
d
o
3
R
a
d
b
o
u
d
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
N
e
t
h
e
r
l
a
n
d
s
5
35
C
a
n
n
o
n
,
J
o
a
n
n
a
E.
4
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
o
f
D
e
a
f
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
,
D
e
a
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
B
r
i
t
i
s
h
C
o
l
u
m
b
i
a
UK
7
95
G
u
a
r
d
i
n
o
,
C
a
r
o
l
i
n
e
4
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
N
o
r
t
h
F
l
o
r
i
d
a
U
S
A
5
68
M
c
k
e
e
,
M
i
c
h
a
e
l
M
.
5
H
e
a
l
t
h
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
i
n
D
e
a
f
A
S
L
u
sers
h
e
a
l
t
h
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s fo
r
D
e
a
f
p
e
o
p
l
e
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
M
i
c
h
i
g
a
n
H
e
a
l
t
h
S
y
s
t
e
m
U
S
A
5
2
1
1
Za
z
o
v
e
,
P
h
i
l
i
p
5
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
M
i
c
h
i
g
a
n
U
S
A
6
1
8
7
A
n
d
r
e
w
s
,
Je
a
n
F
.
6
D
e
a
f
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
Ea
st
e
r
n
K
e
n
t
u
c
k
y
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
U
S
A
7
51
C
o
l
l
a
z
o
s,
C
e
s
a
r
A
.
7
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
su
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
D
e
a
f
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
d
a
d
d
e
l
C
a
u
c
a
C
o
l
o
m
b
i
a
5
17
H
u
e
n
e
r
f
a
u
t
h
,
M
a
t
t
8
A
S
L
t
r
a
n
sl
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
R
o
c
h
e
st
e
r
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
e
o
f
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
U
S
A
5
34
Jemn
i
,
M
o
h
a
me
d
9
E
-
ac
c
e
ssi
b
i
l
i
t
y
f
o
r
D
e
a
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
T
u
n
i
s
Tu
n
i
s
i
a
5
51
K
o
se,
H
a
t
i
c
e
10
H
u
ma
n
o
i
d
r
o
b
o
t
s
t
o
t
e
a
c
h
s
i
g
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
I
st
a
n
b
u
l
Te
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
I
st
a
n
b
u
l
5
35
S
c
o
t
t
,
Jess
i
c
a
11
A
S
L
a
n
d
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
G
e
o
r
g
i
a
S
t
a
t
e
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
U
S
A
5
26
S
n
o
d
d
o
n
,
K
r
i
st
i
n
12
A
S
L
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
To
r
o
n
t
o
M
e
t
r
o
p
o
l
i
t
a
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
U
S
A
11
1
2
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
tellectu
a
l m
a
p
p
i
n
g
o
f t
h
e
s
ig
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
r
o
le
i
n
d
ea
f e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
:
fo
r
ec
a
s
tin
g
fu
tu
r
e
r
efo
r
ms
(
R
o
n
a
A
lmo
s
)
151
B
r
i
e
f
l
y
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
o
c
i
s
e
e
m
c
e
n
t
e
r
e
d
i
n
U
SA
w
h
i
ch
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
f
r
o
m
U
K
,
G
e
r
m
a
n
y
a
n
d
N
e
t
h
e
r
l
a
n
d
s
s
p
ec
i
f
i
c
a
ll
y
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
t
o
p
i
c
i
n
t
h
e
ar
e
a
s
o
f
D
ea
f
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
li
t
e
r
a
c
y
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
De
a
f
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
h
ea
l
t
h
e
d
u
c
at
i
o
n
f
o
r
D
e
a
f
a
n
d
Am
e
r
i
c
a
n
s
i
g
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
.
W
h
e
r
ea
s
t
h
e
r
es
e
a
r
c
h
t
o
p
i
c
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
t
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
D
e
a
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
m
o
s
t
l
y
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
f
r
o
m
T
u
n
i
s
i
a
a
n
d
I
s
t
a
n
b
u
l
.
D
e
s
p
it
e
t
h
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
US
A
i
s
t
h
e
c
e
n
t
e
r
o
f
r
es
e
a
r
c
h
o
n
De
a
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
s
i
g
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
,
a
p
p
a
r
e
n
t
l
y
t
h
e
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
v
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
h
a
s
e
n
co
u
r
a
g
e
d
s
o
m
e
o
t
h
e
r
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
i
n
S
o
u
t
h
e
a
s
t
As
i
a
s
u
c
h
a
s
J
a
p
a
n
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
,
I
n
d
i
a
,
T
h
a
i
l
a
n
d
a
n
d
M
i
d
d
l
e
E
a
s
t
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
S
a
u
d
i A
r
a
b
ia
a
n
d
T
u
r
k
e
y
,
A
u
s
t
r
a
l
i
a
,
S
o
u
t
h
A
f
r
i
c
a
,
C
a
n
a
d
a
,
A
u
s
t
r
i
a
,
G
e
r
m
a
n
y
,
G
r
e
e
c
e
,
S
p
a
i
n
,
C
h
il
e
,
a
n
d
S
c
o
tl
a
n
d
.
A
s
s
e
e
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
,
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
o
n
D
e
a
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
s
i
g
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
t
il
l
i
n
e
a
r
l
y
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
es
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
te
d
b
y
t
h
e
s
m
a
l
l
d
o
ts
wi
t
h
y
e
l
l
o
w
c
o
l
o
r
s
.
No
te:
th
e
d
a
ta i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s c
o
u
n
tri
e
s
with
5
o
r
m
o
re
p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
(
n
=
3
8
o
f
8
8
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
th
e
c
o
u
n
tr
ies o
n
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
n
d
d
ea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
3
.
3
.
I
nte
llect
ua
l
ma
pp
ing
o
f
Dea
f
educa
t
io
n a
nd
s
ig
n la
ng
ua
g
e
Ma
p
p
in
g
th
e
i
n
tellectu
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
Dea
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
s
i
g
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
r
esear
ch
was
ad
d
r
ess
ed
b
y
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
a
b
ib
lio
g
r
a
p
h
ic
co
u
p
lin
g
o
f
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
b
ib
lio
g
r
ap
h
ic
co
u
p
lin
g
is
b
e
n
ef
icial
to
id
e
n
tify
t
h
e
s
ch
o
o
l
o
f
th
o
u
g
h
t
in
th
e
Dea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
s
ig
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
elate
d
to
th
e
lin
k
s
b
etwe
en
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
co
-
a
u
th
o
r
s
h
ip
,
a
n
d
co
-
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
ter
m
s
[2
1
]
.
T
h
e
b
ib
lio
g
r
ap
h
ic
c
o
u
p
lin
g
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
was
d
o
n
e
b
y
in
clu
d
i
n
g
au
th
o
r
s
with
m
in
im
u
m
5
p
u
b
licatio
n
(
N=
2
4
o
f
2
,
5
0
9
a
u
th
o
r
s
)
.
As
s
ee
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
4
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
ad
v
is
e
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
two
m
ain
s
ch
o
o
ls
o
f
th
o
u
g
h
t
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
r
ed
a
n
d
g
r
ee
n
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
r
e
d
clu
s
ter
s
r
ep
r
esen
t
r
esear
ch
in
th
e
ar
ea
s
o
f
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
n
d
Dea
f
liter
a
cy
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
at
in
clu
d
e
1
4
au
th
o
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
Do
s
tal,
Sco
tt,
Sn
o
d
d
o
n
,
a
n
d
Ma
r
s
c
h
ar
k
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
r
ed
clu
s
ter
s
,
g
r
ee
n
clu
s
ter
th
at
r
ep
r
esen
ts
r
esear
ch
in
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
Dea
f
cu
ltu
r
e
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
n
ly
in
clu
d
e
f
iv
e
au
th
o
r
s
s
u
ch
as
Ku
s
h
aln
ag
ar
,
Nap
o
lli,
Hu
m
p
h
r
ies,
Ma
th
u
r
,
an
d
R
h
atm
a
an
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
b
ib
lio
g
r
ap
h
ic
co
u
p
lin
g
an
aly
s
is
,
th
er
e
ar
e
o
n
ly
two
s
ch
o
o
ls
th
at
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
im
ilar
cited
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
,
wh
ile
th
e
o
th
er
c
lu
s
ter
o
f
r
esear
ch
in
clu
d
in
g
h
ea
lth
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
Dea
f
,
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
Dea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
n
d
Am
er
ica
n
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
ar
e
n
o
t
in
clu
d
e
d
i
n
th
e
b
ib
lio
g
r
a
p
h
ic
co
u
p
lin
g
r
esu
lt wh
ich
in
d
icate
th
at
th
ese
clu
s
ter
s
ar
e
n
o
t c
o
n
n
ec
ted
to
ea
ch
o
th
er
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
ap
p
lied
co
-
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
’
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
to
ex
p
licate
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t tr
en
d
s
o
f
to
p
ical
f
o
cu
s
ad
d
r
ess
ed
i
n
th
e
liter
atu
r
es
o
f
Dea
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
with
1
0
m
in
im
u
m
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
er
e
ar
e
t
h
r
ee
p
r
im
ar
y
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
th
at
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
b
y
th
e
lar
g
e
n
o
d
es
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
ex
p
lo
r
ed
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
b
ig
g
est
o
n
e
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
with
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
to
p
ics
r
elate
d
to
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ili
ty
,
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
e
-
lear
n
in
g
,
in
clu
s
io
n
,
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
f
o
cu
s
ad
d
r
ess
es
Dea
f
an
d
Dea
f
n
ess
th
at
co
n
ce
n
t
r
ate
o
n
th
e
is
s
u
es
o
f
b
ilin
g
u
alis
m
,
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e,
Am
er
ican
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e,
B
r
az
ilian
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e,
an
d
s
ig
n
l
an
g
u
ag
e
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
as
s
ee
n
in
p
u
r
p
le
clu
s
ter
s
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
r
elate
s
to
Dea
f
e
d
u
c
atio
n
th
at
in
v
o
l
v
es
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
b
ilin
g
u
alis
m
,
liter
ac
y
,
r
ea
d
in
g
,
ass
ess
m
en
t,
ass
i
s
tiv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
s
ig
n
la
n
g
u
ag
e
,
in
clu
s
iv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
r
esu
lt a
ls
o
s
u
g
g
ests
th
e
o
th
er
s
m
all
to
p
ical
f
o
cu
s
o
n
h
ar
d
o
f
h
ea
r
in
g
a
n
d
d
ea
f
ch
ild
r
en
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
1
46
-
1
56
152
No
te:
Th
e
d
a
ta i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s a
u
t
h
o
rs
with
5
o
r
m
o
re
p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
(
n
=
2
4
o
f
2
5
0
9
a
u
t
h
o
rs)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
B
ib
lio
g
r
a
p
h
ic
co
u
p
li
n
g
No
te:
Th
e
d
a
ta i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s a
u
t
h
o
r
k
e
y
wo
rd
s wi
th
1
0
o
r
m
o
re
o
c
c
u
rre
n
c
e
s (N=
9
6
o
f
2
1
8
6
a
u
th
o
r
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
to
p
ical
f
o
cu
s
o
n
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
an
d
d
ea
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
3
.
4
.
F
o
re
ca
s
t
ing
t
he
f
uture
r
ef
o
rm
s
o
f
Dea
f
educa
t
i
on
Qu
o
tin
g
Fo
u
ca
u
lt
th
at
ev
er
y
f
o
r
m
o
f
p
o
wer
cr
ea
tes
its
o
wn
f
o
r
m
o
f
r
esis
tan
ce
,
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
o
n
Dea
f
cu
ltu
r
al
em
an
cip
ato
r
y
h
as
b
e
en
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
g
o
v
e
r
th
e
p
a
s
t
d
e
c
a
d
e
s
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
8
]
,
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
t
h
at
also
af
f
ec
t
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
o
f
Dea
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
r
elate
d
to
Dea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
t
h
at
r
ea
ch
e
d
its
p
ea
k
to
3
0
0
%
in
th
e
last
p
ast
d
ec
a
d
e
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
it
im
p
lies
th
at
th
is
to
p
ic
h
as
in
v
ited
s
ch
o
lar
s
an
d
p
r
ac
t
itio
n
er
s
alo
n
g
with
th
e
s
h
if
tin
g
v
iew
o
n
Dea
f
p
eo
p
le.
Deb
a
tab
le
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
o
n
h
o
w
p
lacin
g
Dea
f
p
e
o
p
le
in
t
h
e
s
o
ciety
lies
o
n
two
p
o
lar
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
s
o
cial
an
d
c
u
ltu
r
a
l.
W
ith
in
th
e
s
o
cial
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
d
is
ab
ilit
y
m
o
d
el,
Dea
f
p
eo
p
le
ar
e
s
ee
n
as
h
av
in
g
im
p
air
m
en
ts
a
n
d
ar
e
th
en
d
is
ab
led
[
1
4
]
.
Oth
er
wis
e,
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
s
ee
s
Dea
f
p
e
o
p
le
as
p
a
r
t
o
f
lin
g
u
is
tic
m
in
o
r
ity
h
o
n
o
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
eser
v
atio
n
o
f
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
as
th
eir
n
atu
r
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
later
v
iew
h
as
p
lace
d
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
as
t
h
e
p
iv
o
tal
f
ac
et
in
Dea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
tellectu
a
l m
a
p
p
i
n
g
o
f t
h
e
s
ig
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
r
o
le
i
n
d
ea
f e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
:
fo
r
ec
a
s
tin
g
fu
tu
r
e
r
efo
r
ms
(
R
o
n
a
A
lmo
s
)
153
T
h
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
Dea
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
is
also
e
x
p
o
s
ed
in
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
t
h
e
5
b
ig
th
em
es
r
esear
ch
n
etwo
r
k
s
th
at
all
o
f
t
h
em
h
a
v
e
in
te
g
r
ated
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
as p
ar
t o
f
d
ea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
th
em
es
ar
e
r
elate
d
t
o
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
n
d
liter
ac
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
lan
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
co
g
n
itio
n
,
an
d
h
ea
lth
liter
ac
y
f
o
r
Dea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
w
h
ile
th
e
o
th
er
two
c
o
v
er
in
g
th
e
th
em
es
o
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
D
ea
f
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Am
er
ican
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
r
e
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
t
h
em
es
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
its
au
th
o
r
h
as
n
o
t
well
b
ee
n
estab
lis
h
ed
at
least
b
ased
o
n
th
e
web
o
f
s
cien
ce
d
atab
ase.
T
h
e
f
o
cu
s
o
n
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
an
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
Dea
f
was
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
f
r
o
m
m
a
n
y
v
iewp
o
in
ts
,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
B
ea
l
-
Alv
ar
e
z
m
o
s
tly
f
o
cu
s
o
n
h
o
w
lin
g
u
is
tics
f
ea
tu
r
es
ar
e
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
ed
b
y
Dea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
u
s
e
Am
er
ican
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
.
Desp
ite
h
er
f
in
d
in
g
s
t
h
at
b
ase
t
h
e
ch
alle
n
g
es
f
ac
in
g
Dea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
lo
w
o
f
p
h
o
n
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
s
em
an
tic
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
s
,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
e
m
is
es
s
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
ea
lt
with
th
e
u
r
g
en
cy
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
Am
er
ican
s
ig
n
la
n
g
u
ag
e
as
p
a
r
t
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
D
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
n
iq
u
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
n
d
liter
ac
y
n
ee
d
s
[
2
5
]
–
[
2
8
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
Miller
et
a
l.
a
r
g
u
ed
th
at
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
d
i
d
n
o
t
in
ter
f
er
e
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
Dea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
p
o
k
en
p
h
o
n
o
lo
g
ical
awa
r
en
ess
,
wh
ich
is
in
co
n
t
r
ast
with
g
en
er
al
v
iew
th
at
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
m
ay
in
ter
r
u
p
t
Dea
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
s
k
ills
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
s
p
o
k
en
l
an
g
u
ag
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es,
it
is
p
r
o
v
en
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
th
at
s
tu
d
en
t
s
wh
o
u
s
e
Am
er
ica
n
s
ig
n
la
n
g
u
ag
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
im
ilar
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
n
s
p
o
k
en
p
h
o
n
o
lo
g
ical
task
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
s
h
ed
a
lig
h
t
o
n
th
e
p
o
ten
ti
al
u
s
e
o
f
p
atter
n
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
ac
tiv
ity
to
teac
h
Dea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
s
p
o
k
en
p
h
o
n
o
lo
g
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
th
at
will
h
e
lp
th
em
i
n
d
ec
o
d
in
g
wo
r
d
s
wh
ile
r
ea
d
in
g
[
2
9
]
.
B
esid
es
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
t
h
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
s
p
o
k
en
p
h
o
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
f
o
r
Dea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
h
elp
th
em
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
eir
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
,
T
r
u
s
s
ell
an
d
E
aster
b
r
o
o
k
s
also
en
ac
ted
th
e
n
ee
d
o
f
m
o
r
p
h
o
l
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
f
o
r
Dea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
eir
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
r
e
p
o
r
ted
th
at
m
o
s
t
o
f
Dea
f
s
t
u
d
en
ts
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
d
elay
ed
m
o
r
p
h
o
-
g
r
a
p
h
ic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
o
th
in
in
f
lectio
n
al
an
d
d
er
iv
atio
n
al
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
th
a
t
af
f
ec
t
th
eir
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
s
k
ills
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
h
i
g
h
q
u
ality
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
o
f
ex
p
licit
m
o
r
p
h
o
l
o
g
ica
l
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
is
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
p
r
ac
tice
[
8
]
.
Ab
o
v
e
an
d
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
tial r
esear
ch
es o
n
ch
allen
g
es f
ac
in
g
Dea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
liter
ac
y
,
D
o
s
tal
et
a
l.
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
v
i
v
id
teac
h
i
n
g
s
tr
at
eg
y
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
Dea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
i
n
clu
s
iv
e
class
r
o
o
m
.
Her
r
esear
c
h
o
n
d
if
f
er
en
tiated
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
t
ea
ch
in
g
wr
itin
g
f
o
r
Dea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
as
o
f
f
er
ed
p
r
ac
tical
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
t
h
at
wo
u
l
d
b
e
v
er
y
b
en
e
f
icial
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
,
o
n
e
o
f
it
is
th
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
zo
n
e
f
lo
wc
h
ar
t
as
a
to
o
l
to
an
aly
ze
t
h
e
k
in
d
o
f
task
an
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
o
p
tio
n
th
at
tailo
r
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
n
ee
d
s
.
T
h
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
zo
n
e
f
lo
wch
ar
t
h
as
in
cl
u
d
ed
Am
er
i
ca
n
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
as
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
teac
h
in
g
f
ac
ets
[
3
0
]
.
A
d
d
it
io
n
ally
,
Do
s
tal
also
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
two
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
th
at
h
elp
Dea
f
lear
n
liter
ac
y
.
First
p
r
i
n
cip
le
is
o
p
tim
izin
g
ac
ce
s
s
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
h
is
t
o
r
y
o
f
Dea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
all
ty
p
e
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
ef
e
r
r
ed
b
y
Dea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
clu
d
in
g
h
ea
r
i
n
g
aid
s
an
d
s
ig
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
r
in
cip
le
is
m
a
k
in
g
th
e
co
n
ten
t
an
d
th
in
k
in
g
v
is
ib
le
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
v
is
u
al
cu
es
f
o
r
wo
r
d
lear
n
in
g
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
v
is
u
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
,
v
is
u
alizin
g
th
e
th
in
k
in
g
p
r
o
s
es
an
d
b
u
ild
in
g
r
ap
p
o
r
t
with
Dea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
y
ex
ten
d
i
n
g
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
wo
r
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
[
2
]
.
L
an
g
u
ag
e
an
d
c
o
g
n
itio
n
o
f
D
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
also
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
n
Dea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Ma
r
s
ch
ar
k
is
th
e
lear
n
in
g
a
u
th
o
r
in
th
e
f
i
eld
as
h
is
wr
itin
g
was
th
e
m
o
s
t
cited
ar
ticle
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
3
.
Ma
r
s
ch
ar
k
h
as
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
m
an
y
r
esear
ch
r
ep
o
r
ts
th
at
b
ec
am
e
th
e
b
asis
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
er
s
w
o
r
k
in
g
in
th
e
f
ield
.
His
wo
r
k
s
co
v
er
s
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
Dea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
elate
d
to
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
Dea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
m
o
r
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
ty
p
icality
r
atin
g
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
h
ea
r
i
n
g
p
ee
r
s
th
at
p
r
e
d
icts
th
eir
ca
p
ac
ity
in
co
n
ce
i
v
in
g
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
o
f
ty
p
icality
s
u
ch
as
wo
r
d
o
r
s
ig
n
c
h
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
,
wh
ich
s
u
g
g
ests
f
u
r
th
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
in
r
elatio
n
with
Dea
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
n
d
liter
ac
y
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
h
as b
ee
n
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
lo
n
g
ag
o
in
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
m
id
-
n
in
etee
n
th
ce
n
tu
r
y
u
n
til
n
o
w
th
at
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
d
y
n
am
ic
ch
an
g
in
g
.
T
h
e
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
as
n
eg
ativ
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
to
war
d
d
ea
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
h
as
ch
a
n
g
ed
t
o
to
d
ay
p
o
s
tu
latio
n
th
at
o
f
f
e
r
s
b
etter
b
o
th
th
eo
r
etica
l
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
b
asis
o
f
h
o
w
s
ig
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
p
r
e
d
icts
Dea
f
ch
ild
r
en
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
m
p
e
ten
ce
b
o
th
in
n
atu
r
alis
tic
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
r
esear
c
h
s
itu
atio
n
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
e
th
i
r
d
m
o
s
t c
o
m
m
o
n
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
to
p
ic
is
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
h
ea
lth
liter
ac
y
f
o
r
Dea
f
p
eo
p
le.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
o
n
ly
two
au
th
o
r
s
th
at
in
clu
d
e
to
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
with
m
in
im
u
m
5
p
u
b
licatio
n
n
am
ely
Mc
Kee
an
d
Z
az
o
v
e
.
B
o
th
o
f
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
ar
e
co
llab
o
r
ati
n
g
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
u
r
g
en
cy
o
f
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
h
ea
lth
liter
ac
y
f
o
r
Dea
f
p
e
o
p
le
b
y
ad
ap
tin
g
an
d
tr
an
s
latin
g
th
e
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
to
o
ls
in
to
Am
e
r
ican
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
th
at
b
r
in
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
n
Dea
f
h
ea
lth
liter
ac
y
,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
er
e
ar
e
also
s
o
m
e
ch
allen
g
e
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al’
s
h
ea
lth
o
f
f
icer
s
th
at
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
m
aster
Am
e
r
ic
an
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
B
esid
e
th
o
s
e
af
o
r
e
m
en
tio
n
e
d
to
p
ics,
to
p
ics
o
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
n
Dea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
s
ig
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
is
p
o
ten
tially
em
er
g
in
g
.
R
esear
ch
o
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
d
ea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
m
o
s
tly
co
v
er
in
g
th
e
to
p
ic
o
f
e
-
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
lear
n
in
g
to
o
ls
an
d
d
ig
itizatio
n
o
f
Am
er
ican
s
ig
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
[
3
5
]
–
[
3
7
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
Sn
o
d
d
o
n
’
s
wo
r
k
s
h
as
also
h
ig
h
ly
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
ig
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
Dea
f
ed
u
c
atio
n
,
as
Dea
f
r
esear
ch
e
r
,
s
h
e
is
f
ir
m
ly
co
m
m
itted
in
r
esear
ch
in
g
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
A
m
er
ican
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
Dea
f
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
.
Sh
e
co
n
ten
d
s
th
at
Dea
f
c
h
ild
r
en
h
av
e
a
r
ig
h
t
to
h
a
v
e
b
ilin
g
u
alis
m
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
th
at
g
iv
e
th
em
ac
ce
s
s
to
b
o
th
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
-
b
ased
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
m
ajo
r
ity
s
ig
n
ed
lan
g
u
ag
e
[
3
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
1
46
-
1
56
154
T
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
o
f
s
i
g
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
i
n
D
e
a
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
a
ls
o
p
o
s
i
ti
v
e
l
y
r
e
i
n
f
o
r
c
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
t
o
p
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
r
s
i
n
t
h
e
f
i
e
l
d
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
r
ep
o
r
t
ed
to
p
2
j
o
u
r
n
al
th
at
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
r
esear
ch
r
elate
d
t
o
th
e
f
i
l
e
d
n
a
m
e
l
y
J
o
u
r
n
al
o
f
Dea
f
Stu
d
ies
an
d
Dea
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
Am
er
ican
An
n
als
o
f
T
h
e
Dea
f
an
d
d
ea
f
n
ess
.
B
o
th
o
f
jo
u
r
n
als
ar
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
well
k
n
o
wn
f
o
r
its
ac
ad
e
m
ic
r
ep
u
tatio
n
b
u
t
also
s
er
v
e
as
a
to
k
en
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
co
m
m
itm
en
t
to
th
e
Dea
f
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
h
o
n
o
r
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
th
e
Dea
f
p
eo
p
le.
J
o
u
r
n
al
o
f
Dea
f
Stu
d
ies
an
d
Dea
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
J
D
SD
E
)
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
b
y
O
x
f
o
r
d
P
r
e
s
s
i
s
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
c
it
e
d
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
t
h
r
e
e
t
h
a
t
s
c
o
p
e
t
h
e
t
o
p
i
c
o
n
b
o
t
h
b
a
s
i
c
a
n
d
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
a
b
o
u
t
d
ea
f
p
e
o
p
l
e
co
v
er
in
g
to
p
ics
o
n
cu
ltu
r
e,
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
lin
g
u
is
t
ics
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
J
DSDE
h
as
o
p
en
ly
co
m
m
it
to
h
o
n
o
r
th
e
d
i
v
er
s
ity
o
f
Dea
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
b
y
welc
o
m
in
g
r
esear
ch
th
at
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
e
wis
d
o
m
o
f
Dea
f
p
eo
p
le.
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
p
u
b
lic
atio
n
was
in
1
9
9
6
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
tly
h
as
2
.
0
im
p
ac
t
f
ac
to
r
with
Do
s
tal
as
its
cu
r
r
en
t
ch
ief
ed
ito
r
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
jo
u
r
n
al
is
Am
er
ican
An
n
als
o
f
T
h
e
Dea
f
th
at
h
as
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
tellectu
al
r
e
p
o
r
t
s
s
i
n
c
e
1
8
4
7
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
b
y
G
a
ll
a
u
d
e
t
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,
i
t is
r
e
n
o
w
n
e
d
a
s
t
h
e
o
l
d
es
t
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
i
n
t
h
e
f
i
e
l
d
t
h
a
t
a
ls
o
a
c
k
n
o
w
l
ed
g
e
t
h
e
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
D
e
a
f
p
e
o
p
l
e
.
T
h
e
A
n
n
a
l
s
i
s
t
h
e
o
f
f
i
c
i
al
p
a
r
t
o
f
t
h
e
C
o
u
n
c
i
l
o
f
A
m
e
r
i
c
a
n
I
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
o
r
s
o
f
th
e
De
af
(
C
AI
D)
th
at
ac
tiv
ely
ad
v
is
e
t
h
e
Deaf
i
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
s
o
ci
et
y
.
T
h
e
b
ib
lio
g
r
ap
h
ic
co
u
p
lin
g
an
aly
s
is
h
as
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
t
h
er
e
ar
e
two
b
ig
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
t
h
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
f
ield
th
at
is
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
liter
a
cy
o
f
Dea
f
ch
ild
r
en
an
d
Dea
f
cu
ltu
r
e
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
4
.
I
t
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
ese
two
cl
u
s
ter
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
well
co
n
n
e
cted
b
y
s
im
ilar
citatio
n
o
f
r
e
f
er
en
tial
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
I
t
im
p
lies
th
at
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
esear
c
h
r
elate
d
to
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
liter
ac
y
o
f
th
e
Dea
f
ar
e
clo
s
ely
r
elate
d
t
o
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
n
Dea
f
cu
ltu
r
e
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
R
ec
allin
g
th
e
u
r
g
en
cy
o
f
liter
ac
y
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
o
f
Dea
f
ch
ild
r
en
,
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
h
av
e
p
u
t
c
o
n
ce
r
n
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
as
th
e
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
v
ital
p
o
in
t
is
h
o
w
th
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
d
ep
r
i
v
atio
n
h
av
e
af
f
ec
ted
Dea
f
ch
ild
r
en
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
in
ter
m
s
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
d
elay
b
u
t
also
af
f
ec
t
to
th
eir
s
o
cial
s
k
ills
[
39
]
th
at
in
clu
d
es
th
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
d
elay
s
,
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
d
if
f
icu
lties
,
an
d
lim
ited
h
ea
lth
liter
ac
y
[4
0
]
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
ed
u
ca
tin
g
d
ea
f
ch
ild
r
en
with
th
e
f
u
lly
-
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
f
ir
s
t
lan
g
u
ag
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
u
ch
as
n
at
u
r
al
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
i
s
im
p
o
r
tan
t
t
o
h
el
p
th
em
o
p
tim
ally
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
a
h
ea
lth
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
d
o
m
ain
[
2
2
]
,
[
3
4
]
,
[4
1
]
,
[4
2
]
.
L
ast
b
u
t
n
o
t
least,
th
e
co
-
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
an
aly
s
is
o
n
au
th
o
r
s
’
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
h
av
e
f
o
r
ec
asted
th
e
em
er
g
in
g
r
esear
ch
to
p
ics
in
th
is
f
ield
.
Sig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
t
o
o
k
th
e
b
ig
g
e
s
t
n
o
d
es
in
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
k
e
y
wo
r
d
c
o
r
r
elate
d
with
Dea
f
an
d
Dea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
at
co
n
n
ec
t
to
o
th
er
s
m
all
n
o
d
es
with
b
o
ld
lin
k
th
at
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
to
p
ic
o
n
b
ilin
g
u
alis
m
,
in
clu
s
iv
e
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
ac
ce
s
s
ib
i
lity
,
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
,
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
d
ee
p
lea
r
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
is
s
u
es
o
f
Dea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
i
n
in
clu
s
iv
e
s
ch
o
o
l
h
as
b
ee
n
well
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
cu
ltu
r
ally
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tically
co
v
e
r
in
g
th
e
is
s
u
es
o
f
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
,
in
n
o
v
atio
n
teac
h
i
n
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
,
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
en
h
an
ce
Dea
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
p
ar
tici
p
atio
n
as
well
as
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
an
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
[2
6
]
,
[
3
6
]
,
[
3
7
]
,
[4
3
]
–
[4
6
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
b
ilin
g
u
alis
m
is
also
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
alter
n
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
ed
u
ca
te
Dea
f
ch
ild
r
en
f
o
r
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
b
r
id
g
in
g
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
tr
an
s
f
er
f
r
o
m
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
to
wr
itten
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
b
o
th
B
r
itis
h
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
Am
er
ican
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
th
at
is
p
o
ten
tial
to
m
ax
im
s
th
e
Dea
f
liter
ac
y
’
s
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
[
38
]
,
[
4
4
]
,
[4
7
]
,
[
48
]
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
R
esear
ch
es
o
n
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
Dea
f
ed
u
c
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
p
ast
f
iv
e
d
ec
a
d
es
h
as
s
h
o
wn
u
s
th
e
p
atter
n
th
at
f
o
r
ec
ast
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
r
ef
o
r
m
s
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
Dea
f
ch
ild
r
en
.
L
ea
r
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
n
th
e
to
p
a
u
th
o
r
s
,
to
p
p
u
b
lis
h
er
s
,
in
tellectu
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
to
p
m
o
s
t
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
h
as
elicited
th
e
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
o
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
ef
o
r
m
s
f
o
r
Dea
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
at
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
cu
ltu
r
al
-
o
r
ien
t
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
b
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
ati
n
g
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
B
ilin
g
u
alis
m
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
f
av
o
r
to
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ati
o
n
b
ec
o
m
e
t
h
e
two
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
f
ac
et
in
b
o
th
o
f
liter
ac
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
h
ea
lt
h
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
t
im
p
lies
th
at
t
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
esear
ch
h
as
p
r
o
m
p
t
ed
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
as
th
e
p
iv
o
tal
f
ac
to
r
in
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
Dea
f
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
g
r
atef
u
lly
s
u
g
g
ests
f
o
r
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
p
ar
en
ts
,
teac
h
er
s
an
d
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
to
h
o
n
o
r
s
ig
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
as
th
e
n
atu
r
al
lan
g
u
a
g
e
f
o
r
Dea
f
an
d
p
r
eser
v
in
g
s
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
m
ea
n
s
wid
en
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
th
at
is
h
o
n
o
r
in
g
Dea
f
p
e
o
p
le
cu
ltu
r
al
em
an
cip
ato
r
y
r
ig
h
ts
as a
p
er
s
o
n
th
at
h
as r
ig
h
t to
th
eir
n
atu
r
al
lan
g
u
a
g
e.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
co
n
d
u
cted
u
n
d
er
th
e
B
I
MA
r
esear
ch
s
ch
em
e
f
u
n
d
ed
b
y
I
n
d
o
n
esia
M
in
is
tr
y
o
f
R
esear
ch
,
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
f
is
ca
l y
ea
r
2
0
2
3
,
co
n
tr
ac
t
n
u
m
b
er
: 1
1
5
/E5
/P
G.
0
2
.
0
0
.
PL/2
0
2
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
tellectu
a
l m
a
p
p
i
n
g
o
f t
h
e
s
ig
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
r
o
le
i
n
d
ea
f e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
:
fo
r
ec
a
s
tin
g
fu
tu
r
e
r
efo
r
ms
(
R
o
n
a
A
lmo
s
)
155
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
M
.
L
.
W
o
o
l
s
e
y
,
T.
J.
H
a
r
r
i
so
n
,
a
n
d
R
.
G
a
r
d
n
e
r
,
“
A
p
r
e
l
i
mi
n
a
r
y
e
x
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
r
r
a
n
g
e
me
n
t
s
,
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s,
l
e
v
e
l
s
o
f
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
r
e
sp
o
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
d
e
a
f
mi
d
d
l
e
sc
h
o
o
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s i
n
t
h
r
e
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
e
t
t
i
n
g
s,”
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
T
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
C
h
i
l
d
re
n
,
v
o
l
.
2
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
6
3
–
2
7
9
,
2
0
0
4
.
[
2
]
H
.
D
o
st
a
l
,
R
.
G
a
b
r
i
e
l
,
a
n
d
J.
W
e
i
r
,
“
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
o
f
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
w
h
o
a
r
e
d
e
a
f
/
h
a
r
d
o
f
h
e
a
r
i
n
g
i
n
i
n
c
l
u
s
i
v
e
c
l
a
ssr
o
o
ms,”
Re
a
d
i
n
g
T
e
a
c
h
e
r
,
v
o
l
.
7
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
2
7
–
3
3
4
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
t
r
t
r
.
1
6
1
9
.
[
3
]
A
.
P
.
Li
n
t
a
n
g
sar
i
,
W
.
W
i
d
o
d
o
,
a
n
d
R
.
A
.
K
u
sw
o
y
o
,
“
M
i
c
r
o
l
e
v
e
l
n
a
r
r
a
t
i
v
e
s
k
i
l
l
s
o
f
d
e
a
f
p
u
p
i
l
,
”
(
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
)
,
L
i
n
g
u
i
s
t
i
k
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
,
v
o
l
.
3
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
9
–
1
6
8
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
6
4
9
9
/
l
i
.
v
3
7
i
2
.
1
0
7
.
[
4
]
A
.
P
.
L
i
n
t
a
n
g
s
a
r
i
,
“
A
d
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
v
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
n
g
r
a
m
mat
i
c
a
l
-
m
o
r
p
h
o
l
o
g
y
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
e
a
f
c
o
l
l
e
g
e
st
u
d
e
n
t
s’
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
n
w
r
i
t
t
e
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
,
”
i
n
T
h
e
As
i
a
n
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
2
0
1
8
:
O
f
f
i
c
i
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
n
,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
5
5
5
–
5
6
4
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
:
/
/
p
a
p
e
r
s
.
i
a
f
o
r
.
o
r
g
/
w
p
-
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
/
u
p
l
o
a
d
s/
c
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
-
p
r
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s/
A
C
E/
A
C
E
2
0
1
8
_
p
r
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
.
p
d
f
[
5
]
D
.
W
i
j
a
y
a
n
t
i
a
n
d
V
.
K
u
r
n
i
a
w
a
n
,
“
N
e
e
d
s
a
sse
ssm
e
n
t
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
i
e
s
f
o
r
d
e
a
f
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
t
h
e
I
n
t
e
rn
e
t
o
f
T
h
i
n
g
s
.
EA
I
,
2
0
1
9
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
1
0
8
/
e
a
i
.
1
9
-
10
-
2
0
1
8
.
2
2
8
1
3
5
8
.
[
6
]
A
.
I
.
S
u
w
i
r
y
o
a
n
d
E
.
R
.
A
r
t
y
a
n
a
,
“
S
i
g
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
i
n
g
i
n
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
f
o
r
a
d
e
a
f
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
:
a
c
a
s
e
s
t
u
d
y
,
”
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
n
J
E
L
T
:
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
6
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
5
1
7
0
/
i
j
e
l
t
.
v
1
3
i
1
.
1
4
4
7
.
[
7
]
M
.
A
.
I
mr
a
n
,
I
.
M
.
S
a
i
d
,
M
.
D
a
r
w
i
s
,
P
.
K
u
sw
a
r
i
n
i
,
a
n
d
K
a
ms
i
n
a
h
,
“
G
r
a
m
mat
i
c
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
e
a
f
b
y
w
r
i
t
t
e
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
b
a
se
o
n
so
c
i
a
l
me
d
i
a
F
a
c
e
b
o
o
k
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
si
t
i
v
e
S
c
h
o
o
l
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
8
9
9
8
–
9
0
0
4
,
2
0
2
2
.
[
8
]
J.
W
.
Tr
u
sse
l
l
a
n
d
S
.
R
.
Ea
s
t
e
r
b
r
o
o
k
s
,
“
M
o
r
p
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
w
h
o
a
r
e
d
e
a
f
o
r
h
a
r
d
-
of
-
h
e
a
r
i
n
g
:
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
t
h
e
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
”
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
D
i
s
o
r
d
e
rs
Q
u
a
rt
e
rl
y
,
v
o
l
.
3
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
7
–
7
7
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
1
5
2
5
7
4
0
1
1
6
6
4
4
8
8
9
.
[
9
]
C
.
M
u
sse
l
ma
n
a
n
d
G
.
S
z
a
n
t
o
,
“
T
h
e
w
r
i
t
t
e
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
o
f
d
e
a
f
a
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
t
s
:
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
s
o
f
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
D
e
a
f
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
a
n
d
D
e
a
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
4
5
–
2
5
7
,
1
9
9
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
9
3
/
o
x
f
o
r
d
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
s.
d
e
a
f
e
d
.
a
0
1
4
3
5
4
.
[
1
0
]
F
.
A
.
N
u
g
r
o
h
o
a
n
d
A
.
P
.
L
i
n
t
a
n
g
sar
i
,
“
D
e
a
f
st
u
d
e
n
t
s’
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
i
n
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
,
”
I
J
D
S
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
D
i
sa
b
i
l
i
t
y
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
0
2
,
p
p
.
2
1
7
–
2
2
4
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
1
7
7
6
/
u
b
.
i
j
d
s.
2
0
2
2
.
0
0
9
.
0
2
.
0
6
.
[
1
1
]
D
.
F
a
b
b
r
e
t
t
i
,
V
.
V
o
l
t
e
r
r
a
,
a
n
d
C
.
P
o
n
t
e
c
o
r
v
o
,
“
W
r
i
t
t
e
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
i
n
d
e
a
f
I
t
a
l
i
a
n
s,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
D
e
a
f
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
a
n
d
D
e
a
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
3
1
–
2
4
4
,
1
9
9
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
9
3
/
o
x
f
o
r
d
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
s.
d
e
a
f
e
d
.
a
0
1
4
3
5
3
.
[
1
2
]
L.
A
.
T
e
r
u
g
g
i
a
n
d
R
.
G
u
t
i
é
r
r
e
z
-
C
á
c
e
r
e
s,
“
T
e
x
t
r
e
v
i
s
i
o
n
i
n
d
e
a
f
a
n
d
h
e
a
r
i
n
g
b
i
l
i
n
g
u
a
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s,
”
D
e
a
f
n
e
ss
a
n
d
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
0
6
–
2
1
6
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
4
6
4
3
1
5
4
.
2
0
1
6
.
1
2
5
6
6
5
8
.
[
1
3
]
L.
M
.
B
o
w
e
r
s
,
H
.
D
o
st
a
l
,
K
.
A
.
W
o
l
b
e
r
s,
a
n
d
S
.
C
.
G
r
a
h
a
m,
“
T
h
e
a
ssess
men
t
o
f
w
r
i
t
t
e
n
p
h
r
a
s
a
l
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
s
a
n
d
g
r
a
mm
a
r
o
f
d
e
a
f
a
n
d
h
a
r
d
o
f
h
e
a
r
i
n
g
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
w
i
t
h
v
a
r
y
i
n
g
e
x
p
r
e
ssi
v
e
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s,”
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
Re
se
a
rc
h
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
0
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
5
/
2
0
1
8
/
2
1
3
9
6
2
6
.
[
1
4
]
C
.
O
b
a
si
,
“
S
e
e
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
e
a
f
i
n
‘
d
e
a
f
n
e
ss,’”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
D
e
a
f
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
a
n
d
D
e
a
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
5
5
–
4
6
5
,
2
0
0
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
9
3
/
d
e
a
f
e
d
/
e
n
n
0
0
8
.
[
1
5
]
C
.
R
.
V
i
e
r
a
a
n
d
K
.
S
.
M
.
M
o
l
i
n
a
,
“
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
i
c
a
l
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
i
n
d
e
a
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
t
w
i
n
i
n
g
o
f
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
,
”
S
e
c
a
o
Ar
t
i
g
o
s J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
4
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
2
3
,
1
7
9
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
9
0
/
S
1
6
7
8
-
4
6
3
4
2
0
1
8
4
4
1
7
9
3
3
9
.
[
1
6
]
L
.
D
i
a
s
,
R
.
M
a
r
i
a
n
i
,
C
.
M
.
C
.
D
e
l
o
u
,
E
.
W
i
n
a
g
r
a
s
k
i
,
H
.
S
.
C
a
r
v
a
l
h
o
,
a
n
d
H
.
C
.
C
a
s
t
r
o
,
“
D
e
a
f
n
e
s
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
i
g
h
t
s
:
a
b
r
i
e
f
r
e
v
i
e
w
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
B
r
a
z
i
l
i
a
n
p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
,
”
C
r
e
a
t
i
v
e
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
0
5
,
n
o
.
0
7
,
p
p
.
4
9
1
–
5
0
0
,
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
2
3
6
/
c
e
.
2
0
1
4
.
5
7
0
5
8
.
[
1
7
]
R
.
S
.
Es
t
e
e
-
W
a
l
e
,
“
D
e
a
f
n
e
ss
,
d
i
s
c
o
u
r
se
a
n
d
i
d
e
n
t
i
t
y
:
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
i
ssu
e
s
i
n
d
e
a
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
D
o
c
t
o
r
a
l
t
h
e
s
i
s
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
D
u
r
h
a
m,
2
0
0
4
.
[
1
8
]
M
.
S
c
o
t
t
-
H
i
l
l
,
D
e
a
f
n
e
s
s
/
d
i
s
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
-
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
a
t
i
s
i
n
g
n
o
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
i
d
e
n
t
i
t
y
,
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
.
R
o
u
t
l
e
d
g
e
,
20
03
.
[
1
9
]
W
.
C
.
S
t
o
k
o
e
a
n
d
M
.
M
a
r
s
c
h
a
r
k
,
“
S
i
g
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
:
a
n
o
u
t
l
i
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
v
i
su
a
l
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
y
st
e
ms
o
f
t
h
e
A
meri
c
a
n
d
e
a
f
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
D
e
a
f
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
a
n
d
D
e
a
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
–
3
7
,
2
0
0
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
9
3
/
d
e
a
f
e
d
/
e
n
i
0
0
1
.
[
2
0
]
L.
W
a
l
t
m
a
n
,
N
.
J.
v
a
n
E
c
k
,
a
n
d
E.
C
.
M
.
N
o
y
o
n
s
,
“
A
u
n
i
f
i
e
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
o
m
a
p
p
i
n
g
a
n
d
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
i
n
g
o
f
b
i
b
l
i
o
met
r
i
c
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
I
n
f
o
rm
e
t
ri
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
6
2
9
–
6
3
5
,
2
0
1
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
o
i
.
2
0
1
0
.
0
7
.
0
0
2
.
[
2
1
]
N
.
J.
v
a
n
Ec
k
a
n
d
L.
W
a
l
t
ma
n
,
“
V
O
S
v
i
e
w
e
r
m
a
n
u
a
l
,
”
L
e
i
d
e
n
:
U
n
i
v
e
ri
s
t
e
i
t
L
e
i
d
e
n
,
2
0
1
3
,
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
v
o
s
v
i
e
w
e
r
.
c
o
m
/
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
/
M
a
n
u
a
l
_
V
O
S
v
i
e
w
e
r
_
1
.
6
.
1
.
p
d
f
[
2
2
]
N
.
M
.
G
.
N
e
t
o
,
A
.
C
.
E
.
Á
f
i
o
,
S
.
d
e
S
.
L
e
i
t
e
,
M
.
G
.
d
a
S
i
l
v
a
,
L
.
M
.
F
.
P
a
g
l
i
u
c
a
,
a
n
d
J
.
Á
.
C
a
e
t
a
n
o
,
“
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
f
o
r
h
e
a
l
t
h
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
e
a
f
:
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
v
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
T
e
x
t
o
e
C
o
n
t
e
x
t
o
E
n
f
e
r
m
a
g
e
m
,
v
o
l
.
2
8
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
9
0
/
1
9
8
0
-
2
6
5
X
-
T
C
E
-
2
0
1
8
-
0
2
2
1
.
[
2
3
]
G
.
G
u
me
l
a
r
,
H
.
H
a
f
i
a
r
,
a
n
d
P
.
S
u
b
e
k
t
i
,
“
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
si
g
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
s
d
e
a
f
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
mem
b
e
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
mo
v
e
me
n
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
w
e
l
f
a
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
e
a
f
,
”
(
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
)
,
I
n
f
o
rm
a
s
i
,
v
o
l
.
4
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
6
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[
2
4
]
P
.
El
i
z
a
b
e
t
h
,
“
O
x
f
o
r
d
h
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
d
e
a
f
st
u
d
i
e
s
,
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
,
a
n
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
C
h
o
i
c
e
R
e
v
i
e
w
s
O
n
l
i
n
e
,
v
o
l
.
4
1
,
n
o
.
0
3
,
2
0
0
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
8
6
0
/
c
h
o
i
c
e
.
4
1
-
1
6
2
8
.
[
2
5
]
J.
S
.
B
e
a
l
-
A
l
v
a
r
e
z
,
“
Lo
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l
r
e
c
e
p
t
i
v
e
A
mer
i
c
a
n
si
g
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
sk
i
l
l
s
a
c
r
o
ss
a
d
i
v
e
r
s
e
d
e
a
f
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
b
o
d
y
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
D
e
a
f
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
a
n
d
D
e
a
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
2
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
0
0
–
2
1
2
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
9
3
/
d
e
a
f
e
d
/
e
n
w
0
0
2
.
[
2
6
]
J.
S
.
B
e
a
l
-
A
l
v
a
r
e
z
a
n
d
S
.
G
.
H
u
st
o
n
,
“
Emer
g
i
n
g
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
i
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
:
r
e
p
e
a
t
e
d
v
i
e
w
i
n
g
s
o
f
si
g
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
m
o
d
e
l
s,”
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
D
i
so
r
d
e
rs Q
u
a
r
t
e
r
l
y
,
v
o
l
.
3
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
9
3
–
1
0
2
,
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
1
5
2
5
7
4
0
1
1
3
5
1
4
4
3
7
.
[
2
7
]
J.
S
.
B
e
a
l
-
A
l
v
a
r
e
z
a
n
d
D
.
M
.
F
i
g
u
e
r
o
a
,
“
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
i
g
n
s
w
i
t
h
i
n
sem
a
n
t
i
c
a
n
d
p
h
o
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
i
e
s
:
d
a
t
a
f
r
o
m
d
e
a
f
a
d
u
l
t
s
a
n
d
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
w
h
o
u
se
A
m
e
r
i
c
a
n
s
i
g
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
D
e
a
f
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
a
n
d
D
e
a
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
1
9
–
2
3
2
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
9
3
/
d
e
a
f
e
d
/
e
n
w
0
7
5
.
[
2
8
]
J.
S
.
B
e
a
l
-
A
l
v
a
r
e
z
,
“
D
e
a
f
st
u
d
e
n
t
s’
r
e
c
e
p
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
e
x
p
r
e
ssi
v
e
A
mer
i
c
a
n
s
i
g
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
sk
i
l
l
s:
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
so
n
s
a
n
d
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
D
e
a
f
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
a
n
d
D
e
a
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
5
0
8
–
5
2
9
,
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
9
3
/
d
e
a
f
e
d
/
e
n
u
0
2
5
.
[
2
9
]
E.
M
.
M
i
l
l
e
r
,
A
.
R
.
Le
d
e
r
b
e
r
g
,
a
n
d
S
.
R
.
Ea
st
e
r
b
r
o
o
k
s,
“
P
h
o
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss:
e
x
p
l
i
c
i
t
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
y
o
u
n
g
d
e
a
f
a
n
d
h
a
r
d
-
of
-
h
e
a
r
i
n
g
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
D
e
a
f
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
a
n
d
D
e
a
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
0
6
–
2
2
7
,
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
9
3
/
d
e
a
f
e
d
/
e
n
s
0
6
7
.
[
3
0
]
H
.
M
.
D
o
s
t
a
l
,
K
.
A
.
W
o
l
b
e
r
s,
a
n
d
J.
R
.
K
i
l
p
a
t
r
i
c
k
,
“
T
h
e
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
z
o
n
e
:
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
i
n
g
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
i
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
w
h
o
a
r
e
d
/
d
e
a
f
a
n
d
h
a
r
d
o
f
h
e
a
r
i
n
g
,
”
Wr
i
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
Pe
d
a
g
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
2
2
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
5
8
/
w
a
p
.
3
0
0
4
5
.
[
3
1
]
K
.
C
r
o
w
e
a
n
d
M
.
M
a
r
sch
a
r
k
,
“
A
r
e
f
r
e
n
c
h
f
r
i
e
s
a
v
e
g
e
t
a
b
l
e
?
L
e
x
i
c
a
l
t
y
p
i
c
a
l
i
t
y
j
u
d
g
e
me
n
t
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
i
n
d
e
a
f
a
n
d
h
e
a
r
i
n
g
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Psy
c
h
o
l
i
n
g
u
i
s
t
i
c
Re
se
a
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
4
8
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
3
1
9
–
1
3
3
8
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s1
0
9
3
6
-
0
1
9
-
0
9
6
6
0
-
z.
[
3
2
]
B
.
S
c
h
i
c
k
,
M
.
M
a
r
s
c
h
a
r
k
,
a
n
d
P
.
E
.
S
p
e
n
c
e
r
,
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
si
g
n
-
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
d
e
a
f
c
h
i
l
d
re
n
.
O
x
f
o
r
d
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
P
r
e
ss
,
2
0
1
0
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
9
3
/
a
c
p
r
o
f
:
o
so
/
9
7
8
0
1
9
5
1
8
0
9
4
7
.
0
0
1
.
0
0
0
1
.
[
3
3
]
L.
P
e
r
t
z
,
M
.
P
l
e
g
u
e
,
K
.
D
i
e
h
l
,
P
.
Za
z
o
v
e
,
a
n
d
M
.
M
c
K
e
e
,
“
A
d
d
r
e
s
si
n
g
me
n
t
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
n
e
e
d
s
f
o
r
d
e
a
f
p
a
t
i
e
n
t
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e
m
o
d
e
l
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
D
e
a
f
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
a
n
d
D
e
a
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
4
0
–
2
4
8
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
9
3
/
d
e
a
f
e
d
/
e
n
y
0
0
2
.
[
3
4
]
M
.
M
.
M
c
K
e
e
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
sses
si
n
g
h
e
a
l
t
h
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
i
n
d
e
a
f
A
mer
i
c
a
n
si
g
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
u
sers,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
H
e
a
l
t
h
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
,
n
o
.
0
2
,
p
p
.
9
2
–
1
0
0
,
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
0
8
1
0
7
3
0
.
2
0
1
5
.
1
0
6
6
4
6
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.