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As
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tri
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s
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k
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Ch
i
n
a
,
a
n
d
Ja
p
a
n
)
i
n
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o
m
p
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o
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m
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x
a
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e
d
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c
o
n
sid
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ri
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sa
m
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le
o
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u
n
i
v
e
rsity
p
ro
fe
ss
o
rs
fro
m
t
h
e
stu
d
ied
c
o
u
n
tri
e
s.
Th
e
stu
d
y
h
a
d
two
sta
g
e
s:
t
h
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
(c
ro
ss
-
c
u
lt
u
ra
l
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
th
e
c
h
ro
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
sy
c
h
o
d
iag
n
o
stics
in
t
h
re
e
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
)
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
(in
-
d
e
p
t
h
i
n
terv
iew
s
with
p
ro
fe
ss
o
rs).
Th
e
stu
d
y
p
o
p
u
latio
n
wa
s
7
2
re
sp
o
n
d
e
n
ts.
As
a
r
e
su
lt
,
tw
o
p
e
rio
d
s
o
f
p
sy
c
h
o
d
iag
n
o
st
ics
we
re
d
isti
n
g
u
is
h
e
d
in
e
a
c
h
c
o
u
n
tr
y
:
p
re
-
sc
ien
ti
fic
a
n
d
sc
ien
ti
fic.
Th
e
g
e
n
e
ra
l
fa
c
to
rs
in
flu
e
n
c
i
n
g
t
h
e
h
isto
rica
l
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
ica
l
tes
ti
n
g
we
re
:
i
)
c
o
u
n
tr
y
’s
h
isto
ry
a
n
d
in
flu
e
n
c
e
o
f
wa
rti
m
e
;
ii
)
p
o
sit
iv
e
a
n
d
n
e
g
a
ti
v
e
i
n
fl
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
id
e
o
l
o
g
y
(c
o
m
m
u
n
ist
a
n
d
c
a
p
it
a
li
st)
o
n
th
e
p
sy
c
h
o
m
e
tri
c
s’
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
;
iii
)
t
h
e
h
isto
r
y
o
f
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
tes
ti
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g
i
n
p
a
rti
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lar,
it
s
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
m
e
th
o
d
s;
iv
)
t
h
e
e
m
e
rg
e
n
c
e
o
f
re
g
io
n
a
l
t
re
n
d
s
in
th
e
c
o
o
p
e
r
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
’
lev
e
l
o
f
p
u
b
l
icity
.
C
o
n
se
q
u
e
n
tl
y
,
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
in
ter
v
iew
,
th
e
tes
ti
n
g
o
f
c
a
re
e
r
in
tere
sts
a
n
d
in
d
iv
id
u
a
l
c
a
re
e
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g
u
id
a
n
c
e
si
g
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
ly
d
o
m
in
a
ted
i
n
C
h
i
n
a
(
4
.
8
)
wh
il
e
in
Ja
p
a
n
it
wa
s
tes
ti
n
g
o
f
i
n
te
rp
e
rso
n
a
l
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
s
(
4
.
9
).
Th
e
p
re
se
n
t
st
u
d
y
m
a
y
b
e
i
n
d
e
m
a
n
d
in
fu
tu
re
r
e
se
a
rc
h
to
d
e
v
e
lo
p
sp
e
c
ifi
c
q
u
e
stio
n
n
a
ires
a
n
d
m
e
th
o
d
s
fo
r
stu
d
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
c
o
n
sid
e
ri
n
g
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
h
isto
rica
l
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Asi
an
co
u
n
tr
ies
His
to
r
y
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
test
in
g
Ps
y
ch
o
m
etr
ics
T
esti
n
g
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Aig
er
im
My
n
b
a
y
ev
a
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
Gen
er
al
an
d
A
p
p
lied
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
,
Al
-
Far
ab
i
Kaz
ak
h
Natio
n
al
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Al
-
Far
ab
i A
v
en
u
e
7
1
,
Alm
aty
0
5
0
0
4
0
,
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
E
m
ail:
a_
m
y
n
b
a
y
ev
a@
o
u
tlo
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k
.
co
m
; a
ig
er
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m
y
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ae
v
a@
k
a
zn
u
.
ed
u
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k
z
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Sin
ce
th
e
e
n
d
o
f
th
e
XX
ce
n
tu
r
y
,
g
lo
b
aliza
tio
n
an
d
p
u
b
l
icity
o
f
s
cien
ce
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
i
g
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if
ican
tly
ac
ce
ler
atin
g
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
s
cien
ce
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
p
r
ac
tice.
T
h
e
r
eg
io
n
al
a
n
d
g
lo
b
al
v
ec
to
r
s
ar
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cu
r
r
e
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tly
c
o
llid
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g
in
th
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p
o
ly
ce
n
t
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ic
p
a
r
ad
ig
m
o
f
th
e
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
[
1
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
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s
h
o
ws
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
J
ap
an
as
a
lead
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o
f
th
e
Asi
an
r
eg
io
n
o
n
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
eg
io
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al
p
s
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ch
o
m
et
r
ics,
in
p
a
r
ticu
lar
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
a
n
d
a
d
ap
ta
tio
n
o
f
J
ap
an
ese
test
s
in
C
h
in
a.
T
h
e
p
r
o
jectiv
e
J
ap
an
ese
test
s
o
f
“
k
o
k
o
lo
g
y
”
(
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
th
e
s
p
ir
it
an
d
m
i
n
d
)
b
y
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s
am
u
Saito
ar
e
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
in
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
an
d
wo
r
ld
wid
e
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
s
cien
tific
p
ar
a
d
ig
m
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
d
ia
g
n
o
s
tics
d
ir
ec
tly
r
elat
es
to
th
e
d
esig
n
in
g
o
f
v
a
r
io
u
s
test
s
:
f
r
o
m
k
n
ig
h
tly
to
u
r
n
am
e
n
ts
to
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
in
a
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
lar
izatio
n
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
b
eg
an
in
th
e
XX
ce
n
tu
r
y
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
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t
o
f
ex
p
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im
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tal
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d
d
if
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tial
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c
h
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lo
g
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A
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Myn
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241
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
[
3
]
.
T
h
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task
o
f
p
s
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ev
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t p
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an
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e
im
p
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en
ted
b
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in
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s
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all
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f
o
r
wid
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n
t
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u
tin
g
to
m
u
ltip
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ap
p
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h
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to
th
e
co
m
p
lex
u
n
ity
o
f
a
p
er
s
o
n
[
4
]
.
Qu
esti
o
n
i
n
g
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
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lar
f
o
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m
s
o
f
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tain
in
g
p
u
b
lic
o
p
in
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a
b
o
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t
a
g
lo
b
al
p
r
o
b
lem
.
Sin
ce
an
cien
t
tim
es,
h
u
m
an
ity
h
as
tr
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to
d
eter
m
in
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e
b
asic
v
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o
r
ien
tatio
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s
o
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i
n
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als,
an
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class
if
y
p
eo
p
le
in
to
s
ep
ar
ate
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
g
lo
b
al
p
o
p
u
lar
ity
o
f
p
s
y
c
h
o
d
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n
o
s
tics
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as
n
ec
ess
itated
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n
s
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er
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n
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u
n
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er
s
t
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d
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g
o
f
d
if
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er
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ce
s
in
ap
p
r
o
ac
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t
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n
g
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
Hen
ce
,
th
r
ee
Asi
an
co
u
n
tr
ies
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
s
elec
ted
wh
er
e
cu
ltu
r
al,
h
is
to
r
ical,
an
d
s
o
cial
p
ec
u
liar
ities
m
ay
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
to
o
ls
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
o
p
ts
f
o
r
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
,
C
h
in
a,
an
d
J
ap
an
as
o
b
jects
o
f
an
aly
s
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
r
eg
io
n
al
s
p
ec
if
icities
o
f
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
co
u
n
tr
ies,
p
ar
t
icu
lar
ly
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
n
atio
n
al
m
en
talities
.
Desp
ite
ex
is
tin
g
r
esear
ch
in
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
,
o
n
ly
a
lim
ited
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
ar
e
d
e
d
icate
d
to
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
r
ev
iews
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
eth
o
d
s
ex
am
in
i
n
g
s
o
ciet
al
m
en
talities
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
elu
cid
ate
th
e
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
p
ar
ad
ig
m
o
f
n
at
io
n
al
test
in
g
id
eo
lo
g
y
in
Kaz
a
k
h
s
tan
,
C
h
in
a,
an
d
J
ap
an
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
len
s
o
f
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
-
ch
r
o
n
o
lo
g
ical
a
n
al
y
s
is
o
f
th
e
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
id
en
tify
co
m
m
o
n
aliti
es
an
d
d
is
tin
ctiv
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
d
i
ag
n
o
s
tic
m
eth
o
d
s
in
th
e
af
o
r
em
e
n
tio
n
ed
co
u
n
tr
ies.
Par
ticu
lar
atten
tio
n
is
g
iv
en
t
o
an
in
ter
est
in
p
o
p
u
latio
n
p
s
y
ch
o
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
,
wh
ich
is
b
ased
o
n
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
co
u
n
tr
ies.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
a
b
les
t
h
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
tr
en
d
s
in
co
n
tem
p
o
r
a
r
y
test
in
g
cu
ltu
r
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
-
d
e
p
th
i
n
ter
v
iews
with
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
is
ts
.
Su
ch
an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
n
o
t
o
n
ly
h
elp
s
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
ich
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
b
u
t
also
r
ev
ea
ls
th
e
p
ec
u
liar
ities
o
f
th
eir
ap
p
licatio
n
an
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
wi
th
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
test
in
g
in
th
r
ee
Asi
an
co
u
n
tr
ies
(
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
,
C
h
i
n
a,
an
d
J
ap
an
)
i
n
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
c
h
r
o
n
o
lo
g
ical
asp
ec
t.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
a
m
o
d
er
n
tr
en
d
o
f
i
n
ter
est
in
p
o
p
u
latio
n
p
s
y
ch
o
d
i
ag
n
o
s
tics
,
wh
ich
was
b
ased
o
n
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
f
r
o
m
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ied
co
u
n
tr
ies.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
as:
i)
Fo
r
m
a
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
p
ar
ad
ig
m
o
f
th
e
n
at
io
n
al
test
in
g
i
d
eo
lo
g
y
i
n
Kaz
a
k
h
s
tan
,
C
h
in
a,
an
d
J
ap
an
;
ii)
Sy
n
th
esize
co
m
m
o
n
an
d
d
is
tin
ctiv
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
th
e
ch
r
o
n
o
l
o
g
ical
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
d
ia
g
n
o
s
tics
in
th
r
ee
co
u
n
tr
ies
;
iii
)
I
d
en
tify
c
u
r
r
en
t
tr
en
d
s
i
n
a
test
in
g
cu
lt
u
r
e
u
s
in
g
an
in
-
d
ep
th
in
ter
v
ie
w
with
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
is
ts
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
2
.
1
.
P
ec
uli
a
rit
ies o
f
ps
y
cho
lo
g
ica
l t
esting
in Chin
a
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
m
o
d
e
r
n
s
tu
d
ies
,
th
e
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
C
h
in
ese
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
test
in
g
g
o
es
b
ac
k
to
an
cien
t
tim
es.
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
test
in
g
in
C
h
in
a
is
as
s
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
ar
a
d
ig
m
o
f
t
h
e
C
h
in
ese
n
atio
n
al
id
eo
lo
g
y
[
6
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
in
an
cie
n
t
C
h
in
a,
th
e
ter
m
“p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ic
al
test
in
g
”
d
id
n
o
t
ex
is
t,
b
u
t
t
h
er
e
wer
e
way
s
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
p
eo
p
le.
W
ester
n
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
em
p
h
asize
th
at
th
is
C
h
in
ese
tr
ad
itio
n
is
ab
o
u
t
4
,
0
0
0
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
[
7
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
af
ter
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
th
e
Peo
p
le’
s
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
C
h
in
a
in
1
9
4
9
,
C
h
in
ese
p
s
y
ch
o
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
an
d
its
r
esear
ch
wer
e
tem
p
o
r
ar
ily
s
u
s
p
en
d
ed
d
u
e
t
o
ce
r
tain
r
estrictio
n
s
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
I
n
th
e
1
9
5
0
s
,
h
i
g
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
was
h
ea
v
ily
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
So
v
iet
Un
i
o
n
f
o
r
id
eo
lo
g
ical
r
ea
s
o
n
s
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
p
o
p
u
latio
n
p
s
y
ch
o
d
ia
g
n
o
s
tics
in
th
e
8
0
-
9
0
s
,
ad
ap
ted
W
ester
n
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
an
d
So
v
iet
test
s
p
r
ev
ailed
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
em
wer
e
ai
m
ed
at
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
b
asic
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
an
d
tem
p
er
am
en
t o
r
s
elf
-
esteem
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
th
e
late
1
9
9
0
s
an
d
2
0
0
0
s
,
C
h
in
ese
s
cien
tis
ts
b
eg
an
to
d
e
v
elo
p
th
eir
o
wn
(
au
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s
)
s
ca
les
f
o
r
ass
es
s
in
g
th
e
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
o
f
s
ch
o
o
lch
ild
r
en
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
wid
ely
u
s
ed
an
d
well
-
k
n
o
wn
C
h
in
ese
Mid
d
le
Sch
o
o
l
Stu
d
en
ts
’
Me
n
tal
Hea
lth
Scal
e
(
MSSMHS)
is
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
e
with
g
en
e
r
al
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
a
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
s
ca
le.
I
n
2
0
0
6
,
Min
g
jin
et
a
l.
[
1
1
]
d
ev
el
o
p
e
d
th
e
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
(
L
S)
s
ca
le
f
o
r
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
;
later
,
co
m
p
iled
a
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
s
elf
-
r
e
p
o
r
t
s
ca
le
f
o
r
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
;
an
d
in
2
0
1
6
,
a
m
en
tal
s
tab
ilit
y
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
f
o
r
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
en
t
s
was d
ev
elo
p
ed
[
1
2
]
.
2
.
2
.
P
ec
uli
a
rit
ies o
f
ps
y
cho
lo
g
ica
l t
esting
in K
a
za
k
hs
t
a
n
T
h
e
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
p
o
in
ts
to
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
s
elec
tio
n
s
in
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
ac
tiv
ities
,
f
r
o
m
p
o
liti
ca
l
to
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
ter
esti
n
g
ly
,
d
esp
ite
th
e
test
in
g
r
estrictio
n
s
in
1
9
3
6
,
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
r
esear
ch
co
n
tin
u
ed
[
1
4
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
u
n
d
er
th
e
g
u
i
d
an
ce
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
is
ts
,
a
d
ep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
lo
g
ic
an
d
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
y
was
o
p
e
n
ed
in
1
9
4
7
a
t
th
e
o
n
ly
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
in
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
at
th
at
tim
e,
Kaz
ak
h
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
to
tr
ain
teac
h
er
s
f
o
r
g
y
m
n
asi
u
m
s
in
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
an
d
l
o
g
ic
(
th
e
r
est
o
f
t
h
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
o
f
th
e
Kaz
ak
h
SS
R
h
ad
th
e
s
tatu
s
o
f
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
)
.
T
r
ain
in
g
o
f
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
r
o
f
es
s
io
n
al
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
is
ts
co
n
tin
u
ed
u
n
til
1
9
5
4
w
h
en
th
e
s
u
b
ject
o
f
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
y
was
ex
clu
d
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
cu
r
r
icu
la.
I
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
was
n
o
t
a
s
ep
ar
ate
f
ield
o
f
s
cien
ce
,
b
u
t
o
n
ly
a
p
r
ac
tical
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
240
-
249
242
s
y
s
tem
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
Desp
ite
th
is
,
in
1
9
5
8
,
u
n
d
er
th
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
o
f
T
.
T
az
h
ib
ae
v
,
th
e
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
So
ciety
o
f
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
is
ts
o
f
th
e
USSR
wa
s
estab
lis
h
ed
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
v
iv
al
o
f
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
an
d
test
in
g
in
th
e
So
v
iet
Un
io
n
b
eg
an
in
t
h
e
l
ate
1
9
6
0
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
in
Ma
r
ch
1
9
6
9
,
in
th
e
C
en
tr
al
C
o
m
m
ittee
o
f
th
e
U
n
io
n
o
f
Sp
ec
ialis
ts
in
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
Pra
ctica
l
Diag
n
o
s
tics
,
p
s
y
ch
o
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
was
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
less
-
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
ar
ea
s
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
in
th
e
c
o
u
n
tr
y
.
Sin
ce
th
e
n
,
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ap
p
lied
to
p
s
y
ch
ic
r
esear
ch
.
I
n
1
9
8
7
,
B
o
d
alev
et
a
l.
wr
o
te
“Ge
n
er
al
Ps
y
ch
o
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
”,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
in
th
e
USSR
(
f
ir
s
t
in
1
9
3
6
)
tex
tb
o
o
k
o
n
p
s
y
ch
o
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
f
o
r
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
1
6
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
R
u
s
s
ian
tes
ts
wer
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
f
o
r
s
ch
o
o
lch
ild
r
en
,
m
ain
ly
in
c
lu
d
in
g
in
tellig
en
c
e
an
d
ca
r
ee
r
g
u
id
a
n
ce
test
s
.
I
n
tellig
en
ce
test
s
(
I
Q,
W
ex
ler
,
an
d
R
av
en
m
atr
ices)
,
p
er
s
o
n
ality
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
es
Min
n
eso
ta
m
u
ltip
h
asic
p
er
s
o
n
ality
in
v
e
n
to
r
y
(
MM
PI
)
,
1
6
PF
,
an
d
p
r
o
jectiv
e
test
s
wer
e
tr
an
s
lated
in
to
R
u
s
s
ian
an
d
ad
o
p
ted
f
o
r
So
v
iet
p
r
ac
tice.
I
n
th
e
9
0
s
o
f
th
e
XX
ce
n
t
u
r
y
,
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
’
s
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
p
o
k
e
R
u
s
s
ian
s
in
ce
th
er
e
wer
e
ab
o
u
t
4
0
%
eth
n
ic
Kaz
ak
h
s
in
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
is
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
th
e
USSR
.
I
n
u
r
b
an
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
was
m
ain
ly
in
R
u
s
s
ian
;
in
r
u
r
al
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
R
u
s
s
ian
was
tau
g
h
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
2
n
d
to
th
e
1
0
th
t
o
1
1
th
g
r
a
d
es
[
1
7
]
.
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
test
in
g
in
th
e
n
ewly
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
s
tates
o
f
C
en
tr
al
Asi
a
(
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
,
Ky
r
g
y
zstan
,
T
ajik
is
tan
,
T
u
r
k
m
en
is
tan
,
an
d
Uzb
ek
is
tan
)
is
in
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
s
tu
d
ies
in
E
n
g
lis
h
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
icu
la
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
in
Uzb
ek
is
tan
an
d
Ky
r
g
y
zstan
ar
e
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
a
n
d
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
,
an
d
th
e
d
ep
ar
tm
en
ts
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
ar
e
n
ew
with
a
s
m
all
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
o
ct
o
r
s
in
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
[
2
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
2
.
3
.
P
ec
uli
a
rit
ies o
f
ps
y
cho
lo
g
ica
l t
esting
in J
a
pa
n
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
ap
p
lied
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
allo
ws
d
elv
in
g
in
to
th
e
co
n
tex
ts
o
f
r
eg
io
n
ally
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
test
in
g
.
Sato
ch
r
o
n
o
l
o
g
ically
d
elin
ea
tes
ce
r
tain
s
t
ag
es
o
f
h
is
to
r
ical
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
J
ap
an
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
1
8
7
7
–
1
8
8
8
,
p
r
e
-
m
o
d
er
n
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
y
ass
o
ciate
d
with
t
h
e
ad
ap
tatio
n
o
f
W
ester
n
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
b
y
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
an
d
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
co
lleg
es.
T
h
e
s
tar
tin
g
p
o
in
t
was
1
8
7
7
wh
e
n
th
e
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
T
o
k
y
o
was
f
o
u
n
d
e
d
as
a
m
o
d
el
o
f
a
W
ester
n
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
.
B
ef
o
r
e
th
at,
th
e
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
(
1
8
7
3
)
was
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
to
its
p
r
e
d
ec
ess
o
r
,
th
e
T
o
k
y
o
Kaisei
S
ch
o
o
l.
I
n
1
8
7
5
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
b
o
o
k
o
n
“
s
h
in
r
ig
a
ku
”
(
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
)
was
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
,
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
y
m
ain
ly
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
with
in
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
y
,
“it
was
m
o
r
e
lik
e
m
e
n
tal
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
y
”
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
1
8
8
8
,
it
was
th
e
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
o
f
m
o
d
e
r
n
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
b
y
US
-
ed
u
ca
ted
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
is
t
Yu
jiro
Mo
t
o
r
a
(
1
8
5
8
-
1
9
1
2
)
,
Do
cto
r
o
f
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
later
b
y
h
is
s
tu
d
en
t
Ma
ts
u
m
o
to
.
I
n
1
8
9
0
,
th
e
Dep
ar
tm
e
n
t
o
f
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
was
estab
lis
h
ed
b
y
Mo
t
o
r
a
at
th
e
I
m
p
e
r
ial
U
n
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
T
o
k
y
o
;
in
1
9
0
3
,
th
e
la
b
o
r
ato
r
y
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
p
h
y
s
ics
was
o
p
en
ed
;
in
1
9
1
2
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
jo
u
r
n
al
“Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
R
esear
ch
”
ap
p
ea
r
ed
.
T
h
u
s
,
1
9
0
3
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
s
tar
tin
g
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
y
as
a
n
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
f
ield
o
f
s
cien
ce
in
J
ap
an
.
Sin
ce
th
e
1
9
0
0
s
,
ap
p
lied
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
y
h
as
b
ee
n
ac
tiv
ely
d
ev
e
lo
p
in
g
,
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
b
r
an
ch
es:
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al,
in
d
u
s
tr
ial,
an
d
clin
ical
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
.
Ps
y
ch
o
l
o
g
i
ca
l
test
in
g
in
clu
d
ed
ad
d
in
g
c
o
n
s
ec
u
tiv
e
p
air
s
o
f
d
ig
its
ar
r
an
g
ed
in
lo
n
g
r
o
ws
an
d
m
ar
k
in
g
a
n
in
teg
er
in
th
e
u
n
it
co
lu
m
n
o
f
ea
c
h
s
u
m
.
T
h
is
“r
esp
o
n
s
e
p
atter
n
”
was
m
o
r
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
th
an
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
ea
ch
ca
lcu
latio
n
.
A
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
is
t
Uch
id
a
u
s
ed
R
o
r
s
ch
ac
h
p
r
o
jectiv
e
p
er
s
o
n
ality
test
s
in
1
9
2
5
,
ju
s
t
f
o
u
r
y
ea
r
s
af
te
r
h
is
p
u
b
licatio
n
in
Ger
m
an
y
[
2
0
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
1
9
2
0
s
,
test
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
in
m
ilit
ar
y
r
esear
c
h
,
ca
r
ee
r
g
u
id
an
ce
,
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
s
elec
tio
n
.
Du
r
in
g
th
is
s
am
e
p
er
io
d
,
J
a
p
an
ese
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
b
eg
in
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
au
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s
ly
.
Simu
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
,
Mo
r
ita
Ma
s
atak
e
(
1
8
8
6
-
1
9
5
7
)
,
a
p
s
y
ch
iatr
is
t,
cr
ea
ted
a
u
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
eth
n
ic
p
s
y
ch
o
t
h
er
ap
y
b
ased
o
n
Z
en
.
Ar
o
u
n
d
1
9
2
7
-
1
9
4
5
is
t
h
e
p
er
i
o
d
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
y
o
n
th
e
ev
e
o
f
a
n
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
war
.
T
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
an
d
test
in
g
w
as
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
m
ilit
ar
y
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
m
ilit
ar
y
p
ilo
ts
wer
e
s
elec
ted
b
y
test
in
g
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
1
9
2
7
was
th
e
y
ea
r
w
h
en
th
e
J
ap
an
ese
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
Ass
o
ciatio
n
was
f
o
u
n
d
ed
as a
s
cien
tific
o
r
g
an
iz
atio
n
.
Sin
ce
1
9
4
5
,
p
o
s
t
-
war
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
h
as
b
ee
n
ass
o
ciate
d
wit
h
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
test
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
USA.
I
n
1
9
4
5
-
1
9
5
2
,
th
e
c
o
u
n
tr
y
was
o
cc
u
p
ied
b
y
th
e
Un
ited
States
af
ter
W
o
r
ld
W
ar
I
I
;
as
a
r
esu
lt,
its
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
was
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
USA.
Mu
ltiv
ar
iate
p
er
s
o
n
ality
test
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
MM
PI
wer
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
as we
ll
as
n
ew
ty
p
es
o
f
m
e
n
tal
te
s
ts
s
u
ch
as
th
e
W
AI
S.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
J
ap
an
ese
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
is
ts
in
J
ap
an
an
d
h
as in
cr
ea
s
ed
d
r
am
at
ically
.
Sin
ce
1
9
5
2
,
co
n
tem
p
o
r
a
r
y
J
ap
an
ese
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
in
ten
s
iv
ely
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
[
2
0
]
.
Nu
m
e
r
o
u
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
ap
p
ea
r
ed
an
d
r
esear
c
h
o
n
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical,
s
o
cial,
cr
im
in
al,
p
o
liti
ca
l,
an
d
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
I
n
1
9
9
0
,
th
e
2
2
n
d
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
er
en
ce
o
n
Ap
p
lied
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
was
h
eld
in
Ky
o
to
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
n
o
ted
two
p
o
in
t
s
o
f
r
ap
id
g
r
o
wth
i
n
J
ap
an
ese
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
:
af
ter
1
9
5
2
an
d
af
ter
1
9
9
0
(
clin
ical
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
)
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
B
ig
Fiv
e
te
s
ts
an
d
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
J
ap
an
ese
au
th
o
r
s
wer
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
B
esid
es,
a
m
eth
o
d
o
f
cu
lt
u
r
a
l
r
elatio
n
s
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
was
d
ev
is
ed
b
ased
o
n
a
3
0
-
y
ea
r
s
tatis
t
ical
s
tu
d
y
o
f
th
e
J
ap
an
e
s
e
n
atio
n
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
[
2
2
]
.
C
o
n
ce
r
n
in
g
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
Asi
an
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
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v
al
&
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d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
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8
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p
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… (
A
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Myn
b
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243
ac
co
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to
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ch
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J
ap
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p
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lies
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XI
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ce
n
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r
y
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cien
tis
ts
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d
s
a
p
s
y
ch
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lo
g
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u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
th
e
in
s
titu
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n
aliza
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n
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f
i
ts
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
as
s
h
o
wn
in
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ab
le
1.
T
ab
le
1
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h
e
f
ir
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s
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tio
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d
p
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o
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t
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sy
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(
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t
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u
k
a
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v
(
1
9
2
0
-
1
9
8
5
)
*
A
d
a
p
t
e
d
f
r
o
m B
l
o
w
e
r
s
a
n
d
T
u
r
t
l
e
[
2
3
]
.
J
ap
an
is
a
lead
er
in
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
in
t
h
e
Asi
an
r
eg
io
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
d
is
cip
lin
e
“Histo
r
y
o
f
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
”
d
iv
i
d
es
J
ap
an
ese
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
in
to
th
r
e
e
p
er
io
d
s
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
Sato
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
th
r
ee
p
er
io
d
s
o
f
J
ap
a
n
ese
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
h
is
to
r
io
g
r
ap
h
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
:
i
)
th
e
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
s
tag
e
(
with
o
u
t
h
is
to
r
io
g
r
ap
h
y
)
,
ii
)
th
e
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
al
s
tag
e
as
a
m
o
v
em
en
t
to
war
d
s
d
o
c
u
m
en
t
ar
y
an
d
h
is
to
r
ical
ac
tiv
ity
;
iii
)
th
e
au
th
en
tic
(
g
en
u
i
n
e)
s
tag
e,
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
s
in
ce
1
9
9
7
as a
n
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t a
ca
d
e
m
ic
d
is
cip
lin
e
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le
was
7
2
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
2
4
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
co
u
n
tr
y
)
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
wer
e
in
v
ited
to
p
a
r
ticip
ate
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
:
Ho
s
ei
Un
iv
er
s
ity
(
Facu
lty
o
f
So
cio
lo
g
y
)
,
J
ap
an
;
Al
-
Far
ab
i
Kaz
ak
h
Nat
io
n
al
Un
iv
er
s
ity
(
Facu
lty
o
f
Ph
ilo
s
o
p
h
y
a
n
d
Po
liti
ca
l
Scien
ce
,
Dep
ar
tm
e
n
t
o
f
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
an
d
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
Ped
ag
o
g
y
)
,
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
;
So
o
ch
o
w
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
(
Sch
o
o
l
o
f
So
ciety
,
Sch
o
o
l
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
)
,
C
h
in
a.
On
ly
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
with
a
Ph
.
D.
d
eg
r
ee
(
h
ig
h
er
th
an
a
C
an
d
i
d
ate
o
f
Scien
ce
)
p
ar
ticip
ated
i
n
th
e
in
ter
v
iew
as p
r
esen
ted
i
n
T
ab
le
2.
T
ab
le
2
.
Sam
p
le
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
(
N=
7
2
)
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
o
n
Q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
%
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
21
2
9
.
2
F
e
mal
e
51
7
0
.
8
A
g
e
>
2
5
6
8
.
3
35
-
45
24
3
3
.
3
>
4
5
42
5
8
.
4
F
i
e
l
d
o
f
s
t
u
d
y
P
h
D
72
1
0
0
3
.
2
.
Resea
rc
h desi
g
n
T
h
eo
r
etica
l
an
aly
s
is
o
f
m
ater
ials
an
d
r
elev
an
t
n
atio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
wer
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
t
o
id
e
n
tify
clea
r
cr
o
s
s
-
co
u
r
s
e
tr
en
d
s
f
o
r
a
g
i
v
e
n
r
esear
ch
to
p
ic
.
W
ith
th
is
aim
,
ch
r
o
n
o
lo
g
ical
m
ater
ials
wer
e
s
y
n
th
esized
b
ased
o
n
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
r
ee
s
elec
ted
co
u
n
tr
ies,
m
a
in
ly
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
th
e
XX
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
.
T
h
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
in
th
e
s
tu
d
ied
co
u
n
tr
ies
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
as we
ll.
B
ef
o
r
e
co
m
m
en
cin
g
th
e
in
ter
v
iews,
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
s
tag
e
was
co
n
d
u
cted
-
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
an
d
allo
ca
tio
n
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
in
t
o
g
r
o
u
p
s
r
e
f
lectin
g
th
e
c
h
o
s
en
Asi
an
c
o
u
n
tr
ies.
E
ac
h
g
r
o
u
p
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
3
-
4
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
,
C
h
i
n
a,
o
r
J
ap
an
.
W
ith
in
th
e
in
ter
v
iews,
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
5
in
ter
ests
wa
s
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
lev
els
f
o
r
ea
c
h
g
r
o
u
p
test
in
g
at
th
e
n
atio
n
al
lev
el
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
an
d
at
th
e
lev
e
l
o
f
th
eir
in
ter
ests
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
240
-
249
244
Qu
alitativ
e
an
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
ese
in
ter
ests
in
d
iag
n
o
s
in
g
in
d
iv
id
u
al
r
eg
io
n
s
:
ca
r
ee
r
s
k
ills
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
,
s
tr
es
s
f
ac
to
r
s
,
m
ass
test
in
g
o
n
g
lo
b
al
is
s
u
es,
s
elf
-
es
teem
a
n
d
s
elf
-
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
,
an
d
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
s
.
I
n
itially
,
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ea
ch
f
ac
to
r
in
p
s
y
ch
o
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
r
atin
g
ea
ch
f
ac
t
o
r
o
n
a
L
i
k
er
t
s
ca
le
(
at
th
e
n
a
tio
n
al
lev
el
an
d
in
p
er
s
o
n
al
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
ts
)
.
T
h
e
in
ter
v
iew
s
tar
ted
in
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
2
an
d
last
ed
th
r
ee
wee
k
s
.
A
g
r
o
u
p
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
o
r
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
am
e
co
u
n
t
r
y
.
T
h
e
in
ter
v
i
ew
was
co
n
d
u
cted
v
ia
Z
o
o
m
an
d
to
o
k
2
0
m
in
u
tes
f
o
r
o
n
e
g
r
o
u
p
o
n
av
er
a
g
e.
E
ac
h
g
r
o
u
p
p
ar
ticip
ated
s
ep
a
r
ately
.
T
h
e
in
te
r
v
iew
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
ad
ju
s
ted
to
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ics
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
’
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
k
ey
q
u
esti
o
n
s
o
f
th
e
in
ter
v
iew
r
elate
d
to
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
tate
o
f
p
o
p
u
latio
n
p
s
y
ch
o
d
iag
n
o
s
t
ics,
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
elev
an
t
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
ca
r
ee
r
am
b
itio
n
s
o
f
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
.
All
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
t
h
e
in
ter
v
iew.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
i
n
ter
v
iew
r
ec
o
r
d
s
,
a
b
r
ief
an
d
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
r
ep
o
r
t
was c
o
m
p
iled
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
s
am
p
le
r
eg
io
n
s
.
3
.
3
.
St
a
t
is
t
ica
l t
o
o
l
T
h
e
in
ter
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
e
v
alu
ated
cr
iter
ia
was
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
e
f
f
ici
en
t
(
p
air
ed
Stu
d
en
t’
s
t
-
test
)
.
Pear
s
o
n
’
s
C
hi
-
s
q
u
ar
ed
test
was
u
s
ed
t
o
an
aly
ze
th
e
r
esear
ch
’
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
.
Go
o
g
le
E
x
ce
l a
n
d
Statis
ta
wer
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
3
.
4
.
E
t
hica
l iss
ues
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
wer
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
d
etail
an
d
g
av
e
th
eir
co
n
s
en
t
to
t
h
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
i
n
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
eth
ics
co
m
m
ittees
o
f
ea
ch
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
also
allo
wed
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
’
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
th
e
w
o
r
k
is
wr
itten
with
d
u
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
eth
ical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
eth
ical
p
r
in
cip
les
a
p
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
th
e
E
th
ics
C
o
m
m
ittee
o
f
Al
-
Far
ab
i
Kaz
ak
h
Natio
n
al
Un
iv
er
s
ity
(
Pro
to
co
l N
o
4
0
1
o
f
0
4
.
0
7
.
2
0
2
4
).
3
.
5
.
Resea
rc
h lim
it
a
t
io
ns
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
v
er
ed
a
s
m
all
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
th
r
ee
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
f
r
o
m
th
r
ee
co
u
n
tr
ies).
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
u
s
ed
to
s
ca
le
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
m
ay
co
n
tain
s
u
b
jectiv
e
o
p
in
io
n
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ics
o
f
in
-
d
ep
th
i
n
ter
v
iews.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
C
o
mp
a
r
i
s
o
n
o
f
t
he
h
is
t
o
r
i
c
a
l
d
e
v
el
o
p
me
n
t
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
i
c
a
l
t
e
s
t
in
g
i
n
K
a
z
a
kh
s
t
a
n
,
C
h
in
a
,
a
n
d
J
a
p
a
n
A
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
d
ia
g
n
o
s
tics
h
is
to
r
y
in
s
elec
ted
co
u
n
tr
ies
h
as
s
h
o
wn
th
at
in
th
e
XX
ce
n
tu
r
y
,
th
e
test
in
g
s
y
s
tem
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
th
e
m
o
s
t
ac
tiv
el
y
in
all
co
u
n
tr
ies
(
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
,
C
h
in
a,
a
n
d
J
ap
an
)
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
s
3
-
5
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
wed
th
at
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ea
r
ly
XX
c
en
tu
r
y
,
th
e
r
e
was
a
r
ap
id
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
test
in
g
in
th
e
USSR
,
C
h
in
a,
an
d
J
ap
an
.
T
h
is
was
m
ain
ly
d
u
e
to
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
o
p
er
atio
n
b
et
wee
n
co
u
n
tr
ies
to
co
m
p
ete
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
o
th
er
Asi
an
co
u
n
tr
ies
an
d
v
ar
io
u
s
f
o
r
eig
n
test
s
(
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
B
in
et
-
Simo
n
)
.
T
h
e
Fre
n
ch
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
co
m
m
is
s
io
n
ed
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
test
to
r
e
v
ea
l
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
lear
n
in
g
ab
ili
ties
an
d
im
p
lem
en
t
a
n
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
u
n
iv
er
s
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Fo
r
th
e
S
o
v
iet
Un
io
n
an
d
J
ap
a
n
,
th
e
ad
ap
tatio
n
an
d
wid
esp
r
ea
d
u
s
e
o
f
ex
am
s
p
r
o
m
o
ted
a
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
u
n
iv
er
s
al
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
W
ester
n
s
cien
ce
o
f
test
in
g
is
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
(
p
io
n
ee
r
)
test
in
g
p
r
ac
tice
an
d
h
as c
o
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
test
in
g
p
r
a
ctice
.
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
ally
,
Fig
u
r
e
1
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
as
a
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
m
ap
o
f
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
test
in
g
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t in
th
e
th
r
ee
co
u
n
tr
ies.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ilatio
n
o
f
s
u
ch
m
ap
s
an
d
th
eir
a
n
aly
s
is
h
elp
to
co
m
p
a
r
e
th
e
p
ac
e
o
f
h
is
to
r
ical
ev
en
ts
an
d
id
en
tify
th
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
an
d
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
wo
r
ld
tr
en
d
s
.
T
e
m
p
o
is
th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
m
o
v
em
en
t,
r
h
y
t
h
m
is
in
ten
s
ity
,
an
d
r
h
y
t
h
m
icity
is
a
cy
clic
al
m
o
v
em
en
t.
T
h
e
c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f
tem
p
o
-
r
h
y
th
m
,
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
m
u
s
ic,
lin
g
u
is
tics
,
an
d
n
eu
r
o
s
cien
ce
s
,
is
cu
r
r
en
t
ly
u
s
ed
in
s
y
n
er
g
etic
,
g
lo
b
alis
tics
,
an
d
th
e
th
e
o
r
y
o
f
s
o
cial
d
y
n
a
m
ics.
T
h
e
tem
p
o
-
r
h
y
t
h
m
s
o
f
d
y
n
am
ics
v
ar
y
i
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
u
n
tr
ies
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
ar
ea
s
o
f
s
o
cial
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
ac
tiv
ity
[
2
6
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
s
cien
tis
ts
id
en
tify
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
an
d
r
ev
ea
l
co
r
r
el
atio
n
s
in
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
ev
en
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ics.
Sy
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
co
in
cid
en
ce
in
tim
e
o
f
ascen
d
in
g
an
d
d
escen
d
in
g
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
tr
e
n
d
s
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
an
a
ly
s
is
o
f
th
e
F
ig
u
r
e
1
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
clea
r
cy
clic
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
test
in
g
in
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
an
d
C
h
in
a:
ex
p
lo
s
iv
e
g
r
o
wth
–
ce
s
s
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
ac
tice
–
r
ec
o
v
er
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
7
0
s
an
d
8
0
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
cy
cle
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
to
o
k
1
6
f
o
r
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
an
d
ab
o
u
t
3
0
y
ea
r
s
f
o
r
C
h
in
a,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
b
r
ea
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
was
p
ar
tly
r
elate
d
to
th
e
g
lo
b
al
tr
en
d
o
f
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
g
lo
b
al
r
ap
id
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
test
in
g
in
th
e
7
0
-
8
0
s
o
f
th
e
XX
ce
n
tu
r
y
b
ec
am
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
d
u
e
to
th
e
e
x
p
an
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
“h
ea
lth
”
c
o
n
ce
p
t
b
y
th
e
W
o
r
ld
Hea
lth
Or
g
an
izatio
n
,
t
h
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
m
en
tal
a
n
d
s
o
cial
h
ea
lth
in
it
an
d
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J
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8
2
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S
p
ec
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p
o
p
u
la
tio
n
p
s
yc
h
o
d
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g
n
o
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tics
o
n
th
e
ex
a
mp
le
o
f
K
a
z
a
kh
s
ta
n
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C
h
in
a
… (
A
ig
eri
m
Myn
b
a
ye
va
)
245
th
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
r
ep
o
r
ts
o
f
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
ex
p
er
ts
,
as
well.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
ch
r
o
n
o
l
o
g
ical
d
ev
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p
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en
t
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v
id
ly
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
s
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n
ch
r
o
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izatio
n
o
f
p
s
y
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o
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iag
n
o
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tics
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ev
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m
en
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r
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u
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ies
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th
e
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in
g
o
f
th
e
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r
y
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in
clu
d
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
t g
r
o
wth
in
th
e
8
0
-
9
0
s
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Per
io
d
s
o
f
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
test
in
g
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
in
Ka
za
k
h
s
tan
Pre
-
sci
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
p
e
r
i
o
d
(
i
n
s
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
l
y
st
u
d
i
e
d
)
:
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
n
g
a
s
e
r
i
e
s
o
f
t
e
st
s f
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
B
i
y
s
,
se
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
S
a
r
b
a
z
e
s
,
B
a
t
y
r
s
,
A
k
y
n
s
,
a
n
d
K
y
u
i
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i
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(
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9
2
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)
.
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3
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–
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(
u
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)
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(
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9
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)
.
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9
9
1
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Th
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sci
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A
w
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Q
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,
M
M
P
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,
1
6
P
F
,
p
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t
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met
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d
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i
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a
p
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s
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d
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p
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l
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me
n
t
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e
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l
t
h
t
e
st
s
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Per
io
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o
f
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
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test
in
g
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
d
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n
o
s
tics
in
C
h
in
a
Pre
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sci
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t
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f
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c
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d
(
4
,
0
0
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y
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r
s)
:
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n
c
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C
h
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1
9
1
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–
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3
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si
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r
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t
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u
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.
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0
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.
1
9
4
9
–
1
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7
8
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f
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.
1
9
8
4
:
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D
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S
o
c
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t
y
.
1
9
8
3
:
I
n
st
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t
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f
S
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t
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f
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y
.
W
e
x
l
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t
,
M
M
P
I
,
1
6
P
F
,
EPQ
a
n
d
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t
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s wer
e
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p
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d
.
I
n
t
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e
9
0
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p
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e
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y
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m
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n
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o
f
me
n
t
a
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l
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s
t
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t
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a
d
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p
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f
f
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e
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g
n
t
e
s
t
s (W
e
s
t
e
r
n
,
J
a
p
a
n
e
se)
T
ab
le
5
.
Per
io
d
s
o
f
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
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test
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g
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
d
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n
o
s
tics
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d
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ap
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9
2
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s
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n
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s.
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s
y
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s wer
e
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n
.
1
9
2
7
–
1
9
4
5
Th
e
d
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me
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1
9
4
5
-
1
9
5
2
P
o
st
-
w
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v
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l
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p
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n
.
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t
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l
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o
d
u
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d
,
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d
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W
A
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n
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c
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)
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)
.
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9
5
2
t
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e
r
a
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g
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a
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c
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s wer
e
o
p
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n
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d
.
1
9
5
4
:
I
k
u
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a
w
a
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I
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:
2
2
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J
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14
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1
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Feb
r
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20
25
:
240
-
249
246
Fig
u
r
e
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Av
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u
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1
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ip
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9
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in
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[
2
9
]
.
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m
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ch
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ield
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[
3
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.
3
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8
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4
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4
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1
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7
4
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2
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6
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3
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3
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4
K
AZ
AK
H
S
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CH
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AP
AN
Prof
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and c
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I
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son
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Sel
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S
t
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ess fact
ors
Ma
ss
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gl
ob
al
pr
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s)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
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v
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&
R
es E
d
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N:
2252
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247
T
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p
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Asi
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ap
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eq
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ater
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th
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.
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v
alid
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test
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is
im
p
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tan
t
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
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s
ec
o
n
d
d
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tio
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,
th
e
m
o
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p
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t
iv
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im
p
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tatio
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f
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s
test
s
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in
clu
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in
g
ch
ild
r
e
n
’
s
m
e
n
tal
h
ea
lth
test
s
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
n
atio
n
al
test
s
o
f
h
u
m
an
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
an
d
o
t
h
er
s
.
T
h
is
is
esp
ec
ially
r
elev
a
n
t
in
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
p
a
n
d
em
i
c
p
er
io
d
wo
r
ld
wid
e
an
d
th
e
c
o
u
n
tr
y
in
p
ar
ticu
lar
[
2
2
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
co
u
n
tr
ies
with
th
e
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
o
f
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
p
ar
ad
ig
m
i
n
E
u
r
o
p
e
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
s
id
er
th
at
th
e
v
ast
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
s
tu
d
ie
s
f
o
cu
s
o
n
g
en
er
al
r
esear
ch
o
n
s
o
cially
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
p
ics.
T
h
u
s
,
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
ies,
th
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
m
ig
r
atio
n
in
E
u
r
o
p
e
r
em
ain
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
d
em
an
d
[
3
1
]
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
f
o
r
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
an
d
C
h
in
a,
th
e
So
v
iet
tr
ad
itio
n
o
f
r
ejec
tin
g
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ics
h
ad
a
g
r
ea
t
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
n
p
s
y
c
h
o
m
etr
ics
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
ec
u
liar
ities
in
C
h
in
a
r
ev
ea
ls
s
o
m
e
s
im
ilar
ities
to
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
’
s
tr
en
d
s
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
ti
m
e,
in
co
n
tr
ast
to
C
h
in
a,
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
h
ad
b
ee
n
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
USSR
an
d
b
ec
am
e
an
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
s
tate
o
n
ly
in
th
e
9
0
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ce
n
tu
r
ies
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
er
e
wer
e
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
c
o
m
m
o
n
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
e
n
cin
g
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
p
o
p
u
latio
n
p
s
y
ch
o
d
iag
n
o
s
is
p
ar
ad
ig
m
f
o
r
m
o
s
t
co
u
n
tr
ies
o
f
th
e
wo
r
ld
:
i
)
A
co
u
n
tr
y
’
s
h
is
to
r
y
an
d
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
war
tim
e
;
ii
)
A
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
e
g
ativ
e
id
eo
lo
g
ical
(
co
m
m
u
n
is
t
an
d
ca
p
italis
t)
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
t
h
e
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ics
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
;
iii
)
His
to
r
y
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
m
et
r
ics,
its
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
it
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
th
e
h
is
to
r
ical
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
test
in
g
in
p
ar
ticu
lar
co
u
n
tr
ies.
T
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
W
ester
n
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
as
a
g
lo
b
al
s
o
u
r
ce
is
o
b
v
io
u
s
an
d
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ized
with
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
r
ee
co
u
n
tr
ies
at
th
e
b
eg
in
n
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
XX
ce
n
tu
r
y
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
lar
g
est
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
test
in
g
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
was
in
th
e
8
0
s
an
d
9
0
s
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
f
o
r
Kaz
a
k
h
s
tan
an
d
C
h
in
a
;
iv
)
E
m
er
g
e
n
ce
o
f
r
eg
io
n
al
tr
en
d
s
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
co
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
s
tate’
s
p
u
b
li
city
.
So
v
iet
an
d
J
ap
an
ese
r
e
g
io
n
al
lead
er
s
h
i
p
h
as
b
ee
n
a
f
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
r
ec
en
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ics an
d
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
y
in
g
en
er
al.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
ar
ticle
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
test
in
g
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
th
r
ee
Asi
an
co
u
n
tr
ies
(
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
,
C
h
in
a,
a
n
d
J
ap
a
n
)
in
a
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
ch
r
o
n
o
l
o
g
ical
asp
ec
t.
T
h
e
in
f
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
v
is
u
ally
p
r
esen
ted
s
p
ec
if
ics
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
test
in
g
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
,
C
h
in
a
an
d
J
ap
an
to
i
d
en
tify
s
im
ilar
tr
en
d
s
an
d
d
is
tin
ctiv
e
f
ea
tu
r
es.
T
h
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
an
aly
s
is
em
p
h
asized
th
e
ex
ce
p
tio
n
al
s
u
p
er
io
r
ity
o
f
J
ap
an
o
v
er
C
h
in
a
an
d
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
n
atio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
th
e
m
en
tal
id
en
tity
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
E
a
ch
co
u
n
tr
y
h
ad
two
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
p
er
i
o
d
s
:
p
r
e
-
s
cie
n
tific
an
d
s
cien
tific
.
T
h
e
g
e
n
e
r
al
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
e
n
cin
g
th
e
h
is
t
o
r
ical
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
test
in
g
wer
e:
i
)
a
co
u
n
tr
y
’
s
h
is
to
r
y
a
n
d
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
war
tim
e;
ii
)
co
m
m
u
n
is
t
an
d
ca
p
italis
t
id
eo
lo
g
y
t
h
at
p
o
s
itiv
ely
o
r
n
eg
ativ
ely
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ics
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t;
i
ii
)
th
e
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
an
d
p
s
y
c
h
o
m
etr
ic
s
in
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
its
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
;
iv
)
em
er
g
e
n
ce
o
f
r
e
g
io
n
al
tr
en
d
s
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
co
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
p
u
b
licity
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
in
-
d
ep
th
in
ter
v
iew
s
with
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
s
h
o
wed
th
at
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
ca
r
ee
r
in
ter
ests
an
d
i
n
d
iv
i
d
u
al
ca
r
ee
r
g
u
i
d
an
ce
was
m
ain
ly
d
em
a
n
d
ed
in
C
h
in
a
(
4
.
8
)
.
T
h
e
test
in
g
o
f
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
was
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
in
J
ap
an
(
4
.
9
)
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
’
s
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
s
tated
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
tr
ess
f
ac
to
r
s
test
s
an
d
s
elf
-
esteem
s
u
r
v
ey
s
as m
o
s
t d
em
an
d
e
d
.
T
h
is
u
n
iq
u
e
s
tu
d
y
d
is
tin
g
u
i
s
h
es
its
elf
b
y
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
c
r
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
s
y
c
h
o
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
in
th
r
ee
Asi
an
co
u
n
tr
i
es:
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
,
C
h
in
a,
a
n
d
J
ap
an
.
T
h
e
atten
tio
n
g
iv
en
to
th
e
i
n
ter
p
lay
b
etwe
en
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
asp
ec
ts
co
n
s
titu
tes
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
g
lo
b
aliza
tio
n
o
n
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
s
cien
ce
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
id
en
tify
in
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
s
y
ch
o
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
a
s
a
s
tim
u
lu
s
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
d
etail
ed
ex
am
in
atio
n
s
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
f
ac
t
o
r
s
in
f
lu
e
n
cin
g
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
f
iles
.
I
n
s
ig
h
ts
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
in
ea
ch
c
o
u
n
tr
y
y
ield
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
c
o
n
d
u
civ
e
to
a
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
p
ec
u
liar
itie
s
o
f
th
e
r
eg
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
q
u
an
titativ
e
a
n
d
q
u
alitativ
e
m
eth
o
d
s
,
s
u
ch
as
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
l
es
an
d
in
-
d
ep
t
h
in
ter
v
iews,
e
n
d
o
ws
th
e
r
esear
ch
with
co
m
p
lex
ity
a
n
d
d
e
p
th
,
u
n
v
eilin
g
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
o
f
p
s
y
c
h
o
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
in
th
e
p
ar
ticip
at
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ies.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
t
h
e
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
test
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
in
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
,
C
h
in
a
an
d
J
ap
an
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
m
a
y
b
e
v
alu
ab
le
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
o
f
a
p
s
y
ch
o
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
p
ar
ad
ig
m
f
o
r
s
ep
ar
ate
p
o
p
u
latio
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
b
o
th
r
eg
io
n
al
a
n
d
h
is
to
r
i
ca
l
s
p
ec
if
ics
o
f
th
e
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
o
ciety
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
test
in
g
in
Asi
an
co
u
n
tr
ies
with
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tality
o
f
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
p
s
y
c
h
o
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
m
ay
b
e
p
r
ac
tical
f
o
r
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
n
ati
o
n
al
p
s
y
c
h
o
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
e
n
d
ea
v
o
r
s
m
a
y
e
x
p
an
d
th
e
wo
r
ld
v
iew
o
f
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
p
s
y
c
h
o
d
ia
g
n
o
s
tics
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
ex
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.