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Th
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(TI
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(P
S
Ts).
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sp
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ro
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p
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se
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ss
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d
th
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t
v
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li
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it
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,
m
e
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su
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t
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rian
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e
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tern
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s.
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lt
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stra
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t
th
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s
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d
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q
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te
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rian
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e
a
c
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a
g
e
.
Th
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Ch
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se
v
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can
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te
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n
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d
u
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rsta
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o
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rly
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h
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d
P
S
Ts
’
TI
a
c
ro
ss
d
i
ffe
re
n
t
a
g
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s
a
n
d
c
a
n
lea
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to
targ
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ted
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terv
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t
io
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s
t
h
a
t
a
d
d
re
ss
th
e
r
o
o
t
c
a
u
se
s
o
f
a
tt
r
it
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n
a
m
o
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g
e
a
rly
c
h
il
d
h
o
o
d
P
S
Ts
.
Th
is
c
a
n
u
lt
ima
tely
re
su
lt
i
n
m
o
re
sta
b
le
a
n
d
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
e
a
rl
y
c
h
il
d
h
o
o
d
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
h
in
a
E
ar
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
p
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s
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v
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teac
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s
M
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s
u
r
em
en
t in
v
ar
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ce
T
u
r
n
o
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in
ten
tio
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V
alid
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an
d
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eliab
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T
h
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s
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n
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p
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c
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a
rticle
u
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CC B
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SA
li
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.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
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ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Fazilah
R
az
ali
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
Fo
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
Facu
lty
o
f
E
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
Stu
d
ies,
Un
iv
er
s
iti Pu
tr
a
M
alay
s
ia
Un
iv
er
s
iti Stre
et
1
,
4
3
4
0
0
Ser
d
an
g
,
Selan
g
o
r
,
Ma
la
y
s
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E
m
ail:
f
az
ilah
r
az
ali@
u
p
m
.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
tu
r
n
o
v
e
r
i
n
ten
tio
n
(
T
I
)
,
i
s
d
ef
in
ed
as
o
n
e’
s
in
te
n
tio
n
o
r
ten
d
en
cy
to
q
u
it
th
eir
cu
r
r
en
t
jo
b
o
r
co
n
s
id
er
alter
in
g
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
T
I
o
f
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
(
PS
T
s
)
,
also
ca
lled
t
h
e
in
ten
tio
n
to
q
u
it
teac
h
in
g
,
r
ef
e
r
s
to
PS
T
s
co
n
s
i
d
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in
g
ch
o
o
s
in
g
n
o
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to
b
ec
o
m
e
a
teac
h
er
af
ter
co
m
p
letin
g
t
h
eir
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
]
.
I
t
co
m
es
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
n
eg
ativ
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p
s
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ch
o
lo
g
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v
en
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s
in
s
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d
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id
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ei
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lea
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teac
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p
lace
,
wh
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lead
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to
th
e
co
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n
itiv
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with
d
r
awa
l
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d
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
PS
T
s
,
an
d
u
ltima
tely
r
esu
lt
s
in
ac
tu
ally
g
iv
in
g
u
p
b
ein
g
a
teac
h
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[
3
]
.
I
t
is
a
r
ef
lectio
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f
PS
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s
’
attitu
d
es
to
war
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ca
r
ee
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f
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d
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p
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t
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n
th
eir
p
r
o
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ess
io
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al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
4
]
.
Acc
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d
in
g
to
p
r
ev
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u
s
em
p
ir
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r
esear
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,
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m
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p
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u
l
p
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r
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ac
tu
al
tu
r
n
o
v
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b
eh
av
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o
r
is
T
I
[
5
]
–
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
is
s
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e
o
f
teac
h
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tu
r
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o
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as
b
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ac
k
n
o
wled
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ed
as
a
g
lo
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al
is
s
u
e
[
8
]
.
Giv
en
q
u
alif
y
in
g
PS
T
s
to
wo
r
k
as
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
teac
h
er
s
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
is
th
e
m
ain
p
u
r
p
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s
e
o
f
teac
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r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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J
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Th
e
C
h
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a
d
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p
ta
ti
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f t
u
r
n
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ca
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ly
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h
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p
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s
ervice
… (
S
h
a
o
Min
g
xin
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)
357
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
9
]
,
an
d
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
tak
es
m
o
r
e
tim
e
an
d
r
eso
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s
,
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ea
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th
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tu
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n
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ex
p
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th
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wh
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o
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[
2
]
.
Acc
o
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ly
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a,
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1
1
]
,
s
u
c
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as
m
en
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tab
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y
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d
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ality
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f
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[
1
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1
3
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l
y
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
PS
T
s
.
T
h
e
tu
r
n
o
v
er
i
n
ten
tio
n
s
ca
le
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
t
teac
h
e
r
s
(TIS
-
ST)
was
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
y
C
h
r
is
to
p
h
er
s
en
[
2
]
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
PS
T
s
’
T
I
b
ased
o
n
a
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
r
ep
o
r
ted
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
[
1
4
]
in
2
0
1
6
.
T
I
S
-
ST
h
as
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
r
eliab
ilit
y
am
o
n
g
th
e
PS
T
s
in
No
r
way
an
d
Fin
lan
d
[
2
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
we
can
no
t
f
i
n
d
a
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
to
o
l
in
C
h
in
a
t
o
ass
ess
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
PS
T
s
’
T
I
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
T
I
S
-
ST
an
d
ass
ess
it
s
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
am
o
n
g
C
h
in
ese
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
PS
T
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h desi
g
n a
nd
s
a
m
ple
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
s
u
b
-
s
am
p
le
1
a
n
d
s
u
b
-
s
am
p
le
2
,
was
s
elec
ted
em
p
lo
y
in
g
a
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
u
r
v
e
y
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
d
esig
n
.
T
h
is
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
was
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
ef
f
icien
tly
co
llectin
g
d
ata
f
r
o
m
a
tar
g
ete
d
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
I
n
th
is
s
u
r
v
ey
,
b
o
th
s
u
b
-
s
am
p
les
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
u
s
in
g
a
s
tr
atif
ied
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
at
Qio
n
g
tai
No
r
m
al
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Hain
an
Pro
v
in
ce
,
C
h
in
a.
Par
ticip
an
ts
in
s
u
b
-
s
am
p
le
1
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
1
1
7
s
tate
-
f
u
n
d
e
d
ju
n
io
r
c
o
lleg
e
ea
r
l
y
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
PS
T
s
(
Ma
g
e=
2
0
.
2
1
,
SD=0
.
9
7
)
,
an
d
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
s
u
b
-
s
am
p
le
2
c
o
n
s
is
ted
o
f
4
2
0
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
PS
T
s
(
Ma
g
e
=2
2
.
0
2
,
SD=0
.
9
4
)
.
A
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
s
am
p
le
s
ize
f
o
r
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
is
at
lea
s
t
f
i
v
e
to
ten
tim
es
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
item
s
[
1
6
]
.
Giv
en
th
er
e
wer
e
a
to
tal
o
f
f
o
u
r
item
s
in
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
TIS
-
ST,
t
h
en
th
e
two
s
u
b
-
s
am
p
le
s
izes in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
(
n
1
=1
1
7
,
n
2
=4
2
0
)
wer
e
ad
eq
u
ate
to
m
ee
t t
h
is
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t.
2
.
2
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
a
t
io
n
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
PS
T
s
’
T
I
was
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
th
e
T
I
S
-
ST
with
f
o
u
r
item
s
s
u
ch
as
“I
f
I
f
in
d
a
well
-
p
aid
jo
b
af
ter
m
y
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
I
will
n
o
t
wo
r
k
as
a
teac
h
er
”
[
2]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
we
u
s
ed
th
e
s
tan
d
a
r
d
d
o
u
b
le
-
b
ac
k
tr
an
s
latio
n
m
eth
o
d
to
t
r
a
n
s
late
th
e
T
I
S
-
ST
f
r
o
m
E
n
g
li
s
h
to
C
h
in
ese.
T
h
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
TIS
-
ST
w
as
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
a
L
ik
e
r
t
7
-
p
o
in
t
s
ca
le
with
1
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
“
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
”
,
4
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
a
n
e
u
tr
al
m
id
p
o
in
t,
an
d
7
p
o
in
ts
f
o
r
“stro
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
”.
I
n
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
r
ese
ar
ch
,
th
e
T
I
S
-
ST’
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
was g
o
o
d
(
α
=0
.
8
9
)
.
2
.
3
.
P
r
o
ce
du
re
s
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
c
ted
with
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
p
er
m
is
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
eth
ical
co
m
m
ittee
o
f
Un
iv
er
s
iti
Pu
tr
a
Ma
lay
s
ia
(
Pro
ject
I
D:
J
KE
UPM
-
2023
-
3
2
3
)
.
W
e
co
llected
th
e
o
n
lin
e
d
ata
u
s
in
g
wjx
.
cn
,
wh
er
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
b
r
ief
ed
o
n
t
h
e
aim
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
f
i
r
s
t,
an
d
th
en
th
e
y
f
illed
o
u
t
s
ca
les
an
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
ly
.
All d
ata
co
llectio
n
o
f
two
s
u
b
-
s
am
p
les wa
s
co
m
p
leted
in
Sep
tem
b
er
an
d
No
v
em
b
er
2
0
2
3
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
ely
.
2
.
4
.
D
a
t
a
a
na
l
y
s
is
All
d
ata
in
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esear
ch
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
b
y
SP
SS
2
2
an
d
Am
o
s
2
4
.
Firstl
y
,
we
ch
ec
k
ed
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
TIS
-
ST
f
o
r
n
o
r
m
ality
u
s
in
g
k
u
r
to
s
is
an
d
s
k
ewn
ess
,
th
e
m
ea
n
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
(
SD)
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
as
well.
T
h
en
e
x
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
(
E
F
A
)
an
d
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
(
C
FA
)
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
TIS
-
ST’
s
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
.
Giv
en
th
at
c
r
o
s
s
-
v
al
id
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
with
th
e
s
m
aller
s
u
b
-
s
am
p
le,
wh
ile
th
e
m
o
r
e
v
ital
s
tep
s
o
f
s
ca
le
cr
ea
tio
n
an
d
item
ev
alu
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
with
t
h
e
b
i
g
g
er
o
n
e
[
1
7
]
,
two
d
is
tin
ct
s
u
b
-
s
am
p
les
(
s
u
b
-
s
am
p
le
1
a
n
d
s
u
b
-
s
am
p
le
2
)
wer
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
E
FA
an
d
C
FA
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
o
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
TIS
-
ST’
s
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
p
r
in
cip
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
f
ac
to
r
in
g
a
n
aly
s
is
with
v
a
r
im
ax
r
o
tatio
n
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
ex
tr
ac
t
f
ac
to
r
s
v
ia
E
FA.
Kaiser
–
Me
y
er
–
Olk
in
(
KM
O
)
test
s
(
>0
.
5
0
)
an
d
B
ar
tlett’s
s
p
h
er
ical
ch
ec
k
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
wh
eth
er
s
u
b
-
s
am
p
le
1
(
n
=1
1
7
)
was
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
eig
en
v
alu
es
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an
o
n
e
an
d
th
e
s
cr
ee
p
lo
t,
p
r
in
cip
al
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
wer
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
E
FA,
a
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
4
o
r
g
r
ea
ter
was
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as
ac
ce
p
tab
le
f
o
r
th
e
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
[
1
9
]
.
Af
ter
E
FA,
C
FA
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
s
u
b
-
s
am
p
l
e
2
(
n
=4
2
0
)
u
s
in
g
m
ax
im
u
m
lik
elih
o
o
d
esti
m
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
f
ac
to
r
ial
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
m
o
d
el
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
th
e
E
FA
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
T
h
e
g
o
o
d
n
ess
-
of
-
f
it
o
f
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
m
o
d
el
was
ass
es
s
ed
u
tili
zin
g
t
h
e
two
cr
iter
ia
ad
v
o
ca
te
d
b
y
B
y
r
n
e
[
2
0
]
: p
r
elim
in
a
r
y
f
it a
n
d
o
v
er
all
m
o
d
el
f
it.
Sp
ec
if
ic
e
v
alu
atio
n
cr
iter
ia
a
r
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
356
-
364
358
T
ab
le
1
.
C
r
iter
ia
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
m
o
d
el
f
it
P
r
e
l
i
m
i
n
a
r
y
f
i
t
O
v
e
r
a
l
l
mo
d
e
l
f
i
t
Th
e
r
e
a
r
e
n
o
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
e
r
r
o
r
v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
s
[
2
0
]
χ
2
/
d
f
<
2
[
2
1
]
A
l
l
e
r
r
o
r
v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
s
a
r
e
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
[
2
0
]
G
o
o
d
n
e
ss
o
f
f
i
t
i
n
d
e
x
(
G
F
I
)
>
0
.
9
5
[
2
2
]
Th
e
r
e
a
r
e
n
o
v
e
r
y
l
a
r
g
e
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
e
r
r
o
r
s
[
2
0
]
A
d
j
u
st
e
d
g
o
o
d
n
e
ss
-
of
-
f
i
t
i
n
d
e
x
(
A
G
F
I
)
>
0
.
9
0
[
2
0
]
Th
e
r
e
i
s
a
r
e
a
s
o
n
a
b
l
e
r
a
n
g
e
f
o
r
f
a
c
t
o
r
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
(
0
.
9
5
>
λ
>
0
.
5
0
)
[
2
0
]
R
o
o
t
me
a
n
sq
u
a
r
e
e
r
r
o
r
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
ma
t
i
o
n
(
R
M
S
EA
)
<
0
.
0
5
[
2
3
]
(
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
)
r
o
o
t
me
a
n
sq
u
a
r
e
r
e
s
i
d
u
a
l
(
S
R
M
R
)
≤
0
.
0
5
[
2
4
]
N
o
r
me
d
f
i
t
i
n
d
e
x
(
N
F
I
)
>
0
.
9
0
[
2
4
]
I
n
c
r
e
men
t
a
l
f
i
t
i
n
d
e
x
(
I
F
I
)
>
0
.
9
0
[
2
5
]
Tu
c
k
e
r
Le
w
i
s i
n
d
e
x
(
TLI
)
(
N
o
n
-
n
o
r
med
f
i
t
i
n
d
e
x
(
N
N
F
I
)
)
>
0
.
9
5
[
2
6
]
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
i
v
e
f
i
t
i
n
d
e
x
(
C
F
I
)
>
0
.
9
0
[
2
7
]
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
m
u
lti
-
g
r
o
u
p
C
FA
was
ad
o
p
ted
to
f
u
r
th
er
a
s
s
es
s
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
v
ar
ian
ce
(
i.e
.
,
co
n
f
ig
u
r
al,
wea
k
f
ac
t
o
r
ial,
s
tr
o
n
g
f
ac
to
r
ial,
an
d
s
tr
ict
in
v
ar
i
an
ce
)
o
f
t
h
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
T
I
S
-
ST
’
s
m
o
d
el
ac
r
o
s
s
ag
e.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
a
g
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
s
u
b
-
s
am
p
le
2
,
we
d
i
v
id
ed
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
in
to
th
r
ee
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
i.e
.
,
g
r
o
u
p
1
ag
ed
b
etwe
en
1
8
an
d
2
1
(
n
=
1
0
8
)
,
g
r
o
u
p
2
ag
e
d
2
2
(
n
=1
9
5
)
,
a
n
d
g
r
o
u
p
3
ag
e
d
b
etwe
en
23
an
d
2
5
(
n
=1
1
7
)
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
C
h
en
[
2
8
]
,
th
e
cr
iter
ia
o
f
0
.
0
1
f
o
r
Δ
C
FI
an
d
0
.
0
1
5
f
o
r
Δ
R
MSE
A
wer
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
in
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
TIS
-
ST.
Af
ter
war
d
,
th
e
c
o
n
v
er
g
e
n
t
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
e
r
s
io
n
o
f
T
I
S
-
ST
was
ass
ess
ed
b
y
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
v
ar
ian
ce
ex
tr
ac
ted
(
AV
E
)
an
d
c
o
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
CR
)
v
alu
es.
I
n
ac
c
o
r
d
an
ce
with
L
a
m
[
2
9
]
,
AVE
<0
.
5
was a
cc
ep
tab
le
if
C
R
v
al
u
e
>0
.
6
.
Fin
ally
,
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
alp
h
a
’
s
co
ef
f
icien
t
(
in
clu
d
i
n
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
if
item
d
elete
d
)
,
item
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
v
alu
es
(
ρ
)
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
t
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
TIS
-
ST
in
two
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
s
u
b
-
s
am
p
les.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
T
er
wee
et
a
l.
[
3
0
]
,
an
α
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
7
o
r
h
ig
h
er
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ac
ce
p
tab
le,
0
.
8
o
r
h
ig
h
er
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
g
o
o
d
,
an
d
α
>0
.
9
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
p
er
f
e
ct.
Fo
r
th
e
item
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
cr
iter
ia
we
ad
o
p
ted
wer
e:
r
(
i
tem
-
to
tal
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icie
n
t)
>0
.
4
[
3
1
]
,
an
d
0
.
1
5
≤
r
(
in
t
er
-
item
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t)
≤
0
.
8
5
[
3
2
]
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
ρ
,
0
.
6
0
≤
ρ
≥
0
.
7
0
is
ac
ce
p
tab
le,
0
.
7
0
≤
ρ
≥
0
.
9
0
is
s
atis
f
a
cto
r
y
,
an
d
ρ
≥
0
.
9
0
is
p
er
f
ec
t
[
3
1
]
.
3.
R
E
SU
L
T
S
3
.1
.
P
re
li
m
ina
ry
a
na
l
y
s
es
As
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
,
t
h
e
s
k
e
wn
ess
an
d
k
u
r
to
s
is
wer
e
an
al
y
ze
d
to
test
th
e
n
o
r
m
ality
o
f
t
h
e
two
s
u
b
-
s
am
p
les.
T
h
e
o
u
tc
o
m
es
(
i.e
.
,
-
1
<sk
ewn
ess
>+
1
;
-
1
<
k
u
r
to
s
i
s
>+
1
)
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
d
ata
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
TIS
-
ST
w
as
n
o
r
m
al
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
en
s
u
r
es
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
an
aly
s
es c
o
n
d
u
cted
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
f
o
r
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
e
r
s
io
n
o
f
TIS
-
ST
I
t
e
m
S
u
b
-
s
a
mp
l
e
1
(
n
=
1
1
7
)
S
u
b
-
s
a
mp
l
e
2
(
n
=
4
2
0
)
M
SD
S
k
e
w
n
e
ss
S
t
d
.
Er
r
o
r
K
u
r
t
o
si
s
S
t
d
.
Er
r
o
r
M
SD
S
k
e
w
n
e
ss
S
t
d
.
Er
r
o
r
K
u
r
t
o
si
s
S
t
d
.
Er
r
o
r
TI
1
4
.
8
7
1
.
3
3
-
0
.
1
2
0
.
2
2
0
.
1
3
0
.
4
4
5
.
4
5
1
.
3
4
-
0
.
5
5
0
.
1
2
-
0
.
2
0
0
.
2
4
TI
2
4
.
7
4
1
.
2
6
-
0
.
1
7
0
.
2
2
0
.
0
2
0
.
4
4
5
.
0
7
1
.
3
4
-
0
.
2
3
0
.
1
2
-
0
.
2
7
0
.
2
4
TI
3
4
.
3
3
1
.
5
8
-
0
.
0
7
0
.
2
2
-
0
.
4
7
0
.
4
4
4
.
4
3
1
.
5
7
-
0
.
1
1
0
.
1
2
-
0
.
5
1
0
.
2
4
TI
4
3
.
8
1
1
.
3
6
0
.
0
2
0
.
2
2
0
.
4
1
0
.
4
4
4
.
2
6
1
.
3
5
0
.
1
7
0
.
1
2
0
.
2
7
0
.
2
4
3
.2
.
Co
ns
t
ruct
v
a
lid
it
y
3
.
2
.
1
.
E
x
plo
ra
t
o
ry
f
a
ct
o
r
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
ex
p
l
o
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
is
(
n
=1
1
7
)
s
tu
d
y
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
f
ac
to
r
an
a
ly
s
is
was
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate,
as
th
e
KM
O
v
alu
e=
0
.
7
2
an
d
th
e
test
in
g
o
f
B
ar
tlett,
χ
2
(
6
)
=1
3
8
.
8
4
(
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
p
r
in
cip
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
with
v
ar
im
ax
r
o
tatio
n
,
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
TIS
-
ST
h
as
a
s
in
g
le
-
f
ac
to
r
d
im
en
s
io
n
(
eig
e
n
v
alu
es>1
,
s
c
r
ee
p
lo
t
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
)
,
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
6
0
.
7
9
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
ex
tr
ac
ted
v
ar
ian
ce
.
T
a
b
le
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
E
FA.
T
h
e
s
in
g
le
f
ac
to
r
(
eig
en
v
al
u
e=
2
.
4
3
)
,
T
I
,
h
a
d
all
f
o
u
r
item
s
with
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
7
0
to
0
.
8
3
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
E
FA
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
TIS
-
ST’
s
v
alid
ity
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
C
h
in
ese
a
d
a
p
ta
ti
o
n
o
f t
u
r
n
o
ve
r
in
ten
tio
n
s
ca
le
in
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
p
r
e
-
s
ervice
… (
S
h
a
o
Min
g
xin
g
)
359
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Scr
ee
p
lo
t o
f
E
FA
T
ab
le
3
.
E
FA f
o
r
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
TIS
-
ST
I
t
e
m
F
a
c
t
o
r
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
F
a
c
t
o
r
1
TI
1
0
.
7
0
TI
2
TI
2
0
.
8
3
3
TI
3
0
.
8
2
4
TI
4
0
.
7
7
K
M
O
=
0
.
7
2
;
B
a
r
t
l
e
t
t
’
s
t
e
s
t
=
1
3
8
.
8
4
;
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
Ei
g
e
n
v
a
l
u
e
=
2
.
4
3
;
V
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
(
%)=
6
0
.
7
9
3
.
2
.
2
.
Co
nfir
m
a
t
o
ry
f
a
ct
o
r
a
na
ly
s
es
T
o
f
u
r
th
er
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
f
ac
t
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
e
r
s
io
n
o
f
T
I
S
-
ST,
we
u
s
ed
t
h
e
C
FA
m
o
d
el
to
test
th
e
s
in
g
le
-
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el
r
etain
ed
in
th
e
E
FA.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
C
FA
(
n
=4
2
0
)
o
u
tco
m
es,
n
o
er
r
o
r
v
ar
ian
ce
was
n
eg
ativ
e.
All
t
v
alu
es
f
o
r
f
o
u
r
item
s
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
7
.
4
7
to
1
1
.
7
8
,
a
n
d
all
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
(
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
.
No
n
e
o
f
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
h
a
d
“
v
er
y
la
r
g
e
”
s
tan
d
ar
d
er
r
o
r
s
,
r
an
g
in
g
b
etwe
en
0
.
0
8
an
d
0
.
1
3
.
T
h
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
ize
d
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
u
r
ite
m
s
was
0
.
6
2
to
0
.
8
2
.
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
f
it
o
f
th
e
s
in
g
le
-
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el
was
g
o
o
d
.
T
ab
l
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
etails
o
f
th
e
o
v
er
all
m
o
d
el
f
it
o
f
th
e
s
in
g
l
e
-
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
t
h
e
s
in
g
l
e
-
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
v
id
ed
a
p
o
o
r
o
v
er
all
f
it.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
e
in
d
ices
o
f
χ
2
/d
f
,
AGFI
,
R
MSE
A,
S
R
MR,
T
L
I
(
NNFI
)
,
an
d
C
FI
wer
e
n
o
t su
f
f
icien
t.
Af
ter
war
d
,
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
MI
s
an
aly
s
is
,
a
m
o
d
if
ied
s
in
g
le
-
f
a
cto
r
m
o
d
el
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
with
co
v
ar
ian
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
item
o
f
T
I
3
an
d
T
I
4
(
c
o
v
ar
ia
n
ce
,
r
=0
.
5
1
3
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
was
test
ed
.
T
h
e
o
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tco
m
es
s
h
o
wed
th
at
all
er
r
o
r
v
ar
ian
ce
s
wer
e
p
o
s
itiv
e.
All
t
-
v
al
u
es
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
,
an
d
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
4
.
5
2
to
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3
.
0
6
.
N
o
“
v
er
y
lar
g
e
”
s
tan
d
ar
d
er
r
o
r
s
,
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ich
r
a
n
g
e
b
et
wee
n
0
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0
7
an
d
0
.
1
4
.
All
f
ac
t
o
r
lo
ad
i
n
g
s
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
5
3
to
0
.
8
7
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
p
r
elim
i
n
ar
y
f
it
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
s
in
g
l
e
-
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el
was
g
o
o
d
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
o
v
er
all
f
it,
th
e
r
esu
lts
in
T
a
b
le
4
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
th
e
m
o
d
if
ie
d
s
in
g
le
-
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
an
e
x
ce
llen
t
o
v
e
r
all
f
it.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
s
in
g
le
-
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el
f
its
b
etter
in
ter
m
s
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Ov
e
r
all
m
o
d
el
f
it
f
o
r
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
TIS
-
ST
I
t
e
m
N
o
.
χ
2
df
χ
2
/
d
f
G
F
I
A
G
F
I
R
M
S
EA
S
R
M
R
N
F
I
I
F
I
TLI
(
N
N
F
I
)
C
F
I
A
I
C
S
i
n
g
l
e
-
f
a
c
t
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l
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3
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8
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9
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0
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7
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0
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2
2
0
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0
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0
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9
2
0
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9
3
0
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7
8
0
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9
3
5
9
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8
6
M
o
d
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f
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d
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4
0
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1
0
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1
7
1
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0
0
0
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9
0
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0
0
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1
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0
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1
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0
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0
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8
.
1
7
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
356
-
364
360
Fig
u
r
e
2.
C
o
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
T
I
S
-
ST
3
.
3.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
inv
a
ria
nc
e
a
nd
co
nv
er
g
ent
v
a
lid
it
y
Mu
lti
-
g
r
o
u
p
C
FA
was
im
p
le
m
en
ted
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
T
I
S
-
ST
’
s
m
e
asu
r
em
en
t
in
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
if
ie
d
s
in
g
le
-
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el.
T
ab
le
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
u
lti
-
g
r
o
u
p
C
FA
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
TIS
-
ST
ac
r
o
s
s
ag
e.
Giv
en
all
Δ
χ
2
wer
e
n
o
t
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t,
all
Δ
C
FI
less
th
an
0
.
0
1
,
an
d
all
Δ
R
MSE
A
less
th
an
0
.
0
1
5
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
co
n
f
ig
u
r
al,
wea
k
f
ac
to
r
ial,
s
tr
o
n
g
f
ac
to
r
ial,
an
d
s
tr
ict
in
v
ar
ian
ce
wer
e
estab
lis
h
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
th
r
ee
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
TIS
-
ST’
s
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
,
t
h
e
m
o
d
if
ied
s
in
g
le
-
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el
h
ad
a
C
R
o
f
0
.
7
9
an
d
an
AVE
o
f
0
.
4
9
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
L
a
m
[
2
9
]
,
th
is
im
p
lied
th
at
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
r
em
ain
s
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
.
T
ab
le
5.
Me
asu
r
em
e
n
t in
v
ar
ia
n
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
ag
e
M
o
d
e
l
χ
2
df
C
F
I
R
M
S
EA
Δχ
2
Δd
f
p
ΔC
F
I
ΔR
M
S
EA
A
g
e
C
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
l
i
n
v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
2
9
.
5
5
19
0
.
9
8
2
0
.
0
3
6
-
-
-
-
-
W
e
a
k
f
a
c
t
o
r
i
a
l
i
n
v
a
r
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a
n
c
e
2
9
.
5
5
19
0
.
9
8
2
0
.
0
3
6
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
6
6
5
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
S
t
r
o
n
g
f
a
c
t
o
r
i
a
l
i
n
v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
3
5
.
3
9
27
0
.
9
8
5
0
.
0
2
7
5
.
8
4
8
0
.
6
6
5
0
.
0
0
3
0
.
0
0
9
S
t
r
i
c
t
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n
v
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r
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a
n
c
e
4
1
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1
7
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0
.
9
7
9
0
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0
3
2
0
.
0
0
6
2
0
.
9
4
0
0
.
0
0
6
0
.
0
0
5
3
.
4
.
Relia
bil
it
y
T
h
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
co
ef
f
ic
ien
t
f
o
r
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
TIS
-
ST
wer
e
0
.
7
8
an
d
0
.
8
0
f
o
r
s
u
b
-
s
am
p
le
1
a
n
d
s
u
b
-
s
am
p
le
2
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
i
f
an
y
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
item
s
wer
e
d
ele
ted
,
n
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
in
cr
ea
s
ed
ab
o
v
e
0
.
7
8
,
a
n
d
0
.
8
0
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
TIS
-
ST
s
ca
le
was
g
o
o
d
.
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n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
all
f
o
u
r
item
s
o
f
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
e
r
s
io
n
o
f
TIS
-
ST
m
e
t
th
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
item
an
aly
s
is
,
with
item
-
to
tal
co
r
r
elatio
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
r
r
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
7
1
to
0
.
8
3
a
n
d
0
.
7
7
to
0
.
8
2
i
n
s
u
b
-
s
am
p
le
1
a
n
d
s
u
b
-
s
am
p
le
2
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
a
n
d
i
n
ter
-
item
co
r
r
elatio
n
c
o
ef
f
icie
n
ts
r
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
2
9
to
0
.
6
0
an
d
0
.
4
0
to
0
.
6
4
in
s
u
b
-
s
am
p
le
1
an
d
s
u
b
-
s
am
p
l
e
2
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
6
.
L
astl
y
,
th
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
TIS
-
ST
was
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
th
e
ρ
-
v
alu
es,
with
ρ
=0
.
6
2
in
s
u
b
-
s
am
p
le
1
a
n
d
ρ
=0
.
6
5
i
n
s
u
b
-
s
am
p
le
2
.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
b
o
th
o
f
t
h
e
two
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
s
u
b
-
s
am
p
les
v
er
if
ied
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
TIS
-
ST.
T
ab
le
6.
I
tem
an
aly
s
is
o
u
tco
m
es o
f
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
T
I
S
-
ST
TI
S
-
ST
TI
1
TI
2
TI
3
TI
4
TI
S
-
ST
1
0
.
7
7
*
**
0
.
8
2
*
**
0
.
7
8
*
**
0
.
8
1
*
**
TI
1
0
.
7
1
*
**
1
0
.
6
4
*
**
0
.
4
0
*
**
0
.
4
5
*
**
TI
2
0
.
8
1
*
**
0
.
5
6
*
**
1
0
.
4
6
*
**
0
.
5
4
*
**
TI
3
0
.
8
3
*
**
0
.
3
9
*
**
0
.
5
2
*
**
1
0
.
5
7
*
**
TI
4
0
.
7
7
*
**
0
.
2
9
*
**
0
.
4
9
*
**
0
.
6
0
*
**
1
N
o
t
e
.
B
e
l
o
w
d
i
a
g
o
n
a
l
,
s
u
b
-
sam
p
l
e
1
(
n
=
1
1
7
)
,
a
b
o
v
e
d
i
a
g
o
n
a
l
,
su
b
-
sam
p
l
e
2
(
n
=
4
2
0
)
,
***
P
≤
0
.
0
0
1
4.
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
u
r
n
o
v
er
in
ten
tio
n
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
wer
f
u
l
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
ac
t
u
al
t
u
r
n
o
v
er
b
eh
av
i
o
r
,
ea
r
ly
id
en
tif
icatio
n
o
f
T
I
is
cr
itical
to
r
ed
u
ce
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
PS
T
s
’
attr
itio
n
.
Giv
e
n
th
at
n
o
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
co
u
ld
b
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
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Th
e
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h
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a
d
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p
ta
ti
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f t
u
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ve
r
in
ten
tio
n
s
ca
le
in
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
p
r
e
-
s
ervice
… (
S
h
a
o
Min
g
xin
g
)
361
f
o
u
n
d
in
C
h
in
a
to
ass
e
s
s
th
e
T
I
o
f
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
PS
T
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
TIS
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ST
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d
ass
ess
i
ts
v
alid
ity
,
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
v
ar
ian
ce
,
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
am
o
n
g
C
h
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ese
ea
r
l
y
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
PS
T
s
.
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r
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tu
d
y
f
ills
a
g
ap
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th
e
liter
atu
r
e,
a
n
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
e
r
s
io
n
o
f
T
I
S
-
ST
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
ad
eq
u
ate
v
alid
ity
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
v
ar
ian
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
ag
e
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
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I
o
f
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h
in
ese
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
PS
T
s
.
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h
e
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
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ap
p
licab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
T
I
S
-
ST
s
ca
le
is
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
t
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
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tu
d
y
,
wh
ich
also
d
ee
p
en
s
th
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
TI
am
o
n
g
C
h
in
ese
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
PS
T
s
.
First
,
th
e
T
I
S
-
ST
was
tr
an
s
lat
ed
f
r
o
m
E
n
g
lis
h
v
er
s
io
n
to
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
tan
d
a
r
d
d
o
u
b
le
-
b
ac
k
tr
an
s
latio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
en
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
i
o
n
o
f
TIS
-
ST
was
ev
alu
ated
b
y
E
FA
an
d
C
FA.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
E
FA
p
r
eli
m
in
ar
ily
id
en
tifie
d
a
o
n
e
-
f
ac
t
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
W
h
en
u
s
in
g
th
e
C
FA
m
o
d
el
to
test
t
h
e
s
in
g
le
-
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el
r
etain
e
d
in
th
e
E
FA,
t
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
th
e
f
itti
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
s
in
g
le
-
f
ac
t
o
r
m
o
d
el
was
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
in
th
e
asp
ec
ts
o
f
p
r
elim
in
a
r
y
f
it,
b
u
t
n
o
t
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
in
th
e
o
v
er
all
m
o
d
el
f
it
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
l.
T
h
en
a
m
o
d
if
ied
s
in
g
le
-
f
ac
t
o
r
m
o
d
el
with
co
v
ar
ia
n
ce
b
et
wee
n
T
I
3
an
d
T
I
4
was
test
ed
b
y
C
FA.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
f
it
an
d
o
v
e
r
all
m
o
d
el
f
it
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
wer
e
b
o
th
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
.
T
h
is
in
d
icat
ed
th
at
o
u
r
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t th
e
o
n
e
-
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
C
h
i
n
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
TIS
-
ST
,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
d
u
cted
in
N
o
r
way
an
d
Fin
lan
d
[
2
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
No
tab
ly
,
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
o
m
e
n
ew
in
s
ig
h
ts
i
n
to
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
ies
in
N
o
r
way
an
d
Fin
la
n
d
d
id
n
o
t
p
r
esen
t
d
etails
o
f
T
I
S
-
ST
’s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
we
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
er
r
o
r
ter
m
s
b
etwe
en
e3
an
d
e
4
r
eq
u
i
r
e
a
co
v
ar
ian
ce
.
Ou
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
m
ay
h
elp
en
r
ich
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
b
y
o
f
f
er
in
g
n
ew
p
er
s
p
e
ctiv
es
o
n
th
e
er
r
o
r
v
ar
ian
ce
wh
ich
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
v
ar
io
u
s
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
Af
ter
th
at,
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
i
n
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
TIS
-
ST
ac
r
o
s
s
ag
e
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
m
u
lti
-
g
r
o
u
p
C
FA.
Ou
r
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
t
h
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
T
I
S
-
ST’
s
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
v
ar
ian
ce
was
d
etec
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
ag
e
f
o
r
all
f
o
u
r
lev
els
o
f
m
e
asu
r
em
en
t
in
v
ar
ia
n
ce
:
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
al,
wea
k
f
ac
to
r
ial,
s
tr
o
n
g
f
ac
to
r
ial,
an
d
s
tr
ict
in
v
ar
ian
ce
.
Ou
r
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
in
v
ar
ian
c
e
o
f
T
I
S
-
ST
ac
r
o
s
s
ag
es
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
tim
e
,
an
d
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
n
o
t
ex
a
m
in
ed
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
in
v
ar
ian
c
e
o
f
T
I
S
-
ST.
Giv
e
n
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
v
ar
ia
n
ce
,
as
cr
itical
to
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
r
esear
ch
,
is
a
p
r
er
eq
u
is
ite
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
in
g
m
ea
n
s
am
o
n
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
ce
o
f
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
is
th
at
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
th
at
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
e
r
s
io
n
o
f
TIS
-
ST
ca
n
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
m
ea
s
u
r
e
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
ar
e
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
PS
T
s
’
T
I
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
ag
es.
T
h
is
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
C
h
in
ese
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
to
d
y
n
am
ically
id
en
tify
th
e
T
I
o
f
ea
r
ly
ch
il
d
h
o
o
d
PS
T
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t a
g
e
s
.
T
h
e
AVE
an
d
C
R
v
alu
es
in
d
i
ca
ted
th
at
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
TIS
-
ST
h
as
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
,
wh
ich
was
n
o
t
s
h
o
w
n
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies.
Af
ter
w
ar
d
,
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
TIS
-
ST
was
ev
alu
ated
b
y
C
r
o
n
b
a
ch
’
s
alp
h
a
co
e
f
f
icien
t,
item
a
n
aly
s
is
,
an
d
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
i
lity
v
alu
es.
R
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
we
d
th
at
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
TIS
-
ST
h
ad
g
o
o
d
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
wh
ich
was
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
v
alu
es
o
b
tain
ed
in
th
e
o
r
i
g
in
al
v
er
s
io
n
(
0
.
8
9
)
an
d
an
o
th
er
r
esear
c
h
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
Fin
lan
d
(
0
.
8
7
)
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
th
e
item
an
aly
s
is
an
d
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
v
alu
es
also
im
p
lied
th
at
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
TIS
-
ST
was
ad
eq
u
ate.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
,
h
o
wev
er
,
wer
e
n
o
t
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies.
All
th
e
se
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
d
t
h
at
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
T
I
S
-
ST
h
a
d
g
o
o
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
c
r
ed
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
r
elia
b
ilit
y
am
o
n
g
C
h
in
ese
ea
r
ly
ch
i
ld
h
o
o
d
PS
T
s
.
W
o
r
th
m
en
tio
n
in
g
,
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
T
ab
le
s
2
a
n
d
7
,
we
d
is
co
v
er
ed
an
in
tr
i
g
u
in
g
f
in
d
in
g
.
T
h
e
T
I
o
f
s
tate
-
f
u
n
d
e
d
ju
n
io
r
co
lleg
e
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
PS
T
s
(
s
u
b
-
s
am
p
le
1
)
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
l
o
wer
th
an
th
at
o
f
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
PS
T
s
(
s
u
b
-
s
am
p
le
2
)
,
with
t
(
1
9
0
.
3
3
)
=
3
.
1
8
,
p
=0
.
0
0
2
<
0
.
0
5
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
i
n
g
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
an
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
o
n
in
-
s
er
v
ice
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
teac
h
er
s
,
wh
ich
f
o
u
n
d
th
e
teac
h
er
’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el
was
in
v
er
s
ely
r
elate
d
to
th
e
T
I
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
is
m
ay
b
e
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
wo
r
k
in
g
co
n
d
i
tio
n
s
an
d
s
alar
y
o
f
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
teac
h
er
s
in
C
h
in
a
ca
n
n
o
t
s
atis
f
y
h
i
g
h
ly
ed
u
ca
te
d
ea
r
l
y
c
h
ild
h
o
o
d
PS
T
s
.
Ou
r
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
wo
r
k
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
r
e
m
u
n
e
r
atio
n
to
r
etain
h
i
g
h
ly
q
u
alif
ied
ea
r
l
y
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
.
T
ab
le
7
.
I
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t T
-
test
f
o
r
two
s
u
b
-
s
am
p
les
M
SD
t
df
p
S
u
b
-
s
a
mp
l
e
1
(
n
=
1
1
7
)
4
.
4
4
1
.
0
8
3
.
1
8
1
9
0
.
3
3
0
.
0
0
2
S
u
b
-
s
a
mp
l
e
2
(
n
=
4
2
0
)
4
.
8
0
1
.
1
1
T
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
d
o
es
h
av
e
a
f
ew
lim
itatio
n
s
.
First,
we
ju
s
t
u
tili
ze
d
PS
T
s
f
r
o
m
Hain
an
Pro
v
in
ce
as
its
s
am
p
le.
T
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
r
esu
lts
’
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
,
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
s
id
er
ex
p
an
d
in
g
th
e
s
am
p
l
e
co
v
er
ag
e
to
f
u
r
th
er
g
en
e
r
alize
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
Seco
n
d
,
g
iv
e
n
t
h
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
u
r
v
e
y
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
d
esig
n
ad
o
p
ted
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
, f
u
tu
r
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
c
o
u
ld
f
o
cu
s
o
n
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
s
tu
d
ies
to
tr
ac
k
c
h
an
g
es in
T
I
o
v
er
tim
e
a
n
d
ex
p
lo
r
e
a
d
d
itio
n
al
f
ac
t
o
r
s
th
at
m
ay
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
T
I
am
o
n
g
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
PS
T
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
356
-
364
362
5.
C
O
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es r
o
b
u
s
t p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ical
ev
id
e
n
ce
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
v
alid
ity
,
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
v
ar
ian
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
ag
e,
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
TIS
-
ST
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
TI
am
o
n
g
C
h
in
ese
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
PS
T
s
.
Ou
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
o
r
th
e
f
ield
o
f
ea
r
ly
c
h
ild
h
o
o
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
en
lig
h
ten
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
a
k
er
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
h
ig
h
T
I
o
f
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
P
STs
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
C
h
in
ese
cu
ltu
r
al
-
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
an
d
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
C
h
in
a
to
id
en
tify
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
PS
T
s
’
T
I
d
y
n
am
ically
an
d
th
e
n
a
d
o
p
t
tar
g
eted
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
well
-
ed
u
c
ated
PS
T
s
s
tay
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
ea
r
l
y
c
h
ild
h
o
o
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
B
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
attr
it
io
n
o
f
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
PS
T
s
,
th
is
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
will
p
o
s
it
iv
ely
en
h
an
ce
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
q
u
ality
o
f
ea
r
ly
c
h
ild
h
o
o
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
jects
Hain
an
Pr
o
v
i
n
ce
’
s
“So
u
th
C
h
in
a
Sea
R
is
in
g
Star
”
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Platfo
r
m
Pro
ject
(
J
YNHX
X2
0
2
3
-
2
4
T
)
,
E
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
an
d
T
ea
ch
in
g
R
ef
o
r
m
o
f
Hain
an
’
s
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
R
esear
ch
Pro
ject
(
Hn
jg
zc
2
0
2
2
-
6
7
)
,
Hain
an
Pro
v
in
ce
Ph
ilo
s
o
p
h
y
an
d
So
cial
Scien
ce
s
Plan
n
in
g
Pro
ject
(
HNSK(
Z
C
)
2
2
-
1
5
7
)
,
a
n
d
Qio
n
g
tai
No
r
m
al
Un
iv
er
s
ity
R
esear
ch
Gr
an
t (
q
t
jg
202
4
-
07
).
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
I
.
C
h
e
n
,
R
.
B
r
o
w
n
,
B
.
J.
B
o
w
e
r
s,
a
n
d
W
.
C
h
a
n
g
,
“
J
o
b
d
e
m
a
n
d
a
n
d
j
o
b
sa
t
i
sf
a
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
l
a
t
e
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
t
u
r
n
o
v
e
r
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
mo
n
g
l
i
c
e
n
s
e
d
n
u
r
ses
i
n
T
a
i
w
a
n
N
u
r
s
i
n
g
H
o
mes,
”
Re
s
e
a
rc
h
i
n
N
u
rsi
n
g
&
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
3
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
3
4
2
–
3
5
6
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
n
u
r
.
2
1
6
6
7
.
[
2
]
K.
-
A
.
C
h
r
i
s
t
o
p
h
e
r
s
e
n
,
E.
El
s
t
a
d
,
T
.
S
o
l
h
a
u
g
,
a
n
d
A
.
T
u
r
mo
,
“
A
n
t
e
c
e
d
e
n
t
s
o
f
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s’
a
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
mm
i
t
m
e
n
t
t
o
t
h
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
p
r
o
f
e
ss
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
u
r
n
o
v
e
r
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
,
”
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
T
e
a
c
h
e
r E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
3
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
7
0
–
2
8
6
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
2
6
1
9
7
6
8
.
2
0
1
6
.
1
1
7
0
8
0
3
.
[
3
]
W
.
Li
u
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
W
o
r
k
p
l
a
c
e
v
i
o
l
e
n
c
e
,
j
o
b
s
a
t
i
sf
a
c
t
i
o
n
,
b
u
r
n
o
u
t
,
p
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
o
r
g
a
n
i
sa
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
n
t
u
r
n
o
v
e
r
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
n
u
r
ses
i
n
t
e
r
t
i
a
r
y
h
o
sp
i
t
a
l
s
:
a
c
r
o
ss
-
se
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
t
u
d
y
,
”
B
MJ
O
p
e
n
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
6
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
3
6
/
b
mj
o
p
e
n
-
2
0
1
7
-
0
1
9
5
2
5
.
[
4
]
R
.
L
i
a
n
d
M
.
Y
a
o
,
“
W
h
a
t
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
s
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s’
t
u
r
n
o
v
e
r
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
?
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
f
r
o
m
a
met
a
-
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s,
”
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Re
se
a
rc
h
R
e
v
i
e
w
,
v
o
l
.
3
7
,
p
.
1
0
0
4
7
7
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
d
u
r
e
v
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
0
4
7
7
.
[
5
]
P
.
W
.
H
o
m,
T
.
R
.
M
i
t
c
h
e
l
l
,
T.
W
.
L
e
e
,
a
n
d
R
.
W
.
G
r
i
f
f
e
t
h
,
“
R
e
v
i
e
w
i
n
g
e
mp
l
o
y
e
e
t
u
r
n
o
v
e
r
:
f
o
c
u
si
n
g
o
n
p
r
o
x
i
ma
l
w
i
t
h
d
r
a
w
a
l
st
a
t
e
s
a
n
d
a
n
e
x
p
a
n
d
e
d
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
o
n
,
”
Ps
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
B
u
l
l
e
t
i
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
8
3
1
–
8
5
8
,
2
0
1
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
3
7
/
a
0
0
2
7
9
8
3
.
[
6
]
R
.
M
o
s
a
l
l
a
m
,
S
.
H
a
mi
d
i
,
a
n
d
M
.
El
r
e
f
a
a
y
,
“
Tu
r
n
o
v
e
r
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
i
n
t
e
n
si
v
e
c
a
r
e
u
n
i
t
n
u
r
ses
i
n
A
l
e
x
a
n
d
r
i
a
,
E
g
y
p
t
,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
t
h
e
E
g
y
p
t
i
a
n
Pu
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
Ass
o
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
9
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
6
–
5
1
,
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
9
7
/
0
1
.
EPX
.
0
0
0
0
4
6
4
6
9
6
.
4
1
5
5
6
.
e
b
.
[
7
]
L.
V
a
n
E
y
c
k
e
n
,
A
.
A
mi
t
a
i
,
a
n
d
M
.
V
a
n
H
o
u
t
t
e
,
“
B
e
t
r
u
e
t
o
y
o
u
r
sc
h
o
o
l
?
T
e
a
c
h
e
r
s’
t
u
r
n
o
v
e
r
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
s:
t
h
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
so
c
i
o
e
c
o
n
o
mi
c
c
o
m
p
o
si
t
i
o
n
,
t
e
a
c
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
s
,
e
mo
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
x
h
a
u
s
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
,
”
R
e
se
a
rc
h
P
a
p
e
rs
i
n
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
3
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
4
–
4
9
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
2
6
7
1
5
2
2
.
2
0
2
2
.
2
0
8
9
2
0
8
.
[
8
]
L.
H
e
i
k
o
n
e
n
,
J.
P
i
e
t
a
r
i
n
e
n
,
K
.
P
y
h
ä
l
t
ö
,
A
.
To
o
m,
a
n
d
T
.
S
o
i
n
i
,
“
E
a
r
l
y
c
a
r
e
e
r
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s’
se
n
se
o
f
p
r
o
f
e
ss
i
o
n
a
l
a
g
e
n
c
y
i
n
t
h
e
c
l
a
ssr
o
o
m:
a
ss
o
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
w
i
t
h
t
u
r
n
o
v
e
r
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
p
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
i
n
a
d
e
q
u
a
c
y
i
n
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
–
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
,
”
As
i
a
-
P
a
c
i
f
i
c
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
T
e
a
c
h
e
r E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
4
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
5
0
–
2
6
6
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
3
5
9
8
6
6
X
.
2
0
1
6
.
1
1
6
9
5
0
5
.
[
9
]
L.
D
a
r
l
i
n
g
-
H
a
mm
o
n
d
a
n
d
A
.
L
i
e
b
e
r
man
,
T
e
a
c
h
e
r
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
Aro
u
n
d
t
h
e
W
o
rl
d
:
C
h
a
n
g
i
n
g
Po
l
i
c
i
e
s
a
n
d
Pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
.
R
o
u
t
l
e
d
g
e
,
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
3
2
4
/
9
7
8
0
2
0
3
8
1
7
5
5
1
.
[
1
0
]
J.
W
a
n
g
,
Y
.
Y
.
Y
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
Z
.
Y
.
Y
a
n
g
,
“
A
n
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
w
i
l
l
i
n
g
n
e
ss
f
o
r
t
e
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