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in
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IBM
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B
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Dig
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p
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Pro
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Pu
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PAK2
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well,
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tech
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ev
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as
Pd
P).
T
h
er
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e,
to
m
ak
e
th
is
wis
h
co
m
e
tr
u
e,
an
o
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g
an
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n
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s
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lead
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wh
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s
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co
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p
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m
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T
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s
u
p
p
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ted
b
y
p
r
ev
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s
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s
ea
r
ch
[
1
]
,
wh
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th
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s
u
cc
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o
f
an
o
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g
an
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d
ep
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lead
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.
T
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is
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b
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lead
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s
will
d
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m
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cu
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p
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im
p
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e
ef
f
ec
tiv
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n
ess
o
f
th
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s
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s
tr
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[
2
]
.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
d
ig
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lead
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s
h
ip
r
ef
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s
to
th
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s
e
o
f
h
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-
im
p
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tech
n
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lo
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alo
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with
d
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to
o
ls
in
th
e
m
an
ag
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m
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d
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m
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tr
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f
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ex
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p
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in
h
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h
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u
ca
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o
r
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a
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s
[
3
]
.
Ho
wev
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,
d
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tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
at
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n
h
as
in
v
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p
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b
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f
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m
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asp
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an
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,
esp
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r
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h
an
d
lin
g
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
t
ev
alu
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n
[
4
]
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e,
s
tu
d
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will
ev
alu
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an
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ch
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ca
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in
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titu
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(
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,
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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I
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flu
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Ma
la
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(
Wa
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125
will
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ex
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o
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s
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ca
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s
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s
to
lag
b
e
h
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c
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[
5
]
.
Fo
r
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B
lack
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No
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Ko
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am
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tr
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s
f
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m
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in
th
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a
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em
en
t
.
T
h
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tatem
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ag
r
ee
d
b
y
[
6
]
wh
o
s
tates
th
at
th
e
wo
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ld
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f
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d
u
ca
tio
n
to
d
ay
s
h
o
ws
r
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lts
th
at
ar
e
s
till
n
o
t
v
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y
ef
f
ec
tiv
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d
esp
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th
e
in
teg
r
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n
o
f
d
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tech
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o
lo
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o
n
a
lar
g
e
s
ca
le.
T
h
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o
r
e,
th
e
d
i
g
ital
in
ter
ac
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an
d
c
o
m
m
u
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t
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C
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-
1
9
p
an
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as
b
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f
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t
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ak
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p
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in
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d
itio
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ad
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d
if
f
icu
lt
f
o
r
lead
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s
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ed
u
ca
tio
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o
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s
to
co
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ld
cu
ltu
r
e
in
to
a
n
ew
cu
ltu
r
e,
esp
ec
ially
f
r
o
m
th
e
asp
ec
t
o
f
b
u
ild
in
g
f
r
ien
d
l
y
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
lectu
r
er
s
[
7
]
.
As
ev
id
en
ce
,
a
r
ep
o
r
t
in
th
e
Sh
ar
ed
Pro
s
p
er
ity
Vis
io
n
2
0
3
0
(
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
ca
lled
Wa
w
a
s
a
n
K
ema
kmu
r
a
n
B
ers
a
ma
o
r
W
KB
2
0
3
0
)
b
y
t
h
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
c
o
n
o
m
ic
Af
f
ai
r
s
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
le
v
el
o
f
h
ig
h
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
e
in
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
s
ec
to
r
was
o
n
l
y
3
7
%,
wh
ile
2
0
%
in
th
e
s
er
v
ice
s
ec
to
r
,
an
d
t
h
is
am
o
u
n
t
w
as
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
s
till
lo
w
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
ec
to
r
s
th
is
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes alm
o
s
t 7
9
% to
th
e
Gr
o
s
s
Do
m
esti
c
Pro
d
u
ct
(
GDP)
.
B
ased
o
n
th
i
s
r
ep
o
r
t
as
well,
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
,
esp
ec
ially
th
e
B
u
m
ip
u
ter
a,
is
s
till
lag
g
in
g
b
eh
in
d
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
s
elec
ted
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
jo
b
s
.
I
t
clea
r
l
y
s
h
o
ws
th
at
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
will
f
ail
d
u
e
to
f
ea
r
a
n
d
lac
k
o
f
s
elf
-
co
n
f
id
en
ce
to
u
s
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
d
ev
ices d
u
r
in
g
th
e
Pd
P p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
d
i
g
ital tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ca
u
s
es st
u
d
en
ts
to
ex
p
er
ien
ce
co
n
f
u
s
io
n
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
r
o
le
th
e
y
s
h
o
u
ld
p
la
y
as
well
as
th
e
id
e
n
tity
th
ey
s
h
o
u
ld
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
wh
ic
h
h
as
af
f
ec
ted
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
[
9
]
.
T
h
er
e
is
also
a
v
iew
th
a
t
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
in
te
g
r
atin
g
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
af
f
ec
t
ed
th
e
c
r
ea
tiv
ity
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
u
e
to
th
e
ag
e
f
ac
t
o
r
o
f
th
e
teac
h
in
g
s
taf
f
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
s
itu
atio
n
to
s
o
m
e
ex
ten
t
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
b
r
an
d
in
g
o
f
I
n
s
titu
s
i
P
en
g
a
jia
n
Tin
g
g
i
S
w
a
s
ta
(
I
PTs
)
o
r
p
r
i
v
ate
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
,
esp
ec
ially
I
P
T
s
th
at
d
o
n
o
t
wan
t
to
ch
an
g
e,
ca
u
s
in
g
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
n
ess
th
at
is
s
y
m
b
o
lic
o
f
I
PT'
s
s
u
cc
ess
to
n
o
t
b
e
ev
id
e
n
t,
an
d
th
e
a
b
s
en
ce
o
f
th
is
u
n
iq
u
e
n
ess
ca
u
s
es
s
o
ciety
to
b
e
u
n
ab
le
to
co
m
p
a
r
e
an
d
d
i
f
f
er
en
tiate
b
etwe
en
I
PTs
[
1
2
]
.
I
t
is
ev
en
s
ad
d
er
wh
en
th
e
r
e
ar
e
m
em
b
er
s
in
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
f
ield
wh
o
h
av
e
lo
s
t
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
alis
m
d
u
e
to
f
r
a
u
d
an
d
m
is
co
n
d
u
ct
th
at
h
as
p
er
m
ea
te
d
th
eir
ca
r
ee
r
s
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
is
s
tatem
en
t
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
[
1
5
]
w
h
o
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
d
is
tr
ac
t
io
n
b
y
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ca
n
d
am
ag
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
f
o
cu
s
an
d
lev
el
o
f
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
if
n
o
t
c
u
r
b
e
d
ea
r
ly
will
h
av
e
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
u
n
eth
ical
b
e
h
av
io
r
in
clu
d
in
g
in
th
e
wo
r
k
p
lace
.
T
h
is
ca
n
h
av
e
a
n
e
g
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
t
h
eir
m
o
r
al
a
n
d
et
h
ical
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
,
th
e
d
ig
italizatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
a
n
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
h
ig
h
-
im
p
ac
t
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
a
r
e
o
f
ten
ass
o
ciate
d
with
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
wh
o
ar
e
s
k
illed
,
k
n
o
wled
g
ea
b
l
e
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
in
h
a
n
d
lin
g
h
ig
h
-
tech
to
o
ls
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
iv
al
o
f
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
th
e
em
p
h
asis
o
n
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
id
en
tity
f
o
r
m
atio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
d
r
iv
en
b
y
ch
allen
g
es a
n
d
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
in
t
h
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ed
u
c
atio
n
p
ar
ad
i
g
m
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
th
er
e
a
r
e
also
in
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
s
h
o
w
r
ejec
tio
n
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
r
d
is
co
m
f
o
r
t
to
war
d
s
th
e
ch
an
g
e
in
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
id
e
n
tity
th
at
o
cc
u
r
s
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
ca
n
in
cl
u
d
e
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
esis
tan
ce
o
r
r
elu
cta
n
ce
to
em
b
r
ac
e
ch
a
n
g
es
in
th
e
way
we
wo
r
k
an
d
i
n
ter
ac
t
with
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
lack
o
f
r
esear
ch
in
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
th
e
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
aliza
tio
n
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
id
en
tity
wh
er
e
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
estab
lis
h
ed
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
m
o
r
e
d
ee
p
ly
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
id
en
tity
f
o
r
m
atio
n
h
as
p
r
ev
en
ted
r
esear
ch
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
d
ev
elo
p
s
tu
d
en
t
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
id
en
tity
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
will
lau
n
ch
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
id
e
n
tity
in
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
av
e
also
n
o
t r
ec
eiv
ed
a
f
av
o
r
ab
le
r
esp
o
n
s
e
am
o
n
g
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
1
9
]
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
at,
th
er
e
is
a
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
th
at
th
e
t
h
eo
r
ies
r
elat
ed
to
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
id
en
tity
in
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
b
e
s
tu
d
ied
in
m
o
r
e
d
ep
t
h
,
b
u
t
u
n
til
n
o
w
th
er
e
ar
e
s
till
d
is
ag
r
ee
m
en
ts
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
id
en
tity
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
1
9
]
.
R
esear
ch
in
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
id
e
n
tity
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
is
also
co
n
s
id
er
ed
q
u
iet
b
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
th
e
o
r
ies
p
r
esen
ted
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
r
eg
ar
d
e
d
an
d
wid
el
y
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
f
ield
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
as
a
m
eth
o
d
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
tu
d
en
t
m
o
tiv
atio
n
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
a
d
is
tin
ctiv
e
an
d
u
n
iq
u
e
b
r
a
n
d
im
ag
e
is
a
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
m
at
ter
th
at
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
b
y
HE
I
s
to
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
s
taf
f
,
in
v
esto
r
s
an
d
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
[
2
0
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
c
h
[
2
0
]
,
th
e
f
ailu
r
e
to
cr
ea
te
th
e
u
n
iq
u
en
ess
o
f
HE
I
s
also
h
as
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
b
r
an
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
an
d
h
as
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
m
ar
k
etin
g
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
ti
o
n
ef
f
o
r
ts
,
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
co
n
s
er
v
ativ
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
,
with
lim
ited
f
u
n
d
s
a
n
d
n
o
t
s
o
lely
p
r
o
f
it
o
r
ien
ted
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
ig
ital
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
id
en
tity
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
to
r
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
im
ag
e
o
f
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
b
r
a
n
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
o
cc
u
r
r
eq
u
ir
e
h
u
m
an
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
ex
p
er
tis
e
[
2
0
]
.
As
Pd
P
tak
es
p
lace
o
n
lin
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
c
ted
to
id
en
tify
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
th
at
m
ay
af
f
ec
t
s
tu
d
e
n
t
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
id
en
tity
an
d
th
e
b
r
an
d
in
g
o
f
p
u
b
lic
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
Ma
la
y
s
ia.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
u
n
r
av
el
all
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
an
d
f
in
d
an
s
wer
s
as to
wh
eth
er
it
is
tr
u
e
th
at
d
ig
ital
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
ticed
b
y
HE
I
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
h
av
e
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
eir
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
al
id
en
tity
an
d
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
b
r
an
d
in
g
p
u
b
lic
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
i
n
Ma
lay
s
ia.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
1
24
-
1
32
126
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Sa
m
ple
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
clu
d
ed
1
3
,
8
0
4
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
th
e
b
ac
h
elo
r
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
d
e
g
r
e
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
(
PISM
P)
at
Un
iv
er
s
iti
Utar
a
Ma
lay
s
ia
(
UUM
)
r
ep
r
esen
ti
n
g
th
e
N
o
r
th
er
n
zo
n
e
o
f
Pe
n
in
s
u
lar
Ma
lay
s
ia,
Un
iv
er
s
iti
Pu
tr
a
Ma
lay
s
ia
(
UPM)
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
W
ester
n
zo
n
e
o
f
Pen
in
s
u
lar
Ma
lay
s
ia,
Un
iv
er
s
iti
T
u
n
Hu
s
s
ein
On
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
(
UT
HM
)
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
So
u
th
er
n
zo
n
e
o
f
Pen
in
s
u
lar
Ma
la
y
s
ia,
an
d
Un
iv
er
s
iti
Ma
lay
s
ia
Sab
ah
(
UM
S)
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
E
ast
Ma
lay
s
ia
z
o
n
e.
H
o
wev
er
,
a
to
tal
o
f
4
7
6
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
as
a
r
an
d
o
m
ly
s
elec
ted
s
am
p
le
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
an
d
th
is
n
u
m
b
er
was
s
u
f
f
icien
t
t
o
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
o
p
u
latio
n
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
o
f
Kr
ejcie
an
d
Mo
r
g
an
.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
o
b
tain
ed
,
7
1
.
8
%
wer
e
f
em
ale
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
wh
ile
2
8
.
2
%
wer
e
m
ale
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
Me
a
n
wh
ile,
f
o
u
r
t
h
y
ea
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ar
e
t
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
ich
is
7
3
.
3
%.
2
.
2
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
f
o
u
r
p
ar
ts
,
n
am
ely
p
ar
t
A
r
elate
d
to
th
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ics
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
;
p
ar
t
B
is
a
q
u
es
tio
n
n
air
e
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
d
ig
it
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ad
a
p
ted
f
r
o
m
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
[
2
1
]
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
f
iv
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
an
d
2
3
item
s
;
p
ar
t
C
i
s
a
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
id
e
n
tity
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
s
ev
en
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
an
d
2
3
item
s
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
Ma
cleo
d
C
lar
k
Pro
f
ess
io
n
al
I
d
en
tity
Scale
(
MCP
I
S
-
9
)
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
b
ased
o
n
Self
Dete
r
m
i
n
atio
n
T
h
eo
r
y
(
SDT)
;
wh
ile
p
a
r
t
D
is
a
b
r
an
d
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
co
n
tain
in
g
f
iv
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
a
n
d
1
8
item
s
ad
a
p
ted
f
r
o
m
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
ese
th
r
ee
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
s
u
s
e
a
f
iv
e
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
f
r
o
m
1
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
)
to
5
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
)
.
T
h
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
d
ig
ital
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
id
en
tity
an
d
b
r
a
n
d
in
g
an
d
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
v
alu
e
o
f
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
6
1
to
0
.
9
4
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
alp
h
a
v
al
u
e
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
ac
ce
p
tab
le
b
ec
au
s
e
it
m
ee
ts
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
lev
el
o
f
0
.
6
0
f
o
r
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
[
2
4
]
.
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
e
d
wer
e
an
al
y
ze
d
u
s
in
g
I
B
M
Statis
tical
Pack
ag
e
f
o
r
So
cial
Scien
ce
(
I
B
M
-
SP
S
S)
v
er
s
io
n
2
6
f
o
r
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
t
atis
tics
,
in
f
er
en
ce
s
tatis
tics
a
n
d
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
i
s
(
E
FA)
,
wh
ile
f
o
r
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
is
(
C
FA)
u
s
ed
I
B
M
-
SP
SS
-
AM
O
S
v
er
s
io
n
2
4
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
E
FA
to
r
ed
u
ce
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
will
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
tu
d
y
v
ar
ia
b
les
to
s
ev
er
al
s
m
aller
an
d
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
ets
o
f
v
ar
iab
les.
Me
an
wh
ile,
C
FA
also
in
v
o
lv
es
a
f
ac
to
r
v
alid
atio
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
th
a
t
n
ee
d
s
t
o
b
e
b
u
ilt
to
v
alid
ate
all
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
c
t
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
els
s
o
t
h
at
th
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
item
s
a
n
d
ea
c
h
d
im
en
s
io
n
in
cl
u
d
ed
in
t
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
is
h
ig
h
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
E
FA
was
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
,
wh
ile
th
e
C
F
A
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
in
g
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ield
s
tu
d
y
[
2
5
]
–
[
2
7
]
.
2
.
3
.
1
.
E
x
plo
ra
t
o
ry
f
a
ct
o
r
a
n
a
ly
s
is
(
E
F
A)
E
x
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
t
o
r
an
aly
s
is
is
a
s
tatis
tical
m
eth
o
d
u
s
ed
b
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
o
b
tain
th
e
l
aten
t
b
asic
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
r
elativ
ely
lar
g
e
it
em
s
[
2
8
]
–
[
3
2
]
a
n
d
is
a
f
ac
t
o
r
an
aly
s
is
m
eth
o
d
th
at
aim
s
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
th
e
b
asic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
ea
ch
item
ev
alu
ated
.
Sin
ce
th
e
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
ar
e
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
wester
n
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
th
e
b
ac
k
-
to
-
b
ac
k
tr
an
s
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
allo
ws
f
o
r
m
is
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
it
em
s
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
d
u
e
to
c
r
o
s
s
-
cu
l
tu
r
al
is
s
u
es.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
E
FA
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
a
v
o
id
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
.
B
y
r
ef
er
r
in
g
to
th
e
Kaiser
-
Me
y
e
r
-
Olk
in
(
KM
O)
test
an
d
th
e
B
ar
tlett
T
est
o
f
Sp
h
er
icity
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
ex
ten
t
o
f
th
e
d
ata
v
alu
e
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
b
ef
o
r
e
an
i
tem
is
r
em
o
v
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
K
MO
v
alu
e
is
ab
o
v
e
0
.
7
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
s
h
o
w
th
at
af
ter
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
e
x
tr
ac
tin
g
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
it
is
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
o
n
l
y
item
f
ac
to
r
weig
h
tin
g
v
al
u
es
th
at
ar
e
m
o
r
e
th
an
0
.
6
0
(
>0
.
6
0
)
an
d
eig
en
v
al
u
es
o
f
m
o
r
e
th
an
o
n
e
is
tak
en
in
t
o
ac
co
u
n
t
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ese
item
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
h
av
e
h
ig
h
v
alid
ity
.
Me
an
wh
ile
,
th
e
cu
m
u
lativ
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
is
n
o
t m
o
r
e
th
an
6
0
%
[
2
8
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
2
.
3
.
2
.
Co
nfir
m
a
t
o
ry
f
a
ct
o
r
a
na
ly
s
is
(
CF
A)
C
o
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
is
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
d
o
n
e
to
co
n
f
ir
m
t
h
e
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
th
r
o
u
g
h
u
n
i
-
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
al
an
al
y
s
is
,
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
il
ity
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
n
ee
d
s
to
p
ass
th
r
ee
ty
p
es
o
f
v
alid
ity
,
n
am
ely
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
,
c
o
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
,
an
d
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
it
y
[
2
8
]
.
C
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
is
ass
ess
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
m
o
d
e
l
f
it
in
d
e
x
(
f
itn
ess
in
d
ex
es),
wh
ile
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
en
t
v
a
li
d
ity
is
ass
es
s
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
av
er
a
g
e
v
a
r
ian
c
e
ex
tr
a
cted
(
AVE
)
,
an
d
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
is
ass
ess
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
is
cr
im
in
a
n
t
v
alid
ity
in
d
ex
s
u
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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127
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u
r
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2
d
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th
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
2
2
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2
I
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t
J
E
v
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&
R
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d
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c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
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20
25
:
1
24
-
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32
128
Fig
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R
v
alu
e
(
C
R
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.
5
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6
,
p
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)
also
p
r
o
v
es
th
at
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
th
e
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
s
k
ills
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
p
r
ed
icts
th
e
b
r
a
n
d
in
g
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n
s
tr
u
ct
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e
to
o
,
it
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f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
B
eta
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alu
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o
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4
.
9
5
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ex
p
lain
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at
th
e
p
r
o
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ess
io
n
a
l
id
en
tity
co
n
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tr
u
ct
in
cr
ea
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ed
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y
1
u
n
it
,
th
en
th
e
b
r
an
d
in
g
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
also
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
4
.
9
5
0
,
ev
en
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
id
en
tity
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
h
ad
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
(
p
<0
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0
0
1
)
o
n
t
h
e
b
r
an
d
i
n
g
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
o
n
ly
th
e
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
im
en
s
io
n
an
d
th
e
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
s
k
ills
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
d
ig
ital
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
v
a
r
iab
le
h
a
v
e
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
id
en
tity
v
a
r
iab
le,
b
u
t
th
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
k
ills
d
im
en
s
io
n
h
as
n
o
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
id
en
tity
v
ar
ia
b
le.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
k
ills
an
d
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
s
k
ills
h
av
e
an
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
b
r
an
d
in
g
v
ar
iab
l
e.
Nex
t,
Fig
u
r
e
3
is
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
co
e
f
f
icien
t
v
alu
e
an
d
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
ce
f
o
r
ea
ch
p
at
h
.
T
ab
le
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
af
ter
th
e
m
ed
iato
r
test
in
g
was
co
n
d
u
c
ted
f
o
r
t
h
e
th
r
ee
r
esear
ch
v
a
r
iab
les,
n
am
ely
d
i
g
ital
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
,
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
id
en
tity
an
d
b
r
an
d
in
g
.
Me
a
n
w
h
ile,
Fig
u
r
e
3
is
a
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
m
ed
iato
r
test
in
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
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d
u
c
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N:
2252
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8
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2
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flu
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f
d
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Ma
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129
*
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3
.
T
esti
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T
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4
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4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
B
ased
o
n
T
ab
le
4
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
SEM
an
aly
s
is
h
av
e
p
r
o
v
en
th
at
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
an
d
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
in
ter
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
d
ig
ital
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
v
a
r
iab
le
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
id
en
tity
v
ar
iab
le.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
t
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
[
3
6
]
wh
er
e
th
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
d
id
ac
tic
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
asp
ec
ts
ca
n
d
ir
ec
tly
o
r
in
d
ir
ec
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
lear
n
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
n
in
d
i
v
id
u
al'
s
id
en
tity
d
u
r
in
g
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
th
is
f
in
d
i
n
g
is
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
s
tu
d
y
[
3
7
]
wh
ich
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
a
ty
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
f
iv
e
d
ig
ital
lead
er
s
h
ip
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
r
io
r
itized
,
n
am
ely
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
d
i
g
ital
cu
ltu
r
e,
d
ig
ital
d
if
f
er
en
tiatio
n
,
d
ig
ita
l
g
o
v
e
r
n
an
ce
,
an
d
d
ig
ital
ad
v
o
ca
c
y
to
c
h
an
g
e
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
ex
p
e
r
tis
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
lead
er
s
is
h
ig
h
ly
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
o
n
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
o
r
d
er
to
ca
n
cr
ea
te
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
cu
ltu
r
e
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
n
f
a
ct,
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
an
e
d
u
ca
to
r
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
n
av
i
g
ate
th
e
Pd
P
p
r
o
ce
s
s
wh
er
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
a
n
d
r
ef
lectiv
e
p
r
ac
tice
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
b
e
th
e
m
ain
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
id
e
n
tity
[
3
8
]
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
wh
o
h
a
v
e
m
u
l
tip
le
id
en
titi
es
th
at
alter
n
ate
in
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
th
eir
s
tu
d
en
ts
will g
iv
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
to
th
e
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
w
er
e
co
n
tr
ad
icted
b
y
s
ev
er
al
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
1
5
]
,
[
3
9
]
w
h
o
r
e
p
o
r
ted
th
at
4
2
.
2
8
%
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
3
9
.
1
0
%
of
teac
h
in
g
s
taf
f
th
in
k
t
h
at
s
o
m
e
s
o
cial
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
an
d
c
u
ltu
r
al
is
s
u
es
ar
e
an
o
b
s
tacle
to
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
e
-
lear
n
in
g
w
h
ich
h
as
led
to
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
c
h
an
g
es
an
d
ca
u
s
ed
f
am
ily
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
H
o
wev
er
,
o
t
h
er
s
tu
d
ies
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
1
]
tak
es
th
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
v
iew
b
y
s
tatin
g
th
a
t
d
ig
ital
lead
er
s
h
ip
b
eh
av
io
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ir
t
u
al
m
ee
t
in
g
s
,
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
,
s
h
ar
in
g
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
teac
h
in
g
,
s
u
p
e
r
v
is
io
n
,
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
alis
m
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
al
e
f
f
o
r
ts
is
t
o
cr
ea
te
a
d
i
g
ital
lear
n
in
g
s
p
ac
e
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
d
ig
ital
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
s
elf
-
id
en
tity
ap
p
lied
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
as
well
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
k
n
o
wled
g
e
wh
ile
d
ea
lin
g
with
lectu
r
er
s
[
4
2
]
.
Ku
s
u
m
a
wati
[
4
1
]
d
is
ag
r
ee
d
s
tatin
g
th
at
d
ig
ital
lead
er
s
h
ip
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
h
av
e
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
b
ased
o
n
a
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
cu
r
v
e
th
at
d
id
n
o
t
d
ep
ict
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
v
ar
iab
les.
Ho
wev
er
,
lo
g
ically
th
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
to
d
eter
m
in
e
an
d
d
ea
l
with
is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
m
ar
k
etin
g
1.
Th
e
i
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
(
a
)
=
0
.
5
0
(
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
)
2.
Th
e
i
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
(
b
)
=
0
.
7
3
(
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
)
3.
Th
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
(
c
)
=
0
.
3
5
(
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
)
4.
Th
u
s,
m
e
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
o
c
c
u
r
s s
i
n
c
e
b
o
t
h
(
a
)
a
n
d
(
b
)
a
r
e
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
.
5.
Th
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
me
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
i
s p
a
r
t
i
a
l
me
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
si
n
c
e
t
h
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
(
c
)
i
s a
l
so
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
1
24
-
1
32
130
is
s
u
es,
in
eq
u
ality
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
r
an
k
in
g
an
d
s
o
o
n
ca
n
b
e
c
o
m
b
in
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
a
n
d
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e,
s
o
f
twar
e
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t a
s
th
e
ar
ch
itect
o
f
d
ig
ital te
ch
n
o
l
o
g
y
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
i
n
HE
I
s
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
th
e
m
ed
iat
o
r
a
n
aly
s
is
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
v
en
th
at
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
i
d
en
tity
is
a
p
ar
tial
m
ed
iato
r
v
ar
iab
le
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
id
en
tity
ac
t
as
m
e
d
iato
r
s
in
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
d
ig
ital
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
th
e
b
r
an
d
in
g
o
f
p
u
b
lic
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ia.
T
h
is
i
s
b
ec
au
s
e
b
o
t
h
in
d
ir
ec
t
a
n
d
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
Pan
d
a
et
a
l.
[
4
5
]
wh
o
s
tated
th
at
th
e
m
ed
iato
r
o
f
r
e
p
u
tatio
n
h
as
an
ef
f
ec
t
in
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
im
a
g
e
o
f
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
b
r
an
d
an
d
th
e
lev
el
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e,
cu
s
to
m
er
v
al
u
e
p
lay
s
a
m
ajo
r
r
o
le
in
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
an
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
'
s
b
r
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
q
u
ality
m
e
d
iatio
n
[
4
6
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
em
p
h
asis
o
n
m
o
r
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
at
p
lay
s
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
m
a
n
ag
in
g
life
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
a
p
p
lie
d
to
th
e
n
ew
g
en
er
atio
n
s
o
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
b
r
id
g
e
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
ter
ac
ti
o
n
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
wo
r
ld
to
war
d
s
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
p
i
o
u
s
an
d
h
ig
h
-
in
teg
r
ity
p
er
s
o
n
alit
ies
[
4
7
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
o
d
e
r
atin
g
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
th
e
ag
e
an
d
m
at
u
r
ity
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
an
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
th
e
d
ig
ital
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
a
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al
wh
ich
i
n
tu
r
n
will
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
[
4
8
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
wer
e
co
n
tr
ad
icted
b
y
Heid
ar
i
et
a
l.
[
4
9
]
wh
o
s
tated
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
o
n
lin
e
s
o
cial
n
etwo
r
k
s
in
a
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
id
en
tity
wh
en
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
is
u
s
ed
as a
n
in
te
r
m
ed
iar
y
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
B
ased
o
n
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
it
ca
n
b
e
c
o
n
clu
d
e
d
th
a
t
s
tu
d
en
t
d
ig
ital
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
ca
n
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
id
en
tity
an
d
b
r
an
d
in
g
o
f
p
u
b
lic
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ia.
I
n
f
ac
t,
s
ev
er
al
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
i
d
en
tif
ied
f
o
r
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
,
wh
ic
h
is
to
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
in
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
h
o
u
ld
in
ten
s
if
y
th
eir
ef
f
o
r
ts
b
y
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
an
d
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
d
ig
ital
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
n
ca
m
p
u
s
to
a
v
e
r
y
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
lev
el
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
th
e
latest
g
u
id
el
in
es,
co
m
p
lete
a
n
d
m
o
d
er
n
f
ac
ilit
ies
f
o
r
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
an
ag
e
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
tim
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
b
ei
n
g
ab
le
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
tu
d
en
t
m
o
tiv
atio
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
f
ac
u
lty
is
also
a
d
v
is
ed
t
o
b
alan
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ac
ad
em
ic
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
s
o
th
at
th
e
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
n
r
u
n
s
m
o
o
th
ly
an
d
i
n
lin
e
with
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
t'
s
id
en
tity
,
wh
ich
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
ai
n
p
illar
s
o
f
t
h
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
'
s
b
r
an
d
in
g
b
en
c
h
m
ar
k
.
Sin
ce
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
f
o
u
r
p
u
b
lic
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
in
Ma
lay
s
ia,
it
is
th
er
ef
o
r
e
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
th
is
s
tu
d
y
b
e
co
n
tin
u
ed
b
y
in
v
o
lv
in
g
o
t
h
er
p
u
b
lic
o
r
p
r
iv
ate
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
to
g
et
a
clea
r
er
p
ic
tu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
h
ap
p
en
i
n
g
o
n
ca
m
p
u
s
to
d
ay
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
o
n
ly
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
it
i
s
s
u
g
g
ested
to
also
ex
p
an
d
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
n
o
th
er
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
o
b
tain
m
o
r
e
in
-
d
ep
th
an
d
d
etaile
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
f
u
t
u
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
ca
n
ad
d
q
u
alitativ
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
s
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
m
ix
ed
m
eth
o
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
s
o
th
at
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
a
r
e
m
o
r
e
in
-
d
ep
th
an
d
d
etailed
wh
e
r
e
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
v
ar
iab
les will b
e
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
wo
u
ld
lik
e
to
ex
p
r
ess
h
is
d
ee
p
est
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
to
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Ma
lay
s
ia,
th
e
Awa
n
g
Had
Sa
lleh
UUM
Gr
ad
u
ate
Sch
o
o
l,
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
taf
f
o
f
th
e
UUM
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
C
en
ter
,
an
d
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
th
e
e
d
u
c
atio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
at
UUM
,
UPM,
UT
HM
an
d
UM
S
as
wel
l
as
th
o
s
e
wh
o
ar
e
d
ir
ec
tly
o
r
in
d
ir
ec
tly
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
i
s
p
ar
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
f
u
n
d
ed
b
y
Un
iv
er
s
iti
Utar
a
Ma
lay
s
ia
an
d
th
e
Min
i
s
tr
y
o
f
Hig
h
e
r
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
r
esear
ch
g
r
a
n
t
with
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
n
u
m
b
er
FR
GS/1
/2
0
2
0
/SS
I
0
/UUM
/0
2
/1
4
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
I
.
G
ü
n
a
n
d
Ö
.
A
sl
a
n
,
“
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
e
a
d
e
r
sh
i
p
i
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
i
n
H
E
ALT
H
S
C
I
EN
C
E
S
C
u
rre
n
t
res
e
a
r
c
h
e
s
a
n
d
n
e
w
t
re
n
d
s
-
3
,
1
s
t
e
d
.
,
A
.
G
ü
l
e
r
a
n
d
C
.
B
a
ş
k
a
n
,
Ed
s
.
,
I
V
P
E,
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
5
0
–
6
6
.
[
2
]
G
.
B
o
r
o
w
s
k
a
,
“
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
e
a
d
e
r
sh
i
p
f
o
r
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
r
a
n
sf
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
,
”
Ws
p
ó
ł
c
z
e
sn
a
G
o
sp
o
d
a
r
k
a
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
1
–
1
9
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
6
8
8
1
/
w
g
.
2
0
1
9
.
4
.
0
2
.
[
3
]
A
.
R
.
A
.
A
z
i
z
,
“
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
r
e
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
”
i
n
T
h
e
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
rev
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
i
n
C
h
o
o
s
i
n
g
t
o
b
e
rel
e
v
a
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
p
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
e
r
a
,
3
r
d
e
d
.
,
S
.
S
.
O
t
h
m
a
n
,
E
d
.
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
Le
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
(
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
)
,
2
0
2
1
.
[
4
]
P
.
V
á
z
q
u
e
z
-
V
i
l
l
e
g
a
s,
M
.
R
e
y
e
s
-
M
i
l
l
á
n
,
a
n
d
J.
M
e
m
b
r
i
l
l
o
-
H
e
r
n
á
n
d
e
z
,
“
Th
e
n
e
w
r
e
a
l
i
t
y
i
n
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
i
m
p
l
i
e
s
t
h
e
i
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
o
f
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
i
z
e
d
d
i
g
i
t
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tern
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1
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t
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with
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c
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c
e
a
t
Un
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a
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s
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.
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h
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tac
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sm
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m
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c
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c
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Un
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lay
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).
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h
a
s
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m
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.
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