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ac
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ac
tiv
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[
1
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.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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J
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R
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d
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,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
749
-
757
750
ac
q
u
ir
in
g
v
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o
r
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s
u
b
s
id
es.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
th
e
v
illag
e
o
f
Su
k
o
d
o
n
o
in
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
p
a
n
d
em
ic
p
er
io
d
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
L
o
ca
ted
in
th
e
D
am
p
it
d
is
tr
ict
o
f
Ma
lan
g
R
eg
e
n
cy
,
Su
k
o
d
o
n
o
is
an
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
v
illag
e
s
itu
ated
n
ea
r
Mo
u
n
t
B
r
o
m
o
an
d
r
en
o
wn
ed
f
o
r
its
ec
o
-
to
u
r
is
m
attr
ac
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
r
esid
en
ts
in
th
is
v
illag
e
d
ep
en
d
o
n
f
ar
m
i
n
g
,
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
tly
h
o
r
ticu
ltu
r
al
cr
o
p
s
,
an
d
ca
ttle
r
ea
r
in
g
.
T
h
e
d
o
m
in
an
t
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
al
p
r
o
d
u
ct
in
Su
k
o
d
o
n
o
Villag
e
is
B
u
a
h
S
a
la
k
(
Salacc
a)
,
an
d
r
esid
en
ts
also
r
aise
g
o
ats
f
o
r
m
ea
t
an
d
m
ilk
s
u
p
p
ly
to
h
o
tels
,
r
estau
r
an
ts
,
an
d
l
o
ca
l
m
ar
k
ets s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
Mo
u
n
t Bro
m
o
.
T
h
e
p
an
d
em
ic
o
u
t
b
r
ea
k
in
2
0
1
9
-
2
0
2
1
h
as
led
to
a
d
ec
lin
e
in
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
m
ar
k
et
s
ales
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
in
co
m
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
to
u
r
is
t
n
u
m
b
er
s
h
a
v
e
ad
v
er
s
ely
af
f
ec
ted
th
e
v
illag
er
s
'
ab
ilit
y
to
s
ell
th
eir
p
r
o
d
u
cts.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
im
m
ed
iate
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
wer
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
t
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
s
er
io
u
s
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ch
allen
g
es.
I
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
alo
n
g
s
id
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
UI
N
Ma
lan
g
,
en
g
a
g
ed
in
a
co
m
m
u
n
ity
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
ject
in
Su
k
o
d
o
n
o
Villag
e
aim
e
d
at
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
th
e
v
illag
er
s
'
s
k
ills
an
d
eq
u
ip
p
in
g
t
h
em
with
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ap
p
lied
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
to
r
ec
o
v
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
r
ec
ess
io
n
.
T
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
s
er
v
ice
f
r
o
m
UI
N
Ma
lan
g
f
o
r
m
u
lated
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
b
ased
o
n
p
r
elim
i
n
ar
y
d
ata
co
llected
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
an
d
in
ter
v
iews.
T
h
ese
ef
f
o
r
t
s
aim
ed
to
id
en
tify
th
e
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
o
f
th
e
v
illag
er
s
an
d
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
ac
tio
n
s
to
allev
iate
th
eir
d
i
s
tr
ess
in
g
s
itu
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
er
v
ed
as f
ac
ilit
ato
r
s
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t o
f
co
llab
o
r
ati
v
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
,
allo
win
g
th
e
v
illag
er
s
to
f
r
ee
ly
ex
p
r
ess
th
eir
id
ea
s
,
s
et
lear
n
in
g
g
o
als,
an
d
d
ec
id
e
wh
ich
s
k
ills
th
ey
wis
h
ed
to
ac
q
u
ir
e.
T
h
e
f
o
cu
s
was
o
n
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
th
e
v
illag
er
s
'
s
k
ills
in
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
s
elf
-
h
elp
co
m
m
u
n
ity
in
itiativ
es,
an
d
m
ar
k
et
in
f
lu
en
ce
.
C
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
ac
ad
e
m
ic
an
d
v
illag
e
a
d
m
i
n
is
tr
atio
n
s
to
em
p
o
wer
v
illag
e
ec
o
n
o
m
y
is
n
o
t
a
n
ew
co
n
ce
p
t
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
B
UM
DE
S
(
B
a
d
a
n
U
s
a
h
a
Mil
ik
Des
a
o
r
v
illag
e
-
o
wn
ed
en
ter
p
r
is
es
)
,
ar
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia
th
at
aim
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
v
illag
e
e
co
n
o
m
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
am
o
n
g
th
e
v
illag
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
,
ac
a
d
e
m
ics,
an
d
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
.
B
UM
DE
S
is
a
v
ital
v
illag
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
in
s
titu
tio
n
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
n
ea
r
ly
5
0
,
0
0
0
u
n
its
,
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
1
,
0
0
0
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
,
1
0
,
0
0
0
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
,
an
d
3
0
,
0
0
0
p
ilo
t
-
s
tag
e
B
UM
DE
S.
T
h
e
B
UM
DE
S
s
ca
le
-
u
p
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
B
UM
DE
S,
ac
ad
e
m
ics,
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
en
h
a
n
ce
s
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
in
s
titu
tio
n
al,
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
d
ig
italizatio
n
,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
asp
ec
ts
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
k
ey
c
h
allen
g
es
an
d
s
er
v
i
n
g
as
a
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
v
illag
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
r
o
wth
[
1
0
]
,
an
d
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
B
UM
DE
S
s
in
ce
2
0
2
0
in
d
icate
d
th
e
willin
g
n
ess
o
f
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
to
c
o
llab
o
r
ate
with
th
e
v
illag
e
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
eir
n
ee
d
s
.
I
n
a
s
lig
h
tly
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e,
a
s
im
ilar
co
n
te
x
t
h
as
b
ee
n
attem
p
ted
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
in
C
h
in
a
am
id
s
t
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
o
u
t
b
r
ea
k
;
it
was
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
v
illag
e
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
s
a
n
d
lead
er
s
,
ca
n
im
p
ac
t
v
illag
er
s
’
tr
u
s
t
in
th
e
ce
n
tr
alize
d
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t.
I
n
t
h
e
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
ed
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ca
s
e,
th
e
v
illag
e
ec
o
n
o
m
y
was
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
th
e
ce
n
tr
alize
d
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t,
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
b
y
th
e
ac
ad
em
ician
s
to
d
eliv
e
r
q
u
a
lity
p
r
o
d
u
cts
f
o
r
t
h
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
t
o
b
e
e
x
p
o
r
te
d
[
1
1
]
.
Fro
m
a
s
im
ilar
s
ettin
g
in
C
h
in
a,
it
was
also
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
s
u
ch
a
p
r
a
x
is
m
o
d
el
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
v
illag
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
1
2
]
.
Fro
m
th
e
s
ettin
g
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esian
to
u
r
is
m
v
illag
e,
it
was
also
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
a
t
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
b
ased
to
u
r
is
m
(
C
B
T
)
f
o
s
ter
s
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
to
u
r
is
t
-
co
m
m
u
n
ity
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
o
f
lo
ca
l
co
m
m
u
n
ities
in
s
h
ap
in
g
r
u
r
al
C
B
T
,
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
tly
f
r
o
m
an
ac
a
d
em
ic
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
elv
es
in
to
v
illag
er
s
p
er
s
p
e
ctiv
es
o
n
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
r
u
r
al
C
B
T
in
Pam
p
an
g
Villag
e,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
Usi
n
g
a
tr
ian
g
u
latio
n
m
eth
o
d
,
d
ata
was
g
ath
er
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
ter
v
iews,
f
ield
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
,
a
n
d
q
u
an
ti
tativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
s
o
f
lo
ca
l
attr
ac
tio
n
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
Fin
d
in
g
s
led
to
a
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
estab
lis
h
in
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
r
u
r
al
C
B
T
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
[
1
3
]
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
ac
a
d
em
ician
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
l
o
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
f
r
o
m
th
e
v
illag
er
s
an
d
t
h
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
to
e
m
p
o
wer
an
d
s
u
s
tain
v
illag
e
ec
o
n
o
m
y
.
I
n
th
e
s
am
e
lig
h
t,
a
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Sh
aa
b
an
ex
am
in
e
d
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
Villag
e
Sav
in
g
an
d
L
o
an
s
Ass
o
ciatio
n
(
VSLA
)
,
an
o
th
er
p
r
ax
is
m
o
d
el
b
etwe
en
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t,
b
an
k
in
g
in
d
u
s
tr
ies,
an
d
ac
ad
em
ics
o
n
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
E
g
y
p
t.
T
h
e
VSLA
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
was
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
h
a
v
e
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
tly
im
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
itu
atio
n
o
f
m
an
y
wo
m
en
an
d
f
am
ilies
,
o
v
er
c
o
m
in
g
f
in
a
n
cial
h
ar
d
s
h
ip
a
n
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
r
u
r
al
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
also
em
p
o
wer
ed
w
o
m
en
f
in
a
n
cially
,
en
ab
lin
g
th
em
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
co
m
m
u
n
ity
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
itiativ
es
an
d
p
lay
an
ac
tiv
e
r
o
le
in
r
u
r
al
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
Sh
aa
b
an
’
s
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
t
h
e
ac
ad
em
ics
was
em
p
h
asized
in
m
ak
in
g
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
u
s
tain
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
v
illag
e
ec
o
n
o
m
y
to
f
u
lf
ill
th
e
lo
an
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Ne
v
er
th
eless
,
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
f
r
o
m
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ie
s
in
o
u
r
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew,
o
u
r
ca
s
e
in
th
e
v
illag
e
o
f
Su
k
o
d
o
n
o
was
n
o
t
to
u
r
is
m
-
b
ased
n
o
r
b
an
k
-
lo
a
n
-
b
ased
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
T
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
C
o
lla
b
o
r
a
tive
p
r
a
xis lea
r
n
in
g
to
emp
o
w
er ru
r
a
l a
r
ea
:
a
n
a
c
tio
n
r
esea
r
ch
(
A
b
d
u
l
A
z
iz
)
751
lo
ca
tio
n
,
cu
ltu
r
e,
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
b
eh
av
io
r
wer
e
h
ig
h
ly
ag
r
i
cu
ltu
r
al,
wh
er
e
p
e
o
p
le
d
id
n
o
t
n
atu
r
ally
leav
e
th
e
v
illag
e
to
h
u
n
t,
f
is
h
,
o
r
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
g
o
o
d
s
;
th
ey
f
ar
m
[
1
5
]
.
As
f
ar
m
in
g
h
as
b
ee
n
th
eir
wa
y
o
f
liv
in
g
s
in
ce
th
e
v
illag
e
was
f
o
u
n
d
ed
,
th
e
v
illa
g
er
s
ar
e
n
atu
r
ally
f
am
iliar
with
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
f
ar
m
in
g
,
wh
ich
was
en
o
u
g
h
f
o
r
th
em
to
s
u
r
v
iv
e
in
p
ea
ce
u
n
til
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ializatio
n
er
a
[
1
6
]
m
ig
h
t n
o
t
b
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
f
ar
m
in
g
,
w
h
ich
is
m
o
r
e
in
-
d
em
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
tly
,
to
em
p
o
wer
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
th
ei
r
cu
r
r
en
t
ec
o
n
o
m
y
,
m
o
r
eo
v
er
,
with
th
eir
g
en
-
Z
b
ein
g
m
o
r
e
ed
u
ca
ted
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
v
illag
e
an
d
p
r
ef
e
r
to
co
n
t
in
u
e
liv
in
g
i
n
u
r
b
an
ar
ea
[
1
7
]
.
R
elate
d
to
th
at,
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
o
n
th
e
y
o
u
t
h
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
tu
d
ies
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
y
o
u
th
with
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
co
n
tr
i
b
u
ted
m
o
r
e
to
th
eir
h
o
m
e
v
illag
es
t
h
an
in
d
iv
id
u
als
f
r
o
m
g
en
e
r
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
8
]
,
d
esp
ite
th
e
y
o
u
th
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
tu
d
ies ar
e
h
i
g
h
ly
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
eir
p
ar
en
ts
’
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
f
in
an
cial
s
itu
atio
n
s
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
cts
an
d
s
er
v
ice
f
r
o
m
v
illag
es
ar
e
av
ailab
le
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
h
ig
h
;
h
o
wev
e
r
,
b
u
r
d
e
n
s
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
s
itu
atio
n
s
wh
er
e
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
d
em
an
d
s
m
o
r
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
q
u
ality
o
f
s
u
p
p
ly
th
at
th
e
v
illag
es
ar
e
n
o
t
ab
le
to
h
an
d
le,
o
r
th
at
th
e
v
i
llag
e
is
n
o
t
ab
le
to
in
n
o
v
ate
o
r
elev
ate
th
eir
v
al
u
e
to
m
ee
t
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
o
f
d
em
an
d
s
[
2
0
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
itu
atio
n
,
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
wo
u
ld
lik
ely
to
o
p
t
f
o
r
o
th
e
r
o
p
tio
n
s
th
an
co
llab
o
r
atin
g
with
v
illag
es,
s
u
ch
as
im
p
o
r
t,
h
ir
in
g
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
,
o
r
r
etr
ai
n
in
g
t
h
eir
e
x
is
tin
g
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
ce
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
s
im
ilar
l
y
co
s
tlier
an
d
less
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
th
an
c
o
llab
o
r
atin
g
with
v
illag
er
s
an
d
v
illag
e
a
d
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
an
d
d
ata
co
lle
ctio
n
,
th
e
v
illag
e
o
f
Su
k
o
d
o
n
o
co
u
ld
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
t
ilized
m
o
r
e
o
f
its
p
o
ten
tial
to
s
tr
iv
e,
em
p
o
wer
an
d
s
u
s
tain
its
o
wn
ec
o
n
o
m
y
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
it
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
h
o
w
th
e
cu
ltu
r
e,
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
an
d
th
e
tr
ad
iti
o
n
o
f
f
ar
m
in
g
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
y
in
t
h
e
v
illag
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ad
ju
s
ted
,
m
o
d
if
ied
,
o
r
alter
ed
to
f
u
l
f
ill th
e
ex
is
tin
g
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
n
ee
d
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
o
f
u
lf
ill
t
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e,
we
a
d
o
p
t
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
d
ir
ec
tly
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
r
esear
ch
an
d
t
o
o
k
ac
tio
n
to
r
esto
r
e
s
itu
atio
n
wh
en
th
e
s
tu
d
y
to
o
k
p
lace
.
T
h
en
,
we
class
if
ied
an
d
an
aly
ze
d
t
h
e
d
ata
b
ased
o
n
th
em
es.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
llected
an
d
an
aly
z
ed
th
e
d
ata
o
n
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
th
em
es: p
r
eser
v
in
g
h
ea
lth
y
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
s
elf
-
h
elp
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
an
d
m
ar
k
et
p
o
we
r
.
2
.
1
.
Rev
iew
o
f
t
heo
ries
C
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
es
lear
n
er
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
e
x
p
lo
r
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
an
d
m
aster
s
p
ec
if
ied
s
k
ill
[
2
1
]
.
T
u
to
r
o
r
teac
h
er
in
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ity
f
ac
ilit
ated
lear
n
er
s
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
n
ew
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
m
an
ag
e
class
d
eb
ate,
an
d
d
e
f
in
e
g
r
o
u
p
p
r
o
ject
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
lig
h
t
o
f
th
is
,
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
m
o
ted
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
,
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
alis
m
,
lear
n
e
r
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
m
o
t
iv
atio
n
,
a
n
d
s
k
ill
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
lo
n
g
-
li
f
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
ad
u
lt
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
Ad
u
lt
lear
n
er
s
n
ee
d
ed
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ity
to
u
p
d
ate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
s
k
ill
to
k
ee
p
ab
r
ea
s
t
o
f
d
y
n
am
ic
p
r
o
g
r
ess
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t.
A
d
u
lt
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ity
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
v
a
r
ian
t
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
to
s
p
u
r
ad
u
lt
lear
n
er
s
c
o
llab
o
r
ate
at
ea
ch
o
th
er
f
o
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
a
n
d
s
k
ill
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t.
I
t
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
th
em
to
s
u
r
v
iv
e
in
tig
h
t
co
m
p
etitio
n
[
2
5
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
m
u
s
t
b
e
well
-
d
esig
n
ed
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
lear
n
er
s
ac
q
u
ir
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
k
ill,
an
d
d
o
g
r
o
u
p
p
r
o
ject
b
etter
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
J
o
h
n
Ho
p
k
in
s
Un
iv
er
s
ity
class
if
ied
s
tu
d
en
t
team
lear
n
i
n
g
o
r
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
in
to
ten
m
o
d
els.
T
u
t
o
r
a
n
d
t
ea
ch
er
ar
e
ab
le
to
im
p
lem
en
t
an
d
co
m
b
in
e
s
o
m
e
m
o
d
els
o
f
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
le
ar
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ity
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
r
ee
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
s
:
lear
n
in
g
to
g
eth
er
,
s
tu
d
e
n
t
team
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
d
iv
is
io
n
s
,
an
d
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
le
ar
n
in
g
.
L
ea
r
n
in
g
to
g
eth
e
r
f
ac
ilit
ated
lear
n
er
s
to
co
llab
o
r
at
e
an
d
lear
n
to
o
n
e
an
o
th
er
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
lear
n
i
n
g
m
ater
ials
[
2
8
]
an
d
d
o
g
r
o
u
p
p
r
o
ject.
C
o
o
p
er
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
s
u
g
g
ested
lear
n
er
s
to
b
e
tu
to
r
a
n
d
tu
tee
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
L
ea
r
n
er
w
h
o
alr
ea
d
y
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
o
r
m
a
s
ter
ce
r
tain
s
k
ill
to
b
e
tu
to
r
(
p
ee
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t)
f
o
r
o
t
h
er
lear
n
e
r
s
.
Stu
d
en
ts
'
team
a
ch
iev
em
en
t
d
iv
is
io
n
s
class
if
y
lear
n
er
s
in
to
s
o
m
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
an
d
m
e
m
b
er
s
o
f
ea
ch
g
r
o
u
p
h
av
e
to
lear
n
c
er
tain
m
ater
ial
o
r
s
k
ill
th
en
h
elp
ea
ch
o
th
er
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ial
o
r
m
aster
s
p
ec
if
ied
s
k
ill
[
3
1
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
g
en
er
al
well
-
b
ei
n
g
is
h
ig
h
ly
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
g
r
o
s
s
d
o
m
esti
c
p
r
o
d
u
ct,
h
u
m
an
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
in
d
ex
,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
g
o
als
[
3
2
]
u
s
e,
s
o
cial
ca
p
ital,
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
p
o
licy
,
ec
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
r
elig
io
n
f
ac
to
r
[
3
3
]
.
Gen
er
al
well
-
b
ein
g
was
m
u
ch
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
s
u
ch
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
lik
e
ag
e,
g
en
d
er
,
cu
ltu
r
e,
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t
o
r
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
n
o
v
at
io
n
[
3
4
]
.
I
n
lig
h
t
o
f
th
is
,
in
n
o
v
atio
n
em
p
h
asize
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
th
in
k
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
cr
ea
te
s
o
m
eth
in
g
n
ew,
o
r
ig
i
n
ality
,
an
d
v
ar
ian
t
o
f
alter
n
ati
v
es
to
m
ak
e
g
o
o
d
s
an
d
s
er
v
ices
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
a
n
d
s
atis
f
y
in
g
f
o
r
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
.
B
u
s
in
ess
o
wn
er
,
f
ar
m
er
,
d
o
ct
o
r
,
f
ir
m
s
,
an
d
o
th
e
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
wer
e
alwa
y
s
co
n
ce
r
n
e
d
with
th
e
ter
m
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
T
h
e
y
n
ev
e
r
ac
h
i
ev
ed
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
lev
el
in
b
u
s
in
ess
with
o
u
t
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
T
o
c
r
ea
te
n
ew
m
o
d
el
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
a
ctica
l
u
s
e
o
f
ce
r
tain
p
r
o
d
u
ct
af
f
ec
ted
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
in
b
u
s
in
ess
co
m
p
etitio
n
.
I
t
m
e
an
s
th
at
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
p
u
r
b
u
s
in
ess
o
wn
er
,
f
ar
m
er
,
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
an
d
o
th
er
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
tiv
ity
to
f
u
lf
il c
u
s
to
m
e
r
s
’
d
em
an
d
[
3
5
]
.
I
n
n
o
v
atio
n
m
u
s
t
b
e
b
ased
o
n
d
ata
[
3
6
]
.
I
t
is
n
o
t
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
in
d
iv
id
u
al
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
,
p
r
ed
ictio
n
,
an
d
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
.
B
u
s
in
ess
o
wn
er
h
ad
to
id
en
tify
p
r
o
d
u
ct
q
u
ality
to
m
ee
t
cu
s
to
m
er
s
ati
s
f
a
ctio
n
b
y
co
llectin
g
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
u
r
v
e
y
an
d
r
an
d
o
m
in
ter
v
iew
to
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
.
T
h
en
,
th
ey
in
d
e
x
ed
cu
s
to
m
er
d
em
an
d
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
749
-
757
752
p
r
o
d
u
ct
s
u
p
p
ly
,
p
r
o
d
u
ct
q
u
alit
y
,
m
ar
k
et
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
,
a
n
d
o
th
er
s
.
Data
-
b
ased
in
n
o
v
atio
n
r
es
u
lted
in
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
[
3
7
]
.
I
n
n
o
v
atio
n
m
u
s
t b
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
with
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
C
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
a
m
o
n
g
wo
r
k
er
s
with
in
th
e
co
m
p
a
n
y
is
cr
u
cial
t
o
r
es
to
r
in
g
,
r
em
o
d
elin
g
an
d
r
e
d
esig
n
in
g
o
ld
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
t
o
win
a
tig
h
t
co
m
p
etitiv
e
m
ar
k
et.
I
t
is
also
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
co
llab
o
r
ate
a
n
d
s
h
ar
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
b
etwe
en
co
m
p
an
ies
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
q
u
ality
an
d
b
u
ild
m
o
r
e
ca
p
tiv
e
m
ar
k
et
[
3
8
]
–
[
4
0
]
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
Ho
n
d
a
au
to
m
o
b
ile
co
m
p
a
n
y
co
lla
b
o
r
ated
with
h
o
m
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
to
s
u
p
p
ly
s
p
ar
e
p
ar
ts
lik
e
n
u
ts
,
b
o
lts
,
wh
ee
ls
an
d
o
th
er
p
ar
ts
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
o
d
e
r
n
,
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
t c
ar
.
T
h
e
b
u
s
in
ess
co
m
p
an
y
b
u
ild
s
m
ar
k
et
p
o
wer
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
n
o
v
at
io
n
.
I
n
n
o
v
atio
n
lets
b
u
s
in
ess
c
o
m
p
an
y
alwa
y
s
o
f
f
er
cu
r
r
en
t
tr
e
n
d
s
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
u
s
e
o
f
n
ew
p
r
o
d
u
ct
s
.
I
t
m
ak
es
cu
s
to
m
er
s
m
o
r
e
s
atis
f
ied
an
d
lo
y
al
t
o
b
u
y
an
d
u
s
e
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
cts
[
2
0
]
.
I
n
lin
e
with
th
at
Aziz
et
a
l
.
[
4
1
]
d
escr
ib
ed
t
h
at
g
en
er
al
well
-
b
ein
g
co
v
e
r
e
d
s
o
m
e
elem
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
c
o
s
t
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
b
u
ild
in
g
m
o
r
e
ca
p
tiv
e
m
ar
k
et
o
r
win
n
in
g
m
a
r
k
et
p
o
wer
.
B
u
s
in
ess
co
m
p
an
y
h
a
s
to
s
p
en
d
ef
f
icien
t
c
o
s
ts
an
d
ac
h
iev
e
p
r
e
f
er
r
ed
p
r
o
f
it.
Ma
r
k
et
p
o
wer
was
also
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
b
u
s
in
ess
co
m
p
an
y
p
o
wer
to
attr
ac
t
m
o
r
e
lo
y
al
cu
s
to
m
er
s
to
b
u
y
co
m
p
a
n
y
p
r
o
d
u
cts.
Ma
r
k
et
p
o
wer
d
eter
m
in
ed
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
b
u
s
in
ess
co
m
p
an
y
[
4
2
]
.
R
ec
en
tly
,
it
is
n
o
r
m
al
am
o
n
g
b
u
s
in
ess
co
m
p
etito
r
s
to
co
lla
b
o
r
ate
with
ea
ch
o
th
er
to
b
u
ild
m
ar
k
e
t
p
o
wer
.
I
t
is
ef
f
icien
t
to
r
ea
ch
m
o
r
e
cu
s
to
m
e
r
s
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
ales.
T
h
ey
s
h
ar
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
q
u
ality
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
h
a
n
d
in
h
a
n
d
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
to
b
u
ild
lo
y
alty
am
o
n
g
cu
s
to
m
er
s
[
2
6
]
.
C
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
ac
tio
n
am
o
n
g
th
e
b
u
s
in
ess
co
m
p
an
y
i
n
p
ec
u
liar
h
o
m
e
-
in
d
u
s
tr
y
b
u
s
in
ess
es
s
h
o
wed
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
b
u
s
in
ess
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
it
y
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
m
o
s
t
v
illag
e
r
s
o
f
Kar
a
n
g
Pan
d
an
,
Ma
lan
g
r
u
n
h
o
m
e
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
wo
o
d
en
m
ask
s
.
Am
o
n
g
v
illag
er
s
co
llab
o
r
ate
at
ea
ch
o
th
er
t
o
s
u
p
p
ly
th
e
d
em
an
d
o
f
cu
s
to
m
er
[
4
3
]
.
Ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
th
at,
h
u
m
an
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t
was
also
cr
u
cial
to
b
u
ild
g
en
er
al
well
-
b
ein
g
.
E
m
p
o
wer
m
en
t
was
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
t
o
u
s
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
e
x
p
lo
it
p
o
te
n
tial,
an
d
o
p
tim
izin
g
s
tr
en
g
th
to
ac
h
iev
e
d
ef
in
ed
g
o
als.
Ng
a
et
a
l
.
[
4
4
]
s
tated
th
at
em
p
o
wer
m
e
n
t
m
ay
b
e
s
e
en
as
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
wh
er
e
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
lear
n
to
s
ee
a
clo
s
er
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ce
b
etwe
e
n
th
eir
g
o
als
an
d
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
h
o
w
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
em
,
a
n
d
a
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
eir
ef
f
o
r
ts
an
d
life
o
u
tc
o
m
es
[
4
5
]
d
ef
i
n
ed
em
p
o
wer
m
e
n
t
a
s
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
it
is
th
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
b
y
wh
ich
p
eo
p
le
,
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
,
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
iti
es
g
ain
m
aster
y
o
v
er
liv
es
[
4
6
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
an
d
,
em
p
o
we
r
m
en
t
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
in
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
an
d
f
in
a
n
cial
ce
r
tain
t
y
[
4
4
]
.
E
v
e
n
,
co
m
m
u
n
ity
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
af
f
ec
ted
h
u
m
an
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t,
B
o
y
d
an
d
No
well
[
4
7
]
s
aid
th
at
h
u
m
an
was
em
p
o
wer
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
s
k
ill,
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
alis
m
with
in
g
r
o
u
p
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
2
.
2
.
Act
i
o
n r
esea
rc
h
Actio
n
r
esear
ch
is
ch
o
s
en
as
th
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
as
it
f
it
s
o
u
r
p
lan
to
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
th
e
v
illag
er
s
to
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
i
n
g
to
ac
h
iev
e
co
m
m
o
n
g
o
als
[
4
8
]
.
Ou
r
team
in
ter
v
iewe
d
th
e
v
illag
er
s
to
id
en
tify
an
y
alter
n
ativ
es
to
r
ec
o
v
er
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
r
ec
ess
io
n
in
t
h
e
v
illag
e.
T
h
en
,
t
h
e
team
d
ef
in
e
d
ad
u
lt
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ject
to
d
ev
elo
p
v
illag
er
s
k
ill
to
b
u
ild
v
illag
er
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
af
f
lu
en
t
a
f
ter
th
e
en
d
o
f
p
an
d
em
ic
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ject
was
d
esig
n
ed
u
s
in
g
co
llab
o
r
a
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ity
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ject
was
d
esig
n
ed
as
t
h
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
-
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
T
h
e
team
d
iv
i
d
ed
v
illag
er
s
in
to
s
ev
er
al
lear
n
in
g
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
as
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
wo
u
ld
b
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
wh
en
t
h
e
lear
n
er
s
h
a
v
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
th
eir
s
o
cial
id
en
t
ity
as
lear
n
in
g
in
d
iv
id
u
als
[
4
9
]
.
T
h
e
team
tr
ai
n
ed
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ated
th
e
f
i
r
s
t g
r
o
u
p
t
o
lear
n
an
d
h
elp
at
ea
ch
o
t
h
er
to
m
aster
s
p
ec
if
ied
s
k
ill an
d
d
o
th
e
p
r
o
ject.
Af
ter
war
d
s
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
g
r
o
u
p
f
a
cilitated
an
d
g
u
i
d
ed
th
e
n
ex
t
g
r
o
u
p
to
d
o
th
e
p
r
o
ject
as
p
e
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
I
n
lig
h
t
o
f
th
is
,
o
u
r
team
j
u
s
t
p
lay
ed
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
a
f
ac
ilit
ato
r
d
u
r
in
g
lear
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
team
ju
s
t
p
r
o
v
id
ed
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
an
d
h
el
p
to
tu
to
r
wh
en
th
er
e
was
an
y
p
r
o
b
lem
o
r
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
q
u
esti
o
n
d
u
r
in
g
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
C
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
g
r
o
u
p
p
r
o
jects.
2
.
2
.
1
.
P
re
s
er
v
ing
hea
lt
hy
en
v
iro
nm
ent
T
h
e
team
o
f
UI
N
Ma
lan
g
co
n
d
u
cted
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lea
r
n
in
g
to
tr
ain
v
illag
e
r
s
to
p
r
eser
v
e
a
h
ea
lth
y
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lt
h
y
life
.
A
co
m
m
o
n
a
n
d
u
r
g
en
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
r
o
b
lem
to
tac
k
le
was
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
waste.
I
t
wa
s
d
o
m
esti
c
wa
s
te
an
d
waste
o
f
ca
ttle.
T
h
e
team
g
u
id
ed
v
illag
er
s
to
class
if
y
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
u
r
n
ab
le
waste
an
d
u
n
b
u
r
n
ab
le
waste.
Villag
er
s
wer
e
also
g
u
id
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
,
r
e
u
s
e,
an
d
r
ec
y
cle
wa
s
te
to
m
in
im
ize
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
d
a
n
g
er
o
u
s
ch
em
ica
l
r
esid
u
e
o
n
h
u
m
an
a
n
d
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Villag
er
s
wer
e
f
ac
ilit
ated
to
s
en
d
u
n
b
u
r
n
ab
le
waste
lik
e
b
o
ttles
an
d
p
o
tter
y
t
o
r
ec
y
cli
n
g
ce
n
ter
s
,
an
d
in
r
etu
r
n
,
v
illag
er
s
g
o
t
m
o
n
ey
f
r
o
m
it.
T
h
en
,
th
e
team
tr
ain
e
d
v
illag
er
s
o
n
h
o
w
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
u
r
n
a
b
le
waste
to
s
u
p
p
ly
d
aily
n
ee
d
s
am
o
n
g
v
illag
er
s
.
Villag
er
s
wer
e
ab
le
to
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
b
io
g
as
f
r
o
m
h
u
m
a
n
a
n
d
ca
ttle
waste.
Villag
er
s
wer
e
also
ab
le
to
u
s
e
lef
t
o
v
er
s
o
f
g
r
ass
an
d
lea
v
es a
s
r
aw
m
ater
ials
f
o
r
o
r
g
an
ic
f
er
tili
ze
r
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
th
e
team
tr
ain
e
d
v
ill
ag
er
s
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
h
ea
lth
y
p
u
b
lic
f
ac
ilit
ies
s
u
ch
as
p
r
o
p
er
d
r
ain
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
s
an
itatio
n
.
T
h
e
te
am
also
tr
ain
ed
v
illag
er
s
to
r
e
d
esig
n
an
d
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
ca
ttle sh
ed
s
to
let
th
e
ca
ttle
(
g
o
ats)
p
r
o
d
u
ce
g
o
o
d
q
u
ality
m
u
tto
n
an
d
m
ilk
,
wh
ich
le
ad
to
a
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
b
u
s
in
ess
.
Pre
s
er
v
in
g
a
h
ea
lth
y
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
in
Su
k
o
d
o
n
o
v
illag
e
is
h
ig
h
ly
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
ec
o
-
to
u
r
is
m
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
as
th
e
v
illag
e
is
a
tr
an
s
it
s
h
elter
f
o
r
to
u
r
is
ts
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
y
h
ik
e
th
e
n
ea
r
b
y
Mo
u
n
t
B
r
o
m
o
,
g
iv
in
g
th
e
v
illag
e
m
o
r
e
d
y
n
am
ics ec
o
n
o
m
ic
v
alu
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
p
r
o
d
u
cts.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
C
o
lla
b
o
r
a
tive
p
r
a
xis lea
r
n
in
g
to
emp
o
w
er ru
r
a
l a
r
ea
:
a
n
a
c
tio
n
r
esea
r
ch
(
A
b
d
u
l
A
z
iz
)
753
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
as
liq
u
i
d
p
et
r
o
l
eu
m
g
as
(
L
PG)
is
g
ettin
g
m
o
r
e
ex
p
e
n
s
iv
e
f
o
r
th
e
v
illag
er
s
,
th
e
team
to
o
k
th
e
in
itiativ
e
to
g
u
id
e
v
ill
ag
er
s
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
h
u
m
a
n
waste
an
d
ca
ttle w
aste in
to
b
io
g
as b
y
b
u
ild
in
g
co
m
m
o
n
co
n
tain
er
s
f
o
r
4
-
5
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
s
in
th
e
v
illag
e
to
s
to
r
e
th
e
wa
s
te
as
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
co
s
t
o
f
s
u
ch
b
io
g
as
is
lo
w,
th
e
v
illag
er
s
ca
n
r
el
y
m
o
r
e
o
n
b
io
g
as
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
eir
d
ail
y
liv
e,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
o
d
if
ied
o
l
d
m
o
t
o
r
b
ik
es
t
o
b
e
b
io
g
as
-
o
p
e
r
ated
v
e
h
icle.
Similar
ly
,
o
r
g
a
n
ic
f
er
tili
ze
r
was
cr
ea
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
am
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
s
av
e
th
e
v
illag
er
s
m
u
ch
b
u
d
g
et
f
o
r
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
n
ee
d
b
y
r
ep
lacin
g
th
e
f
ac
to
r
y
-
m
ad
e
f
er
tili
ze
r
,
wh
ich
is
less
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
v
illag
er
s
lear
n
ed
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
g
r
ass
,
h
a
y
,
leaf
,
an
d
cr
u
s
h
e
d
h
u
s
k
to
b
e
n
u
tr
itio
u
s
f
o
o
d
f
o
r
g
o
ats.
Nu
tr
itio
u
s
f
o
o
d
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
q
u
ality
an
d
q
u
a
n
tity
o
f
m
u
tto
n
a
n
d
g
o
at
m
ilk
.
An
d
,
v
illag
er
s
g
o
t
less
p
r
o
f
it
wh
en
th
ey
d
ep
en
d
ed
o
n
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
-
m
ad
e
f
o
o
d
p
r
o
d
u
cts
to
f
ee
d
g
o
at
an
d
o
th
er
ca
ttle
.
T
h
e
team
o
f
UI
N
Ma
lan
g
g
u
id
ed
v
illag
er
s
to
p
lan
t
r
u
mp
u
t
g
a
ja
h
(
L
atin
:
P
en
n
is
etu
m
p
u
r
p
u
r
eu
m
)
,
p
o
h
o
n
ke
lo
r
(
L
atin
:
Mo
r
in
g
a
o
leifera
)
,
a
n
d
p
ea
n
u
ts
as
t
h
e
m
ain
r
a
w
m
ater
ial
o
f
ca
ttle
f
o
o
d
.
Villag
er
s
p
lan
ted
g
r
ass
ar
o
u
n
d
h
o
m
e.
T
h
ey
p
lan
ted
c
o
m
b
in
ed
r
ice
an
d
p
e
an
u
ts
o
n
p
ad
d
y
f
ield
s
(
J
av
an
ese:
tu
mp
a
n
g
s
a
r
i
)
.
T
h
ey
also
u
s
ed
s
p
ac
e
b
etwe
en
s
alac
ca
tr
ee
s
to
p
lan
t
p
o
h
o
n
ke
l
o
r
to
ad
d
v
alu
e
o
f
th
eir
s
o
il.
2
.
2
.
2
.
M
a
rk
et
po
wer
A
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
to
u
r
is
ts
s
p
en
t
o
n
e
d
ay
o
r
two
d
ay
s
in
Su
k
o
d
o
n
o
v
illag
e.
I
t
is
a
tr
a
n
s
it
s
h
elter
f
o
r
to
u
r
is
ts
to
tak
e
a
r
est
b
ef
o
r
e
th
ey
g
o
h
ik
i
n
g
to
Mo
u
n
t
B
r
o
m
o
.
I
t
is
b
en
ef
icial
f
o
r
v
illag
er
s
to
s
ell
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
p
r
o
d
u
cts
to
to
u
r
is
ts
.
Un
f
o
r
tu
n
ately
,
th
ey
ju
s
t
s
ell
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
co
n
v
en
tio
n
ally
.
Villag
er
s
ac
tu
ally
m
is
s
a
b
ig
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
ea
r
n
m
o
r
e
m
o
n
ey
.
T
h
ey
s
ell
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
at
a
l
o
w
p
r
ice.
T
h
e
team
o
f
UI
N
Ma
lan
g
g
u
id
ed
v
illag
er
s
to
u
s
e
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
t
h
eir
p
r
o
d
u
ct.
Villag
er
s
wer
e
g
u
id
ed
to
d
esig
n
a
web
s
ite
an
d
u
s
e
ap
p
licatio
n
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
to
s
ell
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct.
T
h
ey
wer
e
ab
l
e
to
r
ea
ch
m
o
r
e
cu
s
to
m
e
r
s
an
d
b
u
ild
a
m
o
r
e
ca
p
tiv
e
m
ar
k
et
w
ith
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
B
u
s
in
ess
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
wer
e
ea
s
ier
an
d
m
o
r
e
co
n
v
en
ien
t
b
y
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Villag
er
s
wer
e
ab
le
to
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
f
l
u
ctu
atio
n
o
f
p
r
ices.
Villag
er
s
wer
e
also
ab
le
to
in
d
ex
cu
s
to
m
er
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
f
o
r
t
h
eir
p
r
o
d
u
cts.
T
h
en
,
th
e
team
o
f
UI
N
Ma
lan
g
g
u
id
ed
v
illag
er
s
to
id
en
tify
v
illag
e
p
o
ten
tial
an
d
m
a
r
k
et
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
d
e
x
d
ata.
T
h
e
d
ata
s
h
o
wed
th
at
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
cu
s
to
m
er
s
wer
e
h
ap
p
y
to
co
n
s
u
m
e
v
ar
ian
t
p
r
o
d
u
cts
o
f
b
u
a
h
s
a
la
k
an
d
g
o
at
m
ilk
.
Villag
er
s
wer
e
s
u
g
g
ested
b
y
t
h
e
team
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
p
r
o
d
u
ci
n
g
s
a
la
k
ch
ip
s
an
d
f
er
m
en
ted
s
a
la
k
d
r
in
k
s
.
I
t
is
to
m
ee
t
c
u
s
to
m
er
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
an
d
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
cts
w
h
en
th
er
e
is
cu
s
to
m
er
d
em
an
d
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
o
n
e
v
illag
er
lack
s
o
f
s
to
ck
,
h
e
/s
h
e
ca
n
ask
h
is
n
eig
h
b
o
r
t
o
s
u
p
p
ly
.
T
h
e
s
tr
ateg
y
let
v
illag
er
s
co
l
lab
o
r
ate
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
o
n
e
an
o
th
er
to
b
u
ild
s
tr
o
n
g
m
ar
k
et
p
o
wer
to
g
eth
er
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
team
o
f
UI
N
Ma
lan
g
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
s
im
p
le
ap
p
lied
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
to
v
illag
er
s
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
v
ar
ian
t
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
g
o
at
m
ilk
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
in
d
ex
d
ata,
v
illag
er
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
m
ilk
ca
n
d
y
an
d
y
o
g
u
r
t.
I
n
f
ac
t,
v
illag
er
s
ac
h
iev
ed
h
i
g
h
est m
ar
k
et
lev
el
to
s
ell
m
ilk
ca
n
d
y
a
n
d
y
o
g
u
r
t.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
r
ax
is
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
p
r
o
v
en
t
o
b
e
h
i
g
h
l
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
ase
o
f
t
h
e
v
illag
er
s
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
i
n
g
ac
tiv
iti
es
f
ac
ilit
ated
b
y
th
e
UI
N
Ma
lan
g
r
esear
ch
team
,
th
e
v
illag
er
s
wer
e
ab
le
to
d
ev
elo
p
an
d
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
s
k
i
lls
,
lead
in
g
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
r
o
s
p
er
ity
an
d
s
elf
-
s
u
f
f
ici
en
cy
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
jects
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
p
r
eser
v
in
g
a
h
ea
l
th
y
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
s
elf
-
h
elp
with
in
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
,
an
d
le
v
er
ag
in
g
m
ar
k
et
p
o
wer
.
B
y
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
cr
itical
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
is
s
u
es,
s
u
ch
as
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
an
d
p
r
o
p
er
s
an
itatio
n
,
th
e
v
illag
er
s
we
r
e
a
b
le
to
cr
e
ate
a
h
ea
lth
ie
r
liv
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
m
i
n
im
izin
g
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
es.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
b
io
g
as
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
n
o
t
o
n
ly
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
b
u
t
also
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
p
r
o
d
u
c
tiv
ity
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
o
r
g
a
n
ic
f
e
r
tili
ze
r
.
T
h
e
a
d
o
p
tio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
u
r
th
er
em
p
o
wer
e
d
th
e
v
illag
er
s
to
ex
p
an
d
th
ei
r
m
ar
k
et
r
ea
c
h
,
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
,
a
n
d
m
o
n
ito
r
cu
s
to
m
er
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
r
ax
is
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
u
p
liftm
en
t
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
th
e
v
illag
er
s
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t w
ith
in
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
t
h
e
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
UI
N
team
,
th
e
v
illag
er
s
an
d
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
s
o
m
e
b
en
ef
its
f
o
r
ea
ch
p
ar
ty
.
Ou
r
ac
ad
em
ic
team
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
lectu
r
er
s
lear
n
e
d
m
o
r
e
ab
o
u
t
th
e
g
ap
b
etwe
en
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
-
c
u
ltu
r
al
f
ar
m
in
g
ec
o
n
o
m
y
an
d
t
h
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
d
em
an
d
.
T
h
e
v
illag
er
s
g
et
th
e
b
en
ef
it
f
r
o
m
th
e
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
th
at
m
i
g
h
t
r
ed
u
ce
th
eir
co
s
t,
s
u
c
h
as
b
y
s
witch
in
g
f
r
o
m
L
PG
a
n
d
o
il
-
b
ased
f
u
el
to
b
io
g
as,
s
witch
in
g
f
r
o
m
c
o
s
tly
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
f
er
tili
ze
r
t
o
s
elf
-
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
waste
-
b
ased
f
er
tili
ze
r
,
o
r
p
r
o
f
i
tab
le
p
r
o
d
u
cts
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
s
n
ac
k
th
ey
p
r
o
d
u
ce
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
r
u
it.
As
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
th
is
r
esu
lts
ca
n
b
e
s
im
ilar
to
wh
at
h
as
b
ee
n
r
e
p
o
r
te
d
in
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies,
wh
er
e
v
o
ca
ti
o
n
al
s
tu
d
ies,
eith
er
t
o
war
d
s
o
ld
er
o
r
y
o
u
n
g
er
g
en
er
atio
n
g
a
v
e
m
o
r
e
b
e
n
ef
it to
th
e
v
illag
e
ec
o
n
o
m
y
[
1
1
]
–
[
1
3
]
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
ta
l in
v
o
lv
em
en
t w
as
n
o
t
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
m
u
ch
in
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
.
As
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
h
as
en
co
u
r
a
g
ed
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
v
illag
e
-
o
wn
ed
e
n
ter
p
r
is
es
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
v
illag
er
s
with
lawf
u
l
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
b
o
d
ies
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
749
-
757
754
s
ell
th
eir
p
r
o
d
u
cts
a
n
d
s
er
v
ices
[
1
0
]
;
in
o
u
r
ca
s
e,
th
e
UI
N
t
ea
m
p
lay
e
d
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
in
n
o
v
ato
r
s
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
b
o
d
y
u
n
til
th
e
o
f
f
icial
B
UM
DE
S
is
f
o
r
m
e
d
in
th
e
v
illag
e
o
f
Su
k
o
d
o
n
o
.
I
n
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
o
f
B
UM
DE
S,
ca
n
also
h
elp
th
e
v
illag
e
to
f
in
d
m
o
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
an
k
i
n
g
in
d
u
s
tr
y
s
u
ch
as
wh
at
h
as b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
in
E
g
y
p
t
[
1
4
]
,
wh
e
r
e
v
illag
er
s
ca
n
b
e
f
ac
ilit
ated
with
p
er
s
o
n
al
lo
an
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
a
n
k
;
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
is
th
at
in
o
u
r
ca
s
e,
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
lo
an
ca
n
b
e
m
a
d
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
B
UM
DE
S
an
d
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
b
en
ef
it
o
f
th
e
v
illag
e.
An
o
th
e
r
ca
s
e
o
f
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
in
th
e
v
illag
e
ec
o
n
o
m
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
ast
is
th
e
o
n
es
in
C
h
in
a
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
m
ain
ly
b
ec
au
s
e
in
o
u
r
co
n
te
x
t,
v
illag
es
s
u
ch
as
Su
k
o
d
o
n
o
ar
e
n
o
t
d
ir
ec
tly
u
n
d
er
th
e
n
atio
n
al
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
s
u
ch
as
in
C
h
in
a.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
n
o
t
e
th
at
I
n
d
o
n
esia
is
u
n
d
er
a
d
em
o
cr
atic
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
er
e
th
e
g
o
v
e
r
n
an
ce
o
f
th
e
v
illag
e
is
n
o
t
ce
n
tr
alize
d
.
O
u
r
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
in
d
icate
d
th
at
ce
n
tr
alize
d
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
in
all
th
e
v
illag
es
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
wo
r
k
wel
l,
as
ev
er
y
v
illag
e
h
as
its
o
wn
s
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
wea
k
n
ess
es
[
4
0
]
,
an
d
ea
ch
o
f
th
em
m
ig
h
t
d
ef
in
e
v
illag
er
s
'
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
tly
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
an
o
th
er
;
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
in
th
e
p
ast
s
tu
d
y
ab
o
u
t
Pam
p
an
g
v
illag
e
[
1
3
]
,
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ec
o
n
o
m
y
is
r
elate
d
to
to
u
r
is
m
,
in
m
an
y
o
t
h
er
v
illag
e
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
it
is
r
elate
d
to
s
ca
lin
g
u
p
th
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
m
o
d
el
in
to
B
UM
D
E
S,
wh
ile
in
th
e
v
illag
e
o
f
S
u
k
o
d
o
n
o
,
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
h
e
lp
ed
th
em
to
g
ain
th
ei
r
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
f
u
r
th
e
r
a
m
p
lifie
s
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
in
n
o
v
a
tio
n
,
b
o
th
with
in
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
ter
-
co
m
p
an
y
p
a
r
tn
er
s
h
i
p
s
as
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
team
an
d
th
e
v
illag
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
was
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
wh
er
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
was
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
th
e
e
n
tire
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
s
tead
o
f
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
o
r
o
n
ly
b
elo
n
g
to
ce
r
tain
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
C
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
allo
ws
f
o
r
th
e
r
ed
esig
n
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
lead
in
g
to
s
u
cc
ess
in
c
o
m
p
etitiv
e
m
ar
k
ets.
C
o
m
p
an
ies
ca
n
b
u
ild
m
ar
k
et
p
o
wer
b
y
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
i
n
n
o
v
atin
g
,
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
tr
en
d
y
a
n
d
e
f
f
icien
t
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
s
atis
f
y
in
g
cu
s
to
m
er
s
,
an
d
ac
h
i
ev
in
g
c
o
s
t
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
is
co
l
lab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ject
was
d
esig
n
ed
as
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le,
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
g
r
am
an
d
was
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
lear
n
in
g
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
team
tr
ain
ed
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ated
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
allo
win
g
lear
n
er
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ea
ch
o
th
e
r
in
m
aster
in
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
k
ill
s
an
d
co
m
p
letin
g
p
r
o
jects
[
3
5
]
.
On
e
asp
ec
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ject
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
p
r
eser
v
in
g
a
h
ea
lth
y
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
a
n
d
c
r
ea
tin
g
b
io
g
as
f
r
o
m
h
u
m
an
an
d
ca
ttle
waste,
wh
ich
is
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
as
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
ad
d
v
alu
e
to
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
as
well
as
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
t
o
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t;
y
et
it
led
t
o
th
e
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
m
em
b
er
s
o
v
er
all
[
4
7
]
.
Villag
er
s
wer
e
tau
g
h
t
to
r
ed
u
ce
,
r
eu
s
e,
an
d
r
ec
y
cle
wa
s
te,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
t
o
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
r
eser
v
atio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
in
ca
ttle
h
u
s
b
an
d
r
y
p
r
ac
tices
en
h
an
ce
d
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
wh
ic
h
,
in
tu
r
n
,
b
o
o
s
ted
eco
-
to
u
r
is
m
i
n
th
e
v
illag
e.
Ma
r
k
et
p
o
wer
was
an
o
th
er
f
o
cu
s
,
wh
e
r
e
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
was
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
an
d
s
ell
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
p
r
o
d
u
cts
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
tly
[
2
6
]
.
Villag
er
s
cr
ea
ted
web
s
ites
an
d
u
tili
ze
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
ex
p
an
d
i
n
g
th
ei
r
cu
s
to
m
er
b
ase
an
d
s
tr
ea
m
lin
in
g
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
.
C
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
h
elp
e
d
v
illag
er
s
id
en
tify
m
ar
k
et
p
o
t
en
tial
an
d
tailo
r
th
eir
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
o
f
f
er
in
g
s
to
m
ee
t
cu
s
to
m
er
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
,
b
u
ild
in
g
a
r
o
b
u
s
t m
ar
k
et
p
r
esen
ce
to
g
eth
er
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
As
a
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
licatio
n
,
th
e
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
r
a
x
is
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
th
e
Villag
e
o
f
Su
k
o
d
o
n
o
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
p
o
te
n
tial
f
o
r
u
p
liftin
g
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
r
u
r
al
c
o
m
m
u
n
ities
b
y
f
o
s
ter
in
g
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
ac
ad
e
m
ia,
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
a
n
d
l
o
ca
l
r
esid
en
ts
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
em
p
o
wer
s
v
illag
er
s
with
v
alu
ab
le
s
k
ills
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
u
t
also
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
ir
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
well
-
b
ein
g
b
y
in
t
r
o
d
u
cin
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
lik
e
b
io
g
as
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
d
ig
ital
m
a
r
k
etin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
it
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
s
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
tailo
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
to
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ee
d
s
an
d
s
tr
e
n
g
th
s
o
f
ea
ch
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
u
lti
m
ately
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
c
o
l
lab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
en
t stak
eh
o
l
d
er
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
ac
ad
em
ic
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
lo
ca
l
in
d
u
s
tr
ies,
an
d
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t b
o
d
ies,
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
g
en
e
r
al
well
-
b
ein
g
in
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
.
B
y
wo
r
k
in
g
to
g
eth
er
,
th
ese
p
ar
ties
ca
n
b
r
id
g
e
th
e
g
ap
b
etwe
en
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
f
ar
m
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
m
o
d
er
n
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
d
em
an
d
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
im
p
r
o
v
ed
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
g
r
o
wth
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
L
em
b
ag
a
Pen
elitian
d
an
Pen
g
ab
d
ian
Ma
s
y
ar
ak
at
(
L
P2
M)
UI
N
Ma
u
lan
a
Ma
lik
I
b
r
ah
im
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
an
d
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
Ps
y
c
h
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
So
cial
Scien
ce
s
,
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
C
y
b
er
j
ay
a,
C
y
b
er
jay
a,
Ma
lay
s
ia
in
ter
n
al
g
r
an
t
n
o
.
1
4
/FP
SS
/2
0
2
2
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
J.
K
.
B
o
a
t
e
n
g
,
E.
J
.
K
.
A
t
t
i
o
g
b
e
,
a
n
d
V
.
M
.
K
u
n
b
o
u
r
,
“
I
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
a
d
u
l
t
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s’
se
l
f
-
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
n
g
r
o
u
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
”
C
o
g
e
n
t
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
2
3
3
1
1
8
8
6
.
2
0
2
2
.
2
0
6
4
5
9
2
.
[
2
]
B
.
N
o
r
d
é
n
a
n
d
H
.
A
v
e
r
y
,
“
G
l
o
b
a
l
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
f
o
r
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
:
A
H
i
st
o
r
i
c
a
l
R
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
.
3
4
5
1
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
s
u
1
3
0
6
3
4
5
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
C
o
lla
b
o
r
a
tive
p
r
a
xis lea
r
n
in
g
to
emp
o
w
er ru
r
a
l a
r
ea
:
a
n
a
c
tio
n
r
esea
r
ch
(
A
b
d
u
l
A
z
iz
)
755
[
3
]
C
.
M
a
c
C
a
l
l
u
m,
S
.
M
k
u
b
w
a
,
R
.
M
a
s
l
i
n
,
a
n
d
N
.
S
h
o
n
e
,
“
G
l
o
b
a
l
c
i
t
i
z
e
n
sh
i
p
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
:
A
t
r
a
n
sf
o
r
m
a
t
i
v
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
o
g
l
o
b
a
l
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
i
n
Z
a
n
z
i
b
a
r
,
”
P
ro
s
p
e
c
t
s (P
a
ri
s)
,
v
o
l
.
5
3
,
n
o
.
3
–
4
,
p
p
.
3
5
5
–
3
6
9
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s1
1
1
2
5
-
0
2
2
-
0
9
6
0
0
-
1.
[
4
]
R
.
G
.
B
r
o
c
k
e
t
t
a
n
d
R
.
H
i
e
ms
t
r
a
,
S
e
l
f
-
D
i
rec
t
i
o
n
i
n
A
d
u
l
t
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
:
Pe
rs
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
o
n
T
h
e
o
r
y
,
R
e
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
Pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
.
L
o
n
d
o
n
:
R
o
u
t
l
e
d
g
e
,
2
0
2
0
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
3
2
4
/
9
7
8
0
4
2
9
4
5
7
3
1
9
.
[
5
]
J.
S
.
Ec
c
l
e
s
a
n
d
A
.
W
i
g
f
i
e
l
d
,
“
F
r
o
m
e
x
p
e
c
t
a
n
c
y
-
v
a
l
u
e
t
h
e
o
r
y
t
o
s
i
t
u
a
t
e
d
e
x
p
e
c
t
a
n
c
y
-
v
a
l
u
e
t
h
e
o
r
y
:
A
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
a
l
,
so
c
i
a
l
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
v
e
,
a
n
d
so
c
i
o
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
p
e
r
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
o
n
m
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
C
o
n
t
e
m
p
o
r
a
r
y
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
6
1
,
p
.
1
0
1
8
5
9
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
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6
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.
c
e
d
p
s
y
c
h
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
0
1
8
5
9
.
[
6
]
S
.
C
h
o
u
k
a
s
-
B
r
a
d
l
e
y
,
S
.
R
.
R
o
b
e
r
t
s,
A
.
J.
M
a
h
e
u
x
,
a
n
d
J
.
N
e
si
,
“
T
h
e
P
e
r
f
e
c
t
S
t
o
r
m
:
A
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
l
–
S
o
c
i
o
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
F
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
t
h
e
R
o
l
e
o
f
S
o
c
i
a
l
M
e
d
i
a
i
n
A
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
t
G
i
r
l
s’
B
o
d
y
I
mag
e
C
o
n
c
e
r
n
s
a
n
d
M
e
n
t
a
l
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
”
C
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
C
h
i
l
d
a
n
d
Fa
m
i
l
y
Psy
c
h
o
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