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t
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
s
h
o
wed
th
at
m
an
y
p
e
o
p
le
d
id
n
o
t
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
er
f
i
n
an
cial
p
l
an
n
in
g
an
d
s
u
f
f
icien
t
s
av
in
g
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
m
a
n
y
y
o
u
n
g
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
liv
e
b
e
y
o
n
d
th
eir
m
ea
n
s
[
9
]
.
T
h
ey
s
p
en
d
b
ey
o
n
d
th
eir
m
ea
n
s
a
n
d
ta
k
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
ea
s
y
cr
ed
it,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
d
eb
t
cu
lt
u
r
e.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
m
a
n
y
y
o
u
n
g
ad
u
lts
b
eg
in
th
eir
ca
r
ee
r
s
af
ter
g
r
ad
u
atio
n
,
b
u
t
th
ey
h
av
e
n
ev
er
b
ee
n
s
o
lely
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
th
eir
p
er
s
o
n
al
f
in
an
ce
s
wh
ile
th
ey
wer
e
in
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
th
e
y
o
u
n
g
g
en
e
r
atio
n
r
ar
el
y
p
r
a
ctice
b
asic
f
in
an
cial
s
k
ills
,
s
u
ch
as
p
lan
n
in
g
th
eir
ex
p
en
s
es
an
d
b
u
ild
in
g
a
r
eg
u
l
ar
s
av
in
g
p
lan
f
o
r
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
n
ee
d
s
,
wh
ich
co
u
ld
lea
d
th
e
m
to
f
in
an
cial
is
s
u
es.
Ma
lay
s
ian
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
I
n
s
o
lv
en
cy
[
1
1
]
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
Ma
lay
s
ia
h
as
2
9
0
,
6
1
9
b
an
k
r
u
p
tcies.
T
h
is
r
ep
o
r
t
also
p
o
in
ted
o
u
t
th
at
2
3
.
9
6
p
e
r
ce
n
t
o
f
all
b
an
k
r
u
p
tcies
wer
e
am
o
n
g
y
o
u
n
g
a
d
u
lts
b
etwe
en
th
e
ag
es
o
f
1
8
an
d
3
4
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
b
a
n
k
r
u
p
tcies
o
cc
u
r
am
o
n
g
th
e
y
o
u
n
g
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
th
u
s
th
e
n
ee
d
to
r
aise
p
u
b
lic
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
f
in
an
cial
p
lan
n
in
g
h
as
p
r
o
m
p
t
ed
r
esear
ch
er
s
t
o
d
e
v
elo
p
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
in
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
o
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l c
o
u
r
s
es
.
OE
C
D
[
1
2
]
s
tr
ess
ed
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
f
in
an
c
ial
liter
ac
y
to
y
o
u
n
g
ch
ild
r
en
a
n
d
ad
u
lts
f
o
r
th
eir
p
er
s
o
n
al
an
d
s
o
cial
well
-
b
ein
g
;
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
f
i
n
an
cial
liter
ac
y
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tau
g
h
t
in
s
ch
o
o
l.
Ma
n
y
co
u
n
tr
ies
h
av
e
ad
o
p
ted
f
in
a
n
cial
liter
ac
y
in
to
th
eir
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
[
1
3
]
.
Ma
lay
s
ia
is
n
o
t
lef
t
b
eh
in
d
;
f
i
n
an
cial
liter
ac
y
h
as
b
ee
n
in
s
till
ed
as a
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
r
r
ic
u
lar
s
u
b
ject
s
in
ce
2
0
1
7
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
n
o
t m
an
y
teac
h
er
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
tr
ain
ed
to
teac
h
th
ese
ess
en
tial
s
k
ills
.
C
o
n
ce
r
n
in
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
is
s
k
ill,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
d
e
v
el
o
p
s
o
m
e
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
with
g
am
if
icatio
n
an
d
d
ig
ital
elem
en
t
th
at
ca
n
attr
ac
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
at
ten
tio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
tech
-
s
av
v
y
.
T
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
in
m
a
n
y
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
c
o
u
n
t
r
ies
h
as
ch
an
g
ed
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
ly
,
m
o
v
in
g
awa
y
f
r
o
m
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
to
war
d
m
o
r
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
a
d
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
B
lu
e
Prin
t
2015
to
2
0
2
5
h
as
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
o
u
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
to
u
n
d
e
r
g
o
a
b
ig
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
ep
a
r
e
o
u
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
f
ac
e
th
e
c
h
allen
g
es
o
f
th
e
2
1
st
ce
n
tu
r
y
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
wed
th
at
m
a
n
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
wer
e
s
till
u
n
p
r
ep
ar
ed
an
d
t
h
e
s
p
o
o
n
-
f
ee
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
was
s
t
ill
ad
o
p
ted
in
s
tead
o
f
em
p
h
asizin
g
2
1
s
t
ce
n
tu
r
y
lear
n
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
r
elev
a
n
t
life
s
k
ills
s
u
ch
a
s
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
to
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
h
as b
ee
n
im
p
le
m
en
ted
f
o
r
ab
o
u
t 8
y
ea
r
s
b
u
t
t
h
er
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
in
itial
g
a
p
s
th
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
.
E
v
id
en
ce
s
h
o
wed
th
at
g
a
m
e
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
af
f
ec
ts
a
p
er
s
o
n
'
s
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
,
s
k
ills
,
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
tr
ig
g
e
r
s
to
b
r
in
g
a
b
o
u
t
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
ch
a
n
g
es
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
e
x
is
ten
ce
o
f
g
a
m
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
s
tim
u
lates
in
tr
in
s
ic
im
p
u
ls
es
to
en
g
a
g
e
in
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
ev
o
k
es
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
ese
m
o
tiv
es
m
ay
in
cr
ea
s
e
u
s
er
en
g
ag
em
en
t
[
1
6
]
,
lear
n
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
[
1
7
]
,
an
d
ac
t
u
al
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
ch
an
g
es
[
1
8
]
.
Fin
an
cial
g
am
es
with
au
g
m
en
ted
r
ea
lity
elem
en
t
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
g
ain
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
i
d
en
t
[
1
9
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
r
esear
ch
ab
o
u
t
g
am
e
-
b
ased
le
ar
n
in
g
an
d
f
in
a
n
cial
liter
ac
y
i
s
s
till
a
n
ew
a
r
ea
a
n
d
is
y
et
t
o
b
e
f
illed
[
2
]
e
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
am
o
n
g
y
o
u
n
g
a
d
u
lts
h
as b
ee
n
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
y
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
[
1
9
]
.
A
s
tu
d
y
[
2
0
]
s
h
o
wed
th
at
f
e
m
ale
o
u
tp
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
th
an
m
ale
in
g
am
e
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
;
i
n
co
n
tr
ast,
an
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
at
th
e
s
am
e
y
e
ar
[
2
1
]
in
d
icate
d
t
h
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
r
esu
lt.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
y
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
er
e
was
n
o
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etwe
en
m
ale
an
d
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
2
2
]
.
I
t
s
ee
m
s
t
h
at
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
p
o
in
ts
o
f
v
iew
ab
o
u
t
g
en
d
er
in
g
am
e
-
b
a
s
ed
lear
n
in
g
,
it
h
as a
n
in
ter
esti
n
g
p
o
i
n
t to
lo
o
k
in
to
it.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
m
ak
es
s
ev
er
al
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
i
ews.
E
x
ten
s
iv
e
r
esear
ch
o
n
b
o
ar
d
g
am
e
with
au
g
m
en
ted
r
ea
lity
(
AR
)
to
en
h
an
ce
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
o
n
l
y
ex
p
l
o
r
ed
o
n
g
a
m
if
icatio
n
to
war
d
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
b
u
t
with
o
u
t
th
e
AR
elem
en
t.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
is
p
ap
er
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
b
eh
av
io
r
s
an
d
f
in
a
n
cial
p
lan
n
in
g
s
k
ills
af
ter
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
o
ar
d
g
am
e.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
is
r
elate
d
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
b
o
ar
d
g
am
e.
T
h
is
g
am
e
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
an
d
m
ath
em
atics
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
.
I
t
is
also
d
es
ig
n
ed
b
ased
o
n
Ma
lay
s
ian
cu
ltu
r
e
an
d
lo
ca
l
d
aily
liv
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
elem
en
t h
a
r
d
ly
g
ets in
th
e
r
ec
en
t liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew.
T
h
is
is
th
e
r
esear
ch
g
ap
t
h
at
is
y
et
to
f
ill.
2.
G
AM
E
-
B
AS
E
D
L
E
ARN
I
N
G
I
N
F
I
NANC
I
AL
L
I
T
E
RA
CY
Gam
e
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
a
g
am
e
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
co
n
t
ex
t
[
2
3
]
.
I
t
b
eg
in
s
to
g
et
atten
tio
n
an
d
g
ain
p
o
p
u
la
r
ity
r
ec
en
tly
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
is
a
n
ew
asp
ec
t
o
f
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
th
at
n
ee
d
s
atten
tio
n
i
n
th
e
g
am
e
elem
en
ts
th
at
in
f
l
u
en
ce
f
i
n
an
cial
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
an
d
c
h
an
g
in
g
o
f
b
eh
av
io
r
[
2
]
.
B
asically
,
th
e
g
am
e
in
clu
d
ed
b
o
a
r
d
g
am
es
an
d
d
ig
ital
g
am
es.
T
h
ese
two
k
in
d
s
o
f
g
am
es
b
r
in
g
b
en
ef
its
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lear
n
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
b
an
k
in
g
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
licatio
n
f
o
r
cu
s
to
m
er
s
,
all
th
e
b
an
k
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
cu
s
o
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
f
ea
tu
r
es
b
u
t
la
ck
elem
en
ts
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
e
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
en
j
o
y
m
en
t,
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
b
an
k
in
g
s
er
v
ices
ap
p
licatio
n
s
wer
e
d
esig
n
e
d
f
o
r
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
al
b
u
t
n
o
t
f
o
r
f
u
n
,
y
et
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
h
av
e
h
ig
h
er
in
ten
tio
n
s
to
u
s
e
b
a
n
k
in
g
a
p
p
s
if
elem
e
n
ts
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
e
n
jo
y
m
e
n
t
an
d
f
u
n
we
r
e
em
p
h
asized
[
2
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
472
-
481
474
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
o
m
e
f
in
a
n
cial
d
ig
ital
g
am
es
an
d
d
eb
t
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
ca
n
f
o
s
ter
lear
n
in
g
an
d
en
h
an
ce
p
er
s
o
n
al
f
in
an
cial
p
lan
n
in
g
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
g
am
es
h
a
v
e
b
e
en
tailo
r
e
d
to
r
ewa
r
d
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
f
o
r
o
n
g
o
in
g
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
s
av
in
g
ac
tio
n
s
,
en
ter
tain
in
g
in
ter
f
ac
e,
an
d
u
s
in
g
an
a
n
im
ated
ca
r
t
o
o
n
th
at
d
a
n
ce
s
f
o
r
s
av
in
g
ac
tiv
i
ty
[
2
6
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
er
e
was
an
in
cr
em
e
n
t
o
f
2
5
%
s
av
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
er
s
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
o
th
er
s
.
T
h
er
e
i
s
a
ch
an
ce
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
o
f
b
an
k
i
n
g
wi
th
class
ic
g
am
if
icatio
n
p
r
in
cip
les,
an
d
th
e
r
e
is
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
g
am
if
icatio
n
elem
en
ts
to
en
h
a
n
ce
f
in
an
cial
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
as m
an
y
p
eo
p
le
ar
e
n
o
t n
ew
to
u
s
in
g
th
eir
ce
ll p
h
o
n
es to
o
b
tain
f
i
n
an
cial
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
B
o
ar
d
g
am
e
with
s
o
m
e
d
i
g
ital
elem
en
ts
co
u
ld
b
e
u
s
e
d
to
t
r
ac
k
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
ess
.
Fo
r
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
a
b
o
a
r
d
g
am
e
with
a
u
g
m
e
n
ted
r
ea
lit
y
will b
e
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
p
r
o
m
o
te
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
.
Prio
r
r
esear
ch
h
as
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
af
f
o
r
d
an
ce
s
o
f
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
n
o
t
m
u
c
h
r
esear
ch
m
en
tio
n
ed
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
in
ten
tio
n
in
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
.
W
an
g
an
d
San
d
er
s
[
2
7
]
ar
g
u
ed
th
a
t
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
g
am
if
icatio
n
an
d
f
i
n
an
cial
i
n
ce
n
tiv
es
lead
s
to
th
e
lar
g
e
s
t
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
r
ev
iews.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
er
e
was
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
g
am
if
icatio
n
an
d
f
in
a
n
cial
in
ce
n
tiv
es.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
s
e
v
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
also
r
ev
ea
led
t
h
at
g
a
m
e
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
is
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
ed
iu
m
o
f
f
in
a
n
cial
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
2
8
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
b
ad
g
es,
lead
er
b
o
ar
d
s
an
d
o
th
er
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
ca
n
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
an
ce
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
t
h
e
g
am
e
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
am
e
r
esear
ch
also
p
o
in
te
d
o
u
t
th
at
to
en
ab
le
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
e
s
s
o
f
th
e
f
in
an
cial
s
er
io
u
s
g
am
e
o
n
y
o
u
n
g
ad
u
lts
,
an
im
m
er
s
iv
e,
p
er
s
u
asiv
e,
p
e
r
s
o
n
alize
d
an
d
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
.
Yo
u
n
g
ad
u
lts
ar
e
co
m
f
o
r
ta
b
le
with
th
e
d
ig
ital
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
n
o
wad
ay
s
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ci
n
g
f
in
an
cial
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
co
n
ce
p
ts
ca
n
b
e
r
ea
lized
th
r
o
u
g
h
im
m
er
s
iv
e
g
am
es.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
er
s
u
asio
n
ca
n
b
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
tal
in
r
ed
ir
ec
tin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
y
o
u
n
g
ad
u
lts
’
f
in
an
cial
well
-
b
ein
g
.
T
h
e
ef
f
e
ct
o
f
im
m
er
s
io
n
an
d
p
er
s
u
asio
n
ca
n
b
e
lev
er
a
g
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
er
s
o
n
aliza
tio
n
i
n
th
e
g
am
e
a
n
d
u
s
er
.
B
y
i
n
teg
r
at
in
g
th
e
id
ea
in
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
l
o
o
p
s
o
f
lear
n
in
g
,
th
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ar
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
m
ak
e
s
u
s
e
o
f
p
er
s
u
asio
n
,
im
m
er
s
io
n
,
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
aliza
tio
n
.
G
am
e
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
ca
n
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
g
ain
f
in
an
cial
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
lear
n
in
g
b
y
d
o
in
g
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
g
am
if
icatio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
ca
n
e
n
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
d
u
r
in
g
f
in
an
cial
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
[
2
7
]
.
W
id
y
astu
ti
an
d
Su
h
u
d
[
2
9
]
r
ep
o
r
ted
t
h
at
f
in
an
ci
al
liter
ac
y
lear
n
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
g
am
e
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
,
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
an
d
p
lay
in
g
i
n
ten
tio
n
.
An
o
th
e
r
s
tu
d
y
also
s
h
o
wn
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
es
u
lt
o
f
g
am
if
icatio
n
o
n
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
f
in
an
cial
d
ec
is
io
n
s
[
3
0
]
.
Fin
an
cial
liter
ac
y
ca
n
b
e
lear
n
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
g
am
e
s
b
ec
au
s
e
g
am
es
ar
e
ab
le
to
clo
s
e
th
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
g
ap
th
at
m
ak
es
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
g
r
o
win
g
u
p
[
2
8
]
.
2
.
1
.
G
ender
diff
er
ence
in g
a
m
e
ba
s
ed
-
lea
rning
Gen
d
er
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
in
g
am
e
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
ec
au
s
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
s
h
o
wed
th
at
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
m
o
r
e
en
jo
y
a
b
le
th
an
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
3
1
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
also
p
o
in
ted
o
u
t th
at
wo
m
en
wer
e
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
th
an
m
en
af
t
er
g
am
e
-
b
ased
lear
n
i
n
g
.
Hsu
[
3
2
]
also
s
h
o
wed
th
e
s
im
ila
r
r
esu
lts
th
at
m
ales
wer
e
m
o
r
e
willin
g
n
ess
to
u
s
e
co
m
p
u
ter
g
a
m
e
to
lear
n
b
u
t
t
h
ey
d
id
n
o
t
s
h
o
w
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
o
n
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
I
n
o
t
h
er
wo
r
d
s
,
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
h
o
wed
th
e
willin
g
n
ess
to
u
s
e
g
am
e
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
th
a
n
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
u
t
th
er
e
is
n
o
t
s
tatis
tical
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
a
n
aly
s
is
g
en
d
e
r
d
if
f
er
en
ce
.
B
er
n
ik
et
a
l.
[
3
3
]
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
ten
d
en
cy
o
f
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
s
in
g
g
am
e
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
m
o
r
e
o
f
te
n
b
u
t
th
e
s
tatis
tical
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
n
ly
f
o
u
n
d
in
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Den
d
en
et
a
l.
[
3
4
]
m
en
tio
n
ed
th
at
g
en
d
e
r
a
n
d
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
g
a
m
e
elem
en
ts
.
Fem
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
f
in
d
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
u
s
ef
u
l
an
d
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
an
s
wer
s
elf
-
ex
p
lan
atio
n
q
u
esti
o
n
th
an
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Ma
le
s
tu
d
en
ts
l
o
w
in
ex
tr
av
er
s
io
n
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
p
er
ce
iv
e
b
ad
g
es
u
s
ef
u
l
th
an
th
o
s
e
h
ig
h
in
ex
tr
av
er
s
io
n
.
Similar
ly
,
an
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
[
3
5
]
also
s
h
o
wed
th
at
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
i
n
an
s
wer
in
g
s
elf
-
ex
p
lan
atio
n
q
u
esti
o
n
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
er
e
is
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t r
esu
lt b
etwe
en
g
e
n
d
er
in
g
a
m
e
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
[
3
6
]
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
l
o
y
s
th
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
ex
p
lo
r
es
m
o
r
e
ab
o
u
t
th
e
b
o
ar
d
g
a
m
e
with
AR
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
f
in
a
n
cial
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
wh
eth
er
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ca
n
lear
n
b
etter
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
with
th
e
a
b
s
en
ce
o
f
g
am
e.
3
.
1
.
Sa
m
ples
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
Fo
r
m
3
a
n
d
Fo
r
m
4
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
ag
ed
b
etwe
en
1
5
-
1
6
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
)
f
r
o
m
th
r
ee
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
tates
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
(
Pen
an
g
,
Per
ak
,
an
d
Selan
g
o
r
)
.
A
to
tal
o
f
2
3
5
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
s
elec
ted
f
r
o
m
th
r
ee
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
s
tates.
Fo
r
m
3
an
d
Fo
r
m
4
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
s
elec
ted
b
ec
au
s
e
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
is
a
s
u
b
ject
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
Fo
r
m
3
Ma
th
em
atics
an
d
Fo
r
m
4
E
c
o
n
o
m
ics.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
f
o
r
q
u
an
titativ
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
was
s
elec
ted
r
an
d
o
m
ly
f
r
o
m
th
r
ee
s
ch
o
o
ls
am
o
n
g
1
5
-
1
6
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
s
tu
d
en
ts
;
wh
er
ea
s
,
th
e
q
u
alitativ
e
s
u
b
jects
wer
e
s
elec
ted
b
y
u
s
in
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
les
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
1
4
0
f
em
ale
a
n
d
95
m
ale
o
n
ly
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
u
g
men
ted
r
ea
lity
b
o
a
r
d
g
a
me
in
p
r
o
mo
tin
g
fin
a
n
cia
l litera
cy
a
mo
n
g
Ma
l
a
ysia
…
(
K
h
o
o
Yin
Yin
)
475
3
.
2
.
E
du
ca
t
io
na
l
bo
a
rd
g
a
me
Fin
Plan
is
an
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
b
o
a
r
d
g
am
e
with
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
elem
en
t.
T
h
is
g
am
e
is
g
ea
r
e
d
to
war
d
s
p
er
s
o
n
al
f
in
an
cial
m
an
ag
e
m
e
n
t.
R
esear
ch
er
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
th
e
g
am
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
th
eo
r
y
o
f
p
lan
n
ed
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
T
h
e
g
am
e
,
as sh
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
h
as b
ee
n
test
ed
a
n
d
v
e
r
if
ie
d
b
y
a
n
ex
p
e
r
t in
g
am
if
icatio
n
.
I
n
t
h
e
g
a
m
e
,
a
t
o
t
al
o
f
2
-
6
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
a
r
e
a
l
l
o
we
d
t
o
b
e
c
o
m
e
p
l
a
y
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
y
c
a
n
p
la
y
t
h
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
a
te
a
c
h
e
r
,
c
as
h
i
e
r
,
f
a
r
m
e
r
,
p
h
a
r
m
a
c
i
s
t
,
o
r
l
a
w
y
e
r
w
it
h
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
m
o
n
t
h
l
y
s
a
l
a
r
i
e
s
f
o
l
l
o
w
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
is
t
i
c
c
a
r
d
t
h
e
y
d
r
a
w
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
(
a
)
.
F
o
r
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
,
a
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
h
a
s
a
m
o
n
t
h
l
y
s
a
l
a
r
y
o
f
R
M
4
2
6
0
a
n
d
a
f
a
r
m
e
r
h
a
s
a
s
a
l
a
r
y
o
f
R
M1
8
0
0
.
A
n
o
t
h
e
r
p
l
a
y
e
r
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
m
e
t
h
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
r
t
o
d
e
a
l
w
it
h
t
h
e
c
a
r
d
a
n
d
ca
s
h
f
l
o
w
t
h
e
p
l
a
y
e
r
s
s
p
e
n
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
g
a
m
e
.
B
a
s
ic
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
li
t
e
r
a
c
y
a
n
d
s
i
m
p
l
e
Ma
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
cs
a
r
e
t
h
e
s
k
il
ls
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
g
a
m
e
.
All
th
e
p
lay
er
s
p
lay
ed
th
is
g
a
m
e
in
a
d
esig
n
ated
p
h
y
s
ical
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
u
s
in
g
h
a
n
d
p
h
o
n
es
to
ass
ess
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Stu
d
en
ts
wo
r
k
ed
in
team
s
o
f
6
,
th
ey
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
th
r
o
w
th
e
d
ice
an
d
d
r
aw
th
e
ca
r
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
6
d
if
f
er
en
t
cir
c
u
m
s
tan
ce
s
th
ey
will
b
e
f
ac
ed
eith
er
r
ewa
r
d
,
p
en
alties,
life
ev
en
ts
,
b
asic
n
e
ed
s
,
ac
cid
en
ts
an
d
liab
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
g
am
er
s
n
ee
d
to
r
ec
o
r
d
th
eir
r
ewa
r
d
s
o
r
e
x
p
en
s
es
o
n
d
esig
n
ed
s
h
ee
t
u
s
in
g
i
-
Pad
o
r
h
a
n
d
p
h
o
n
e
wh
ile
p
lay
in
g
.
I
n
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
allo
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
p
lay
th
e
b
o
ar
d
g
am
e
with
AR
elem
en
t
a
f
ter
th
e
less
o
n
th
at
is
r
elate
d
with
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
a
n
d
(
c
)
.
A
f
in
a
n
cial
p
lan
n
i
n
g
s
h
ee
t
will
b
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wh
ile
p
lay
in
g
th
e
g
am
e.
T
h
e
f
in
an
cial
liter
a
cy
elem
en
ts
o
f
Fo
r
m
3
Ma
th
e
m
atics
an
d
Fo
r
m
4
E
co
n
o
m
ics
ar
e
s
elec
ted
to
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
in
th
e
g
am
e.
T
h
e
Ma
lay
s
ia
cu
ltu
r
e
an
d
liv
in
g
s
ty
le
will
b
e
tak
en
as
th
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
th
e
b
o
ar
d
g
am
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
o
ar
d
g
am
e
ca
r
d
(
a
)
g
am
e
ch
ar
ac
te
r
,
(
b
)
ca
r
d
with
AR
elem
en
t
,
an
d
(
c)
AR
s
h
o
w
ed
wo
r
d
in
g
T
h
is
g
am
e
to
o
k
ar
o
u
n
d
3
0
-
4
5
m
in
u
tes
to
f
in
is
h
,
th
e
win
n
er
is
s
elec
ted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
atio
o
f
m
o
n
ey
th
ey
h
av
e
i
n
h
a
n
d
with
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la,
m
o
n
ey
in
h
an
d
d
iv
id
ed
b
y
in
c
o
m
e
m
u
ltip
ly
1
0
0
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
r
atio
is
th
e
win
n
er
.
T
h
e
lear
n
i
n
g
g
o
al
o
f
th
e
g
am
e
is
to
teac
h
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
o
w
to
m
an
ag
e
t
h
eir
o
wn
m
o
n
ey
wis
ely
.
Fin
an
cial
k
n
o
wled
g
e
t
h
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
lear
n
f
r
o
m
g
a
m
e
is
s
av
in
g
s
,
in
v
estme
n
t,
m
o
r
tg
a
g
e,
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
an
d
ca
r
in
g
to
p
ar
e
n
ts
an
d
s
o
ciety
.
I
t
h
as
a
d
o
n
atio
n
elem
e
n
t
to
th
e
p
o
o
r
i
n
th
e
g
am
e,
f
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
it
also
h
as
an
elem
en
t o
f
th
e
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
th
e
g
am
e
h
as
b
ee
n
illu
s
tr
ated
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
Fin
P
lan
G
a
me
R
o
l
e
p
l
a
y
G
a
mi
f
i
e
d
o
n
l
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
P
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
p
l
a
y
2
–
6
p
l
a
y
e
r
s
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
g
a
m
e
O
n
l
i
n
e
w
i
t
h
A
R
e
l
e
me
n
t
Ty
p
i
c
a
l
h
o
u
r
s
u
se
d
3
0
mi
n
u
t
e
s
–
1
h
o
u
r
-
D
i
sc
u
ssi
o
n
-
P
e
r
so
n
a
l
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
m
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
-
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
a
l
c
h
a
n
g
e
3
.
3
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
s
A
s
et
o
f
2
5
item
s
Fin
Plan
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
was
u
s
ed
as
an
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
A
5
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
was
ap
p
lied
in
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
b
y
th
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
T
h
eo
r
y
Plan
n
ed
B
eh
av
io
r
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
co
n
tain
e
d
o
f
th
r
ee
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
o
f
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
ts
,
f
in
an
cial
p
lan
n
in
g
an
d
f
in
a
n
cial
liter
a
cy
.
B
asically
,
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
e
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
th
r
ee
m
ain
cr
iter
ia:
i)
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
f
in
an
cial
p
lan
n
i
n
g
;
ii)
p
r
ac
tices
;
an
d
iii)
i
n
ter
est to
war
d
s
f
in
a
n
cial
liter
ac
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
472
-
481
476
A
p
ilo
t
test
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
t
o
ex
am
in
e
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
b
ef
o
r
e
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
in
th
e
ac
tu
al
r
esear
ch
.
C
o
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
an
d
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
was
estab
lis
h
ed
b
y
a
team
o
f
ex
p
er
ts
in
clu
d
in
g
lectu
r
er
s
in
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
ex
p
er
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
Fin
an
cial
Plan
n
in
g
C
o
u
n
cil.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
alp
h
a
with
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
.
8
4
3
.
3
.
4
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n a
nd
da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
pro
ce
du
re
Data
wer
e
co
llected
f
r
o
m
Ap
r
il
-
Ma
y
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
co
n
s
en
t
was
co
llected
b
ef
o
r
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
af
ter
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
an
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
b
o
ar
d
g
am
e
n
am
ed
Fin
Plan
was
an
aly
ze
d
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
es
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
io
u
s
s
tatis
t
ical
tech
n
iq
u
es.
Me
an
s
co
r
e
was
ca
lcu
lated
an
d
u
n
iv
ar
iate
an
aly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
ia
n
ce
(
ANOV
A)
was a
p
p
lied
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
h
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ics
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
2
3
5
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wh
o
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
th
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
,
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
em
wer
e
f
em
ales
(
5
9
.
6
%)
wh
er
ea
s
o
n
ly
4
0
.
4
%
wer
e
m
ales.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
em
n
eith
e
r
h
av
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
n
o
r
g
am
e
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
a
to
tal
o
f
6
8
.
9
%
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
Ma
lay
,
1
1
.
5
% we
r
e
C
h
in
ese,
1
2
.
8
%
wer
e
I
n
d
ia
,
a
n
d
6
.
8
% we
r
e
o
th
er
r
ac
es.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
af
ter
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
o
ar
d
g
am
e
with
au
g
m
en
te
d
r
e
ality
.
T
h
e
f
u
r
th
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
etwe
en
g
e
n
d
er
.
T
h
e
d
e
s
cr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tic
s
s
h
o
wed
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
tatis
tics
f
o
r
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
lev
el
o
f
m
ales
an
d
f
em
ales
s
ep
ar
ately
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
f
o
r
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
7
2
.
4
4
an
d
7
4
.
1
6
f
o
r
f
em
ale,
o
v
er
all,
f
e
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
lig
h
tly
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
ed
th
an
m
ale
in
f
in
a
n
cial
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
e
s
tem
an
d
leaf
p
lo
t
f
o
r
ea
ch
g
en
d
er
s
ep
ar
ately
s
h
o
we
d
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
s
co
r
es.
T
h
is
p
lo
t
u
s
u
ally
g
iv
es
a
v
is
u
al
im
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
ea
ch
s
tu
d
en
t
s
co
r
e
o
n
f
i
n
an
cial
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
e
s
tem
is
th
e
f
ir
s
t
d
ig
it o
f
s
co
r
e
a
n
d
th
e
leaf
is
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
d
ig
it.
Fig
u
r
e
2
in
d
icate
s
th
at
2
9
p
er
s
o
n
s
h
a
d
s
team
s
o
f
6
a
n
d
leav
es
o
f
0
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
9
,
it
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
s
co
r
e
is
b
etwe
en
6
0
an
d
6
9
.
On
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
s
tem
an
d
leaf
p
lo
ts
f
o
r
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
er
e
ar
e
2
2
f
em
ale
s
co
r
e
7
5
to
7
9
,
w
h
er
ea
s
,
th
e
r
e
is
o
n
ly
a
f
em
ale
s
co
r
e
d
4
2
m
ar
k
s
.
T
h
e
p
l
o
t
also
s
h
o
wed
t
h
at
f
o
u
r
f
em
ales
s
co
r
e
th
e
h
ig
h
est
s
co
r
e,
th
er
e
is
9
6
.
T
h
e
b
o
x
p
lo
ts
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
b
et
wee
n
m
ale
an
d
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
t
s
wer
e
illu
s
tr
ated
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
2.
Fin
an
cial
liter
ac
y
s
tem
-
an
d
-
leaf
p
lo
t f
o
r
g
e
n
d
er
=
1
.
0
0
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fin
an
cial
liter
ac
y
s
tem
-
an
d
-
leaf
p
lo
t f
o
r
g
e
n
d
er
f
e
m
ale
Frequency Stem & Leaf
2.00 Extremes (=<40)
3.00 4 . 666
7.00 5 . 5566668
29.00 6 . 00004444455688888888888889999
24.00 7 . 000000000024466666788888
23.00 8 . 00022234445666666778889
7.00 9 . 0022246
Stem width: 10.00
Each leaf: 1 case(s)
Frequency Stem & Leaf
4.00 Extremes (=<38)
1.00 4 . 2
2.00 4 . 67
3.00 5 . 044
5.00 5 . 66666
11.00 6 . 00000444444
20.00 6 . 55556677778888888889
20.00 7 . 00000022222244444444
22.00 7 . 5566667788888888889999
21.00 8 . 000001222222334444444
19.00 8 . 5666666666678888888
8.00 9 . 00002444
4.00 9 . 6688
Stem width: 10.00
Each leaf: 1 case(s)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
u
g
men
ted
r
ea
lity
b
o
a
r
d
g
a
me
in
p
r
o
mo
tin
g
fin
a
n
cia
l litera
cy
a
mo
n
g
Ma
l
a
ysia
…
(
K
h
o
o
Yin
Yin
)
477
F
ig
u
r
e
4
.
B
o
x
p
lo
ts
o
f
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
etwe
en
m
ale
a
n
d
f
e
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
T
h
e
f
u
r
th
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
is
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
f
in
an
c
ial
liter
ac
y
af
te
r
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
o
ar
d
g
am
e
.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
s
tatis
tical
test
o
f
t
h
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
m
ale
an
d
f
em
ale
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
ANOV
A
test
f
o
r
F=1
.
0
1
4
(
Sig
.
=.
3
5
1
>.
0
5
)
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
test
s
co
r
e
o
f
th
e
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
b
etwe
en
m
ale
an
d
f
em
ale
was
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
I
t
in
d
icate
d
th
er
e
was
n
o
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
t
h
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
test
b
etwe
en
th
e
m
ale
an
d
t
h
e
f
em
ale
.
T
h
e
f
e
m
ale
was
o
u
tp
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
th
an
m
ale
with
1
.
5
7
1
in
th
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e.
T
ab
le
3
in
d
icate
d
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
s
tatis
tic
an
aly
zin
g
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
o
f
m
ales
an
d
f
em
ales
af
ter
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
o
ar
d
g
am
e
with
AR
.
Fem
ales
wer
e
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
th
a
n
m
ales
in
ea
ch
cr
iter
ia.
Af
te
r
u
s
in
g
Fin
Plan
f
o
r
4
wee
k
s
,
th
e
f
in
an
cial
p
lan
n
in
g
s
h
o
wed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
ed
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
also
s
h
o
wed
in
ter
est to
war
d
s
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
.
A
f
u
r
th
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
n
ANOV
A
test
f
o
r
th
r
ee
cr
iter
ia
(
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
f
in
an
cial
p
lan
n
in
g
,
p
r
a
ctice
s
an
d
in
ter
est
to
war
d
s
f
in
an
cial
lite
r
ac
y
)
to
ch
ec
k
wh
et
h
er
th
er
e
is
an
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
m
ale
an
d
f
em
ale
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
in
T
ab
l
e
4
in
d
icate
d
th
er
e
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
r
e
e
cr
iter
ia,
in
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
th
er
e
ar
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
b
et
wee
n
m
ales
an
d
f
em
ale
in
p
er
s
o
n
al
f
in
an
cial
p
lan
n
i
n
g
,
p
r
a
ctice
s
an
d
in
ter
est
to
war
d
s
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
.
Fe
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
o
u
tp
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
th
an
m
ale
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
ev
er
y
cr
iter
ia.
T
ab
le
2
.
A
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
th
e
A
NOVA
o
n
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
te
s
t sco
r
e
G
r
o
u
p
n
M
SD
ANOVA
t
e
st
f
o
r
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
s
F
S
i
g
.
(
a
t
<
.
0
5
)
M
a
l
e
95
7
2
.
4
4
2
1
2
.
4
9
9
1
.
0
1
4
.
3
1
5
F
e
mal
e
1
4
0
7
4
.
0
1
3
1
4
.
5
8
3
T
ab
le
3
.
Me
an
s
co
r
e
b
etwe
en
m
ale
an
d
f
em
ale
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
/
I
t
e
m
M
a
l
e
s
F
e
mal
e
s
M
SD
M
SD
1
(
B1
-
B
7
)
3
.
6
9
6
.
9
2
1
3
.
9
2
2
4
.
5
6
7
1
4
2
(
B
8
-
B
1
5
)
3
.
5
5
7
.
9
5
4
3
.
8
1
9
6
.
5
6
6
2
6
3
(
C
1
-
C
1
0
)
3
.
7
8
4
.
8
7
2
4
.
1
5
7
1
.
5
4
7
7
4
T
ab
le
4
.
Statis
tical
ANOV
A
t
est f
o
r
th
r
ee
cr
iter
ia
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
/
I
t
e
m
B
e
t
w
e
e
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
F
S
i
g
.
(
a
t
<
.
0
5
)
1
8
.
2
8
8
*
.
0
0
4
2
1
1
.
8
0
0
*
.
0
0
1
3
2
6
.
9
0
4
*
.
0
0
0
5.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
n
o
v
e
l
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
i
s
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
s
s
o
f
b
o
a
r
d
g
a
m
e
w
i
t
h
A
R
o
n
p
r
o
m
o
t
i
n
g
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
a
n
d
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
p
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
s
k
i
l
l
s
a
m
o
n
g
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
M
a
l
ay
s
i
a
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
i
s
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
a
n
d
i
n
li
n
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
r
e
n
d
w
h
e
r
e
m
a
n
y
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
t
u
r
n
i
n
g
i
n
t
o
o
n
l
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
e
s
p
e
ci
a
l
l
y
a
f
t
e
r
p
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
.
I
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
a
l
s
o
h
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
m
a
l
e
a
n
d
f
e
m
a
l
e
a
f
t
e
r
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
b
o
a
r
d
g
a
m
e
w
i
t
h
A
R
e
le
m
e
n
t
i
n
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
al
p
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
,
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
a
n
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
472
-
481
478
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
t
o
wa
r
d
s
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
l
it
e
r
a
c
y
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
s
h
o
w
e
d
n
o
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
b
et
w
e
e
n
m
a
l
e
a
n
d
f
e
m
al
e
i
n
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
li
t
e
r
a
c
y
te
s
t
s
c
o
r
e
.
I
t
m
e
a
n
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
f
i
n
a
n
c
ia
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
o
f
m
a
l
e
a
n
d
f
e
m
a
l
e
d
i
d
n
o
t
s
h
o
w
a
n
y
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
.
I
n
c
o
n
t
r
ast
,
t
h
e
r
es
u
l
t
o
f
a
s
t
u
d
y
[
3
7
]
s
h
o
w
e
d
t
h
e
r
e
wa
s
s
i
g
n
i
f
ic
a
n
t
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
c
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
m
al
e
a
n
d
f
e
m
a
l
e
i
n
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
li
t
e
r
a
cy
.
P
r
i
o
r
s
t
u
d
y
s
h
o
w
e
d
t
h
a
t
f
em
a
l
e
w
as
l
o
w
e
r
i
n
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
al
l
it
e
r
a
c
y
d
u
e
t
o
s
o
c
i
al
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
a
n
d
l
o
c
a
l
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
.
F
i
n
a
n
ci
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
w
as
ass
o
c
i
a
te
d
w
it
h
m
a
t
h
e
m
at
i
c
s
k
i
ll
s
[
3
7
]
.
H
o
we
v
e
r
,
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
a
t
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
’
s
t
es
t
s
c
o
r
e
al
s
o
r
e
f
le
c
t
s
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
’
f
i
n
a
n
ci
a
l
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
b
o
a
r
d
g
a
m
e
w
i
t
h
A
R
el
e
m
e
n
t
c
a
n
h
e
l
p
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
i
r
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
al
l
i
te
r
a
c
y
a
n
d
p
l
a
n
t
h
e
i
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
b
u
d
g
e
t
.
T
h
i
s
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
i
s
c
o
n
s
is
t
e
n
t
w
i
t
h
p
r
i
o
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
g
a
m
e
b
a
s
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
r
y
t
h
a
t
s
h
o
w
n
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
o
f
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
’
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
l
i
t
er
a
c
y
a
n
d
h
e
l
p
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
t
o
p
l
a
n
th
e
i
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
b
u
d
g
e
t
s
[
2
]
.
B
y
en
g
ag
in
g
in
Fin
Plan
,
it
c
o
m
b
in
es
with
lear
n
in
g
an
d
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
,
it
ca
n
m
ak
e
t
h
e
le
s
s
o
n
m
o
r
e
in
ter
esti
n
g
an
d
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
th
e
way
o
f
lear
n
in
g
.
I
t
also
all
o
ws
lear
n
in
g
to
h
ap
p
en
a
n
y
wh
er
e
an
d
an
y
tim
e,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
p
la
y
af
te
r
Fin
Plan
d
u
r
in
g
o
r
af
ter
class
.
I
f
th
e
g
am
e
h
as
b
ee
n
d
esig
n
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
o
r
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
e,
it
ca
n
b
o
o
s
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
lear
n
i
n
g
ab
ilit
y
ea
s
ily
.
Fin
Plan
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
ab
ilit
y
in
f
i
n
an
cial
p
l
an
n
in
g
,
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
an
d
p
r
o
b
l
em
-
s
o
lv
in
g
ab
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
p
lay
er
s
m
u
s
t
wo
r
k
to
g
eth
er
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
g
o
a
l.
T
h
ese
g
am
es
also
h
elp
in
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
ac
ad
em
ic
co
n
ce
p
t
i
n
a
f
u
n
an
d
en
g
ag
in
g
way
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
eo
r
y
o
f
Z
o
n
e
o
f
Pro
x
im
al
Dev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
(
Z
PD)
wh
ich
in
d
icate
d
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
e
in
h
ig
h
e
r
lev
el
with
th
e
ass
is
tan
ce
o
f
lear
n
in
g
t
o
o
l
o
r
p
ee
r
s
.
I
n
Fin
P
lan
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
ac
h
ie
v
e
h
i
g
h
er
lev
el
o
f
Z
PD
w
h
en
t
h
ey
c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
d
u
r
in
g
g
am
e
p
lay
in
g
an
d
with
th
e
d
es
ig
n
o
f
t
h
e
g
am
e
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
e
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
ea
s
ily
.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
also
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
b
y
ad
o
p
tin
g
a
u
g
m
e
n
ted
r
ea
lity
wh
ich
is
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
atten
tio
n
a
n
d
f
u
n
i
n
lear
n
i
n
g
.
W
h
en
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
f
au
g
m
en
ted
r
ea
lity
,
teac
h
er
ca
n
r
ed
esig
n
th
e
r
ewa
r
d
s
an
d
p
e
n
alties
in
o
r
d
er
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lear
n
in
g
in
ter
est.
B
y
au
th
o
r
in
g
th
e
c
h
a
llen
g
in
g
task
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
a
y
h
av
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
lea
r
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
an
d
th
ey
ca
n
p
r
ac
tice
d
o
in
g
b
u
d
g
ets
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
.
I
t
i
s
a
k
n
o
wn
f
ac
t
th
at
g
am
e
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
m
eth
o
d
o
f
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
.
Si
m
ilar
ly
,
p
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
es
also
in
d
icate
d
lear
n
in
g
to
o
l
with
t
h
e
elem
en
t
o
f
I
C
T
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
b
en
ef
its
lear
n
er
s
[
3
8
]
,
esp
ec
ially
in
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
[
3
9
]
.
B
o
th
s
tu
d
ies
als
o
m
en
tio
n
ed
v
is
u
a
l
to
o
ls
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
f
i
n
an
cial
lit
er
ac
y
with
th
e
ass
is
tan
ce
o
f
f
i
n
g
er
tip
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
c
an
l
ea
r
n
a
n
y
wh
er
e
an
d
an
y
tim
e
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
Ov
e
r
all,
th
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
Fin
Plan
h
av
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
o
f
p
lay
er
s
co
g
n
itiv
e,
b
eh
a
v
io
r
a
n
d
s
o
cial
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
E
d
u
ca
to
r
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
h
av
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
th
e
teac
h
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
f
r
o
m
teac
h
er
-
ce
n
ter
ed
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ce
n
ter
m
a
n
y
y
ea
r
s
a
g
o
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
is
n
o
t
a
s
tan
d
-
alo
n
e
s
u
b
ject
in
Ma
lay
s
ia,
it
o
n
ly
ap
p
lied
cr
o
s
s
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
s
in
ce
2
0
1
9
[
4
2
]
.
D
u
e
to
it
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
life
s
k
ill,
Ma
lay
s
ian
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
h
as
tak
e
n
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
to
em
p
h
asis
its
r
o
le
in
s
ch
o
o
l a
n
d
p
u
b
lic.
N
e
v
e
r
t
h
e
l
es
s
,
t
h
e
r
e
w
e
r
e
s
e
v
er
a
l
l
i
m
it
a
ti
o
n
s
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
t
h
a
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
l
o
o
k
e
d
i
n
t
o
.
O
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
l
i
m
i
t
at
i
o
n
s
w
a
s
t
h
e
r
a
ti
o
n
b
e
tw
e
e
n
m
a
l
e
a
n
d
f
e
m
al
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
m
o
r
e
f
e
m
a
l
e
t
h
a
n
m
a
le
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
r
e
a
l
s
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
t
h
e
s
e
l
ec
t
e
d
s
c
h
o
o
l
,
i
t
m
a
y
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
i
z
e
t
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
.
A
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
al
l
y
,
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
d
i
d
n
o
t
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
’
p
r
i
o
r
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
o
f
f
in
a
n
c
i
a
l
l
it
e
r
a
c
y
t
h
at
t
h
e
y
l
e
a
r
n
e
d
f
r
o
m
f
a
m
i
l
y
.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
e
x
i
s
t
i
n
g
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
f
o
r
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
a
b
o
u
t
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
.
F
u
t
u
r
e
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
c
o
u
l
d
r
e
p
l
i
c
a
t
e
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
w
i
t
h
m
o
r
e
e
q
u
a
l
r
a
t
i
o
a
n
d
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
’
b
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
p
r
i
o
r
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
li
t
e
r
a
c
y
w
i
ll
t
a
k
e
i
n
t
o
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
.
I
n
a
d
d
i
ti
o
n
,
t
e
a
ch
e
r
s
’
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
k
n
o
wl
e
d
g
e
w
il
l
b
e
c
h
e
c
k
e
d
.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
s
u
m
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
am
o
n
g
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
s
in
g
g
am
e
-
b
ased
lear
n
i
n
g
with
AR
.
T
h
is
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
allo
ws
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
lear
n
th
e
d
aily
s
itu
atio
n
th
at
h
ap
p
en
s
u
ch
as
r
ewa
r
d
s
,
p
e
n
alties
an
d
life
ev
e
n
t.
I
t
also
b
r
in
g
s
a
m
e
s
s
ag
e
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
we
h
av
e
a
l
o
t
o
f
ev
e
n
ts
th
at
we
n
ee
d
to
s
p
en
d
m
o
n
e
y
r
ath
er
t
h
an
s
av
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
ey
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
u
s
t
p
lan
th
e
m
o
n
ey
p
r
o
p
e
r
ly
.
T
h
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
g
ain
wh
ile
p
lay
in
g
g
am
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is
f
ast an
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f
ec
tiv
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T
h
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m
u
s
t g
r
as
p
th
e
m
ain
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n
ce
p
t
an
d
p
lan
th
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b
u
d
g
et
with
th
e
s
alar
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th
at
th
ey
d
r
aw
th
e
ca
r
d
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Ad
d
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ally
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p
o
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f
in
an
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ial
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eh
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io
r
s
h
o
u
ld
b
eg
in
at
a
y
o
u
n
g
ag
e.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
way
to
en
co
u
r
ag
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
h
av
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
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f
in
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b
eh
av
io
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p
ar
en
ts
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
th
e
s
av
in
g
h
a
b
it
wh
en
th
ey
ar
e
y
o
u
n
g
.
Nev
e
r
th
eless
,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
also
p
lay
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t r
o
le
to
ed
u
ca
te
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
o
r
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
in
an
cial
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
d
i
r
ec
tio
n
s
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
b
o
ar
d
g
am
es
with
au
g
m
en
ted
r
ea
lity
co
u
l
d
f
o
cu
s
o
n
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
im
m
er
s
iv
e
AR
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
to
en
h
a
n
ce
s
tu
d
e
n
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
R
esear
ch
er
s
co
u
ld
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
AR
f
ea
tu
r
es,
s
u
ch
as
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
3
D
m
o
d
els,
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
r
eten
tio
n
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
an
d
o
v
er
all
ac
a
d
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
s
t
u
d
y
in
g
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
AR
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
in
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u
ca
tio
n
al
b
o
ar
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g
am
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wh
er
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tu
d
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ts
ca
n
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k
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eth
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r
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a
s
h
ar
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v
ir
tu
al
e
n
v
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m
en
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c
o
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l
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
s
o
cial
an
d
co
g
n
itiv
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
th
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
r
esear
c
h
er
s
co
u
ld
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
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d
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RE
F
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NC
E
S
[
1
]
L.
S
a
a
d
,
“
A
m
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r
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n
s’
m
o
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y
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J.
B
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.
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3
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K
.
Y
.
Y
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,
D
.
W
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so
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d
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.
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4
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5
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K
.
K
h
a
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d
R
.
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smai
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,
“
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Bu
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[
6
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P
.
C
.
Y
a
u
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d
D
.
W
o
n
g
,
“
P
o
w
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f
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a
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c
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a
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b
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Pr
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[
7
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F
.
K
e
sh
a
v
a
r
z
i
,
B
.
T.
W
.
Q
i
,
B
.
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.
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.
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F
.
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.
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M
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Th
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[
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A
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e
d
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.
m
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N:
2252
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8
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p
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sp
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c
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d
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e
De
p
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ty
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ta
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trate
g
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c
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lan
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in
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),
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se
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rc
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a
n
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m
e
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t
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tre
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th
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fa
c
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lt
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se
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m
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h
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s
wo
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se
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rize
s in
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c
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tac
ted
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p
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y
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s
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lt
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ris,
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j
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li
m
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h
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En
trep
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rs
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ip
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m
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b
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sa
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lay
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n
2
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2
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rs
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ip
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c
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m
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rk
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so
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t,
stra
teg
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n
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rsh
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p
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s
re
se
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lt
s
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v
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c
a
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n
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u
p
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y
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tim
a
h
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lwa
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d
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a
d
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ro
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r
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r
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ics
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p
a
rti
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larly
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ted
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ies
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w
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n
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ial
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str
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m
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ts
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lp
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e
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m
m
u
n
it
ies
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ro
v
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ir
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o
n
o
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ic
situ
a
ti
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n
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o
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h
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o
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le
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k
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n
c
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d
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se
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rc
h
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n
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e
n
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re
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e
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rs
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se
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ig
it
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l
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rk
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g
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o
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ir
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c
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s
a
n
d
th
e
r
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le
o
f
Ar
-
Ra
h
n
(Isla
m
ic
p
a
wn
sh
o
p
s)
in
fin
a
n
c
ial
i
n
c
lu
si
o
n
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
fa
ti
m
a
h
sa
lwa
@fp
e
.
u
p
si.ed
u
.
m
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.