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14
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Feb
r
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20
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:
373
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381
374
I
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er
s
is
ten
tly
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
ex
p
er
ien
ce
jo
b
m
is
m
atch
es
an
d
wo
r
k
f
o
r
lo
wer
-
p
ay
in
g
em
p
lo
y
er
s
[
1
0
]
.
E
n
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
e
m
er
g
es
as
a
v
iab
le
av
e
n
u
e
f
o
r
v
o
ca
tio
n
a
l
s
ch
o
o
l
g
r
a
d
u
ates.
Stu
d
ies
in
d
icate
th
at
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
s
ter
s
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
ial
in
ten
ti
o
n
,
c
o
m
p
ete
n
ce
,
b
eh
av
i
o
r
,
an
d
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
l
g
r
ad
u
ates,
th
er
eb
y
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
t
o
e
m
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
r
o
wth
,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
E
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
ip
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
ar
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
r
elate
d
to
s
tu
d
en
t'
s
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
a
n
d
in
te
n
tio
n
in
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
ls
[
1
3
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
en
tr
e
p
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
ls
en
h
an
ce
s
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
ia
l
in
ten
tio
n
a
n
d
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
with
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
a
n
d
e
n
ter
p
r
is
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
er
v
in
g
as
m
ed
iati
n
g
f
ac
t
o
r
s
[
1
4
]
.
Su
ch
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
ial
b
eh
av
io
r
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
v
o
ca
tio
n
s
an
d
o
f
f
er
s
b
en
e
f
its
u
n
d
er
d
iv
er
s
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
an
d
m
o
d
e
s
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
ef
f
o
r
ts
h
a
v
e
b
e
en
u
n
d
er
way
to
cu
ltiv
ate
th
e
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
s
p
ir
it
am
o
n
g
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
On
e
s
u
ch
in
itiativ
e
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
a
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
f
ea
tu
r
in
g
m
o
d
u
les
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
c
h
ar
ac
ter
-
b
ased
b
u
s
in
ess
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
s
elf
-
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
an
d
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
d
r
i
v
e
[
1
6
]
.
Ne
v
er
th
eless
,
th
is
en
d
ea
v
o
r
en
co
u
n
ter
s
o
b
s
tacle
s
,
n
o
tab
ly
t
h
e
lim
ited
p
o
p
u
lar
ity
o
f
m
o
d
u
le
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
am
o
n
g
p
r
esen
t
-
d
ay
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia'
s
liter
ac
y
r
ates
a
r
e
d
ec
lin
in
g
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
els
a
n
d
s
u
b
jects
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
Ag
ain
s
t
th
is
b
ac
k
d
r
o
p
,
o
u
r
r
esear
ch
e
n
d
ea
v
o
r
s
t
o
d
e
v
is
e
a
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
tailo
r
ed
t
o
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
em
p
lo
y
s
a
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
m
o
d
el
ad
a
p
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
B
o
r
g
an
d
Gall
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
in
v
o
lv
in
g
s
y
s
tem
atic
s
tep
s
th
at
in
clu
d
e
n
ee
d
s
ass
ess
m
en
t,
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t,
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
ct
ev
al
u
atio
n
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
aim
s
to
cr
ea
te
a
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
t
ea
ch
er
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
tailo
r
e
d
f
o
r
v
o
ca
ti
o
n
al
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
E
ac
h
p
h
ase
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
is
m
eticu
lo
u
s
ly
p
lan
n
ed
a
n
d
ex
ec
u
ted
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
an
d
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
th
e
f
in
al
p
r
o
d
u
ct.
T
h
e
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
th
e
r
esear
c
h
m
eth
o
d
is
d
ep
i
cted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Diag
r
a
m
f
lo
w
o
f
r
es
ea
r
ch
m
eth
o
d
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
a
d
escr
i
p
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
etails
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
cl
u
d
e
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
e
x
p
er
ts
,
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
o
r
teac
h
er
s
,
a
n
d
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
.
E
ac
h
ass
ess
m
en
t
f
ield
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
two
ex
p
er
ts
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
was
s
tr
ateg
ic,
in
v
o
lv
in
g
th
o
s
e
with
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
s
ig
h
ts
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
in
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
with
in
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
eir
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
wer
e
cr
u
cial
in
s
h
ap
in
g
an
d
v
alid
ati
n
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el.
W
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
cu
s
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
(
FGDs
)
f
o
r
th
e
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
F
GDs
wer
e
d
esig
n
ed
to
g
ath
e
r
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
iv
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
n
ee
d
s
ass
ess
m
en
t
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ct
v
a
lid
atio
n
p
h
ases
.
An
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
p
r
ep
ar
ed
b
ased
o
n
FGD
f
in
d
in
g
s
to
co
n
d
u
ct
a
n
ee
d
s
as
s
ess
m
en
t
am
o
n
g
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
p
r
in
cip
als,
teac
h
er
s
,
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
ese
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
wer
e
v
ital
in
co
ll
ec
tin
g
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata
to
in
f
o
r
m
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
vo
ca
tio
n
a
l sch
o
o
ls
:
a
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
mo
d
el
(
Wid
o
d
o
)
375
an
d
r
ef
in
em
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
FGD
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
clu
d
es
s
ev
er
al
s
ta
g
es,
s
tar
tin
g
f
r
o
m
d
eter
m
in
in
g
o
b
jectiv
es,
co
m
p
ilin
g
a
lis
t
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
co
llectin
g
r
esear
ch
s
u
b
jects,
p
r
esen
tin
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
s
u
m
m
ar
izin
g
th
e
c
o
n
ten
ts
o
f
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
,
an
d
i
n
ter
p
r
etin
g
d
ata.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
in
v
o
lv
ed
m
u
ltip
le
p
h
ases
.
I
n
th
e
n
ee
d
s
ass
ess
m
en
t
p
h
ase,
F
GDs
wit
h
ex
p
er
ts
h
elp
ed
id
en
tif
y
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
f
o
r
th
e
en
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
m
o
d
e
l.
B
ased
o
n
th
ese
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
,
a
n
ee
d
s
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
an
d
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
.
I
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
p
h
ase,
we
cr
ea
ted
a
d
r
a
f
t
d
esi
g
n
o
f
th
e
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el.
T
h
is
d
r
af
t
was
th
en
s
u
b
jecte
d
t
o
f
u
r
th
er
FGDs
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
ev
alu
atio
n
p
h
ase,
wh
er
e
it
was
v
alid
ate
d
b
y
e
x
p
er
ts
an
d
u
s
er
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
p
r
in
cip
als,
en
s
u
r
in
g
its
p
r
ac
tic
ality
an
d
r
elev
a
n
ce
.
Data
an
aly
s
is
tech
n
iq
u
es
wer
e
p
r
im
ar
ily
q
u
alitativ
e.
T
h
e
v
er
b
al
d
ata
co
llected
f
r
o
m
FGDs
wer
e
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
an
aly
ze
d
to
ex
tr
ac
t
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
in
s
ig
h
ts
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
id
en
tify
in
g
co
m
m
o
n
th
em
es
an
d
p
atter
n
s
th
at
em
e
r
g
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
an
d
in
ter
v
iews.
T
h
is
q
u
alitativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
allo
wed
f
o
r
a
d
etailed
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
n
ee
d
s
an
d
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
W
e
u
s
ed
tr
ian
g
u
latio
n
o
f
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
m
in
im
ize
b
ias
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
f
in
d
in
g
s
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
a
n
d
co
n
tr
asti
n
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
m
u
ltip
le
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
an
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
c
atio
n
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
ls
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
v
alid
atio
n
an
d
ea
s
e
o
f
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tag
es
in
clu
d
e
n
ee
d
s
ass
ess
m
en
t,
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
ct
e
v
alu
atio
n
,
wh
ic
h
will
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
r
elev
a
n
ce
a
n
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
e
s
s
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
in
m
ee
tin
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
n
ee
d
s
in
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
Ho
p
ef
u
lly
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
p
r
ac
tical
g
u
id
an
ce
f
o
r
v
o
c
atio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
ls
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
a
r
t,
th
e
n
ee
d
ass
ess
m
en
t
ex
p
o
s
es
th
e
u
s
er
n
ee
d
s
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
to
b
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
n
ee
d
s
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
s
u
b
s
tan
tial c
h
allen
g
es in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
in
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
T
h
e
lac
k
o
f
n
u
m
b
er
s
an
d
q
u
alif
icatio
n
s
o
f
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
teac
h
e
r
s
is
a
f
o
ca
l
p
o
in
t,
with
th
e
m
is
m
atch
o
f
teac
h
er
s
'
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
as
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
with
en
t
r
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
,
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
ial
teac
h
er
s
in
I
T
,
in
d
ica
te
an
attem
p
t
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
ese
wea
k
n
ess
es.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
c
h
an
g
es
i
n
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
an
d
lear
n
i
n
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
a
lo
n
g
with
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
ch
ar
ac
ter
b
u
ild
i
n
g
i
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
ar
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
to
en
s
u
r
e
o
p
tim
al
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
f
o
r
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
g
r
ad
u
ates
to
en
ter
th
e
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
th
eir
o
wn
b
u
s
in
ess
es.
An
o
th
er
ch
allen
g
e
e
n
co
u
n
ter
e
d
is
th
e
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
th
at
v
o
ca
ti
o
n
al
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
g
r
ad
u
ates
ca
n
d
ir
ec
tly
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
wo
r
ld
o
f
wo
r
k
o
r
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
.
C
h
an
g
es
in
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
an
d
le
ar
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
etter
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
p
r
ac
tice
th
eir
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
i
al
s
k
ills
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
is
ex
p
ec
te
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
co
m
p
eten
cy
o
f
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
i
p
teac
h
er
s
,
th
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
g
r
ad
u
a
tes
to
f
ac
e
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
t
h
e
wo
r
ld
o
f
wo
r
k
,
an
d
th
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
en
t
r
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
lear
n
in
g
i
n
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ec
tio
n
,
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
in
itial
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
a
n
d
its
c
o
n
ten
ts
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
el
o
f
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
en
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
lear
n
in
g
in
v
o
lv
es th
r
ee
m
ain
ele
m
en
ts
,
n
am
ely
m
in
d
s
et,
m
en
ta
l e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
,
an
d
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
el
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
m
o
r
e
clea
r
ly
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Min
d
s
et
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
m
e
n
tality
ar
e
class
if
ied
as
s
o
f
t
s
k
ills
th
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
in
ter
n
alize
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
,
wh
ich
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
v
alu
es
a
n
d
attitu
d
es.
T
h
e
teac
h
er
'
s
ta
s
k
in
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
is
to
ch
an
g
e
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
p
ar
ad
ig
m
f
r
o
m
s
im
p
ly
asp
ir
in
g
to
“b
ec
o
m
e
a
n
em
p
lo
y
ee
”
af
ter
g
r
ad
u
atio
n
,
to
an
attitu
d
e
t
h
at
lead
s
to
“c
r
ea
tin
g
jo
b
s
”
a
f
ter
g
r
ad
u
atio
n
,
wh
er
e
th
ey
h
av
e
th
e
p
o
ten
tial to
b
ec
o
m
e
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
an
d
lead
er
s
in
th
eir
o
wn
b
u
s
in
ess
es.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
with
ad
e
q
u
ate
m
aster
y
o
f
s
o
f
t
s
k
ills
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
will
also
b
e
ab
le
to
b
ett
er
d
ev
elo
p
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
ab
ilit
ies.
Me
n
tal
asp
ec
ts
o
f
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
in
clu
d
e
h
o
n
esty
,
d
is
cip
lin
e,
h
ar
d
wo
r
k
,
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
an
d
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
tr
o
n
g
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
h
i
g
h
c
o
m
m
itm
en
t,
cu
r
i
o
s
ity
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
,
an
d
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
s
ee
k
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
ar
e
also
ess
en
tial
s
o
f
t
s
k
ills
f
o
r
asp
ir
in
g
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
s
.
E
q
u
ally
im
p
o
r
tan
t
ar
e
th
e
m
aster
y
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
s
k
ills
,
m
aster
y
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
co
ll
ab
o
r
ate,
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
wo
r
k
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
tly
,
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
,
all
o
f
wh
ich
ar
e
ab
s
o
lu
te
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
f
o
r
an
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
.
I
n
th
e
n
e
x
t
s
tag
e,
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
ex
p
e
cted
to
b
e
a
b
le
to
ap
p
ly
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
th
ey
h
av
e
lear
n
ed
in
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
p
r
ac
tice.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
lear
n
i
n
g
to
em
p
h
asize
a
p
r
o
d
u
ct
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
wh
e
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
in
v
ited
t
o
b
e
d
ir
ec
tly
in
v
o
l
v
ed
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
ess
o
f
m
ak
in
g
a
n
d
m
ar
k
etin
g
p
r
o
d
u
cts.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
r
em
ain
ac
tiv
e
in
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
af
ter
g
r
ad
u
atin
g
f
r
o
m
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
373
-
381
376
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
I
n
th
e
th
ir
d
s
ec
tio
n
,
we
e
v
alu
ated
th
e
d
r
af
t
p
r
o
d
u
ct
th
at
h
a
d
b
ee
n
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
.
T
ab
le
1
d
e
s
cr
ib
es
th
e
ex
p
er
t
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
o
n
th
e
en
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
m
o
d
el
u
s
in
g
th
e
in
ter
-
r
ater
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
I
R
R
)
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
C
o
h
en
'
s
Kap
p
a.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws an
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t f
o
r
ex
p
er
ts
in
v
alid
atin
g
p
r
o
d
u
ct
r
esear
ch
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Descr
ip
tio
n
o
f
e
x
p
er
t
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
No
A
ssessme
n
t
a
s
p
e
c
t
s
V
a
l
u
e
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
1
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
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n
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e
p
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n
e
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r
s
h
i
p
e
d
u
c
a
t
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o
n
1
V
e
r
y
g
o
o
d
d
e
a
l
2
En
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
s
h
i
p
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u
c
a
t
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o
n
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
1
V
e
r
y
g
o
o
d
d
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a
l
3
O
p
e
r
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t
i
o
n
a
l
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z
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t
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o
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o
f
t
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p
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r
sh
i
p
m
o
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V
e
r
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g
o
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d
e
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l
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
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n
u
m
er
ical
d
ata
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elate
d
to
p
r
o
d
u
ct
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p
ta
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ilit
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b
ased
o
n
ass
ess
m
en
ts
b
y
ex
p
e
r
ts
,
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
,
an
d
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
ass
es
s
o
r
s
,
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p
er
ts
,
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
,
an
d
teac
h
er
s
,
ea
ch
ag
r
ee
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct'
s
ac
ce
p
tab
ilit
y
.
I
n
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
th
e
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
m
o
d
el
ca
n
a
n
d
is
r
ea
d
y
to
b
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
ev
alu
ato
r
ass
ess
ed
th
e
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
en
tr
e
p
r
e
n
eu
r
ial
ed
u
ca
tio
n
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
T
wo
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
ev
al
u
ated
th
e
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
ial
e
d
u
c
atio
n
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
E
v
alu
at
o
r
1
,
in
th
eir
ass
ess
m
en
t,
s
tated
th
at
i
)
th
ey
ag
r
ee
with
th
e
e
n
t
r
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
lear
n
in
g
co
n
ce
p
t
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
wer
e
r
elate
d
t
o
th
e
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
w
h
ich
in
clu
d
e
ii
)
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
a
m
in
d
s
et
an
d
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
m
en
tality
th
at
ca
n
b
e
lin
k
ed
to
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
iii
)
th
e
n
ee
d
to
em
p
h
asize
p
r
o
d
u
ct
-
b
ased
l
ea
r
n
in
g
,
an
d
iv
)
th
e
co
n
tin
u
ati
o
n
o
f
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
ial
s
k
ills
af
t
er
g
r
ad
u
atin
g
f
r
o
m
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l.
Me
a
n
wh
ile,
ev
alu
ato
r
2
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ted
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
r
elate
d
to
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
ac
tiv
ities
.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
wh
at
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
p
r
ep
ar
ed
ar
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
,
p
r
ac
tical
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
ip
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
an
d
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
v
alid
atio
n
b
y
ex
p
e
r
ts
,
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
also
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
wer
e
teac
h
er
s
ac
t
iv
ely
teac
h
in
g
at
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
B
esid
es
b
ein
g
tea
ch
er
s
,
th
ey
ar
e
also
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
was
ac
ce
p
ted
b
y
th
e
ev
alu
ato
r
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
its
im
p
l
em
en
tatio
n
,
n
o
t
all
asp
ec
ts
n
ee
d
to
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l.
On
ly
ce
r
tain
d
ep
ar
tm
en
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
b
u
s
in
ess
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
cu
lin
ar
y
ar
ts
,
to
u
r
is
m
,
an
d
h
o
s
p
itality
,
ca
n
ap
p
l
y
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
ce
p
t.
E
x
p
er
t
ju
d
g
m
e
n
t
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ir
ec
t
u
s
er
tr
ials
to
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
p
r
o
d
u
ct.
C
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
tr
ia
ls
o
n
r
ea
l
u
s
er
s
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
cle
ar
er
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
h
o
w
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
in
r
ea
l
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
h
o
w
u
s
er
s
r
es
p
o
n
d
t
o
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct.
T
o
g
et
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
vo
ca
tio
n
a
l sch
o
o
ls
:
a
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
mo
d
el
(
Wid
o
d
o
)
377
r
esu
lts
,
it
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
th
a
t
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
n
o
t
o
n
ly
c
o
n
d
u
ct
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
tr
ials
,
b
u
t
also
ex
p
a
n
d
t
o
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
tr
ials
.
T
h
i
s
s
tep
i
s
ex
p
ec
ted
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
o
r
e
r
e
p
r
esen
tativ
e
an
d
r
eliab
le
d
ata
in
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
an
d
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct,
as
well
as
in
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
E
n
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
p
l
ay
s
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
in
eq
u
ip
p
in
g
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
m
in
d
s
et,
m
en
tal
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
ip
,
an
d
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
t
o
n
av
ig
ate
th
e
co
m
p
le
x
a
n
d
ev
er
-
ev
o
lv
i
n
g
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
lan
d
s
ca
p
e.
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
c
r
u
cia
l
f
o
r
p
r
e
p
ar
in
g
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
en
g
a
g
e
with
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
an
d
c
h
allen
g
in
g
wo
r
l
d
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
B
y
en
c
o
u
r
ag
in
g
a
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
attitu
d
e,
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
an
d
th
e
d
r
iv
e
to
in
n
o
v
ate,
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lay
s
a
s
tr
o
n
g
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
b
u
s
in
ess
v
en
tu
r
es.
I
t
h
elp
s
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ad
a
p
t
to
c
h
an
g
es,
s
eize
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
an
d
o
v
er
co
m
e
o
b
s
tacle
s
in
th
eir
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
jo
u
r
n
ey
s
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
aim
s
to
f
o
s
ter
an
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
s
p
ir
it
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
o
lid
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
v
en
tu
r
es
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
Min
d
s
et
is
a
cr
u
cial
asp
ec
t
o
f
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
h
ap
in
g
h
o
w
in
d
iv
id
u
als
p
er
ce
iv
e
an
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
an
d
c
h
allen
g
es
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
An
en
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
ial
m
in
d
s
et,
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
ze
d
b
y
a
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
an
d
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
a
willin
g
n
ess
to
tak
e
ca
lcu
lated
r
is
k
s
,
an
d
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
r
e
co
g
n
ize
an
d
ex
p
lo
it
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
is
ess
en
tial f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
is
m
in
d
s
e
t e
n
ab
les in
d
iv
id
u
als to
id
e
n
tif
y
an
d
ca
p
italize
o
n
m
ar
k
et
g
ap
s
,
g
en
er
ate
n
o
v
el
id
ea
s
,
an
d
ad
ap
t
to
d
y
n
am
i
c
b
u
s
in
ess
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
2
9
]
.
T
o
cu
ltiv
ate
th
is
m
in
d
s
et,
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
e
x
p
o
s
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
[
3
0
]
,
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
in
g
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
[
3
1
]
,
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
-
o
r
ien
ted
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
t
o
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
i
n
g
[
3
2
]
.
Me
n
tal
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
,
o
n
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
th
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
an
d
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
b
eh
a
v
io
r
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
.
Self
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
wh
ich
r
ef
er
s
to
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al'
s
b
elief
in
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
task
s
an
d
o
v
er
co
m
e
ch
allen
g
es,
is
a
k
ey
d
eter
m
in
an
t
o
f
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
s
u
cc
ess
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
R
esil
ien
ce
,
th
e
ab
ilit
y
t
o
p
er
s
ev
er
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
etb
ac
k
s
an
d
ad
v
er
s
ities
,
is
an
o
th
er
cr
itical
asp
ec
t
o
f
m
e
n
tal
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
i
p
[
3
5
]
.
E
m
o
tio
n
al
in
tellig
en
ce
,
wh
ich
en
co
m
p
ass
es
s
elf
-
awa
r
en
ess
,
s
elf
-
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
em
p
ath
y
,
a
n
d
s
o
cial
s
k
ills
,
f
ac
ilit
ates
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
,
an
d
team
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
[
3
6
]
.
E
n
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
aim
to
d
e
v
elo
p
t
h
ese
m
en
tal
attr
ib
u
tes th
r
o
u
g
h
v
a
r
io
u
s
ex
er
cises
,
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
an
d
ex
p
er
ie
n
tial le
ar
n
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
[
1
9
]
,
[
3
7
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
f
o
s
ter
in
g
an
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
m
in
d
s
et
an
d
m
en
tality
,
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
k
ills
ess
e
n
tial
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
v
en
tu
r
es.
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
co
v
er
s
v
a
r
io
u
s
co
m
p
ete
n
cies,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
s
k
ill
[
3
8
]
,
[
3
9
]
a
n
d
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
[
4
0
]
.
R
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ca
n
s
p
ec
if
ically
en
h
an
ce
th
e
s
e
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
s
k
ills
[
4
1
]
–
[
4
3
]
.
I
n
d
i
v
id
u
als
wh
o
u
n
d
e
r
g
o
en
t
r
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
i
p
tr
ain
in
g
ar
e
b
etter
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
to
s
u
cc
ee
d
in
th
eir
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
en
d
e
av
o
r
s
[
2
1
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
E
n
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
h
as
g
ain
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
tr
ac
ti
o
n
in
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
with
a
g
r
o
win
g
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
th
at
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
ar
e
c
r
u
cial
f
o
r
f
o
s
ter
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
r
o
wth
,
a
n
d
jo
b
cr
ea
tio
n
.
T
h
e
n
o
tio
n
th
at
co
m
p
eten
cy
in
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
ip
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
its
elf
co
n
s
titu
tes
an
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
s
k
ill
h
as
s
p
ar
k
ed
m
u
c
h
d
eb
ate
a
m
o
n
g
s
ch
o
lar
s
an
d
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
[
2
1
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
E
n
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
ial
co
m
p
eten
cies
en
co
m
p
ass
n
o
t
o
n
ly
th
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
b
u
s
in
ess
s
tar
t
-
u
p
s
b
u
t
also
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
id
e
n
tify
an
d
p
u
r
s
u
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
th
in
k
cr
itically
,
an
d
n
a
v
ig
ate
u
n
ce
r
tain
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
4
5
]
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
in
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
v
iewe
d
as
a
m
eta
-
co
m
p
eten
c
y
th
at
en
a
b
les
in
d
iv
id
u
als
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
n
d
h
o
n
e
t
h
ese
ess
en
tial e
n
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
s
k
ills
[
3
8
]
,
[
4
6
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
s
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
in
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
i
p
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
4
7
]
,
[
4
8
]
.
E
n
g
ag
in
g
in
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
th
a
t
em
p
h
asize
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
b
u
s
in
ess
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies,
an
d
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
p
r
o
jects,
ca
n
f
o
s
ter
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
en
t
r
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
co
m
p
eten
cies.
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
esig
n
an
d
d
eliv
er
s
u
ch
ex
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
d
is
tin
ct
s
et
o
f
co
m
p
eten
cies
th
at
b
len
d
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
ex
p
e
r
tis
e
with
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
m
in
d
s
ets
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
[
4
9
]
,
[
5
0
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
co
m
p
eten
cy
i
n
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
i
p
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
e
d
an
en
t
r
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
ial
s
k
ill,
en
ab
lin
g
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
to
cr
ea
t
e
im
m
er
s
iv
e
an
d
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
e
x
p
er
i
en
ce
s
th
at
n
u
r
tu
r
e
th
e
n
e
x
t g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
th
at
is
p
ar
t
o
f
en
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
ial
s
k
ills
is
lead
er
s
h
ip
.
L
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
is
a
cr
u
cial
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
s
k
ills
,
as
it
in
v
o
lv
es
in
s
p
ir
i
n
g
an
d
g
u
id
in
g
a
team
to
war
d
s
ac
h
iev
in
g
a
s
h
ar
ed
v
is
io
n
[
5
1
]
,
[
5
2
]
.
Su
cc
ess
f
u
l
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
m
u
s
t
p
o
s
s
ess
s
tr
o
n
g
lead
er
s
h
ip
q
u
alities
to
n
a
v
ig
ate
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
o
f
s
tar
tin
g
a
n
d
r
u
n
n
in
g
a
b
u
s
in
ess
[
5
3
]
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
lay
s
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
m
o
tiv
atin
g
em
p
l
o
y
ee
s
,
an
d
d
r
iv
in
g
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
s
u
cc
ess
[
5
4
]
.
E
n
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
lead
er
s
h
ip
en
co
m
p
ass
es
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
k
ills
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ic
th
in
k
in
g
,
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
team
-
b
u
ild
i
n
g
.
L
ea
d
er
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
a
b
le
to
ar
ticu
late
a
co
m
p
ellin
g
v
is
io
n
,
r
ally
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
an
d
em
p
o
we
r
th
eir
t
ea
m
m
em
b
er
s
to
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
t
h
eir
b
est
ef
f
o
r
ts
[
5
5
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
n
ee
d
to
ad
ap
t
th
eir
lea
d
er
s
h
i
p
s
ty
le
to
th
e
ev
o
lv
in
g
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
eir
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
[
5
6
]
.
B
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
r
esil
ien
ce
,
em
o
tio
n
al
in
tellig
e
n
ce
,
an
d
a
g
r
o
wth
m
in
d
s
et,
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
lead
er
s
ca
n
n
av
i
g
ate
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
lau
n
c
h
in
g
a
n
d
s
ca
lin
g
a
v
en
tu
r
e
wh
ile
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
wo
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
5
7
]
,
[
5
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
373
-
381
378
E
n
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
em
p
lo
y
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
f
o
s
ter
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
ese
asp
ec
ts
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
class
r
o
o
m
-
b
ase
d
lear
n
i
n
g
is
o
f
ten
co
m
b
in
e
d
with
e
x
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
[
4
7
]
,
[
5
9
]
,
s
u
ch
as
i
n
ter
n
s
h
ip
s
,
b
u
s
in
ess
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
an
d
liv
e
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
m
an
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
en
co
u
r
ag
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
en
g
ag
e
in
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
ac
tiv
ities
[
6
0
]
,
s
u
ch
as
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
b
u
s
in
ess
p
lan
s
,
p
itch
in
g
id
ea
s
,
an
d
p
a
r
ticip
atin
g
in
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
ip
co
m
p
etitio
n
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
ip
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
p
ar
tn
er
with
in
d
u
s
tr
y
lead
er
s
,
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
,
an
d
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
d
m
en
to
r
s
to
o
f
f
er
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
r
ac
tical
in
s
ig
h
ts
an
d
g
u
id
an
ce
.
Glo
b
al
p
ar
tn
e
r
s
h
ip
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
[
6
1
]
.
T
h
ese
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
in
clu
d
e
g
u
est
lectu
r
es,
m
en
to
r
s
h
ip
in
itiativ
es,
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
e
v
en
ts
,
all
d
esig
n
ed
to
f
o
s
ter
th
e
e
x
ch
an
g
e
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
[
6
2
]
,
[
6
3
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
ese
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
lear
n
d
ir
ec
tly
f
r
o
m
s
ea
s
o
n
ed
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als,
g
ain
in
g
v
alu
ab
le
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
es th
at
en
h
an
ce
t
h
eir
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
ial
s
k
ills
[
6
4
]
.
T
h
eo
r
etica
l
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
p
r
ac
t
ical
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
y
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
p
lay
a
cr
u
ci
al
r
o
le
in
em
p
o
wer
in
g
in
d
iv
id
u
als
to
ac
h
iev
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ac
co
m
p
li
s
h
m
en
ts
in
a
d
y
n
am
ic
b
u
s
in
ess
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
eo
r
etica
l
k
n
o
wled
g
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
s
tr
o
n
g
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
,
en
a
b
lin
g
in
d
iv
id
u
als
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
p
r
in
cip
les
g
o
v
er
n
in
g
b
u
s
in
ess
b
eh
av
io
r
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ic
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
[
6
5
]
.
W
h
en
co
m
b
in
e
d
with
p
r
ac
tical
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ca
n
ap
p
l
y
th
ese
th
eo
r
ies
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
co
n
tex
ts
,
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
an
aly
tical
s
k
ills
an
d
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
n
a
v
ig
atin
g
c
o
m
p
lex
b
u
s
in
ess
ch
allen
g
es
[
6
6
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
with
in
d
u
s
tr
y
o
f
f
er
s
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
i
ties
to
en
g
a
g
e
d
ir
ec
tly
with
cu
r
r
en
t
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
m
a
r
k
et
tr
e
n
d
s
,
en
r
ich
in
g
th
ei
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
b
u
s
in
ess
d
y
n
am
ics
an
d
o
p
en
in
g
av
en
u
es
f
o
r
in
n
o
v
atio
n
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
[
6
7
]
.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
ese
th
r
ee
elem
e
n
ts
,
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ar
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
eq
u
ip
p
ed
to
ad
a
p
t
to
th
e
r
ap
id
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
b
u
s
in
ess
wo
r
ld
b
u
t a
r
e
also
em
p
o
wer
ed
t
o
in
itiate
an
d
lea
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
m
in
d
s
et
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t,
m
en
tal
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
ip
,
an
d
en
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
,
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
aim
to
eq
u
ip
in
d
i
v
i
d
u
als
with
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
o
ls
an
d
m
in
d
s
et
to
n
av
ig
ate
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
s
eize
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
o
f
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
.
T
h
is
h
o
lis
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
n
o
t
o
n
ly
p
r
ep
ar
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
en
tr
e
p
r
e
n
eu
r
ial
p
u
r
s
u
its
b
u
t
also
f
o
s
te
r
s
tr
an
s
f
er
ab
le
s
k
ills
th
at
ar
e
v
alu
ab
le
in
v
ar
io
u
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
c
o
n
tex
ts
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
n
o
te
t
h
at
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
is
n
o
t
s
o
lely
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
cr
ea
tin
g
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
b
u
t
also
cu
ltiv
ates
ess
en
tial
s
k
ills
f
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
al
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
g
r
o
wt
h
.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
co
m
p
lete
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
o
f
ten
ex
h
ib
it
en
h
an
ce
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
ab
ilit
ies,
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
a
h
eig
h
ten
ed
s
en
s
e
o
f
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
en
a
b
lin
g
th
em
to
th
r
iv
e
in
d
iv
er
s
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
E
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
i
p
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
is
p
i
v
o
tal
i
n
f
o
s
t
er
in
g
a
n
en
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
i
al
s
p
i
r
i
t
an
d
e
q
u
i
p
p
in
g
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
als
wit
h
t
h
e
m
i
n
d
s
et
,
m
en
tal
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
e
u
r
s
h
i
p
,
a
n
d
s
k
ills
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
f
o
r
s
u
c
ce
s
s
f
u
l
e
n
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
ial
en
d
e
a
v
o
r
s
.
B
y
co
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
r
et
ica
l
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
wit
h
p
r
a
cti
ca
l
e
x
p
e
r
i
en
ce
s
a
n
d
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
c
o
ll
ab
o
r
a
ti
o
n
,
th
ese
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
ai
m
t
o
d
e
v
e
lo
p
wel
l
-
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
in
d
i
v
i
d
u
als
c
ap
ab
le
o
f
i
d
en
tif
y
i
n
g
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
iti
es,
n
a
v
i
g
at
in
g
c
h
all
en
g
es
,
an
d
d
r
i
v
i
n
g
in
n
o
v
ati
o
n
i
n
a
c
o
n
s
ta
n
t
ly
e
v
o
l
v
i
n
g
b
u
s
i
n
ess
la
n
d
s
c
ap
e
.
T
h
e
r
esea
r
c
h
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
ts
t
h
at
ef
f
e
cti
v
e
e
n
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
c
ati
o
n
,
c
o
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
r
y
,
p
r
ac
tic
al
e
x
p
e
r
i
en
ce
,
a
n
d
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
co
lla
b
o
r
ati
o
n
,
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
e
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
ac
a
d
e
m
i
c
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e.
T
h
is
en
co
u
r
a
g
es
f
u
r
th
er
r
esea
r
ch
to
c
r
ea
t
e
m
o
r
e
ad
ap
ta
b
l
e
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
m
o
d
e
ls
t
h
at
k
ee
p
u
p
wit
h
c
h
a
n
g
i
n
g
b
u
s
i
n
ess
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
A
d
d
iti
o
n
a
ll
y
,
it
c
o
u
l
d
l
ea
d
t
o
n
ew
t
h
e
o
r
ies
co
n
n
e
cti
n
g
en
t
r
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
i
p
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
w
ith
b
u
s
i
n
ess
s
u
cc
ess
in
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
c
u
l
tu
r
a
l
a
n
d
ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
c
o
n
te
x
ts
,
a
n
d
d
r
i
v
e
in
n
o
v
ati
o
n
in
t
ea
ch
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
ic
u
l
a.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
h
as
li
m
it
ati
o
n
s
s
u
ch
as
u
s
i
n
g
a
p
o
te
n
ti
all
y
r
ig
id
r
es
ea
r
c
h
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
h
a
v
i
n
g
an
u
n
s
p
ec
i
f
i
ed
s
am
p
l
e
s
ize
,
w
h
ic
h
a
f
f
ec
ts
g
e
n
e
r
aliz
a
b
ili
ty
.
A
d
d
iti
o
n
all
y
,
is
s
u
es
li
k
e
s
u
b
je
cti
v
it
y
i
n
n
e
e
d
s
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
l
ac
k
o
f
a
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
b
i
as
a
n
d
w
ea
k
e
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
W
e
lik
e
to
th
a
n
k
Un
iv
er
s
ita
s
Ah
m
ad
Da
h
lan
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
an
d
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
th
is
wo
r
k
u
n
d
er
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
h
ip
ca
n
d
i
d
ate
r
esear
ch
g
r
an
t
(
U7
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0
5
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n
d
-
UAD/V/2
0
2
4
)
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
G
.
M
a
s
o
n
,
“
H
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
v
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
i
n
g
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
:
w
h
e
r
e
s
h
o
u
l
d
t
h
e
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
l
i
e
?
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
W
o
r
k
,
v
o
l
.
3
3
,
n
o
.
7
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8
,
p
p
.
4
6
8
–
4
9
0
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
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:
1
0
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1
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1
3
6
3
9
0
8
0
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
7
5
5
4
2
8
.
[
2
]
S
.
J.
C
h
o
i
,
J.
C
.
Je
o
n
g
,
a
n
d
S
.
N
.
K
i
m,
“
I
mp
a
c
t
o
f
v
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
o
n
a
d
u
l
t
s
k
i
l
l
s
a
n
d
e
m
p
l
o
y
me
n
t
:
A
n
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
mu
l
t
i
l
e
v
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l
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s,
”
I
n
t
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r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
6
6
,
p
p
.
1
2
9
–
1
3
8
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
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:
1
0
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1
0
1
6
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j
.
i
j
e
d
u
d
e
v
.
2
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7
.
[
3
]
G
.
B
r
u
n
e
l
l
o
a
n
d
L.
R
o
c
c
o
,
“
Th
e
l
a
b
o
r
mar
k
e
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
a
n
d
v
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a
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n
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d
u
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a
t
i
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n
o
v
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r
t
h
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l
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f
e
c
y
c
l
e
:
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
b
a
se
d
o
n
a
B
r
i
t
i
sh
C
o
h
o
r
t
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
H
u
m
a
n
C
a
p
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t
a
l
,
v
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.
1
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o
.
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o
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:
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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379
[
4
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E.
A
.
H
a
n
u
s
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e
k
,
G
.
S
c
h
w
e
r
d
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,
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ssm
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Z.
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i
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.
[
5
]
M
.
Ö
zer
a
n
d
H
.
E
.
S
u
n
a
,
“
T
h
e
l
i
n
k
a
g
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
v
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
l
a
b
o
r
m
a
r
k
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t
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6
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[
7
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L.
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,
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[
8
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[
9
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3
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5
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6
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[
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7
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[
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8
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[
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9
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m
e
n
t
th
a
t
a
li
g
n
s
with
c
o
n
tem
p
o
ra
ry
n
e
e
d
s.
Ad
d
it
io
n
a
ll
y
,
sh
e
is
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
stu
d
ies
re
late
d
to
in
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
tea
c
h
in
g
stra
teg
ies
a
n
d
tea
c
h
e
r
c
o
m
p
e
te
n
c
y
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
,
wit
h
th
e
g
o
a
l
o
f
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
th
e
q
u
a
li
ty
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
in
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
a
li
y
a
h
.
b
a
sw
e
d
a
n
@m
p
.
u
a
d
.
a
c
.
id
.
Pu
jiy
a
ti
S
u
y
a
ta
is
a
lec
tu
re
r
a
n
d
re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsitas
Ah
m
a
d
Da
h
lan
,
sp
e
c
ializin
g
in
t
h
e
field
o
f
Ch
e
m
istry
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
tl
y
c
o
n
tri
b
u
te
d
to
re
se
a
rc
h
o
n
c
u
rric
u
lu
m
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
i
n
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
c
h
e
m
istry
tea
c
h
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
s,
with
a
p
rima
ry
fo
c
u
s
o
n
c
o
n
tex
t
u
a
l
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
a
n
d
th
e
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
to
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
stu
d
e
n
ts
’
u
n
d
e
rsta
n
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
sk
il
ls.
S
h
e
is
a
lso
a
c
ti
v
e
ly
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
in
su
p
e
r
v
i
sin
g
st
u
d
e
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
a
t
th
e
u
n
d
e
r
g
ra
d
u
a
te t
o
d
o
c
to
ra
l
lev
e
ls an
d
p
a
rti
c
i
p
a
tes
in
v
a
ri
o
u
s c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
se
rv
ice
a
c
ti
v
it
ies
a
ime
d
a
t
imp
ro
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
q
u
a
li
t
y
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
in
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
p
u
ji
a
ti
@
p
b
si.
u
a
d
.
a
c
.
i
d
.
Wa
h
y
u
Na
n
d
a
Ek
a
S
a
p
u
tr
a
is
a
P
h
.
D.
a
n
d
Lec
tu
re
r,
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
G
u
id
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
Co
u
n
se
li
n
g
,
U
n
iv
e
rsitas
Ah
m
a
d
Da
h
lan
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
e
m
p
h
a
siz
e
s
p
ro
m
o
ti
n
g
p
e
a
c
e
th
ro
u
g
h
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
c
o
u
n
se
l
in
g
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s,
fo
c
u
si
n
g
o
n
c
o
n
fli
c
t
re
so
l
u
ti
o
n
,
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
e
a
c
e
fu
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
ies
.
He
is
d
e
d
ica
ted
t
o
a
d
v
a
n
c
in
g
t
h
e
field
o
f
p
e
a
c
e
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
p
a
rt
icu
l
a
rly
in
h
e
l
p
i
n
g
i
n
d
i
v
id
u
a
ls
a
n
d
g
ro
u
p
s
n
a
v
i
g
a
te
a
n
d
re
so
l
v
e
c
o
n
fli
c
ts
in
a
c
o
n
stru
c
ti
v
e
m
a
n
n
e
r.
His
wo
r
k
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
tl
y
t
o
th
e
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
d
isc
o
u
rse
o
n
p
e
a
c
e
b
u
il
d
in
g
a
n
d
c
o
u
n
se
li
n
g
in
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
se
tt
i
n
g
s.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
wa
h
y
u
.
sa
p
u
tra@b
k
.
u
a
d
.
a
c
.
id
.
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