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e
D
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o
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p
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P
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P
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in
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t
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lu
a
te
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t
re
c
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d
b
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o
c
to
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stu
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m
s
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fa
m
il
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a
n
d
p
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e
rs/frien
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s.
T
h
is
sc
a
le
o
p
e
ra
tes
in
tw
o
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h
a
se
s:
t
h
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first
p
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a
se
u
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s
e
x
p
lo
ra
t
o
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fa
c
to
r
a
n
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sis
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m
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l
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ti
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,
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n
d
a
p
p
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p
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firma
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fa
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a
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ly
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m
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stra
te t
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e
sc
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s
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v
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ll
fit
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tern
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fin
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DSS
P
S
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th
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ffe
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iv
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b
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to
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stu
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ts.
K
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w
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s
:
Do
cto
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tu
d
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ts
Fam
ily
s
u
p
p
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Mu
ltid
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ass
ess
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Peer
s
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So
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Su
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T
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rticle
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CC B
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SA
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C
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s
p
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A
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r
:
Xiao
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an
Yan
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Facu
lty
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So
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Scien
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s
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Hu
m
an
ities
,
Sch
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E
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Un
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8
1
3
1
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Sk
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J
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Ma
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E
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1
9
9
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co
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1.
I
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RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
ac
ad
em
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jo
u
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n
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y
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d
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r
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s
tu
d
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t,
r
if
e
with
u
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iq
u
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c
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allen
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n
ec
e
s
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itate
s
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m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
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al
s
u
p
p
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t
s
y
s
tem
.
Aca
d
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s
u
cc
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at
th
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lev
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is
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ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
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p
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Do
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Stu
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So
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p
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t
Per
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Scale
(
DSSP
S)
h
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b
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d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
s
p
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f
ically
m
ea
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u
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in
tr
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s
u
p
p
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t
s
y
s
tem
,
tailo
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to
th
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u
n
i
q
u
e
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d
s
o
f
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a
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.
His
to
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ically
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th
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im
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tan
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f
s
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u
p
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n
m
e
n
ts
h
as
b
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ex
ten
s
iv
ely
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
.
Ha
s
s
a
n
et
a
l
.
[
1
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
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ce
s
ac
ad
em
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ad
ju
s
tm
en
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an
d
s
u
cc
ess
.
Fu
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th
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m
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r
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an
o
th
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r
s
tu
d
y
b
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C
h
e
n
et
a
l.
[
2
]
also
illu
s
tr
ates
th
at
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
is
a
s
ig
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if
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t
p
o
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itiv
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p
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ed
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f
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n
g
ag
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m
en
t.
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wev
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,
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tin
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ca
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o
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en
tire
ly
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th
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u
n
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On
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ch
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s
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Du
k
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So
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Su
p
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t
I
n
d
e
x
[
3
]
wh
ic
h
is
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
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to
o
l
f
o
r
ass
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in
g
s
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s
u
p
p
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r
t.
I
t
in
cl
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d
es
elem
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
em
o
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
an
d
tan
g
ib
le
s
u
p
p
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r
t.
Ho
wev
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,
d
u
e
to
its
r
ath
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g
en
er
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ap
p
r
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ac
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,
it
m
ay
n
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t
f
u
lly
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c
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m
p
ass
th
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u
n
iq
u
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ac
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em
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p
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f
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tem
s
r
elev
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to
d
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tu
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’
lear
n
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g
ex
p
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s
,
th
u
s
p
o
ten
tially
lim
itin
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its
ap
p
lica
b
ilit
y
to
th
e
m
.
B
esid
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th
is
s
ca
le,
Sar
aso
n
’
s
So
cial
Su
p
p
o
r
t
Qu
esti
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n
n
air
e
[
4
]
is
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
er
ce
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e
d
av
ailab
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y
an
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
s
o
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s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
W
h
ile
th
is
q
u
esti
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n
n
air
e
can
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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J
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,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
1
-
9
2
p
r
o
v
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d
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p
in
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to
in
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f
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Ad
d
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n
ally
,
t
h
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Osl
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So
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Su
p
p
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Scale
[
5
]
i
s
a
b
r
ief
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
to
o
l
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
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f
clo
s
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c
o
n
f
id
a
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ts
,
p
er
ce
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e
d
in
ter
est
an
d
co
n
ce
r
n
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
s
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
av
ailab
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y
o
f
p
r
ac
tical
h
el
p
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
it
is
u
s
ef
u
l
i
n
g
e
n
er
al
co
n
tex
ts
,
it
m
ay
n
o
t
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
n
u
an
ce
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
es
p
r
esen
t
in
ac
ad
em
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
,
p
ar
ti
cu
lar
ly
th
o
s
e
e
n
co
u
n
ter
ed
b
y
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
Mu
ltid
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en
s
io
n
al
Scale
o
f
Per
ce
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So
cial
Su
p
p
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[
6
]
ass
es
s
es
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
u
p
p
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r
t
f
r
o
m
f
am
il
y
,
f
r
ien
d
s
,
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
o
th
er
s
.
W
h
ile
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
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e,
th
is
s
ca
le
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
o
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u
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es
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n
p
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s
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r
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an
ac
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p
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T
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,
wh
o
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
o
r
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
n
th
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
jo
u
r
n
ey
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
,
DSSP
S
i
s
d
esig
n
ed
to
b
r
i
d
g
e
th
ese
g
ap
s
b
y
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
tex
t
o
f
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
t
ev
alu
ates
th
e
n
u
an
ce
d
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
t f
r
o
m
k
ey
in
d
i
v
id
u
a
ls
in
b
o
th
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
life
(
f
a
m
ily
,
f
r
ie
n
d
s
,
an
d
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
s
)
.
I
n
DSSP
S,
th
ese
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
ar
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
r
eso
u
r
ce
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
(
R
P),
em
o
tio
n
al
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
(
E
I
)
,
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
ia
te
atten
tio
n
(
AA)
,
w
h
ich
r
e
f
lects
th
e
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
o
wn
attitu
d
es to
war
d
s
th
eir
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
n
ee
d
s
.
Gen
er
ally
,
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ca
n
b
e
class
if
ied
in
to
two
ca
teg
o
r
ies:
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Fu
n
ctio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
ef
e
r
s
to
th
e
ex
p
e
r
ien
c
e
o
f
r
ec
eiv
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
f
am
ily
,
f
r
ien
d
s
,
an
d
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
wh
en
n
ee
d
e
d
[
9
]
,
wh
ile
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
r
im
ar
ily
p
er
tain
s
to
th
e
s
ize,
ty
p
e,
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
co
n
tact
with
in
o
n
e
’
s
s
o
cial
n
etw
o
r
k
[
8
]
.
T
wo
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
r
e
o
f
t
en
ass
o
ciate
d
with
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
h
ea
lth
.
T
h
e
y
ar
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
e
m
o
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
is
in
h
er
en
tly
m
o
r
e
tan
g
ib
le,
s
u
c
h
as
f
in
an
cial
ass
i
s
tan
ce
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
h
e
l
p
[
1
1
]
,
wh
er
ea
s
em
o
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
v
o
lv
es
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
co
m
p
an
io
n
s
h
ip
an
d
i
n
tim
ate
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
as
well
as
o
f
f
er
in
g
ca
r
e
an
d
s
y
m
p
ath
y
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
Stu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
s
en
s
itiv
e
in
d
icato
r
f
o
r
co
p
in
g
with
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
ch
allen
g
es
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
in
th
e
DSSP
S,
r
eso
u
r
ce
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
r
ep
r
esen
t in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
a
n
d
em
o
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t f
r
o
m
f
am
ily
,
f
r
ien
d
s
,
an
d
s
u
p
e
r
v
is
o
r
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
wh
ile
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
is
g
en
er
ally
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
ac
to
r
,
its
im
p
ac
t
ca
n
b
e
s
u
b
tle
an
d
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
o
n
v
ar
i
o
u
s
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
[
1
3
]
.
Ma
i
s
el
an
d
Gab
le
[
1
4
]
in
d
icate
d
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
is
n
o
t
alwa
y
s
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
ca
n
s
o
m
etim
es
b
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
n
e
g
ativ
e
o
u
tc
o
m
es,
s
u
ch
as
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
d
is
tr
ess
o
r
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
elf
-
esteem
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
On
e
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
th
ese
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
ef
f
ec
ts
h
as
to
d
o
with
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
g
ap
,
wh
ich
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
e
o
p
le
d
esire
an
d
t
h
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
y
r
ec
eiv
e
[
1
7
]
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
Mc
L
ar
en
a
n
d
Hig
h
[
1
8
]
also
s
h
o
we
d
th
at
an
im
b
alan
ce
,
s
u
ch
as
b
ein
g
o
v
er
-
b
en
e
f
ited
in
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
b
u
t
u
n
d
er
-
b
e
n
ef
ited
in
em
o
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
r
esteem
,
ca
n
h
av
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
ef
f
ec
ts
.
Fo
r
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
ig
h
t
ac
tu
ally
h
in
d
er
th
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
jo
u
r
n
ey
[
1
9
]
.
R
esear
ch
in
d
icate
s
th
at
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
ee
l
t
h
eir
ac
h
i
ev
em
en
ts
ar
e
u
n
d
eser
v
ed
an
d
liv
e
lik
e
im
p
o
s
to
r
s
in
o
th
er
s
'
ex
p
ec
ta
t
i
o
n
s
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
in
th
e
DSSP
S,
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
atten
tio
n
is
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
o
f
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
r
ec
eiv
e
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
d
e
v
elo
p
an
d
v
alid
ate
th
e
DSSP
S,
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esig
n
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
tem
s
o
f
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
E
x
is
tin
g
s
ca
les
d
o
n
o
t
f
u
lly
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
c
h
allen
g
es
f
a
ce
d
b
y
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
3
]
–
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
DSSP
S
ca
teg
o
r
izes
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
to
r
eso
u
r
ce
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
,
em
o
tio
n
al
in
s
p
ir
at
io
n
,
an
d
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
atten
tio
n
,
r
ef
lectin
g
b
o
th
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
T
h
is
n
ew
s
ca
le
aim
s
to
ca
p
t
u
r
e
th
e
n
u
an
ce
d
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
f
am
ily
,
f
r
ie
n
d
s
,
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
tailo
r
ed
an
d
ac
cu
r
ate
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
b
y
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
will
f
ac
ilit
ate
b
etter
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
to
en
h
a
n
ce
t
h
eir
ac
ad
e
m
ic
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
jo
u
r
n
ey
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
I
t
e
m
dev
elo
pm
ent
a
nd
v
a
lid
a
t
io
n
T
h
e
in
itial
item
s
o
f
D
SS
P
S
wer
e
estab
lis
h
ed
u
s
in
g
a
d
ed
u
ctiv
e
m
eth
o
d
,
in
v
o
lv
in
g
a
n
ex
ten
s
iv
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
an
d
cr
itical
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
e
x
is
tin
g
s
ca
les.
T
h
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
allo
we
d
f
o
r
a
s
y
s
te
m
atic
d
er
iv
atio
n
o
f
item
s
th
at
ar
e
s
p
ec
if
ically
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
d
ef
in
i
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
id
en
tifie
d
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t:
r
eso
u
r
ce
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
,
e
m
o
tio
n
al
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
,
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
atten
t
io
n
.
E
ac
h
item
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
f
iv
e
-
p
o
i
n
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le,
with
h
ig
h
er
s
co
r
es
in
d
icatin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
er
ag
r
ee
m
en
t,
th
er
e
b
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
T
h
e
c
o
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
ese
item
s
was
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
an
ce
d
b
y
r
e
v
iews
f
r
o
m
m
u
ltip
le
ex
p
er
ts
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
y
,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
at
th
e
item
s
ac
cu
r
ately
m
e
asu
r
e
th
e
in
ten
d
ed
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
I
n
th
e
“
r
eso
u
r
ce
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
”
ca
teg
o
r
y
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
d
esig
n
e
d
th
r
ee
item
s
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ec
eiv
e
f
r
o
m
s
u
p
e
r
v
i
s
o
r
s
,
f
am
ily
,
an
d
f
r
ie
n
d
s
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
o
n
e
item
r
ea
d
s
:
“
Du
r
in
g
m
y
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
ies,
m
y
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
m
e
with
ess
en
tial
ac
ad
em
ic
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dev
elo
p
men
t a
n
d
va
lid
a
tio
n
o
f d
o
cto
r
a
l stu
d
e
n
t so
cia
l su
p
p
o
r
t p
ercep
tio
n
s
ca
le
(
X
ia
o
h
a
n
Ya
n
g
)
3
r
esear
ch
g
u
id
an
ce
.
”
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
“
em
o
tio
n
al
in
s
p
ir
a
tio
n
”
d
im
en
s
io
n
ca
p
tu
r
es
th
e
em
o
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
er
ce
iv
ed
b
y
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
en
t
s
f
r
o
m
f
a
m
ily
,
f
r
ien
d
s
,
a
n
d
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
s
.
An
illu
s
tr
ativ
e
item
f
r
o
m
th
is
ca
teg
o
r
y
s
tates:
“
Du
r
in
g
m
y
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
ies,
m
y
f
am
ily
o
f
f
er
s
r
ea
s
s
u
r
an
ce
,
aid
in
g
m
e
in
m
an
a
g
in
g
s
tr
ess
an
d
o
th
er
ad
v
er
s
e
em
o
tio
n
s
.
”
I
n
d
esig
n
in
g
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
“
r
eso
u
r
ce
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
”
an
d
“
em
o
tio
n
al
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
,
”
r
esear
ch
er
s
cr
ea
ted
s
ix
item
s
b
ased
o
n
ex
is
tin
g
s
ca
les
an
d
liter
atu
r
e
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
i
n
th
e
“
e
m
o
tio
n
al
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
”
d
im
en
s
io
n
,
th
e
item
“
Du
r
in
g
m
y
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
ies,
m
y
f
a
m
ily
p
r
o
v
id
es
r
ea
s
s
u
r
an
ce
,
h
elp
in
g
m
e
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
s
tr
ess
an
d
o
th
er
n
eg
ativ
e
em
o
tio
n
s
”
was
in
s
p
ir
ed
an
d
ad
ap
t
ed
f
r
o
m
“
I
ca
n
talk
ab
o
u
t
m
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
with
m
y
f
am
ily
”
[
6
]
.
B
o
th
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
al
an
d
e
m
o
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
e
p
r
esen
t
ty
p
es
o
f
d
ir
ec
t
aid
t
h
a
t
ar
e
p
e
r
ce
p
tib
le
to
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
f
o
r
m
e
s
s
en
tial
elem
en
ts
o
f
th
e
s
ca
l
e.
T
h
ese
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
s
ig
n
if
ican
tl
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
an
d
o
v
er
all
well
-
b
ei
n
g
d
u
r
in
g
th
eir
d
o
cto
r
al
j
o
u
r
n
e
y
.
Dis
tin
ct
f
r
o
m
e
x
is
tin
g
s
ca
les,
th
e
DSSP
S
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
a
u
n
i
q
u
e
f
o
cu
s
o
n
“
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
att
en
tio
n
”
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
d
eg
r
e
e
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
R
esear
ch
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ca
n
p
ar
ad
o
x
ically
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
tr
ess
an
d
tr
ig
g
er
a
b
ac
k
lash
am
o
n
g
r
ec
ip
ien
t
s
[
1
9
]
.
T
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
is
,
f
o
u
r
item
s
wer
e
cr
a
f
ted
,
s
u
ch
as
d
u
r
in
g
m
y
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
ies,
“
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
m
y
p
ee
r
s
/f
r
ien
d
s
is
ju
s
t
r
ig
h
t
f
o
r
m
e
an
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
b
ec
o
m
e
a
b
u
r
d
en
,
”
an
d
“
I
a
m
ab
le
to
o
b
tain
t
h
e
r
ig
h
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
m
y
n
ee
d
s
.
”
T
h
e
item
s
with
in
th
e
to
o
l
w
er
e
r
ef
in
ed
f
o
llo
win
g
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
o
n
f
ac
e
an
d
c
o
n
ten
t
v
al
id
ity
with
ex
p
er
ts
in
th
ese
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
e
wo
r
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
item
s
was
also
r
ev
is
ed
an
d
e
n
h
an
ce
d
b
ased
o
n
e
x
p
er
t
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
ese
item
s
wer
e
tr
an
s
l
ated
in
to
C
h
in
ese,
with
f
u
r
th
er
v
alid
atio
n
b
y
lin
g
u
is
tic
ex
p
er
ts
to
id
en
tif
y
an
d
am
en
d
an
y
d
is
cr
ep
an
cies
in
p
h
r
asin
g
,
th
u
s
en
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
t
h
e
item
s
.
T
h
is
m
eticu
lo
u
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
g
u
ar
an
tees
th
at
th
e
s
ca
le
is
b
o
th
p
r
ec
is
e
an
d
cu
ltu
r
a
lly
s
en
s
itiv
e
in
it
s
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
t d
y
n
a
m
ics.
2
.
2
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts a
nd
pro
ce
du
re
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
t
o
d
ev
elo
p
a
s
ca
le
s
p
ec
if
icall
y
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
am
o
n
g
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
l
e
s
ize
f
o
r
th
is
r
esear
ch
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
G*
Po
wer
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
u
f
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
to
d
etec
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
th
r
ee
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
th
e
DSS
PS
:
r
eso
u
r
ce
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
,
em
o
tio
n
al
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
,
a
n
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
atten
tio
n
.
A
p
o
wer
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
with
an
ex
p
ec
ted
ef
f
e
ct
s
ize
o
f
0
.
3
0
,
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
le
v
el
o
f
0
.
0
5
,
a
n
d
a
d
esire
d
p
o
we
r
o
f
0
.
8
0
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
in
d
icat
ed
th
at
a
m
in
im
u
m
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
2
0
0
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
was
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
ac
h
iev
e
r
eliab
le
an
d
v
alid
r
esu
lts
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
a
to
tal
o
f
2
9
8
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
ar
ticip
ated
,
ex
ce
e
d
in
g
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
s
am
p
le
s
ize
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
DSSP
S
was
c
o
n
f
ir
m
e
d
with
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
v
alu
es
o
f
0
.
8
1
6
f
o
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
,
0
.
7
5
8
f
o
r
em
o
tio
n
al
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
,
an
d
0
.
8
4
8
f
o
r
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
atten
tio
n
,
in
d
icatin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
f
o
r
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
T
h
ese
h
ig
h
v
alu
es
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
th
e
item
s
wi
th
in
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
ar
e
r
eliab
ly
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
i
n
ten
d
ed
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
T
o
v
alid
ate
th
e
s
ca
le,
b
o
th
e
x
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
t
o
r
an
aly
s
is
(
E
FA)
an
d
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
a
n
aly
s
is
(
C
FA)
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
.
T
h
e
E
FA
r
esu
lts
id
en
tifie
d
th
e
u
n
d
er
ly
i
n
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
,
wh
ile
th
e
C
FA
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
with
h
ig
h
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
f
o
r
all
item
s
.
T
h
ese
an
aly
s
e
s
c
o
llectiv
ely
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
DSSP
S
as
a
r
eliab
le
an
d
v
alid
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
t
h
e
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
er
ce
iv
ed
b
y
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
ad
eq
u
ately
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
th
e
n
u
a
n
ce
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
tem
s
r
elev
an
t
to
th
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
Deta
iled
r
esu
lts
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
th
e
n
ex
t
s
ec
tio
n
.
D
u
r
in
g
d
ata
p
r
ep
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
o
u
r
an
aly
s
is
,
d
is
ca
r
d
ed
10
d
ata
p
o
in
ts
with
an
SDV
less
th
an
0
.
5
,
as
th
eir
lo
w
v
ar
ia
b
ilit
y
m
ay
n
o
t
ad
eq
u
ately
r
ef
lect
th
e
o
v
er
all
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le.
T
h
e
f
in
al
d
ataset
co
m
p
r
is
ed
2
8
8
v
alid
e
n
tr
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
1
7
8
f
em
ales,
1
0
8
m
ales,
an
d
2
in
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
id
e
n
tifie
d
as
n
o
n
-
b
in
a
r
y
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
b
r
ea
d
th
an
d
d
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
th
e
d
ata,
th
e
r
esear
ch
team
d
elib
er
ately
r
ec
r
u
ited
d
o
ct
o
r
a
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
co
u
n
tr
ies,
with
C
h
in
ese
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
e
p
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
h
ig
h
est
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
at
3
1
%
o
f
t
h
e
to
tal.
T
h
e
ag
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
was
p
r
im
ar
ily
b
etwe
en
2
4
to
3
3
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
.
T
h
is
d
iv
er
s
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
p
o
o
l
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
an
d
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
ca
le
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t c
u
ltu
r
al
an
d
ac
ad
e
m
ic
co
n
tex
ts
.
I
n
itially
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
ex
te
n
d
ed
in
v
itatio
n
s
to
p
o
ten
tial
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
v
ia
em
ail
an
d
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
Af
ter
o
b
tain
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
ed
c
o
n
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
ar
ti
cip
an
ts
,
th
ey
wer
e
ask
e
d
to
c
o
m
p
lete
an
o
n
lin
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
th
at
in
cl
u
d
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
s
o
n
p
er
s
o
n
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
a
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
ca
le
tailo
r
ed
f
o
r
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
a
im
ed
at
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
lev
el
o
f
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
at
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
r
ec
eiv
e
in
b
o
th
ac
ad
e
m
ic
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
eir
liv
es.
All
d
ata
wer
e
co
llecte
d
an
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
ly
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
p
r
i
v
ac
y
an
d
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
p
aid
s
p
ec
ial
atten
tio
n
to
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
th
e
co
n
ten
t
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
cu
ltu
r
ally
s
en
s
itiv
e
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate,
r
ef
lectin
g
th
e
au
th
en
tic
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
o
f
d
o
c
to
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
d
iv
er
s
e
n
atio
n
al
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
.
Ultim
ately
,
th
e
d
ata
co
llected
we
r
e
u
s
ed
in
a
1
:5
r
atio
f
o
r
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
a
n
aly
s
is
an
d
co
n
f
ir
m
at
o
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
[
2
2
]
–
[
2
4
]
,
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
v
al
id
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
1
-
9
4
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
b
u
t
al
s
o
en
s
u
r
ed
th
at
th
e
s
ca
le
was a
p
p
licab
le
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
3
.
1
.
I
t
e
m
a
na
ly
s
is
I
tem
an
aly
s
is
is
in
ten
d
ed
to
ascer
tain
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
o
f
item
s
with
in
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
o
r
s
ca
le
[
2
5
]
,
ai
m
s
to
ex
am
in
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
in
d
iv
id
u
al
test
item
s
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
ass
ess
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
o
s
e
item
s
a
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
test
as
a
wh
o
le.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
es
ca
lcu
latin
g
t
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
s
co
r
es
f
o
r
ea
ch
item
,
d
iv
id
i
n
g
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
in
t
o
h
ig
h
a
n
d
lo
w
s
co
r
in
g
g
r
o
u
p
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
2
7
t
h
a
n
d
7
3
r
d
p
er
ce
n
tiles
,
an
d
th
en
u
s
in
g
T
-
test
s
to
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
ese
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
A
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
in
d
icate
s
th
at
an
item
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
esig
n
ed
to
d
is
cr
im
in
ate
b
etwe
en
v
ar
y
in
g
le
v
els
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
b
ein
g
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
,
an
d
th
u
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
r
etain
ed
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
e
ly
,
a
lack
o
f
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
item
f
ails
to
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
a
n
d
m
a
y
n
ee
d
t
o
b
e
r
em
o
v
ed
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
DSSP
S,
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
1
0
item
s
,
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
c
es
(
p
<0
.
0
5
)
b
etwe
en
th
e
h
ig
h
an
d
lo
w
g
r
o
u
p
s
ac
r
o
s
s
all
item
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
g
o
o
d
d
is
cr
im
in
ativ
e
p
o
wer
a
n
d
v
ali
d
atin
g
th
eir
r
eten
tio
n
in
th
e
s
c
ale
with
o
u
t th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
r
em
o
v
al.
3
.
2
.
E
x
plo
ra
t
o
ry
f
a
ct
o
r
a
na
l
y
s
is
E
x
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
t
o
r
an
aly
s
is
is
em
p
lo
y
e
d
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
v
ar
iab
les
an
d
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
s
h
ar
ed
v
ar
ian
c
e
am
o
n
g
th
em
[
2
6
]
.
Prio
r
to
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
,
it
is
cr
u
cial
to
ass
ess
wh
eth
er
th
e
r
esear
ch
d
ata
ar
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
s
u
c
h
an
al
y
s
is
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
T
ab
le
1
,
t
h
e
K
aiser
-
Me
y
er
-
Olk
in
(
KM
O)
m
ea
s
u
r
e
is
0
.
7
9
0
,
wh
ich
ex
ce
ed
s
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
0
.
6
,
m
ee
tin
g
th
e
p
r
er
eq
u
is
ite
f
o
r
f
ac
to
r
a
n
aly
s
is
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
d
ata
h
av
e
p
ass
ed
th
e
B
ar
tlett’s
T
est
o
f
S
p
h
er
icity
(
p
<0
.
0
5
)
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
at
t
h
e
d
ataset
is
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
f
ac
to
r
a
n
aly
s
is
.
T
h
is
p
r
ep
ar
ato
r
y
ev
alu
atio
n
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
co
n
d
u
cted
is
r
o
b
u
s
t a
n
d
v
alid
f
o
r
id
e
n
tify
in
g
u
n
d
e
r
ly
in
g
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
with
i
n
th
e
d
ata.
T
h
e
Sh
ap
ir
o
-
W
ilk
test
was
co
n
d
u
cted
t
o
ass
ess
th
e
n
o
r
m
ality
o
f
th
e
d
ataset,
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
ev
iatio
n
f
r
o
m
a
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
p
r
in
cip
al
ax
is
f
ac
to
r
in
g
was
ch
o
s
en
as
th
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
th
e
E
F
A.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
p
ar
allel
an
aly
s
is
an
d
Velice
r
’
s
m
in
im
u
m
av
er
ag
e
p
ar
tial
(
MA
P)
test
,
th
e
to
o
l
wa
s
v
alid
ated
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
r
ee
d
i
s
tin
ct
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
Giv
en
th
e
a
s
s
u
m
p
tio
n
th
at
t
h
e
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
in
ter
r
elate
d
,
a
n
o
b
liq
u
e
r
o
tatio
n
m
eth
o
d
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
t
o
p
o
ten
tially
y
ield
m
o
r
e
in
s
ig
h
t
f
u
l
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
E
FA
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
ex
tr
ac
ted
th
r
ee
f
ac
to
r
s
with
eig
en
v
alu
es
g
r
ea
te
r
th
an
1
,
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Af
ter
r
o
tatio
n
,
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
e
x
p
lain
ed
v
a
r
ian
ce
s
o
f
4
1
.
7
8
8
%,
1
8
.
4
2
1
%,
an
d
1
3
.
6
0
5
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
with
a
cu
m
u
lativ
e
v
ar
ian
ce
e
x
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
7
3
.
8
1
4
%.
T
h
ese
th
r
ee
f
ac
to
r
s
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
p
er
c
eiv
ed
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
s
,
f
am
ily
,
an
d
f
r
ie
n
d
s
,
as
well
as
th
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
o
f
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
y
d
o
ct
o
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
ab
le
1
.
KM
O
an
d
B
ar
tlett tes
ts
K
a
i
ser
-
M
e
y
e
r
-
O
l
k
i
n
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
o
f
s
a
mp
l
i
n
g
a
d
e
q
u
a
c
y
0
.
7
9
0
B
a
r
t
l
e
t
t
’
s
Te
st
o
f
S
p
h
e
r
i
c
i
t
y
A
p
p
r
o
x
.
C
h
i
-
sq
u
a
r
e
3
0
5
.
4
7
1
df
45
S
i
g
.
0
.
0
0
0
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Scr
ee
p
lo
ts
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dev
elo
p
men
t a
n
d
va
lid
a
tio
n
o
f d
o
cto
r
a
l stu
d
e
n
t so
cia
l su
p
p
o
r
t p
ercep
tio
n
s
ca
le
(
X
ia
o
h
a
n
Ya
n
g
)
5
3
.
3
.
Co
nfir
m
a
t
o
ry
f
a
ct
o
r
a
n
a
ly
s
is
C
o
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
i
s
is
o
f
ten
em
p
l
o
y
ed
as
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
to
o
l
to
d
e
v
elo
p
a
n
d
r
e
f
in
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
b
y
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
tie
s
an
d
in
ter
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
o
f
laten
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
C
FA
o
f
f
er
s
in
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
co
n
s
tr
u
c
t
v
alid
ity
,
m
eth
o
d
ef
f
ec
ts
,
an
d
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
cr
o
s
s
-
g
r
o
u
p
f
ac
to
r
ial
in
v
ar
ia
n
ce
[
2
7
]
.
Fo
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
C
FA
s
am
p
le
s
elec
ted
u
s
in
g
a
m
u
lti
-
s
tag
e
s
am
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
,
with
a
n
aly
s
es c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
u
s
in
g
I
B
M
SP
SS
Am
o
s
2
4
.
An
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
p
r
e
r
eq
u
is
ite
f
o
r
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
C
FA
is
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
d
ata
n
o
r
m
ality
.
T
h
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
m
u
ltiv
ar
iate
o
u
tlier
s
was
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
y
e
x
am
in
in
g
Ma
h
ala
n
o
b
is
d
is
tan
ce
s
b
etwe
en
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
to
id
en
tify
ca
s
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
ev
iatin
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
d
ata
s
et.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
i
d
en
tifie
d
t
h
ese
o
u
tlier
s
.
No
r
m
alit
y
test
in
g
in
d
icate
d
th
at
all
v
ar
iab
les
ex
h
ib
ited
k
u
r
to
s
is
less
th
an
7
,
wh
ich
m
ee
ts
th
e
u
n
iv
ar
iate
n
o
r
m
ality
cr
iter
io
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
m
u
lt
iv
ar
iate
k
u
r
to
s
is
v
alu
e
o
f
3
4
4
.
9
5
4
e
x
ce
ed
s
th
e
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o
m
m
e
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ed
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ar
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ized
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ate
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.
0
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u
g
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n
g
n
o
n
-
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
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ata
[
2
8
]
.
T
o
ad
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r
ess
th
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
n
o
n
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m
ality
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t
h
e
B
o
o
ts
tr
ap
p
i
n
g
m
eth
o
d
was
ap
p
lied
[
2
9
]
.
B
o
o
ts
tr
ap
p
in
g
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
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o
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el
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r
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with
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lar
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er
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am
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le
s
ize,
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u
g
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n
g
th
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ll
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y
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ted
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d
th
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3
.
1
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Co
nv
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I
n
C
FA,
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
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alid
ity
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ate
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y
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m
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o
s
ite
r
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(
C
R
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an
d
av
er
ag
e
v
ar
ian
ce
e
x
tr
ac
ted
(
AVE
)
.
C
R
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
n
s
is
ten
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o
f
th
e
co
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s
tr
u
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an
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v
al
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s
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h
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r
esh
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ld
o
f
0
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6
0
ar
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co
n
s
id
er
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id
ea
l
[
3
0
]
.
AVE
m
ea
s
u
r
es
t
h
e
v
ar
ia
n
ce
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
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o
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tr
u
ct
in
r
elatio
n
to
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
er
r
o
r
.
T
h
e
Fo
r
n
ell
-
L
ar
c
k
er
cr
iter
io
n
f
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r
co
n
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er
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en
t
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alid
ity
s
ets
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m
in
im
u
m
th
r
esh
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ld
f
o
r
AVE
at
0
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5
0
.
H
o
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er
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p
ast
liter
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r
e
h
as
also
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u
g
g
ested
th
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t
co
n
v
er
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en
t
v
alid
ity
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n
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e
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n
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d
eq
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ate
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e
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R
v
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e
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g
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ter
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an
0
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6
0
,
e
v
en
if
th
e
AVE
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b
elo
w
0
.
5
0
[
3
1
]
.
I
n
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
,
C
FA
was
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n
d
u
cte
d
f
o
r
th
r
ee
f
ac
t
o
r
s
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d
ten
item
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
T
ab
le
2
,
th
e
AVE
v
alu
es
f
o
r
all
th
r
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r
s
ar
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ab
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v
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0
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5
0
,
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n
d
th
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R
v
alu
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all
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v
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0
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7
0
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in
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i
ca
tin
g
th
at
th
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ata
ex
h
ib
it
g
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d
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
t
v
ali
d
ity
.
T
h
is
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
ar
e
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eliab
ly
m
e
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d
th
at
th
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ef
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im
en
s
io
n
s
it p
u
r
p
o
r
ts
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e.
T
ab
le
2
.
Sq
u
a
r
e
r
o
o
t o
f
av
er
ag
e
v
ar
ian
ce
ex
t
r
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ted
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d
co
m
p
o
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ite
r
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ilit
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etwe
en
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
F
a
c
t
o
r
AVE
CR
RP
0
.
6
1
5
0
.
8
2
7
EI
0
.
5
1
8
0
.
7
6
3
AA
0
.
5
8
3
0
.
8
4
8
3
.
3
.
2
.
Dis
cr
im
ina
nt
v
a
lid
it
y
Dis
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
f
o
cu
s
e
s
o
n
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
a
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
is
tr
u
ly
d
is
tin
ct
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
as
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
lo
w
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
with
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
o
f
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
was
ass
e
s
s
ed
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
t
h
e
s
q
u
ar
e
r
o
o
t
o
f
th
e
AVE
o
f
r
elate
d
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
ab
s
o
lu
te
v
alu
es
o
f
th
eir
in
ter
-
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
co
r
r
ela
tio
n
s
.
Dis
cr
im
in
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t
v
alid
ity
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co
n
f
ir
m
ed
if
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
r
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o
t
o
f
th
e
AVE
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o
r
ea
ch
f
ac
to
r
is
g
r
ea
te
r
th
a
n
th
e
ab
s
o
lu
te
v
alu
es
o
f
its
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
with
o
th
e
r
f
ac
to
r
s
,
an
d
i
f
th
is
co
n
d
itio
n
h
o
ld
s
f
o
r
all
f
ac
t
o
r
s
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
3
,
t
h
e
an
a
ly
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
t
h
e
s
q
u
a
r
e
r
o
o
ts
o
f
th
e
AVE
f
o
r
th
e
th
r
e
e
f
ac
to
r
s
:
r
eso
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r
ce
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r
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v
is
io
n
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R
P),
em
o
tio
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al
in
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ir
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E
I
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,
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n
d
a
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p
r
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tio
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AA)
a
r
e
0
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7
8
4
,
0
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7
2
0
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d
0
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7
6
3
r
esp
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tiv
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T
h
ese
v
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u
es
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ex
ce
e
d
th
e
h
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g
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te
v
al
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es
o
f
th
e
in
ter
-
f
ac
to
r
co
r
r
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n
s
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0
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7
1
5
f
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r
R
P,
0
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7
1
5
f
o
r
E
I
,
an
d
0
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6
1
9
f
o
r
AA.
T
h
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
R
P,
E
I
,
an
d
AA
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o
s
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ess
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o
o
d
d
is
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im
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t
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ity
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clea
r
ly
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
t
h
ese
f
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s
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r
o
m
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e
a
n
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r
with
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th
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r
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h
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f
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is
d
esig
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ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e.
T
ab
le
3
.
Pear
s
o
n
c
o
r
r
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a
n
d
s
q
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ar
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r
o
o
t
o
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av
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tr
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7
8
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7
1
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0
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7
2
0
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0
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6
1
9
0
.
3
8
8
0
.
7
6
3
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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J
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R
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Vo
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.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
1
-
9
6
3
.
3
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3
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G
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u
ltip
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in
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s
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clu
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in
g
r
o
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t
m
ea
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s
q
u
a
r
e
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r
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o
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R
MSE
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On
th
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r
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er
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m
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o
o
d
f
it
in
s
m
all
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am
p
les
[
2
8
]
.
T
a
b
le
4
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
ts
th
e
ac
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tab
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3
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8
2
P
N
F
I
>
0
.
5
0
0
0
.
6
6
3
D
e
f
a
u
l
t
mo
d
e
l
:
χ
2
(
4
5
)
=
1
1
3
3
.
1
2
6
,
p
=
1
.
0
0
0
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
an
d
its
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
o
u
tco
m
es
h
as
b
ee
n
a
s
u
b
ject
o
f
in
ter
est
am
o
n
g
m
an
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
3
4
]
–
[
3
6
]
.
A
lth
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
ca
les
av
ailab
le
in
th
is
f
ield
,
m
o
s
t
ar
e
n
o
t
s
p
ec
if
ically
tailo
r
ed
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
d
o
c
to
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
wid
ely
u
s
ed
Mu
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
a
l
Scale
o
f
Per
ce
iv
ed
So
cial
Su
p
p
o
r
t
(
MSPSS
)
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
f
r
o
m
f
am
ily
,
f
r
ien
d
s
,
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
o
th
er
s
;
h
o
wev
er
,
f
o
r
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
th
eir
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
s
is
cr
u
cial.
T
h
u
s
,
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
m
en
to
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t in
to
th
e
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t scale
s
f
o
r
d
o
ct
o
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
is
ess
en
tial.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
ca
les
h
av
e
r
ar
el
y
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
wh
et
h
er
th
e
lev
el
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
ec
ei
v
ed
co
u
l
d
h
av
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
im
p
ac
ts
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
r
esear
ch
b
y
R
o
b
er
ts
an
d
B
an
d
lo
w
[
1
9
]
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
ig
h
t
ac
tu
ally
h
in
d
er
th
e
ac
a
d
em
ic
jo
u
r
n
e
y
o
f
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
aten
ess
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
h
as a
ls
o
b
ee
n
in
teg
r
ate
d
in
to
t
h
is
n
ew
s
ca
le.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
DSSP
S
was
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
with
C
r
o
n
b
a
ch
’
s
alp
h
a
v
alu
es
o
f
0
.
8
1
6
f
o
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
,
0
.
7
5
8
f
o
r
em
o
tio
n
al
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
,
an
d
0
.
8
4
8
f
o
r
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
atten
tio
n
,
in
d
ica
tin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
f
o
r
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
c
t.
T
h
ese
h
ig
h
v
alu
es
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
th
e
item
s
with
in
ea
c
h
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
r
eliab
ly
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
in
ten
d
e
d
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
C
FA,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
g
o
o
d
f
it
t
o
th
e
d
ata.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
en
t
a
n
d
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
,
wh
ich
ar
e
c
r
u
cial
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
v
alid
ity
,
wer
e
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
ily
estab
lis
h
ed
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
item
s
a
cc
u
r
ately
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
th
e
in
ten
d
ed
laten
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
T
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
d
id
n
o
t
ex
h
ib
it
an
y
is
s
u
es
with
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
an
d
ac
h
ie
v
e
d
s
tr
o
n
g
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
,
w
ith
in
ter
-
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
s
r
em
ain
in
g
b
elo
w
0
.
8
5
.
F
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
alig
n
w
ith
an
d
ex
p
an
d
u
p
o
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
in
s
ev
er
al
way
s
.
T
h
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
t
h
e
D
SS
PS
,
u
n
lik
e
th
e
MSPSS
an
d
o
th
er
s
ca
les,
ad
d
r
ess
es
a
cr
itical
g
ap
id
en
tifie
d
b
y
s
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
[
3]
–
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
i
d
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
th
r
ee
d
is
tin
ct
f
ac
to
r
s
-
r
eso
u
r
ce
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
,
e
m
o
tio
n
al
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
,
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
atten
tio
n
-
alig
n
s
with
th
e
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
n
atu
r
e
o
f
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
d
es
cr
ib
ed
b
y
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
[
3
7
]
,
[
3
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ates
ea
r
lier
r
esear
ch
th
at
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
o
c
ial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
o
s
itiv
ely
af
f
ec
ts
ac
ad
em
ic
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
s
u
cc
ess
[
2
]
,
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
C
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
[
4
0
]
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
o
f
f
am
ily
an
d
f
r
ie
n
d
s
in
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
e
m
o
tio
n
al
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
Ad
d
itio
n
all
y
,
th
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
t in
to
th
e
DSSP
S a
d
d
r
ess
es t
h
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
p
o
ten
tial m
is
m
atch
es b
etwe
en
n
ee
d
ed
an
d
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
[
4
1
]
.
T
h
ese
in
s
ig
h
ts
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
a
m
o
r
e
n
u
a
n
ce
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
ac
ad
em
ic
s
ettin
g
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
tar
g
eted
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
t
o
en
h
an
ce
d
o
ct
o
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
well
-
b
ein
g
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dev
elo
p
men
t a
n
d
va
lid
a
tio
n
o
f d
o
cto
r
a
l stu
d
e
n
t so
cia
l su
p
p
o
r
t p
ercep
tio
n
s
ca
le
(
X
ia
o
h
a
n
Ya
n
g
)
7
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
tailo
r
ed
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
ca
les
f
o
r
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
t
h
e
cr
iti
ca
l
r
o
le
o
f
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
th
eir
ac
a
d
em
ic
jo
u
r
n
e
y
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
DSSP
S
f
ill
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
a
p
in
ex
is
tin
g
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
to
o
ls
b
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
its
p
o
ten
tial
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
a
cts.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
a
v
e
p
r
ac
ti
ca
l
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice
an
d
p
o
licy
.
Hig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
ca
n
u
tili
ze
th
e
DSSP
S
to
a
s
s
es
s
an
d
en
h
an
ce
th
e
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
av
ailab
le
to
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
B
y
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
ty
p
es
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
at
ar
e
m
o
s
t
b
en
ef
icial,
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
tar
g
ete
d
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ei
n
g
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
tial
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
s
,
p
ee
r
s
/f
r
ien
d
s
,
an
d
f
a
m
ily
ca
n
in
f
o
r
m
p
o
licies
aim
ed
at
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
ti
v
e
ac
ad
em
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
.
I
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
s
tr
ateg
ic
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ca
n
h
el
p
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
cr
ea
te
an
o
p
tim
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
th
at
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
co
u
ld
f
u
r
th
er
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
ef
f
e
cts
o
f
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
its
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
in
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
s
ettin
g
s
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
o
v
er
all
well
-
b
ein
g
a
n
d
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
ts
o
f
d
o
ct
o
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
B
y
co
n
tin
u
in
g
t
o
r
ef
in
e
an
d
ex
p
a
n
d
th
e
DSSP
S,
r
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
ca
n
b
etter
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
al
s
u
cc
es
s
o
f
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wo
r
ld
wid
e.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
M
.
H
a
ssa
n
,
S
.
F
a
n
g
,
A
.
A
.
M
a
l
i
k
,
T.
A
.
La
k
,
a
n
d
M
.
R
i
z
w
a
n
,
“
I
mp
a
c
t
o
f
p
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
s
o
c
i
a
l
su
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1
4
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1
5
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[
1
6
]
D
.
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