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Litera
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lu
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ted
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y
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m
sig
n
if
ica
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tl
y
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ro
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re
a
d
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d
writi
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g
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fo
ste
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e
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lea
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g
,
a
n
d
b
e
n
e
fit
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e
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o
m
m
u
n
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y
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we
v
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r,
c
h
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ll
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g
e
s
li
k
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t
d
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ted
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e
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d
a
d
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re
ss
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g
.
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e
Ca
tch
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e
a
n
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c
h
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e
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ra
m
e
x
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e
ll
e
d
in
p
ra
c
ti
c
a
l
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c
h
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stra
teg
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a
n
d
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n
d
s
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on
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g
b
u
t
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ired
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d
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n
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m
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n
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d
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m
o
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p
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rso
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a
li
z
e
d
a
p
p
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a
c
h
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e
c
a
m
p
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s
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u
rn
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li
sm
p
ro
g
ra
m
wa
s
lau
d
e
d
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r
it
s
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f
o
rm
a
ti
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n
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b
u
t
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c
e
d
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e
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fo
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d
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a
li
t
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m
e
m
a
n
a
g
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m
e
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issu
e
s,
a
n
d
a
d
e
sire
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m
o
re
d
iv
e
rse
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p
ics
.
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h
e
se
fin
d
in
g
s
stre
ss
th
e
imp
o
rtan
c
e
o
f
c
u
sto
m
ize
d
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ro
f
e
ss
io
n
a
l
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e
v
e
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e
n
t,
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n
g
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ter
m
imp
a
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a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t,
c
u
lt
u
ra
l
se
n
siti
v
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,
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
in
v
o
l
v
e
m
e
n
t.
Eff
e
c
ti
v
e
,
e
n
g
a
g
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n
g
trai
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in
g
m
e
th
o
d
s,
fe
e
d
b
a
c
k
,
a
n
d
e
fficie
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t
re
so
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rc
e
a
ll
o
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a
ti
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a
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v
it
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l
fo
r
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m
imp
ro
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m
e
n
t.
Th
e
re
se
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rc
h
a
ims
to
e
n
h
a
n
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x
ten
sio
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rv
ice
s
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q
u
a
li
t
y
fo
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t
h
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c
o
m
m
u
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i
ty
'
s
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fit
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p
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h
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se
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ra
m
s a
n
d
c
a
ter
to
p
a
rti
c
ip
a
n
ts'
d
iv
e
rse
n
e
e
d
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Ass
es
s
m
en
t
E
x
ten
s
io
n
tr
ain
in
g
L
iter
ac
y
Par
tn
er
s
h
ip
Stak
eh
o
ld
er
s
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ma
tr
o
n
illo
Del
Mu
n
d
o
Ma
r
tin
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
I
f
u
g
a
o
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Po
tia,
Alf
o
n
s
o
L
is
ta,
I
f
u
g
a
o
,
P
h
ilip
p
in
es
E
m
ail:
m
att_
m
ar
tin
1
2
2
6
8
0
@
y
ah
o
o
.
c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Dee
p
with
in
co
m
m
u
n
ities
o
f
t
en
s
itu
ated
in
r
em
o
te,
less
u
r
b
an
ized
ar
ea
s
,
th
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
s
er
v
es
as
v
ital
m
ea
n
s
f
o
r
n
u
r
tu
r
i
n
g
g
r
o
wth
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
m
a
n
y
f
ac
ets
o
f
life
.
C
o
m
m
u
n
ity
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
wer
e
in
itially
co
n
ce
iv
ed
to
b
r
id
g
e
th
e
g
ap
b
etwe
en
r
esear
ch
-
b
ased
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
r
u
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
ities
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
tr
a
n
s
f
er
,
r
u
r
al
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t,
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
k
ills
,
an
d
n
o
n
-
f
o
r
m
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
]
.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
o
f
ten
in
itiated
b
y
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
(
HE
I
s
)
,
p
av
e
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
ac
ad
em
ic
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ities
th
ey
s
er
v
e.
R
esear
ch
an
d
ex
te
n
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
th
e
“
h
ea
r
t
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t”
[
2
]
.
So
cial
d
is
p
ar
ities
p
er
s
is
t
d
u
e
to
in
ad
eq
u
ate
ac
ce
s
s
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
s
k
ills
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
lo
w
-
an
d
m
id
d
le
-
in
co
m
e
co
u
n
tr
ies.
T
h
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
th
is
is
d
ir
e:
with
in
d
iv
id
u
als
n
o
t
g
ain
i
n
g
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
s
k
ills
f
o
r
co
m
p
etitiv
e
em
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
r
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
.
Du
e
to
th
is
,
th
e
th
r
ee
f
o
ld
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
HE
I
s
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
--
teac
h
i
n
g
,
r
esear
ch
,
an
d
o
u
tr
ea
ch
,
tak
es
o
n
g
r
ea
ter
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
.
Hen
ce
,
t
h
e
co
m
m
is
s
io
n
o
n
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
C
HE
D)
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
h
as
m
an
d
ated
HE
I
s
to
en
g
ag
e
i
n
ed
u
ca
tio
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a
l
an
d
civ
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o
u
tr
ea
ch
to
co
m
m
u
n
ities
.
T
h
is
ev
o
lv
ed
i
n
to
wh
at
is
n
o
w
k
n
o
wn
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es
E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Lit
era
cy
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms o
f h
ig
h
er e
d
u
c
a
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
i
n
th
e
…
(
Ma
tr
o
n
illo
Del
Mu
n
d
o
Ma
r
tin
)
545
co
m
m
u
n
ity
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
,
wh
er
ein
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
o
f
f
er
tr
ain
in
g
s
a
n
d
s
er
v
ices
to
lo
ca
l
r
esid
en
ts
,
m
ak
in
g
th
eir
p
r
esen
ce
f
elt
b
y
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
[
3
]
.
R
esid
en
ts
v
iew
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
ex
ten
s
io
n
s
er
v
ices
as
a
s
tr
ateg
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
en
h
a
n
ci
n
g
o
u
tco
m
es
an
d
as
a
f
ea
s
ib
l
e
m
ea
n
s
f
o
r
a
d
v
an
cin
g
p
r
o
f
es
s
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
4
]
.
Similar
ly
,
r
u
r
al
ex
te
n
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
ar
e
tailo
r
ed
to
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ee
d
s
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
m
em
b
er
s
an
d
th
e
p
r
ev
ailin
g
m
ar
k
et
d
y
n
a
m
ics
in
a
g
i
v
en
r
e
g
io
n
ar
e
wh
at
o
f
f
er
s
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
t
o
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
5
]
.
T
r
an
s
itio
n
in
g
to
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
,
it
is
im
p
er
ativ
e
t
o
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
its
r
o
le
b
ey
o
n
d
m
e
r
ely
as
ap
p
e
n
d
ag
e
s
f
o
r
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
,
b
u
t
as
o
n
g
o
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
f
o
r
en
d
u
r
in
g
im
p
ac
t,
k
n
o
wled
g
e
tr
an
s
f
er
,
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
[
6
]
.
Self
-
r
e
p
o
r
ted
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
welln
ess
,
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
al
ch
a
n
g
e,
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
v
alu
e
e
x
h
ib
ited
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ele
v
ated
l
ev
els
as
a
d
ir
ec
t
r
esu
lt
o
f
s
u
ch
in
itiativ
es
[
7
]
.
B
ey
o
n
d
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
ex
ec
u
ti
o
n
o
f
th
ese
ex
ten
s
io
n
ac
tiv
itie
s
,
it
is
eq
u
ally
ess
en
tia
l
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
im
p
ac
t
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
ese
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
Ass
ess
in
g
th
e
i
m
p
ac
ts
o
f
HE
I
s
o
n
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
(
SD)
en
tails
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
two
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
:
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
th
ey
ar
e
i
n
teg
r
ativ
e
in
n
atu
r
e,
a
n
d
th
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
wh
eth
er
th
ey
ar
e
d
ir
ec
tly
(
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
ef
f
ec
ts
)
o
r
in
d
ir
ec
tly
(
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
ef
f
ec
ts
)
attr
ib
u
tab
le
[
8
]
.
B
u
ild
in
g
o
n
th
is
th
o
u
g
h
t,
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
f
ee
d
b
a
ck
b
ec
o
m
es a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
av
en
u
e
o
f
ev
alu
atio
n
[
1
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
er
e
is
n
o
“
o
n
e
-
s
ize
-
f
its
-
all”
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
eliv
er
t
h
ese
s
er
v
ices
as
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ical
lo
ca
tio
n
an
d
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
o
f
ten
ca
u
s
e
b
ar
r
ier
s
[
9
]
.
E
x
te
n
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
a
n
d
its
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
ar
e
n
o
t
alwa
y
s
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
u
s
ef
u
l
an
d
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e.
I
n
itiativ
es
in
v
o
l
v
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
clea
n
-
u
p
,
tr
ee
p
lan
tin
g
,
waste
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t,
co
m
p
u
ter
liter
ac
y
,
h
ea
l
th
s
er
v
ices,
an
d
cr
im
e
an
d
d
r
u
g
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
wer
e
u
n
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
th
e
f
iel
d
o
f
h
ea
lth
-
r
elate
d
e
x
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
,
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
f
em
ale
r
ec
ip
ien
ts
o
f
h
ea
lth
ex
ten
s
io
n
s
er
v
ices
ex
p
r
ess
ed
lo
w
s
ati
s
f
ac
tio
n
[
1
1
]
.
I
t
is
th
en
in
cu
m
b
en
t
u
p
o
n
ac
ad
em
ic
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
to
m
eticu
lo
u
s
ly
p
lan
,
m
o
n
ito
r
,
a
n
d
ev
alu
ate
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
t
h
eir
co
m
m
u
n
ity
in
itiativ
es
at
th
e
g
r
ass
r
o
o
ts
lev
el,
en
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
at
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
co
n
t
r
ib
u
te
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
to
SD
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ities
[
8
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
s
u
ch
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
eir
last
in
g
im
p
ac
t
an
d
th
e
co
n
tin
u
e
d
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
ac
q
u
ir
ed
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
r
ea
l
-
lif
e.
T
h
u
s
,
g
ath
e
r
in
g
g
r
ass
r
o
o
ts
d
ata
s
er
v
es
as
a
v
alu
a
b
le
g
u
id
e
f
o
r
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
tar
g
eted
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
th
at
y
ield
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
s
o
cieta
l
v
alu
e.
Sin
ce
th
er
e
is
n
o
ab
s
o
lu
te
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
at
ca
n
ass
ess
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
e
x
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
,
o
n
e
ca
n
d
ed
u
ce
t
h
at
d
is
p
ar
ities
ex
is
t
am
o
n
g
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
o
n
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
as
ea
ch
is
u
n
iq
u
e
o
n
its
o
wn
o
b
jectiv
es,
lo
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
tar
g
e
t
r
ec
ip
ien
ts
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
ac
h
iev
e
d
esire
d
o
u
tco
m
es,
ex
ten
s
io
n
in
itiativ
es
m
u
s
t
b
e
tailo
r
ed
to
th
e
n
ee
d
s
,
cu
ltu
r
es,
an
d
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
th
e
tar
g
et
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
I
f
u
g
a
o
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
-
Po
tia
C
am
p
u
s
,
am
o
n
g
th
e
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
b
y
th
e
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
ar
e
:
i
)
C
atch
Me
a
n
d
T
ea
c
h
Me
s
tr
ateg
y
liter
ac
y
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
;
ii)
ca
m
p
u
s
jo
u
r
n
a
lis
m
tr
ain
in
g
;
a
n
d
iii)
liter
ac
y
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
C
atch
Me
an
d
T
ea
ch
Me
s
tr
ateg
y
liter
ac
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
ex
ten
d
s
th
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
ex
p
er
tis
e
o
f
t
h
e
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
b
y
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
y
o
u
n
g
lear
n
er
s
in
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
t
o
d
ev
el
o
p
ess
en
tial
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
ab
ilit
ies.
C
am
p
u
s
j
o
u
r
n
alis
m
,
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
s
er
v
es a
s
an
av
en
u
e
f
o
r
wr
iter
s
,
teac
h
er
s
,
an
d
lear
n
er
s
to
s
h
ar
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
an
d
f
o
s
ter
ex
ch
an
g
e
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
tr
en
d
s
in
ca
m
p
u
s
jo
u
r
n
alis
m
.
L
iter
ac
y
e
x
ten
s
io
n
co
n
ce
n
tr
ates
o
n
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
r
ea
d
in
g
,
wr
itin
g
,
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
all
E
n
g
lis
h
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
with
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
f
o
r
ac
a
d
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
b
u
t
also
f
o
r
life
-
lo
n
g
lear
n
in
g
.
All
th
ese
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
ar
e
m
an
if
estatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
’
s
co
m
m
itm
en
t
to
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
iv
e
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
tar
g
eted
o
n
th
eir
ac
t
u
al
n
ee
d
s
.
I
t
is
f
o
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
th
at
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
ese
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
ass
es
s
ed
,
with
th
e
in
ten
t
io
n
o
f
id
en
tify
in
g
an
y
d
ef
ic
ien
cies
an
d
ar
ea
s
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
th
e
r
ec
ip
ie
n
ts
o
f
t
h
e
liter
ac
y
an
d
r
esear
ch
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
u
ltima
tely
,
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
d
eliv
er
y
o
f
ex
ten
s
io
n
s
er
v
ices o
f
th
e
c
o
lleg
e
b
y
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
ey
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
an
d
e
f
f
icien
tl
y
m
ee
t th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
m
em
b
er
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
ted
a
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
u
r
v
ey
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
an
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
i
n
c
o
o
p
e
r
a
tin
g
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
c
o
o
p
er
ati
n
g
teac
h
er
s
wh
o
d
ir
ec
tly
b
e
n
ef
ited
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
ten
s
io
n
tr
ain
in
g
.
T
h
ese
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
o
p
er
atin
g
s
ch
o
o
ls
o
f
I
f
u
g
ao
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Po
tia
C
am
p
u
s
,
co
v
er
in
g
b
o
th
p
u
b
lic
an
d
ele
m
e
n
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
Alf
o
n
s
o
L
is
ta
Dis
tr
icts
1
an
d
2
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
t
o
o
l
was
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
,
d
iv
i
d
ed
in
to
two
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ec
tio
n
co
n
tain
ed
s
ca
le
item
s
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
ass
ess
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
e
x
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
T
h
e
s
ca
le
item
s
u
n
d
er
wen
t
e
x
p
er
t
v
alid
atio
n
an
d
p
ilo
t te
s
tin
g
am
o
n
g
3
0
in
d
iv
id
u
als with
ch
ar
a
cter
is
tics
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
in
ten
d
ed
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
u
ted
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
s
co
r
e
was
0
.
7
8
5
,
af
f
ir
m
in
g
its
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ec
tio
n
co
n
tain
ed
o
p
en
-
en
d
e
d
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ask
in
g
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
to
id
en
tify
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
s
,
wea
k
n
ess
es,
an
d
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
e
x
ten
s
io
n
tr
ain
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
d
ata
g
ath
e
r
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
ask
in
g
p
er
m
is
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
au
th
o
r
ities
,
o
b
tain
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
co
n
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
n
g
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es,
an
d
ev
e
n
r
etr
iev
in
g
tr
ai
n
in
g
ev
alu
atio
n
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
ten
s
io
n
tr
ain
er
s
.
Ad
eq
u
ate
tim
e
was
p
r
o
v
id
ed
f
o
r
th
e
tea
ch
er
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
to
co
m
p
lete
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
es,
wh
ich
wer
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
co
ll
ec
ted
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
to
o
k
n
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tes
in
s
o
m
e
ca
s
es
wh
er
e
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
g
av
e
th
ei
r
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
v
er
b
ally
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
th
e
s
tr
en
g
t
h
,
wea
k
n
ess
es,
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
54
4
-
55
6
546
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
D
ata
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
,
s
u
m
m
ar
izati
o
n
,
an
d
tab
u
latio
n
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
as p
a
r
t o
f
t
h
e
in
itial d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
T
h
e
d
ata
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
q
u
a
n
titativ
ely
an
d
q
u
alitativ
ely
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
in
v
o
lv
ed
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
,
wh
ich
was
in
ter
p
r
eted
as
:
v
e
r
y
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
(
4
.
5
0
to
5
.
0
0
)
,
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
(
3
.
5
0
to
4
.
4
4
)
,
f
air
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
(
2
.
5
0
to
3
.
4
4
)
,
an
d
n
o
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
(
1
.
0
0
t
o
2
.
4
4
)
.
T
h
e
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata
was
an
aly
ze
d
th
em
atica
lly
t
o
ex
tr
ac
t
k
ey
th
em
es,
wh
ich
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
s
,
wea
k
n
ess
es,
an
d
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ad
h
er
ed
to
eth
ical
p
r
in
cip
les.
C
o
n
s
en
t
was
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
a
r
ticip
atin
g
teac
h
er
s
b
ef
o
r
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
o
b
jectiv
es
wer
e
tr
an
s
p
a
r
en
tly
co
m
m
u
n
icate
d
to
th
e
r
elev
an
t
au
th
o
r
ities
.
E
th
ical
ap
p
r
o
v
al
was
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
e
v
iew
b
o
ar
d
.
Data
c
o
n
f
id
en
tiality
a
n
d
an
o
n
y
m
ity
wer
e
en
s
u
r
e
d
to
p
r
o
tect
th
e
p
r
iv
ac
y
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
h
an
d
led
th
e
d
ata
with
d
is
cr
etio
n
,
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
wer
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
a
n
ag
g
r
eg
at
ed
an
d
an
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
f
o
r
m
at
t
o
f
u
r
th
er
s
af
e
g
u
ar
d
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
'
id
en
titi
es
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
I
m
pa
c
t
o
f
t
he
ex
t
ens
io
n t
ra
ini
ng
pro
g
ra
m
T
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
was
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
q
u
a
n
titativ
ely
an
d
q
u
alitativ
ely
.
T
h
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
d
ata
a
r
e
p
r
esen
te
d
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
teac
h
er
clien
ts
r
eg
is
ter
ed
th
at
th
e
t
h
r
ee
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
ar
e
eith
e
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
o
r
v
er
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
(
T
a
b
le
1
)
.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
s
k
ills
,
s
elf
-
d
is
cip
lin
e,
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
s
elf
-
esteem
a
n
d
co
n
f
id
en
ce
,
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
an
d
ca
m
ar
ad
e
r
ie,
an
d
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
d
u
ties
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies.
T
h
ey
attested
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
h
a
d
a
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
im
p
ac
t o
n
t
h
eir
liv
es.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ea
c
h
er
clien
ts
’
ass
ess
m
en
t o
f
th
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
th
e
ex
t
en
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
C
a
t
c
h
M
e
&
Te
a
c
h
M
e
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
i
sm
Li
t
e
r
a
c
y
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
1.
Th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
i
mp
r
o
v
e
d
s
k
i
l
l
s
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
t
o
t
h
e
r
e
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
f
i
e
l
d
.
3
.
7
5
E
4
.
6
9
V
4
.
7
8
V
2.
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
p
o
si
t
i
v
e
l
y
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
d
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
o
f
se
l
f
-
d
i
s
c
i
p
l
i
n
e
.
3
.
7
5
E
4
.
9
4
V
4
.
7
8
V
3.
Th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
p
e
r
t
a
i
n
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
f
o
c
u
s
a
r
e
a
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m.
3
.
7
5
E
4
.
9
4
V
4
.
7
2
V
4.
En
g
a
g
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
a
t
e
d
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
a
n
d
i
n
f
o
r
me
d
d
e
c
i
si
o
n
-
mak
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
f
i
e
l
d
.
3
.
7
5
E
4
.
9
4
V
4
.
7
8
V
5.
Th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
p
o
si
t
i
v
e
l
y
i
m
p
a
c
t
e
d
sel
f
-
e
st
e
e
m
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
a
mo
n
g
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
.
3
.
7
5
E
4
.
8
1
V
4
.
7
8
V
6.
Th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
h
e
l
p
e
d
i
n
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
c
a
mara
d
e
r
i
e
w
i
t
h
f
e
l
l
o
w
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
.
3
.
5
0
E
4
.
9
4
V
4
.
7
5
V
7.
Th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
d
t
h
e
f
o
c
u
s
a
r
e
a
(
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
,
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
i
sm
,
o
r
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
)
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
se
t
t
i
n
g
.
4
.
5
0
V
4
.
9
4
V
4
.
8
4
V
8.
Th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
r
a
i
se
d
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
r
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
g
r
i
g
h
t
s,
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
,
a
n
d
d
u
t
i
e
s
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
r
e
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
f
i
e
l
d
.
4
.
0
0
V
5
.
0
0
V
4
.
7
8
V
9.
Th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
h
a
d
a
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
n
t
h
e
l
i
v
e
s
o
f
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m.
3
.
7
5
E
5
.
0
0
V
4
.
6
6
V
1
0
.
Th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
v
a
l
u
a
b
l
e
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
o
n
l
e
g
a
l
a
s
p
e
c
t
s
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
t
o
t
h
e
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
f
i
e
l
d
.
4
.
5
0
V
5
.
0
0
V
4
.
9
1
V
O
v
e
r
a
l
l
3
.
9
0
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4
.
9
2
V
4
.
7
8
V
N
o
t
e
s
.
E
:
m
e
a
n
s
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
;
V
:
mea
n
s
v
e
r
y
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
o
f
th
e
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
b
asic
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
lear
n
er
s
.
T
h
is
is
m
an
i
f
ested
in
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
ex
ten
s
io
n
ac
tiv
ities
o
f
th
e
co
lleg
e.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
c
o
o
p
er
ati
n
g
teac
h
e
r
s
m
en
tio
n
ed
t
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
e
x
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
in
ter
m
s
o
f
liter
ac
y
.
“
A
s
a
tea
ch
er
in
th
e
b
a
s
ic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
w
e
n
ee
d
to
fo
cu
s
th
e
p
ivo
ta
l
r
o
le
o
f
th
e
b
a
s
ic
s
kills
o
f
o
u
r
lea
r
n
ers
.
Th
ese
w
i
ll
s
e
r
ve
a
s
a
s
tr
o
n
g
fo
u
n
d
a
tio
n
o
f
th
e
lea
r
n
ers
to
d
o
th
e
n
ee
d
ed
s
kill
s
i
n
term
s
o
f litera
cy
.
”
(
C
o
o
p
er
atin
g
T
ea
ch
er
1
)
As
m
en
tio
n
ed
b
y
th
e
co
o
p
er
at
in
g
teac
h
er
,
th
e
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
d
o
v
etails
o
n
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
ac
tiv
ities
to
en
h
an
ce
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
lear
n
er
s
in
th
e
b
asic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
is
m
e
an
s
th
at
th
e
v
ar
ied
ac
tiv
ities
to
en
h
an
ce
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
lear
n
er
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
b
asic
s
k
ills
wo
u
ld
b
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
p
o
in
ted
o
u
t th
at:
“
We
n
ee
d
to
co
n
s
id
er
a
ls
o
th
e
w
r
itin
g
s
kills
a
n
d
n
u
mera
cy
s
kills
o
f
th
e
lea
r
n
ers
s
p
ec
ia
lly
th
is
time.
S
o
,
th
e
co
lleg
e
mu
s
t
fo
c
u
s
o
n
th
e
a
ctivities
o
n
w
r
itin
g
s
kills
a
n
d
s
o
lvin
g
w
o
r
d
p
r
o
b
lems.
Th
is
w
o
u
ld
p
r
o
b
a
b
ly
h
elp
th
e
lea
r
n
ers
ma
s
ter
th
e
s
k
ills
in
w
r
i
tin
g
a
n
d
m
a
th
e
ma
tica
l
p
ers
p
ec
tives.
”
(
C
o
o
p
er
atin
g
T
ea
ch
er
5
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es
E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Lit
era
cy
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms o
f h
ig
h
er e
d
u
c
a
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
i
n
th
e
…
(
Ma
tr
o
n
illo
Del
Mu
n
d
o
Ma
r
tin
)
547
I
t
is
n
o
tab
le
to
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
v
ar
ied
ac
tiv
ities
o
f
th
e
lear
n
er
s
i
n
wr
itin
g
an
d
m
ath
em
atica
l
ac
tiv
ities
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
ex
ten
s
io
n
ac
t
iv
ities
,
it
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
b
alan
ce
th
at
in
clu
d
es
ac
tiv
ities
to
in
ten
s
if
y
s
k
ills
in
m
ath
em
atics
an
d
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
en
,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
p
o
in
ted
o
u
t
th
e
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
th
e
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
th
at
,
“
Th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
effec
tively
p
r
o
mo
ted
th
e
fo
cu
s
a
r
ea
(
tea
ch
in
g
,
jo
u
r
n
a
lis
m,
o
r
liter
a
cy
)
w
ith
in
th
e
r
e
s
p
ec
tive
s
ettin
g
.
”
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
ex
ten
s
io
n
liter
ac
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
i
s
v
er
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
lear
n
er
s
in
th
e
b
asic e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
3
.
2
.
Str
eng
t
hs
o
f
lite
ra
cy
pr
o
g
ra
m
T
h
e
s
tr
en
g
th
s
o
f
th
e
liter
ac
y
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
,
as
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
i
n
T
ab
le
2
,
lie
in
its
ab
ilit
y
to
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
r
ea
d
in
g
a
n
d
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
lear
n
e
r
s
.
T
h
is
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
s
ig
n
i
f
ies
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
'
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
its
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
o
b
jectiv
es.
T
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
'
s
en
g
ag
in
g
a
n
d
e
n
jo
y
a
b
le
n
atu
r
e
w
as
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
its
s
u
cc
ess
in
i
n
s
till
in
g
en
th
u
s
iasm
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
an
d
s
h
o
wca
s
in
g
v
is
ib
le
p
r
o
g
r
ess
am
o
n
g
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
'
s
in
d
iv
id
u
alize
d
lea
r
n
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
f
o
r
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
ea
ch
ch
ild
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
tailo
r
ed
an
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
x
p
er
ien
c
e.
I
m
p
o
r
tan
tly
,
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
h
as
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
in
s
till
ed
a
lo
v
e
f
o
r
b
o
o
k
s
an
d
lear
n
in
g
am
o
n
g
th
e
lea
r
n
er
s
,
lead
in
g
to
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
wh
er
e
th
e
y
r
ea
d
f
o
r
p
leasu
r
e.
I
n
r
elatio
n
with
th
is
,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
s
tr
ess
ed
o
u
t th
at
:
“
Lit
era
cy
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms
o
ffer
ed
b
y
I
fu
g
a
o
S
ta
te
Un
ivers
ity
h
elp
ed
o
u
r
lea
r
n
ers
to
b
ec
o
me
a
g
o
o
d
r
ea
d
er.
Th
ey
ex
ten
d
ed
a
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
to
ma
s
ter
th
e
b
a
s
ic
s
kills
in
th
e
co
n
text
o
f
elem
en
ta
r
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
h
o
p
e
th
ese
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ma
in
t
a
in
ed
a
n
d
s
u
s
ta
in
ed
a
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
men
ts
to
en
h
a
n
ce
s
kills
o
f th
e
lea
r
n
ers
.
”
(
C
o
o
p
er
atin
g
T
ea
ch
e
r
8
)
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
'
s
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
was
em
p
h
asized
,
p
o
r
tr
ay
in
g
it
as
a
v
alu
ab
le
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
to
all,
ir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
o
f
th
eir
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
f
o
s
ter
a
cu
ltu
r
e
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
at
h
o
m
e
w
as
also
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
as
a
s
tr
en
g
th
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
'
s
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
n
d
e
ed
,
th
e
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
test
if
ied
th
at
th
e
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
r
elate
d
o
n
liter
ac
y
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
e
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
lear
n
er
s
in
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
in
s
till
in
g
th
e
lo
v
e
f
o
r
r
ea
d
in
g
.
“
I
h
a
ve
o
b
s
erved
th
a
t
o
u
r
p
u
p
ils
imp
r
o
ve
d
th
eir
s
ki
lls
in
r
ea
d
in
g
a
n
d
w
r
itin
g
.
Th
ey
u
s
u
a
lly
d
o
r
ea
d
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
th
eir
fr
ee
tim
e
a
n
d
th
ey
en
jo
ye
d
mu
ch
in
r
ea
d
in
g
.
Th
e
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
o
f
I
F
S
U
s
erved
a
s
o
u
r
p
a
r
tn
er
to
in
s
till
th
e
va
lu
e
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
a
n
d
w
r
itin
g
a
mo
n
g
o
u
r
p
u
p
ils
.
”
(
C
o
o
p
er
atin
g
T
ea
ch
er
7
)
I
t
is
n
o
tewo
r
th
y
to
em
p
h
asize
th
at
th
e
liter
ac
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
o
f
t
h
e
co
lleg
e
is
v
e
r
y
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
lear
n
er
s
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
h
all
b
e
s
u
s
tain
ed
an
d
co
n
tin
u
ed
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
th
e
liter
ac
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
u
s
t b
e
co
n
ti
n
u
ed
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Stre
n
g
th
s
o
f
liter
ac
y
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
Th
e
m
e
Ev
i
d
e
n
c
e
s
I
mp
r
o
v
e
d
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
sk
i
l
l
s
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
n
o
t
e
d
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
me
n
t
s
i
n
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
a
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
a
mo
n
g
t
h
e
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s,
sh
o
w
c
a
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m's
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss.
En
g
a
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
e
n
j
o
y
a
b
l
e
Th
e
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
w
a
s
l
a
u
d
e
d
f
o
r
b
e
i
n
g
e
n
g
a
g
i
n
g
,
e
n
j
o
y
a
b
l
e
,
a
n
d
f
u
n
,
p
r
o
mo
t
i
n
g
e
n
t
h
u
s
i
a
sm
f
o
r
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
e
v
i
d
e
n
t
p
r
o
g
r
e
ss
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s.
I
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
i
z
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
Th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m's
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
i
n
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
i
z
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
w
a
s
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
z
e
d
,
t
a
i
l
o
r
i
n
g
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
e
a
c
h
c
h
i
l
d
's
n
e
e
d
s
a
n
d
e
n
su
r
i
n
g
n
o
o
n
e
i
s l
e
f
t
b
e
h
i
n
d
.
I
n
st
i
l
l
i
n
g
l
o
v
e
f
o
r
b
o
o
k
s
a
n
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
Th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
w
a
s
su
c
c
e
ssf
u
l
i
n
f
o
st
e
r
i
n
g
a
l
o
v
e
f
o
r
b
o
o
k
s
a
n
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s
,
l
e
a
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
m
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
f
o
r
p
l
e
a
s
u
r
e
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
i
n
g
a
n
a
m
a
z
i
n
g
t
r
a
n
sf
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
.
P
o
si
t
i
v
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
n
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
Th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
p
r
a
i
se
f
o
r
b
e
i
n
g
a
v
a
l
u
a
b
l
e
r
e
so
u
r
c
e
f
o
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
,
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
a
c
c
e
ss
t
o
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
a
l
l
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s.
3
.
3
.
Wea
k
nes
s
es o
f
lite
ra
cy
pro
g
ra
m
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
a
ls
o
s
h
ed
lig
h
t
o
n
ce
r
ta
in
w
ea
k
n
e
s
s
es
w
i
th
in
th
e
l
it
er
a
cy
p
r
o
g
r
am
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
3
.
Ou
td
a
ted
m
a
ter
ia
l
s
we
r
e
id
e
n
t
if
i
ed
a
s
a
h
in
d
r
an
ce
to
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
,
s
u
g
g
es
t
in
g
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
r
eg
u
l
ar
u
p
d
at
es
to
k
ee
p
p
ac
e
wi
th
ev
o
lv
in
g
ed
u
c
at
io
n
a
l
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
e
m
p
h
a
s
is
o
n
r
o
te
m
em
o
r
i
za
ti
o
n
an
d
a
d
em
an
d
in
g
s
ch
ed
u
l
e,
e
s
p
e
cia
lly
f
o
r
y
o
u
n
g
l
ea
r
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1
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Feb
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20
25
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54
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lea
r
n
ers
a
r
e
en
jo
ye
d
r
ea
d
in
g
a
n
d
w
r
itin
g
a
ctivities
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
ee
r
tea
ch
in
g
.
C
erta
in
ly,
r
ea
d
in
g
w
ith
th
eir
p
ee
r
s
fo
s
ters
co
lla
b
o
r
a
tive
lea
r
n
in
g
.
I
t
is
a
ls
o
w
a
y
to
mo
tiva
te
a
lea
r
n
er
to
lo
ve
r
ea
d
in
g
.
”
(
C
o
o
p
er
atin
g
T
ea
ch
er
1
8
)
T
ab
le
4
.
Stre
n
g
th
s
o
f
th
e
C
atch
Me
an
d
T
ea
ch
Me
s
tr
ateg
y
li
ter
ac
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
Th
e
m
e
Ev
i
d
e
n
c
e
P
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
st
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
M
a
n
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
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n
t
s
f
o
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n
d
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
st
r
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t
e
g
i
e
s
a
n
d
t
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c
h
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h
n
i
q
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e
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r
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r
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es
E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Lit
era
cy
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms o
f h
ig
h
er e
d
u
c
a
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
i
n
th
e
…
(
Ma
tr
o
n
illo
Del
Mu
n
d
o
Ma
r
tin
)
549
B
ased
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tatem
en
t
o
f
th
e
co
o
p
er
atin
g
teac
h
er
,
it
is
v
er
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
to
em
p
lo
y
c
o
o
p
er
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
r
ea
d
in
g
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
lear
n
er
s
lear
n
h
o
w
to
wo
r
k
with
t
h
eir
p
ee
r
s
.
I
t is n
o
tewo
r
th
y
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
e
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
g
r
o
u
p
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
r
ea
d
in
g
.
3
.
5
.
Wea
k
nes
s
es o
f
t
he
Ca
t
c
h M
e
a
nd
T
ea
ch
M
e
s
t
ra
t
eg
y
lite
ra
cy
pro
g
r
a
m
Desp
ite
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
s
,
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
also
id
en
tifie
d
ar
ea
s
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
with
in
th
e
C
atc
h
Me
an
d
T
ea
ch
Me
s
tr
ateg
y
liter
ac
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
5
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
e
m
o
s
t
co
n
ce
r
n
was
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ad
d
itio
n
al
tim
e
to
d
elv
e
d
ee
p
er
in
t
o
th
e
to
p
ics
co
v
er
ed
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
d
esire
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
iv
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
em
p
h
asized
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
o
n
g
o
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
ap
p
ly
th
e
ac
q
u
ir
ed
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
a
n
d
liter
ac
y
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
en
d
ea
v
o
r
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
a
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
o
f
th
e
lear
n
er
s
was
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
tailo
r
ed
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
m
ee
t
d
iv
er
s
e
lear
n
in
g
n
ee
d
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
an
d
is
s
u
es
in
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
p
ee
r
r
ea
d
i
n
g
am
in
g
(
am
o
n
g
)
t
h
e
lear
n
er
s
.
I
t is id
en
tifie
d
th
at
:
“
I
h
a
ve
test
ified
th
a
t
o
u
r
lea
r
n
ers
co
mmitted
s
o
me
d
iffi
cu
lt
ies
in
r
ea
d
in
g
w
ith
th
eir
p
ee
r
s
,
th
ey
en
co
u
n
tered
d
iffi
cu
lties
o
n
h
o
w
to
r
ea
d
th
e
u
n
f
a
milia
r
w
o
r
d
s
a
n
d
t
h
ey
r
ea
d
o
n
ly
w
ith
o
u
t
co
mp
r
eh
en
s
io
n
.
S
o
,
it
is
imp
o
r
ta
n
t
to
mo
n
ito
r
a
n
d
g
ive
i
mme
d
ia
te
feed
b
a
ck
s
a
fter
r
ea
d
in
g
.
”
(
C
o
o
p
er
atin
g
T
ea
ch
er
1
7
)
Hen
ce
,
s
o
m
e
way
s
ar
e
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
to
en
h
a
n
ce
f
u
tu
r
e
tr
ain
in
g
s
ess
io
n
s
in
C
atch
Me
an
d
T
ea
ch
Me
s
tr
ateg
y
liter
ac
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
o
r
r
elate
d
to
p
ics.
E
x
te
n
d
in
g
th
e
tim
ef
r
am
e
o
f
th
e
tr
ain
i
n
g
to
ass
ess
lear
n
er
s
'
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
is
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
lo
n
g
-
te
r
m
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
o
n
lear
n
er
s
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
in
teg
r
atin
g
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
in
to
p
r
o
g
r
am
ac
tiv
ities
is
s
u
g
g
ested
,
r
ef
lectin
g
an
asp
ir
atio
n
f
o
r
a
m
o
r
e
h
o
lis
tic
an
d
s
k
ill
-
en
r
ich
e
d
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
.
C
er
tain
ly
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
in
d
iv
id
u
al
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
am
o
n
g
lear
n
er
s
an
d
tailo
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
a
cc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
ar
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
.
T
h
ese
wo
u
l
d
u
n
d
er
lin
e
t
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
in
clu
s
iv
ity
an
d
a
d
ap
tab
ilit
y
in
f
u
tu
r
e
tr
ain
in
g
s
ess
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
co
o
p
er
atin
g
teac
h
er
s
ag
r
ee
d
t
h
at
tim
e
is
in
ev
itab
le
in
r
ea
d
in
g
with
th
e
p
ee
r
s
.
“
T
i
m
e
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t
i
n
r
ea
d
in
g
w
ith
p
ee
r
s
a
mo
n
g
lea
n
ers
r
a
is
ed
a
n
is
s
u
e
a
n
d
co
n
flict.
Th
e
lea
r
n
ers
n
e
e
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
o
m
a
s
t
er
t
h
e
n
e
e
d
e
d
s
k
i
ll
s
a
s
a
b
a
s
i
c
f
o
u
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
.
”
(
C
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
T
e
a
c
h
e
r
1
5
)
T
ab
le
5
.
W
ea
k
n
ess
es o
f
th
e
C
atch
Me
an
d
T
ea
c
h
Me
s
tr
ateg
y
liter
ac
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
Th
e
m
e
Ev
i
d
e
n
c
e
Ti
me
c
o
n
s
t
r
a
i
n
t
s
M
a
n
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s fe
l
t
t
h
a
t
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
i
m
e
i
s
n
e
e
d
e
d
f
o
r
a
mo
r
e
i
n
-
d
e
p
t
h
e
x
p
l
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
v
e
r
e
d
t
o
p
i
c
s
.
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e
e
d
f
o
r
o
n
g
o
i
n
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
P
a
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t
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c
i
p
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n
t
s
h
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g
h
l
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t
e
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d
f
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p
p
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f
f
e
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t
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a
p
p
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h
e
k
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o
w
l
e
d
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e
g
a
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e
d
f
r
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m
t
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p
r
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g
r
a
m.
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e
r
so
n
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p
p
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g
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p
p
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t
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r
se
n
e
e
d
s
o
f
p
a
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i
c
i
p
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s,
c
o
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d
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v
i
d
u
a
l
d
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f
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e
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e
n
c
e
s.
3
.
6
.
Str
eng
t
hs
o
f
t
he
ca
m
pu
s
j
o
urna
lis
m
pro
g
ra
m
T
h
e
th
em
atic
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
ex
ten
d
e
d
ca
m
p
u
s
jo
u
r
n
alis
m
tr
ain
in
g
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
o
v
er
all
im
p
r
e
s
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
s
em
in
ar
-
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
an
d
ar
ea
s
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
6
.
T
h
e
s
tr
en
g
th
s
p
r
im
ar
ily
lie
in
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
ativ
en
ess
,
tim
elin
ess
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
ev
en
t.
Par
ticip
an
ts
p
r
aised
th
e
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
v
alu
a
b
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
,
b
ein
g
r
elev
a
n
t
to
cu
r
r
en
t
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
,
an
d
b
ein
g
well
-
o
r
g
a
n
ized
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
“
Ou
r
lea
r
n
ers
a
r
e
ve
r
y
in
ter
ested
in
ca
mp
u
s
jo
u
r
n
a
lis
m.
Th
ey
h
a
ve
fo
u
n
d
j
o
y
a
n
d
g
le
e
w
h
ile
d
o
in
g
d
iffer
en
t
a
ctivities
in
w
r
itin
g
n
ew
s
,
fea
tu
r
es
a
n
d
ed
ito
r
ia
l.
Th
r
o
u
g
h
jo
u
r
n
a
lis
m,
o
u
r
lea
r
n
ers
b
ec
o
me
mo
r
e
in
teres
ted
in
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
p
a
r
a
g
r
a
p
h
a
n
d
a
r
ticles
b
a
s
ed
fr
o
m
th
eir
f
i
e
l
d
o
f
in
teres
t.
”
(
C
o
o
p
er
atin
g
T
ea
ch
er
2
1
)
Un
d
en
iab
ly
,
th
e
co
o
p
er
atin
g
teac
h
er
s
estab
lis
h
ed
th
at
th
r
o
u
g
h
ca
m
p
u
s
jo
u
r
n
alis
m
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
t
h
e
lear
n
er
s
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
in
te
r
ested
in
wr
itin
g
a
n
d
ev
e
n
in
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
s
tr
ess
ed
:
“
Th
e
ex
ten
s
io
n
tr
a
in
in
g
o
f
th
e
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
tio
n
a
b
o
u
t
ca
mp
u
s
jo
u
r
n
a
lis
m
is
ve
r
y
h
elp
fu
l.
Th
ese
w
o
r
ksh
o
p
s
a
n
d
h
a
n
d
s
-
o
n
tr
a
in
in
g
s
ess
io
n
s
co
ve
r
a
w
id
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
jo
u
r
n
a
lis
m
to
p
ics,
in
clu
d
in
g
w
r
itin
g
,
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
,
ed
itin
g
,
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
in
terview
s
,
a
n
d
eth
ica
l
co
n
s
id
era
tio
n
s
.
Th
ey
a
s
s
is
t
p
a
r
ticip
a
n
ts
in
h
o
n
in
g
th
eir
a
b
ilit
ies
a
n
d
co
mp
r
eh
e
n
d
in
g
th
e
r
ea
l
-
w
o
r
ld
a
p
p
lica
ti
o
n
s
o
f
jo
u
r
n
a
lis
m.
”
(
C
o
o
p
er
atin
g
T
e
ac
h
er
2
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
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d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
54
4
-
55
6
550
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
s
em
in
ar
s
o
n
j
o
u
r
n
alis
m
p
r
o
m
o
te
an
aly
s
is
an
d
cr
itical
th
in
k
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
y
in
s
tr
u
ct
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
e
v
alu
atio
n
,
h
o
w
to
s
ep
ar
ate
o
p
in
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
f
ac
ts
,
an
d
h
o
w
to
o
f
f
e
r
f
air
a
n
d
im
p
ar
tial
o
p
i
n
io
n
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
m
o
d
er
n
m
ed
ia
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
wh
e
r
e
f
alse
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
wid
ely
d
is
s
em
in
ated
,
th
ese
ab
ilit
ies
ar
e
cr
u
cial.
B
esid
es,
ca
m
p
u
s
jo
u
r
n
alis
m
s
em
in
ar
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e
th
at
en
c
o
u
r
ag
es
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
f
r
ee
ly
ex
p
r
ess
th
eir
id
ea
s
a
n
d
o
p
i
n
io
n
s
.
T
h
ey
b
ec
o
m
e
a
war
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
th
at
ac
co
m
p
an
ies
f
r
ee
s
p
ee
ch
as we
ll a
s
its
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
.
T
ab
le
6
.
Stre
n
g
th
s
o
f
th
e
ca
m
p
u
s
jo
u
r
n
alis
m
p
r
o
g
r
am
Th
e
m
e
Ev
i
d
e
n
c
e
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
v
e
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
s
e
mi
n
a
r
-
w
o
r
k
s
h
o
p
h
i
g
h
l
y
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
e
n
r
i
c
h
i
n
g
,
a
d
d
i
n
g
v
a
l
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
i
r
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
.
Ti
me
l
y
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
a
p
p
r
e
c
i
a
t
e
d
t
h
e
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
t
i
m
e
l
i
n
e
ss
o
f
t
h
e
sem
i
n
a
r
-
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k
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o
p
c
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t
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t
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c
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t
ma
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g
e
me
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
sem
i
n
a
r
-
w
o
r
k
sh
o
p
,
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x
p
r
e
ssi
n
g
s
a
t
i
sf
a
c
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
o
r
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a
n
i
z
e
d
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
a
n
d
l
o
o
k
i
n
g
f
o
r
w
a
r
d
t
o
f
u
t
u
r
e
sess
i
o
n
s
.
3
.
7
.
Wea
k
nes
s
es o
f
t
he
ca
mp
us
j
o
urna
lis
m
pro
g
ra
m
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
er
e
a
r
e
i
d
en
tifie
d
wea
k
n
ess
es
th
at
n
ee
d
atten
tio
n
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
as
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
T
ab
le
7
.
C
o
n
ce
r
n
s
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
v
en
u
e
s
ize,
ac
o
u
s
tics
,
an
d
s
u
itab
ilit
y
in
d
icate
t
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ch
o
o
s
in
g
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
p
ac
es
th
at
ca
n
a
cc
o
m
m
o
d
ate
all
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
co
m
f
o
r
ta
b
ly
.
I
s
s
u
es
r
elate
d
t
o
f
o
o
d
q
u
ality
an
d
q
u
an
tity
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ig
h
lig
h
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th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
b
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ter
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g
ar
r
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n
g
em
en
ts
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
T
im
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
was
an
o
th
er
asp
ec
t
f
lag
g
e
d
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
ad
h
er
i
n
g
to
s
ch
ed
u
les
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
ess
io
n
to
m
ain
tain
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
f
lo
w
o
f
th
e
ev
en
t.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
ex
p
r
ess
ed
a
d
esire
f
o
r
a
b
r
o
a
d
er
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
to
p
ics
to
b
e
co
v
er
ed
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
m
o
r
e
d
i
v
er
s
e
an
d
r
ele
v
an
t
s
u
b
jects
wo
u
ld
en
h
an
ce
th
e
le
ar
n
in
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
.
T
h
u
s
,
s
o
m
e
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
ca
m
p
u
s
jo
u
r
n
alis
m
p
r
o
g
r
am
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
v
en
u
e
,
f
o
o
d
q
u
ality
,
an
d
tim
e
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
s
em
in
ar
-
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
.
I
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
ad
d
itio
n
al
r
elev
an
t
to
p
ics
to
e
n
r
ic
h
th
e
co
n
te
n
t
an
d
b
r
o
a
d
en
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
th
e
e
v
en
t
is
cr
u
cial.
T
h
ese
in
s
ig
h
ts
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
v
alu
ab
le
g
u
id
e
f
o
r
o
r
g
an
izer
s
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
q
u
ality
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
f
u
tu
r
e
ca
m
p
u
s
jo
u
r
n
alis
m
tr
ai
n
in
g
s
ess
io
n
s
,
u
ltima
tely
m
ax
im
izin
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
an
d
m
ee
tin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
T
ab
le
7
.
W
ea
k
n
ess
es o
f
th
e
ca
m
p
u
s
jo
u
r
n
alis
m
p
r
o
g
r
am
Th
e
m
e
Ev
i
d
e
n
c
e
V
e
n
u
e
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
e
x
p
r
e
s
se
d
d
i
ssa
t
i
sf
a
c
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
v
e
n
u
e
's
si
z
e
a
n
d
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
,
su
g
g
e
s
t
i
n
g
a
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
a
m
o
r
e
s
p
a
c
i
o
u
s
a
n
d
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
F
o
o
d
P
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e
r
se
a
n
d
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
t
o
p
i
c
s,
s
u
g
g
e
st
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
c
l
u
si
o
n
o
f
s
u
p
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
r
y
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
t
o
e
n
r
i
c
h
t
h
e
sem
i
n
a
r
-
w
o
r
k
sh
o
p
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
.
3
.
8
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n o
f
t
h
e
im
pa
c
t
a
s
s
ess
m
ent
o
f
t
he
ex
t
ens
io
n pro
g
ra
m
s
co
nd
uct
ed
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
e
m
b
ar
k
e
d
o
n
a
c
r
itical
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
o
f
I
f
u
g
ao
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
-
Po
tia
C
am
p
u
s
,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
C
atch
Me
an
d
T
ea
c
h
Me
s
tr
ateg
y
liter
ac
y
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
,
ca
m
p
u
s
jo
u
r
n
alis
m
tr
ain
in
g
,
a
n
d
liter
ac
y
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
E
m
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
o
f
th
ese
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
i
n
en
h
a
n
cin
g
s
k
ills
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
am
o
n
g
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
o
u
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
f
er
in
s
ig
h
tf
u
l
r
ev
elatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
y
m
ir
r
o
r
th
e
b
r
o
ad
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
o
n
th
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
s
u
c
h
in
itiativ
es
in
r
u
r
al
an
d
less
u
r
b
a
n
ized
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
is
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
ai
m
s
to
co
n
tex
tu
alize
th
ese
r
esu
lts
with
in
th
e
ex
is
t
in
g
liter
atu
r
e,
d
r
awin
g
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
th
eo
r
y
,
p
r
ac
ti
ce
,
an
d
p
o
licy
,
an
d
s
ettin
g
th
e
s
tag
e
f
o
r
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
ese
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
e
n
ce
g
at
h
er
e
d
f
r
o
m
I
f
u
g
ao
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
-
Po
tia
C
am
p
u
s
's
co
m
m
u
n
ity
e
x
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
p
r
esen
ts
a
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
eir
im
p
ac
t.
C
en
tr
al
to
o
u
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
is
th
e
v
ar
y
in
g
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
:
ca
m
p
u
s
jo
u
r
n
al
is
m
tr
ain
in
g
,
an
d
th
e
liter
ac
y
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
E
ac
h
p
r
o
g
r
am
ex
h
ib
its
d
is
tin
ct
s
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
wea
k
n
ess
es,
r
e
s
o
n
atin
g
with
th
e
n
u
an
ce
d
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
es
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
ex
ten
s
io
n
in
r
u
r
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
p
r
em
is
e
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
tailo
r
in
g
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
to
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
m
m
u
n
ity
n
ee
d
s
an
d
m
ar
k
et
d
y
n
am
ics
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
s
co
r
es in
en
h
an
cin
g
s
k
ills
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
an
d
s
elf
-
d
is
cip
lin
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
th
e
jo
u
r
n
alis
m
an
d
liter
ac
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
alig
n
with
ass
er
tio
n
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
p
o
we
r
o
f
s
u
ch
in
itiativ
es
[
2
]
.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
ev
id
e
n
tly
s
u
r
p
ass
b
ein
g
m
er
e
ac
ad
em
ic
a
p
p
en
d
ag
es,
as
th
e
y
s
er
v
e
as
co
n
d
u
its
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
l
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es
E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Lit
era
cy
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms o
f h
ig
h
er e
d
u
c
a
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
i
n
th
e
…
(
Ma
tr
o
n
illo
Del
Mu
n
d
o
Ma
r
tin
)
551
s
k
ill
ap
p
licatio
n
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
wh
o
ad
v
o
ca
te
f
o
r
v
iewin
g
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
a
s
cr
itical
to
o
ls
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
co
m
m
u
n
ity
im
p
ac
t
[
2
]
,
[
6
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
less
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
co
r
es
in
s
o
m
e
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
C
atch
m
e
an
d
T
ea
c
h
Me
s
tr
ateg
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
is
cr
ep
an
cy
.
T
h
is
ec
h
o
es
th
e
co
n
ce
r
n
s
r
aised
ab
o
u
t
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
u
tili
ty
an
d
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
s
u
ch
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
[
1
0
]
.
I
t su
g
g
est
s
th
at
wh
ile
th
e
o
v
er
all
in
ten
t o
f
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
is
b
en
ef
icial,
t
h
eir
ex
ec
u
tio
n
m
ay
lack
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
n
ee
d
s
o
r
ad
ap
tin
g
t
o
lo
ca
l
c
o
n
tex
ts
,
a
g
a
p
th
at
id
e
n
tify
as
a
b
a
r
r
ier
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
er
v
ice
d
eliv
e
r
y
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
q
u
alitativ
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
o
i
n
ts
to
a
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
im
p
ac
t
o
n
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
'
liv
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
elf
-
esteem
an
d
co
n
f
id
en
ce
e
n
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t.
T
h
is
asp
ec
t
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
al
g
r
o
wth
,
o
f
ten
o
v
er
lo
o
k
ed
i
n
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ac
ad
em
ic
s
ettin
g
s
,
is
cr
u
cial
in
n
o
n
-
f
o
r
m
al
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
'
ab
ilit
y
to
f
o
s
ter
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
,
ca
m
ar
a
d
er
ie,
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
am
o
n
g
p
ar
tic
ip
an
ts
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
ex
ten
d
ed
b
en
ef
its
o
f
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
-
lev
el
co
m
m
u
n
ity
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
n
o
ted
wea
k
n
ess
es,
s
u
ch
as
o
u
t
d
ated
m
ate
r
ials
an
d
o
v
e
r
em
p
h
asis
o
n
r
o
te
lear
n
in
g
,
r
eso
n
ate
with
t
h
e
cr
iticis
m
s
o
f
[
1
1
]
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
a
n
d
r
elev
an
ce
in
e
x
ten
s
io
n
s
er
v
ices.
T
h
ese
s
h
o
r
tco
m
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
cr
itical
n
ee
d
f
o
r
d
y
n
am
ic
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
alig
n
in
g
with
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
lear
n
er
n
ee
d
s
,
a
co
n
ce
p
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
Fin
d
ler
et
a
l
.
[
10
]
in
th
eir
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
n
SD
in
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
er
eb
y
,
o
u
r
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
p
ain
t
a
co
m
p
lex
y
et
en
lig
h
ten
i
n
g
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
ex
te
n
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
T
h
e
y
r
ea
f
f
ir
m
t
h
e
e
s
s
en
tial
r
o
le
o
f
th
ese
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
b
r
id
g
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
g
ap
s
i
n
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
wh
ile
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
co
n
s
tan
t
ev
o
lu
tio
n
a
n
d
ad
a
p
ta
tio
n
to
th
e
ch
an
g
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lan
d
s
ca
p
e.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
d
ialo
g
u
e
o
n
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
-
led
co
m
m
u
n
ity
o
u
tr
ea
ch
in
itiativ
es,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
i
n
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
a
n
u
a
n
ce
d
an
d
co
n
tex
t
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
p
r
o
g
r
am
d
esig
n
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
3
.
8
.
1
.
T
heo
re
t
ica
l
i
m
pli
ca
t
io
ns
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
in
t
o
th
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
at
I
f
u
g
ao
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
-
Po
tia
C
am
p
u
s
o
f
f
er
s
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
th
e
o
r
etica
l
im
p
l
icatio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
th
e
f
i
eld
s
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
u
tr
ea
ch
,
co
m
m
u
n
ity
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
f
o
r
m
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
b
r
id
g
e
th
e
g
a
p
b
etwe
en
th
eo
r
etica
l
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
an
d
p
r
a
ctica
l
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
h
o
w
HE
I
s
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
en
g
ag
e
in
co
m
m
u
n
ity
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
B
y
ass
es
s
in
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
e
x
ten
s
io
n
i
n
itiativ
es,
r
esear
ch
er
s
m
a
y
g
ai
n
a
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
h
o
w
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
ca
n
ac
tiv
ely
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
u
ts
id
e
o
f
ty
p
ical
class
r
o
o
m
s
ettin
g
s
.
a
.
E
x
t
ens
io
n
pro
g
ra
m
s
a
s
ca
t
a
ly
s
t
s
f
o
r
co
mm
un
it
y
em
po
wer
m
ent
T
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
u
tc
o
m
es
o
f
th
e
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
esp
ec
ial
ly
in
en
h
an
ci
n
g
s
k
ills
,
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e,
an
d
s
elf
-
d
is
cip
lin
e,
r
eso
n
ate
with
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
w
h
ich
em
p
h
asize
ed
u
ca
tio
n
as
a
cr
itical
t
o
o
l
f
o
r
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t
in
lo
w
-
an
d
m
id
d
le
-
in
co
m
e
co
u
n
tr
ies
[
3
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
t
h
e
i
d
ea
th
at
co
m
m
u
n
ity
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
ar
e
n
o
t
ju
s
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
d
ea
v
o
r
s
b
u
t
a
r
e
p
o
ten
t
v
eh
icles
f
o
r
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
u
p
liftm
e
n
t
an
d
em
p
o
wer
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
e
v
id
e
n
t
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
th
ese
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
i
n
im
p
a
r
tin
g
p
r
ac
tical
s
k
ills
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
alig
n
s
with
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
th
e
o
r
ies
o
f
ad
u
lt
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
wh
ic
h
a
d
v
o
ca
t
e
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
as a
m
ea
n
s
to
em
p
o
wer
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ities
.
b
.
I
nte
g
ra
t
ing
co
mm
un
it
y
n
ee
ds
a
nd
educa
t
io
na
l o
utr
ea
ch
T
h
e
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
in
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
p
o
s
tu
latio
n
b
y
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
tailo
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
to
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
n
e
ed
s
an
d
d
y
n
a
m
ics
o
f
ea
ch
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
ir
ically
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
th
e
o
r
y
th
at
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
r
e
q
u
ir
es
a
b
esp
o
k
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
lo
ca
l
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
cu
ltu
r
al
d
y
n
a
m
ics,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
n
ee
d
s
[
5
]
.
I
t
ch
allen
g
es
th
e
one
-
s
ize
-
f
its
-
all
p
ar
ad
i
g
m
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
u
tr
ea
c
h
,
a
d
v
o
ca
tin
g
f
o
r
a
m
o
r
e
n
u
a
n
ce
d
an
d
co
n
tex
tu
alize
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
9
]
.
c
.
Su
s
t
a
ina
ble
co
m
m
un
it
y
dev
elo
pm
ent
t
hro
ug
h e
du
ca
t
i
o
n
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
alig
n
s
with
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
th
eo
r
i
es
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
h
o
w
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
ca
n
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
em
p
ir
ical
e
v
id
en
ce
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
th
eo
r
y
th
at
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
n
o
n
-
f
o
r
m
al
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
b
ased
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
lay
s
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
in
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
’
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
s
k
ills
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
t
r
an
s
f
er
,
en
h
an
cin
g
s
elf
-
esteem
,
an
d
f
o
s
ter
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
ity
ties
r
ef
lects
th
e
in
teg
r
ativ
e
n
a
tu
r
e
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
wh
er
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
is
s
ee
n
as a
k
ey
d
r
iv
e
r
in
ac
h
i
ev
in
g
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
o
cieta
l p
r
o
g
r
ess
.
d
.
Rec
o
ncept
ua
lizing
t
he
ro
le
o
f
hig
her
educa
t
io
n in so
ciet
y
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
o
n
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
HE
I
s
i
n
s
o
ciety
.
T
h
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
tr
ip
ar
tite
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
teac
h
in
g
,
r
esear
ch
,
a
n
d
o
u
tr
ea
c
h
is
ex
p
an
d
ed
u
p
o
n
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
o
u
tr
ea
ch
n
o
t
ju
s
t
as
a
p
er
ip
h
er
al
ac
tiv
ity
b
u
t
as
a
co
r
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
with
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
o
c
ietal
im
p
ac
t.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
t
h
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
54
4
-
55
6
552
wh
o
p
o
s
it
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
wh
en
th
ey
e
n
g
ag
e
d
ir
ec
tly
with
t
h
e
ir
co
m
m
u
n
ities
[
6
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
th
u
s
ad
d
s
to
t
h
e
g
r
o
win
g
b
o
d
y
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
th
at
v
iews
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
a
s
ac
t
iv
e
ag
en
ts
o
f
s
o
cial
ch
an
g
e,
c
h
allen
g
in
g
th
em
to
r
ea
s
s
es
s
an
d
ex
p
an
d
th
eir
r
o
les b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
c
o
n
f
in
es o
f
ac
ad
e
m
ia.
e
.
L
o
ng
-
t
er
m
i
m
pa
ct
a
nd
ev
a
lua
t
io
n o
f
educa
t
io
na
l pro
g
ra
m
s
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tes
to
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
ev
alu
atio
n
in
e
d
u
c
atio
n
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
n
ee
d
f
o
r
o
n
g
o
i
n
g
ass
ess
m
en
t
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
th
ese
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
th
eo
r
ies
ar
o
u
n
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
a
n
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
i
n
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
I
t
ec
h
o
es
th
e
c
all
f
o
r
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ed
im
p
ac
t
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
to
tr
u
ly
g
au
g
e
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
o
v
er
tim
e,
a
co
n
ce
p
t c
r
u
cial
in
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
n
o
n
-
f
o
r
m
al
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
3
.
8
.
2
.
P
ra
ct
ic
a
l
im
pli
ca
t
io
ns
f
o
r
co
m
m
un
it
y
ex
t
ens
io
n pro
g
ra
m
s
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
n
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
e
x
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
at
I
f
u
g
ao
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
-
Po
tia
C
am
p
u
s
o
f
f
er
cr
itical
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
s
u
ch
in
itiativ
es.
T
h
ese
im
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
ar
e
v
ital f
o
r
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
,
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
lea
d
er
s
aim
in
g
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
cio
-
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
Un
iv
er
s
ity
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
ex
ten
s
io
n
in
itiativ
es c
an
h
elp
lo
ca
l c
o
m
m
u
n
ities
b
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ee
d
s
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
r
ac
tic
es,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
s
o
cial
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
r
o
wth
.
a
.
Cus
t
o
m
iza
t
i
o
n t
o
lo
c
a
l nee
ds
a
nd
co
nte
x
t
s
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
alien
t
p
r
ac
ti
ca
l
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
ex
te
n
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
to
b
e
d
ee
p
ly
r
o
o
ted
in
th
e
s
p
e
cif
ic
n
ee
d
s
an
d
co
n
tex
ts
o
f
th
eir
tar
g
et
co
m
m
u
n
ities
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
d
r
awn
t
h
at
wh
o
em
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
tailo
r
in
g
e
x
ten
s
io
n
in
itiati
v
es
to
lo
ca
l
m
ar
k
et
d
y
n
am
ics
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
s
p
e
cif
ics
[
5
]
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
v
ar
y
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
ac
r
o
s
s
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
ten
t
an
d
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
to
b
e
ad
ap
tab
le
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
to
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
s
o
ci
o
-
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
r
ea
li
ties
o
f
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
n
o
t
o
n
ly
en
s
u
r
es r
elev
an
ce
b
u
t a
ls
o
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t a
n
d
r
ete
n
tio
n
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
b
.
I
nte
g
ra
t
ing
co
ntinuo
us
f
ee
db
a
ck
a
nd
ev
a
lua
t
io
n
An
o
th
er
c
r
itical
im
p
licatio
n
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
t
h
e
o
n
g
o
i
n
g
e
v
alu
atio
n
an
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
in
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
SD
th
r
o
u
g
h
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
r
eq
u
i
r
es
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ass
ess
m
en
t.
R
eg
u
lar
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
ev
alu
atio
n
s
ar
e
ess
en
tial
to
f
in
d
an
y
f
laws
in
e
x
ten
s
io
n
i
n
itiativ
e
an
d
to
m
a
k
e
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
es
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
r
e
m
ain
r
elev
an
t
an
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
n
o
ted
wea
k
n
ess
es
in
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
asp
ec
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
o
u
td
ated
m
ater
ials
o
r
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
r
eg
u
l
ar
p
r
o
g
r
am
ev
alu
atio
n
s
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
f
ee
d
b
a
ck
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
f
r
o
m
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
,
a
llo
win
g
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
ad
j
u
s
tm
en
ts
an
d
u
p
d
ates
t
o
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
an
d
d
eliv
er
y
m
eth
o
d
s
.
c
.
E
nh
a
ncing
pa
rt
icipa
nt
en
g
a
g
e
m
ent
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
esig
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
th
at
ar
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
in
f
o
r
m
ati
v
e
b
u
t
also
en
g
ag
in
g
an
d
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e.
As
s
ee
n
in
th
e
q
u
alitativ
e
f
ee
d
b
a
ck
,
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
th
at
wer
e
i
n
ter
a
ctiv
e
an
d
h
a
n
d
s
-
o
n
wer
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
im
p
a
r
tin
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
is
in
lin
e
with
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
t
h
eo
r
ies
th
at
ad
v
o
ca
te
f
o
r
ex
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
an
d
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
[
6
]
.
Pro
g
r
am
s
s
h
o
u
ld
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ate
p
r
ac
ti
ca
l
ac
tiv
ities
,
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
,
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
r
o
jects
to
en
h
an
ce
lear
n
i
n
g
o
u
tco
m
es
.
d
.
Addres
s
ing
re
s
o
urce
a
nd
m
a
t
er
ia
l r
ele
v
a
nce
T
h
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
o
u
td
ated
m
ater
ial
s
ca
lls
f
o
r
an
u
r
g
en
t
n
ee
d
to
p
er
io
d
ically
u
p
d
ate
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
is
is
n
o
t
ju
s
t
ab
o
u
t
k
ee
p
in
g
p
ac
e
with
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
b
u
t
also
en
s
u
r
in
g
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
co
n
tex
tu
al
r
elev
an
ce
.
I
n
lin
e
with
v
iews,
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
m
u
s
t
r
ef
lect
th
e
ev
o
lv
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
lear
n
e
r
n
ee
d
s
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
u
p
-
to
-
d
ate
r
esear
ch
,
c
o
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies,
a
n
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
icall
y
en
h
an
ce
d
lear
n
in
g
to
o
ls
[
1
5
]
.
e
.
P
ro
m
o
t
ing
cult
ura
l sens
it
iv
it
y
a
nd
inclu
s
iv
it
y
T
h
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
in
d
icatin
g
a
la
ck
o
f
c
u
ltu
r
al
s
en
s
itiv
ity
in
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
in
clu
s
iv
e
an
d
d
i
v
er
s
e
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
is
in
v
o
lv
es
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
m
ater
ials
an
d
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
th
at
ar
e
r
esp
ec
tf
u
l
an
d
r
ef
le
ctiv
e
o
f
th
e
cu
ltu
r
al
d
iv
er
s
it
y
with
in
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
.
As
ar
g
u
ed
,
cu
ltu
r
ally
s
en
s
itiv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
k
e
y
to
en
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
at
all
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
,
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
th
eir
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
f
ee
l
v
alu
e
d
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
[
1
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es
E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Lit
era
cy
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms o
f h
ig
h
er e
d
u
c
a
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
i
n
th
e
…
(
Ma
tr
o
n
illo
Del
Mu
n
d
o
Ma
r
tin
)
553
f
.
F
o
s
t
er
ing
pa
re
nta
l
a
nd
co
m
m
un
it
y
inv
o
lv
e
m
ent
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
p
o
in
ts
to
th
e
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
o
f
p
ar
e
n
tal
an
d
wid
e
r
co
m
m
u
n
ity
i
n
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t in
t
h
e
s
u
cc
es
s
o
f
e
x
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
ad
v
o
ca
cy
f
o
r
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
en
g
ag
em
en
t
i
n
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
n
i
ti
a
t
i
v
es
.
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
m
u
s
t
th
er
ef
o
r
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
s
t
r
at
e
g
i
es
t
o
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
p
ar
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
,
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
f
o
r
u
m
s
,
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
ti
v
e
p
r
o
jects,
an
d
in
clu
s
iv
e
d
e
cisi
o
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
Su
ch
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
n
o
t
o
n
ly
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
s
t
h
e
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
b
u
t
a
l
s
o
f
ac
i
l
it
a
te
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
o
w
n
e
r
s
h
i
p
a
n
d
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
e
d
i
m
p
ac
t
[
9
]
.
g
.
Alig
nin
g
wit
h
pro
f
ess
io
na
l a
nd
perso
na
l dev
elo
pm
ent
needs
T
h
e
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
ten
d
to
alig
n
in
g
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
with
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
n
e
ed
s
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
th
at
p
o
s
itiv
ely
im
p
ac
ted
s
elf
-
esteem
an
d
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
w
er
e
h
ig
h
ly
r
ated
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
e
x
ten
s
io
n
in
itiativ
es
s
h
o
u
ld
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
elem
en
ts
th
at
f
o
s
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
g
r
o
wth
,
s
u
ch
as
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
,
cr
it
ic
al
th
in
k
in
g
,
an
d
s
elf
-
ev
alu
atio
n
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
h
is
th
en
en
tails
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
“n
ew
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
o
f
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
im
m
ed
iate
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
th
eir
wo
r
k
”
[
1
7
]
.
3
.
8
.
3
.
P
o
licy
i
m
pli
ca
t
io
ns
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
n
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
ex
te
n
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
at
I
f
u
g
a
o
State
Un
i
v
e
r
s
ity
-
Po
tia
C
am
p
u
s
h
o
ld
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licy
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
th
e
r
e
alm
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t.
T
h
ese
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
f
er
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
s
ee
k
in
g
t
o
en
h
an
ce
th
e
e
f
f
icac
y
an
d
im
p
a
ct
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
u
tr
ea
c
h
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
th
e
ele
m
en
ts
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
allo
ws
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
to
in
v
est
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
p
r
o
jects m
ee
t th
e
n
ee
d
s
an
d
a
m
b
itio
n
s
o
f
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ities
th
ey
s
er
v
e.
a
.
Str
a
t
e
g
ic
pla
nn
ing
a
nd
re
s
o
urce
a
llo
ca
t
io
n
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
tr
ateg
ic
p
lan
n
i
n
g
an
d
tar
g
eted
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
im
p
lem
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
ex
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
I
t
is
v
er
y
n
o
ta
b
le
to
em
p
h
asize,
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
ese
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
is
co
n
tin
g
en
t
u
p
o
n
t
h
eir
alig
n
m
en
t
with
co
m
m
u
n
ity
n
ee
d
s
an
d
d
y
n
am
ics.
Po
licy
m
ak
er
s
m
u
s
t
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
p
r
o
g
r
am
d
esig
n
an
d
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ar
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
m
u
n
ity
ass
ess
m
en
ts
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
a
tailo
r
e
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
ad
d
r
ess
es
s
p
ec
if
ic
lo
ca
l
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
[
5
]
.
T
h
is
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
ef
f
o
r
t
b
etw
ee
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
b
o
d
ies,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
t
o
id
en
tify
a
n
d
p
r
io
r
itize
ar
ea
s
o
f
n
ee
d
.
b
.
F
ra
m
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
co
ntinuo
us
pro
g
ra
m
ev
a
lua
t
io
n
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ad
v
o
ca
te
f
o
r
th
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
g
r
am
ev
alu
atio
n
.
As
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
v
ar
ied
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
r
e
g
u
la
r
ass
ess
m
en
t
an
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
ar
e
cr
u
c
ial.
Po
licy
m
ak
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
d
ev
e
lo
p
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
p
r
o
to
co
ls
f
o
r
o
n
g
o
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
ev
alu
atio
n
,
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
b
o
t
h
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
m
etr
ics.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
o
in
t
ed
n
o
t
o
n
ly
e
n
s
u
r
es
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
r
elev
a
n
ce
an
d
q
u
alit
y
b
u
t
also
f
ac
ilit
ates
tim
ely
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
e
v
o
lv
in
g
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
n
ee
d
s
an
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tan
d
a
r
d
s
[
8
]
.
c
.
P
ro
m
o
t
io
n o
f
inclu
s
iv
e
a
nd
cult
ura
lly
s
ens
it
iv
e
educa
t
io
n
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
ts
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
ce
o
f
i
n
cl
u
s
i
v
e
an
d
c
u
ltu
r
a
ll
y
s
en
s
i
ti
v
e
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
p
r
a
cti
ce
s
.
Po
li
cies
s
h
o
u
ld
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
th
e
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
u
lt
u
r
a
ll
y
r
e
l
ev
an
t
c
u
r
r
i
cu
lu
m
m
ate
r
i
als
a
n
d
te
ac
h
i
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
s
th
a
t
r
e
f
l
ec
t
a
n
d
r
es
p
e
ct
t
h
e
d
i
v
er
s
i
ty
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
ty
.
E
x
te
n
s
io
n
i
n
i
tia
ti
v
es s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
p
la
n
n
e
d
wit
h
a
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
awa
r
e
n
ess
o
f
l
o
ca
l
c
u
lt
u
r
e
,
ta
k
i
n
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
'
s
s
p
e
ci
f
i
c
n
ee
d
s
a
n
d
o
b
j
e
cti
v
es
.
T
h
is
w
o
u
l
d
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
a
t
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
ar
e
well
r
ec
eiv
e
d
,
lo
n
g
-
las
tin
g
,
an
d
h
a
v
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
co
m
m
u
n
ity
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
at
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
es
an
d
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
c
u
ltu
r
al
d
iv
er
s
ity
p
r
o
m
o
tes
a
m
o
r
e
in
clu
s
iv
e
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
ess
en
tial f
o
r
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
-
b
ased
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
[
1
3
]
.
d
.
E
nco
ura
g
ing
co
m
m
un
it
y
inv
o
lv
em
ent
a
nd
pa
rt
nersh
ip
A
k
ey
p
o
licy
im
p
licatio
n
is
th
e
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
o
f
ac
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
an
d
p
ar
t
n
er
s
h
ip
in
th
e
p
lan
n
in
g
an
d
ex
ec
u
tio
n
o
f
e
x
ten
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
Po
licies
s
h
o
u
ld
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
c
r
ea
tio
n
o
f
p
latf
o
r
m
s
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
ity
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
en
a
b
lin
g
a
two
-
wa
y
ex
ch
an
g
e
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
ali
g
n
s
with
ad
v
o
ca
cy
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
ity
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
is
ac
h
iev
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
th
at
lev
er
ag
e
lo
ca
l k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
ex
p
e
r
tis
e
[
9
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
e
.
F
o
s
t
er
ing
inte
rdis
cipli
na
ry
co
lla
bo
ra
t
i
o
n
T
h
e
co
m
p
lex
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
ch
allen
g
es
n
ec
ess
itate
s
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
Po
licy
m
ak
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
s
ter
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
ac
ad
em
ic
d
is
cip
lin
es
an
d
s
ec
to
r
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
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