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tin
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
n
e
x
t
g
en
e
r
atio
n
(
L
OADn
g
)
is
a
wid
ely
ad
o
p
ted
an
d
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
6
L
o
W
PAN
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
1
3
]
.
R
ec
en
tly
,
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
ec
u
r
ity
[
1
4
]
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
in
I
o
T
n
e
two
r
k
s
s
ep
ar
ately
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
b
o
th
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
r
em
ai
n
s
a
ch
allen
g
e
[
17
]
-
[
19
]
d
u
e
to
th
eir
i
n
v
er
s
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
[
2
0
]
,
[
21
]
.
R
o
b
u
s
t secu
r
ity
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
ty
p
ically
co
n
s
u
m
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t e
n
er
g
y
,
wh
ich
is
a
v
alu
ab
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
f
o
r
m
an
y
I
o
T
n
o
d
es
.
I
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
t
h
ese
ch
allen
g
es,
th
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
n
o
v
el
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
-
awa
r
e
L
OADn
g
(
SEA
-
L
OADn
g
)
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
tailo
r
ed
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
r
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
d
ep
lo
y
e
d
in
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
SEA
-
L
OADn
g
aim
s
to
s
tr
ik
e
a
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
er
v
atio
n
an
d
d
ata
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
o
f
s
m
ar
t
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
ad
ap
tiv
e
r
o
u
tin
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
,
SEA
-
L
OADn
g
o
p
tim
izes
en
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
wh
ile
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
r
eliab
le
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
am
o
n
g
I
o
T
d
e
v
ices.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
SEA
-
L
OADn
g
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
ec
u
r
ity
f
ea
tu
r
es
to
p
r
o
tect
s
en
s
itiv
e
a
g
r
icu
l
tu
r
al
d
ata
f
r
o
m
h
ello
f
l
o
o
d
attac
k
s
,
a
co
m
m
o
n
s
ec
u
r
ity
th
r
ea
t
in
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
B
y
le
v
er
ag
in
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
R
o
u
te
R
E
Qu
ests
(
R
R
E
Q
s
)
s
en
t
b
y
a
n
o
d
e,
th
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
f
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
with
in
th
e
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
d
er
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws:
Sectio
n
2
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew.
Sectio
n
3
g
iv
es a
b
r
ief
o
v
e
r
v
iew
o
f
th
e
L
OA
Dn
g
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
l.
Se
ctio
n
4
ex
am
in
es t
h
e
Hello
Flo
o
d
attac
k
.
Sectio
n
5
d
etails
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
wh
ile
s
ec
tio
n
6
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
an
aly
s
is
.
Fin
ally
,
s
ec
tio
n
7
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
S
Hass
eb
et
a
l.
[
22
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
wir
eless
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
(
W
SN)
th
at
u
tili
ze
s
I
o
T
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
tailo
r
ed
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
.
T
h
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
en
co
m
p
ass
es
v
ar
io
u
s
d
esig
n
s
tag
es.
I
n
itially
,
f
ar
m
in
g
s
en
s
o
r
s
co
llect
p
er
ti
n
en
t
d
ata
an
d
id
e
n
tify
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
(
C
H)
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
d
ec
i
s
io
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
with
m
u
ltip
le
cr
iter
ia
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
em
p
lo
y
s
s
ig
n
al
-
to
-
n
o
is
e
r
atio
(
SNR
)
is
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
s
ig
n
al
q
u
ality
o
n
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ch
a
n
n
els,
en
s
u
r
in
g
r
eliab
le
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
d
ata
tr
a
n
s
f
er
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ar
e
p
u
t
in
p
lace
to
p
r
o
tect
d
ata
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
f
ar
m
in
g
s
en
s
o
r
s
to
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
(
B
S),
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
ec
u
r
r
en
ce
f
r
o
m
a
lin
ea
r
c
o
n
g
r
u
en
tial g
en
er
ato
r
.
Ho
s
s
ein
za
d
eh
et
a
l.
[
14
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
s
ec
u
r
e
r
o
u
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
ased
o
n
clu
s
ter
-
tr
ee
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
d
r
ag
o
n
f
ly
alg
o
r
it
h
m
(
C
T
SR
D)
f
o
r
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
eir
s
ch
em
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
lig
h
tweig
h
t
tr
u
s
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
n
am
e
d
weig
h
ted
tr
u
s
t
(
W
-
T
r
u
s
t)
,
wh
ich
o
p
er
at
es
in
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
m
a
n
n
er
.
W
-
T
r
u
s
t
em
p
lo
y
s
a
p
en
alty
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
to
d
im
in
is
h
th
e
tr
u
s
t
v
alu
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es,
ef
f
ec
ti
v
ely
is
o
latin
g
th
em
with
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
C
o
n
v
e
r
s
ely
,
it
e
n
h
an
ce
s
t
h
e
tr
u
s
two
r
th
in
ess
o
f
g
en
u
i
n
e
I
o
T
d
ev
ic
es
b
y
e
m
p
lo
y
i
n
g
a
r
ewa
r
d
f
ac
to
r
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
C
T
SR
D
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
a
clu
s
ter
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
ased
o
n
tr
u
s
t
ter
m
ed
T
-
C
lu
s
ter
in
g
,
wh
er
e
th
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
n
o
d
es
(
C
Hs)
ar
e
ch
o
s
en
f
r
o
m
am
o
n
g
tr
u
s
two
r
th
y
I
o
T
n
o
d
es.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
C
T
SR
D
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
A
n
o
ve
l secu
r
e
a
n
d
en
erg
y
a
w
a
r
e
LOAD
n
g
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
fo
r
I
o
T:
a
n
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
…
(
To
u
h
a
mi
S
a
n
a
)
1007
estab
lis
h
es
a
r
o
u
tin
g
tr
ee
,
r
ef
e
r
r
ed
to
as
DA
-
T
r
ee
,
b
etwe
en
C
Hs
b
a
s
ed
o
n
th
e
d
r
ag
o
n
f
ly
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
(
DA)
.
T
o
ass
es
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
tr
ee
,
C
T
SR
D
p
r
esen
ts
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
DA
-
T
r
ee
is
cr
ea
ted
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
ec
u
r
e
,
s
tab
le,
an
d
o
p
tim
al
r
o
u
tin
g
s
etu
p
,
with
t
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
b
alan
cin
g
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
ex
ten
d
in
g
n
et
wo
r
k
life
s
p
a
n
.
T
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
C
T
SR
D
is
ev
alu
ated
ag
ain
s
t
ex
is
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
E
E
MSR
an
d
E
-
B
E
E
NI
SH,
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
m
etr
ics in
clu
d
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
l
o
n
g
ev
ity
,
en
er
g
y
u
s
e,
a
n
d
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
ate.
J
ain
et
a
l.
[
15
]
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
r
o
u
tin
g
m
o
d
el
s
p
ec
if
ically
tailo
r
ed
f
o
r
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
d
ata
in
I
o
T
-
b
ased
W
SN
s
,
with
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
en
h
a
n
cin
g
en
e
r
g
y
an
d
b
an
d
wid
t
h
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
o
p
er
at
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
clu
s
ter
s
an
d
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
CH
f
o
r
d
ata
ag
g
r
eg
atio
n
.
A
n
ew
m
eth
o
d
,
th
e
ch
ao
s
m
ap
p
in
g
an
d
o
p
p
o
s
itio
n
-
ce
n
ter
ed
lear
n
i
n
g
g
r
ass
h
o
p
p
er
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
C
O2
GA)
,
is
u
s
ed
to
id
en
tify
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
et
o
f
C
Hs
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ag
r
ic
u
ltu
r
al
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
(
SN)
.
C
lu
s
ter
in
g
is
th
en
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
x
im
ity
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
elec
ted
C
H
an
d
SN.
Data
is
g
ath
er
e
d
b
y
th
e
clu
s
ter
s
an
d
s
en
t
to
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
C
Hs,
wh
er
e
it
is
e
n
cr
y
p
ted
u
s
in
g
th
e
ch
ao
s
k
ey
g
e
n
er
ated
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
en
cr
y
p
tio
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
with
R
iv
est
–
Sh
am
ir
–
Ad
lem
an
(
C
KAE
S
-
R
SA)
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
en
cr
y
p
ted
I
o
T
d
ata
is
th
e
n
r
o
u
ted
to
BS
o
r
s
in
k
n
o
d
es
(
SN)
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
o
p
tim
al
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
ath
.
T
h
e
p
ap
e
r
als
o
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
an
o
p
tim
al
r
o
u
t
e
s
elec
tio
n
(
OR
S)
s
tr
ateg
y
u
s
in
g
a
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
(
DL
)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
a
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
an
d
m
u
tatio
n
-
b
as
ed
o
p
tim
al
Mu
lti
-
L
ay
er
Per
ce
p
tr
o
n
s
(
C
M
-
OM
L
P),
wh
ich
ev
alu
ates
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
h
id
d
en
lay
er
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
,
b
a
n
d
wi
d
th
,
tr
u
s
t,
d
ela
y
,
an
d
co
n
g
esti
o
n
lev
els.
San
k
ar
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
en
er
g
y
-
awa
r
e
g
r
id
-
b
ased
d
ata
ag
g
r
eg
atio
n
s
ch
em
e
in
r
o
u
tin
g
(
E
GDAS
-
R
PL)
p
r
o
to
co
l
was
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
f
o
r
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
with
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
ex
ten
d
in
g
n
e
two
r
k
life
s
p
an
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
r
ee
m
ain
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es:
f
o
r
m
in
g
g
r
id
s
,
s
elec
tin
g
g
r
id
h
ea
d
s
(
GH)
,
an
d
ch
o
o
s
in
g
GH
p
ar
en
ts
.
I
n
itially
,
E
GDAS
-
R
P
L
d
iv
id
es
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
in
to
eq
u
ally
s
ized
g
r
id
s
with
in
a
s
q
u
ar
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
I
t
th
en
u
s
es
a
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilis
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
t
o
s
elec
t
th
e
GH
n
o
d
e
f
o
r
ea
c
h
g
r
id
.
L
astl
y
,
it
ap
p
lies
th
e
ex
p
ec
ted
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
co
u
n
t (
E
T
X
)
m
etr
ic
to
id
e
n
tify
th
e
o
p
tim
al
GH
p
ar
e
n
t f
o
r
d
at
a
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
3.
L
O
ADNG
O
VE
R
VI
E
W
T
h
e
L
OADn
g
p
r
o
to
co
l,
also
k
n
o
wn
as
L
ig
h
tweig
h
t
o
n
-
d
em
an
d
a
d
h
o
c
d
is
tan
ce
v
ec
t
o
r
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
-
n
ex
t
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
is
a
r
ea
ctiv
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
W
SNs
.
I
t
r
ep
r
es
en
ts
a
s
tr
ea
m
lin
ed
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
ad
h
o
c
o
n
-
d
e
m
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
AODV
,
wh
ich
was
in
itially
cr
ea
te
d
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
d
ev
ices
b
ased
o
n
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
5
.
4
in
6
L
o
W
PANs
an
d
L
L
Ns
[
23
]
.
L
OADn
g
ca
n
s
er
v
e
as
eith
er
a
lay
er
3
r
o
u
te
-
o
v
er
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
o
r
as
a
lay
e
r
2
m
esh
-
u
n
d
er
p
r
o
to
c
o
l.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
o
f
L
O
ADn
g
s
tan
d
s
o
u
t
f
o
r
its
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
n
ess
an
d
m
in
im
al
s
to
r
ag
e
o
f
d
ata
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
it
is
co
n
s
id
e
r
ed
an
ex
ce
llen
t
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
a
d
v
an
ce
d
m
eter
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
(
A
MI
)
m
esh
n
e
two
r
k
s
[
24]
,
[
25
]
.
As
it
was
in
itially
cr
af
ted
f
o
r
W
SNs
an
d
lo
w
p
o
wer
an
d
lo
s
s
y
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
L
L
N
s
)
,
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
ar
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
alig
n
with
th
ei
r
p
ar
ticu
lar
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
an
d
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
L
OADn
g
s
p
ec
if
ies f
o
u
r
ca
teg
o
r
ies o
f
p
ac
k
ets
[
26
]:
−
R
o
u
te
r
eq
u
est
(
R
R
E
Q)
:
I
n
itiated
b
y
a
r
o
u
ter
,
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
<
o
r
ig
in
ato
r
>
,
wh
en
th
er
e
is
an
av
ailab
le
d
ata
p
ac
k
et
f
o
r
a
d
esti
n
atio
n
,
b
u
t
n
o
v
alid
r
o
u
te
h
as
b
ee
n
estab
lis
h
ed
.
T
h
e
R
R
E
Q
in
clu
d
es
th
e
p
ar
ticu
la
r
d
esti
n
atio
n
ad
d
r
ess
.
−
R
o
u
te
r
ep
ly
(
R
R
E
P):
C
r
ea
te
d
b
y
a
r
o
u
ter
af
ter
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
an
d
h
a
n
d
lin
g
a
R
R
E
Q,
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
ad
d
r
ess
in
to
its
r
o
u
tin
g
tab
le.
−
R
o
u
te
r
ep
ly
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
em
en
t
(
R
R
E
P
-
A
C
K)
:
Pro
d
u
ce
d
b
y
a
L
OADn
g
r
o
u
ter
u
p
o
n
r
ec
ei
v
in
g
a
R
R
E
P,
I
n
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
e
ad
jace
n
t sen
d
e
r
o
f
th
e
R
R
E
P th
at
it h
as
b
ee
n
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
r
ec
eiv
e
d
.
−
R
o
u
te
er
r
o
r
(
R
E
R
R
)
: Pr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
a
r
o
u
te
r
wh
en
it
d
etec
ts
a
b
r
o
k
e
n
r
o
u
te
to
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
.
L
OADn
g
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
AODV
,
s
u
ch
as
g
en
er
atin
g
an
d
s
en
d
in
g
R
R
E
Q
p
ac
k
ets,
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
to
estab
lis
h
a
p
ath
to
a
s
p
ec
if
i
c
d
esti
n
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
L
O
ADn
g
an
d
its
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l m
ess
ag
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
7
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
1
0
0
5
-
1
0
1
3
1008
Up
o
n
r
ec
ei
v
in
g
th
is
m
ess
ag
e,
o
n
ly
th
e
d
esig
n
ated
n
o
d
e
(
te
r
m
in
ato
r
)
is
a
b
le
to
r
esp
o
n
d
wi
th
a
R
R
E
P
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
R
R
E
P
is
th
en
s
en
t
s
eq
u
en
tial
ly
th
r
o
u
g
h
ea
ch
h
o
p
to
r
ea
c
h
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
W
h
en
in
ter
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
es
g
et
th
e
R
R
E
P,
th
ey
s
en
d
an
R
R
E
P
-
AC
K
to
th
e
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
o
d
e
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
ed
th
e
R
R
E
P,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
t
h
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
n
atu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
lin
k
.
I
f
a
b
r
o
k
e
n
r
o
u
te
is
d
etec
ted
,
an
er
r
o
r
m
e
s
s
ag
e
m
ay
b
e
s
en
t
b
ac
k
to
th
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
et'
s
s
o
u
r
ce
.
Un
lik
e
AODV
,
L
OAD
n
g
r
estricts
in
ter
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
es
f
r
o
m
g
e
n
er
atin
g
RR
E
P
s
,
wh
ich
h
elp
s
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
s
ize
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l m
ess
ag
es
—
an
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
in
L
L
Ns
.
I
n
L
OADn
g
,
s
eq
u
en
ce
n
u
m
b
er
s
ar
e
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
ed
i
n
m
ess
ag
es
s
en
t
to
r
eq
u
esti
n
g
r
o
u
ter
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
L
OADn
g
d
o
es
a
way
with
Gr
atu
ito
u
s
R
R
E
P.
I
n
s
tead
,
if
an
i
n
ter
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
e
h
as
a
v
alid
r
o
u
te
to
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
,
it
s
en
d
s
a
u
n
icast
R
R
E
P
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
n
o
tifie
s
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
is
m
ess
ag
e.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
r
ed
u
ce
s
m
ess
ag
e
s
ize,
wh
ich
is
in
lin
e
with
th
e
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
a
n
d
m
e
m
o
r
y
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
o
f
L
L
Ns
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
n
o
d
es
em
p
lo
y
in
g
th
e
L
OADn
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
d
o
es
n
o
t
k
ee
p
a
p
r
ec
u
r
s
o
r
lis
t
w
ith
th
e
I
P
ad
d
r
ess
es
o
f
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
o
d
es
ex
p
ec
ted
to
b
e
th
e
n
ex
t
h
o
p
to
war
d
ea
ch
d
esti
n
atio
n
,
as
s
ee
n
in
th
e
AODV
p
r
o
to
co
l.
I
n
s
tead
,
th
ey
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
s
o
lely
o
n
d
eter
m
in
in
g
t
h
e
n
ex
t
h
o
p
f
o
r
s
en
d
in
g
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
p
ac
k
et
to
its
d
esti
n
atio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
u
n
l
ik
e
AODV
,
L
OADn
g
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ess
ag
es
ca
n
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
T
y
p
e
-
L
en
g
th
-
Valu
e
(
T
L
V)
elem
en
ts
,
wh
ich
allo
w
f
o
r
th
e
e
x
p
an
s
io
n
o
f
p
r
o
to
c
o
l f
u
n
ctio
n
alities
.
4.
H
E
L
L
O
F
L
O
O
D
AT
T
ACK
I
n
a
HE
L
L
O
f
lo
o
d
attac
k
,
an
ad
v
e
r
s
a
r
ial
n
o
d
e
ta
k
es
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
its
h
ig
h
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
t
o
s
en
d
,
r
ec
o
r
d
,
o
r
r
ep
ea
t H
E
L
L
O
m
ess
ag
es,
cr
ea
tin
g
a
f
alse im
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
b
ein
g
a
n
eig
h
b
o
r
to
m
u
ltip
le
n
o
d
es in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
is
lead
s
to
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
n
f
u
s
io
n
in
n
etwo
r
k
r
o
u
tin
g
.
T
h
is
attac
k
ex
p
lo
i
t
s
p
r
o
to
co
ls
th
at
u
s
e
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
Hello
m
ess
ag
es
to
an
n
o
u
n
ce
th
eir
p
r
esen
ce
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
a
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
an
g
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
o
th
er
n
o
d
es,
th
e
attac
k
er
ca
n
f
lo
o
d
a
lar
g
e
ar
e
a
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
with
m
u
ltip
le
Hello
m
ess
ag
e
s
[
27
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
o
th
e
r
n
o
d
e
s
er
r
o
n
eo
u
s
ly
p
er
ce
i
v
e
th
e
at
tack
er
as
a
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
o
d
e
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
all
n
o
d
es r
esp
o
n
d
to
t
h
ese
er
r
o
n
e
o
u
s
m
ess
ag
es,
d
r
ain
in
g
t
h
eir
e
n
er
g
y
a
n
d
ca
u
s
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
f
u
s
io
n
.
I
n
th
e
L
OADn
g
p
r
o
to
co
l,
th
er
e
is
a
v
u
ln
e
r
ab
ilit
y
wh
e
r
e
a
n
a
d
v
er
s
ar
ial
n
o
d
e
ca
n
ex
p
l
o
it
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
b
y
s
en
d
in
g
an
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
R
R
E
Q
m
ess
ag
es
with
in
a
s
h
o
r
t
tim
e
p
e
r
io
d
.
T
h
ese
R
R
E
Q
s
ar
e
tar
g
eted
to
war
d
s
a
d
esti
n
atio
n
n
o
d
e
th
at
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
r
ea
c
h
ed
d
u
e
to
a
n
u
n
av
ailab
le
a
d
d
r
ess
.
Sin
ce
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
n
o
d
e
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
r
ea
ch
ed
,
th
e
R
R
E
Q
m
ess
ag
es
co
n
tin
u
e
to
p
r
o
p
ag
a
te
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
wit
h
o
u
t
e
v
er
r
ec
eiv
in
g
a
R
R
E
P
m
es
s
ag
e
[
28
].
T
h
is
f
lo
o
d
o
f
R
R
E
Q
m
ess
ag
es
o
v
er
wh
elm
s
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
an
d
h
as
d
et
r
im
en
tal
ef
f
ec
ts
,
p
ar
t
icu
lar
ly
o
n
th
e
n
o
d
es'
b
atter
y
life
.
As
th
e
n
o
d
es
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
f
o
r
war
d
th
ese
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
R
R
E
Q
m
ess
ag
es,
th
eir
en
e
r
g
y
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
r
ap
id
ly
d
ep
leted
.
T
h
is
b
atte
r
y
d
ep
letio
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
i
m
p
ac
ts
th
e
o
v
er
all
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
[
28
].
B
y
ex
p
l
o
itin
g
th
is
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
y
in
th
e
L
OADn
g
p
r
o
to
co
l,
a
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
e
ca
n
d
is
tu
r
b
th
e
r
eg
u
lar
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
n
etw
o
r
k
,
d
r
ain
th
e
b
atter
ies
o
f
n
o
d
es,
an
d
p
o
ten
tially
ca
u
s
e
n
etwo
r
k
in
s
tab
ilit
y
o
r
f
ailu
r
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Hello
f
l
o
o
d
attac
k
5.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
D
Ma
n
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
u
tili
ze
d
I
o
T
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ield
s
to
m
o
n
ito
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
d
ata.
I
o
T
h
as
b
ee
n
cr
u
cial
in
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
an
d
m
an
ag
i
n
g
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
lan
d
,
in
clu
d
in
g
c
r
o
p
s
,
clim
ate
,
an
d
wate
r
u
s
ag
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
s
till
f
ac
es
ch
allen
g
es
s
u
ch
as
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
,
d
ata
r
o
u
tin
g
,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
r
estricte
d
b
atter
y
life
o
f
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
an
d
th
e
o
p
en
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
m
ed
iu
m
.
L
OADn
g
[
1
3
]
is
a
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
th
at
f
ac
ilit
ates
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
b
etwe
en
n
o
d
es
an
d
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t
in
I
o
T
r
o
u
tin
g
.
Kn
o
wn
f
o
r
its
lig
h
tweig
h
t
d
esig
n
a
n
d
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
A
n
o
ve
l secu
r
e
a
n
d
en
erg
y
a
w
a
r
e
LOAD
n
g
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
fo
r
I
o
T:
a
n
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
…
(
To
u
h
a
mi
S
a
n
a
)
1009
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
L
OADn
g
h
as
b
e
en
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
r
o
u
tin
g
.
Ho
wev
er
,
L
OADn
g
is
v
u
ln
er
a
b
le
to
s
ev
er
al
attac
k
s
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
th
e
Hello
f
lo
o
d
attac
k
,
wh
er
e
a
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
e
ca
n
d
is
r
u
p
t
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
b
y
s
en
d
in
g
an
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
R
R
E
Q
m
e
s
s
ag
es
in
a
s
h
o
r
t
tim
e.
T
h
is
f
lo
o
d
o
f
R
R
E
Q
m
es
s
ag
es c
an
o
v
er
wh
e
lm
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
esp
ec
ially
im
p
ac
tin
g
th
e
b
atter
y
life
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
p
u
r
s
u
it
o
f
e
n
h
an
ce
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
h
as
d
r
iv
en
r
esear
c
h
er
s
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
n
ew
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
ies.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
,
we
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
SEA
-
LO
A
Dn
g
,
a
Secu
r
e
an
d
E
n
er
g
y
Awa
r
e
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
L
OADn
g
,
to
p
r
o
tect
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
d
ata
f
r
o
m
Hello
f
lo
o
d
attac
k
s
.
W
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
es
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
co
u
n
ter
th
ese
attac
k
s
in
th
e
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
s
ec
to
r
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
d
etec
tio
n
s
o
lu
tio
n
b
as
ed
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
R
R
E
Q
m
ess
ag
e
s
tr
an
s
m
itted
b
y
a
n
o
d
e.
I
n
L
OADn
g
,
wh
en
a
n
o
d
e
wa
n
ts
to
s
en
d
d
ata
to
an
o
th
er
n
o
d
e,
it sen
d
s
a
R
R
E
Q
m
e
s
s
ag
e.
A
n
o
d
e
ca
n
s
en
d
u
p
to
th
r
ee
co
n
s
ec
u
tiv
e
Hello
m
ess
ag
es
to
c
h
ec
k
if
a
lin
k
is
f
au
lty
.
I
n
s
u
ch
ca
s
es,
th
e
n
o
d
e
is
n
o
t
co
n
s
id
er
ed
an
attac
k
er
;
it
s
im
p
ly
wan
ts
to
v
er
if
y
th
e
lin
k
s
tatu
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
we
ass
u
m
e
th
at
a
n
o
d
e
ca
n
tr
an
s
m
it
a
m
ax
im
u
m
o
f
th
r
ee
R
R
E
Q
m
es
s
ag
es
with
in
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
tim
e
in
ter
v
al.
I
f
a
n
o
d
e
e
x
ce
ed
s
th
is
lim
it,
it
will
b
e
clas
s
if
ied
as
an
attac
k
er
in
o
u
r
s
c
en
ar
io
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
in
th
e
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
s
eu
d
o
co
d
e
f
o
r
th
e
attac
k
d
etec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
.
I
d
e
n
tific
atio
n
o
f
Hello
Flo
o
d
Attack
Inputs: RREQ_number
Output: Attack Determination (yes or no)
For each node that receives RREQ message do
If (RREQ_number > 3) then
The request is discarded
Else
The request is accepted
End If
End For
6.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
ce
n
ter
s
o
n
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
a
n
d
e
v
alu
atin
g
o
u
r
s
u
g
g
ested
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
in
g
th
e
C
o
o
ja
s
im
u
lato
r
,
wh
ich
is
b
u
ilt
o
n
t
h
e
C
o
n
tik
i
OS
tailo
r
ed
f
o
r
I
o
T
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es.
I
n
o
u
r
s
im
u
la
tio
n
s
,
we
u
tili
ze
th
e
Z
1
m
o
te
as
b
o
th
s
er
v
er
an
d
clien
t
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ar
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
f
o
r
a
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
1
5
m
in
u
tes,
an
d
we
em
p
lo
y
th
e
u
n
it
d
is
k
g
r
a
p
h
m
ed
iu
m
(
UDGM
)
m
o
d
el
to
r
ep
l
icate
d
is
tan
ce
-
b
ased
s
ig
n
al
lo
s
s
in
th
e
r
ad
io
m
ed
iu
m
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
we
m
an
u
ally
p
o
s
itio
n
5
,
1
0
,
1
5
,
2
0
,
2
5
,
an
d
3
0
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
L
OADn
g
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
C
o
n
ti
k
i
r
im
e
s
tack
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ar
e
o
u
tlin
ed
in
T
a
b
le
1
f
o
r
r
ef
er
en
ce
.
T
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
es
s
o
f
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
,
we
h
av
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
r
ee
k
ey
m
etr
ics:
R
ec
eiv
ed
p
ac
k
ets,
ex
p
ec
te
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
co
u
n
t
(
E
T
X)
,
an
d
E
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
m
etr
ics
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
elec
ted
to
ass
es
s
an
d
an
aly
ze
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
o
u
r
m
et
h
o
d
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Simu
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
V
a
l
u
e
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
sy
st
e
m
C
o
n
t
i
k
i
3
.
0
S
i
mu
l
a
t
o
r
C
o
o
j
a
R
a
d
i
o
m
o
d
e
l
U
D
G
M
:
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
l
o
ss
M
o
t
e
t
y
p
e
Z1
m
o
t
e
N
o
d
e
s Nu
mb
e
r
5
,
1
0
,
1
5
,
2
0
,
2
5
,
3
0
C
o
u
c
h
e
M
a
c
C
S
M
A
C
o
u
c
h
e
R
D
C
C
o
n
t
i
k
i
m
a
c
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
c
h
e
c
k
r
a
t
e
8
H
z
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
t
a
c
k
R
i
m
e
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
i
me
1
5
mi
n
u
t
e
s
6
.
1
.
Rec
eiv
ed
pa
c
k
et
s
R
ec
eiv
ed
p
ac
k
ets
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
q
u
an
tity
o
f
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
r
ec
ei
v
ed
with
in
a
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
is
m
etr
ic
ev
alu
ates
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
r
ec
ep
tio
n
.
T
h
e
co
u
n
t
o
f
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
ac
k
ets
o
f
f
er
s
v
alu
ab
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
B
y
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
r
ec
ei
v
ed
p
ac
k
et
s
,
it
b
ec
o
m
es
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
as
s
e
s
s
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
k
,
d
etec
t
an
y
in
s
tan
ce
s
o
f
p
ac
k
et
l
o
s
s
o
r
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
,
a
n
d
ev
alu
ate
th
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
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h
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m
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ar
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ic
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at
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SEA
-
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
7
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
1
0
0
5
-
1
0
1
3
1010
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ata
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en
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h
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h
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m
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ce
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n
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er
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r
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im
p
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e
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er
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ec
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o
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th
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m
m
u
n
icatio
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y
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tem
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
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Fig
u
r
e
4
.
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o
m
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a
r
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o
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m
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er
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2
.
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T
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m
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er
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s
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itted
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ac
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ets
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ir
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r
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ess
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l
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f
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s
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er
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ality
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k
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o
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e
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s
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if
ic
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am
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
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ely
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g
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o
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n
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T
X
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s
u
f
f
icien
t
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et
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k
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o
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itio
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s
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h
er
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f
o
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e,
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o
m
es
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i
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o
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itio
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etr
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r
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k
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n
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o
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T
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u
ted
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o
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(
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:
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u
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T
X
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e
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ate
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ter
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ce
n
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h
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icate
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i
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h
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e
r
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g
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er
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ter
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o
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u
r
e
5
.
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T
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o
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.
3
.
E
nerg
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um
ptio
n
T
h
e
(
2
)
r
ep
r
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e
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lcu
lat
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n
f
o
r
en
er
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y
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n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
:
=
(
)
∗
+
(
)
∗
(
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
A
n
o
ve
l secu
r
e
a
n
d
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a
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1011
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er
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x
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icate
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h
e
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r
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im
ize
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m
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n
s
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o
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s
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o
T
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ak
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ice
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ir
o
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m
en
ts
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T
h
is
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tu
d
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tan
d
s
o
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t
as
m
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ess
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o
th
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ity
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d
en
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im
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ly
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o
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r
o
ac
h
e
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ty
p
ica
lly
f
o
cu
s
o
n
eith
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
r
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
in
d
iv
id
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ally
.
Mo
r
eo
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er
,
th
e
r
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lt
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
es
4
to
6
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
SEA
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L
OADn
g
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
L
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g
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
ec
ei
v
ed
p
ac
k
ets,
ETX
,
a
n
d
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
th
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
ef
f
icien
cy
,
r
eliab
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y
,
a
n
d
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
er
v
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
SEA
-
L
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g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l.
I
ts
ab
ilit
y
to
en
h
a
n
ce
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
r
eso
u
r
ce
u
s
ag
e
m
ak
es
it
a
v
alu
ab
le
p
r
o
to
co
l
f
o
r
I
o
T
-
b
ased
s
m
ar
t
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
u
ltima
tel
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e,
s
u
s
tain
ab
le,
an
d
ef
f
icien
t f
ar
m
in
g
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
e
en
h
an
ce
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
SEA
-
L
OADn
g
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
ac
k
ets,
E
T
X,
an
d
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
h
as si
g
n
if
ican
t i
m
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t a
g
r
icu
lt
u
r
e:
a)
R
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
:
I
m
p
r
o
v
ed
p
ac
k
et
r
ec
e
p
tio
n
an
d
lo
wer
E
T
X
v
al
u
es
en
a
b
le
s
en
s
o
r
s
a
n
d
ac
tu
at
o
r
s
to
r
eliab
ly
co
m
m
u
n
icate
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
d
ata
ab
o
u
t
s
o
il
m
o
is
tu
r
e,
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
p
est
p
r
es
en
ce
,
an
d
o
th
er
cr
itical
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
T
h
is
r
eliab
ilit
y
allo
ws f
ar
m
er
s
to
r
esp
o
n
d
q
u
ick
ly
t
o
ch
an
g
in
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
b)
R
eso
u
r
ce
o
p
tim
izatio
n
:
E
f
f
icien
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
r
etr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
,
co
n
s
er
v
in
g
b
atter
y
life
a
n
d
b
a
n
d
wid
th
.
T
h
is
is
esp
ec
ially
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
r
em
o
te
o
r
lar
g
e
a
g
r
i
cu
ltu
r
al
f
ield
s
wh
er
e
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
lim
it
ed
,
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
t m
ain
te
n
an
ce
is
n
o
t f
ea
s
ib
le.
c)
Data
-
d
r
iv
en
d
ec
is
io
n
s
:
W
ith
m
o
r
e
r
elia
b
le
d
ata,
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
a
l
p
r
ac
tices
ca
n
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
d
ata
-
d
r
iv
en
.
T
h
is
ca
n
lead
to
o
p
tim
ized
wate
r
u
s
ag
e,
p
r
ec
is
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
f
er
tili
ze
r
s
an
d
p
esti
cid
es,
an
d
o
v
er
all
b
etter
cr
o
p
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
ies.
E
n
h
an
ce
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
es
y
ield
s
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
im
p
ac
t.
d)
Su
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
an
d
lo
n
g
ev
ity
:
T
h
e
SEA
-
L
OADn
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l'
s
s
u
p
er
io
r
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
m
ak
es
it
an
id
ea
l
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
e
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
B
y
m
in
im
iz
in
g
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
th
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
h
elp
s
ex
ten
d
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
life
o
f
I
o
T
d
e
v
ices,
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
m
ain
te
n
a
n
ce
o
r
b
atter
y
r
ep
lace
m
en
ts
.
T
h
is
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
v
iab
ilit
y
o
f
I
o
T
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
ts
in
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e.
Ou
r
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
e
s
ts
th
at
a
s
ec
u
r
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
7
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
1
0
0
5
-
1
0
1
3
1012
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
es
its
elf
b
y
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
b
o
th
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
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f
ic
ien
cy
.
B
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
th
ese
two
asp
ec
ts
,
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
m
o
r
e
b
alan
ce
d
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
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s
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lu
tio
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r
ess
in
g
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d
u
a
l
ch
allen
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o
f
s
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u
r
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g
I
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T
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k
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wh
ile
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p
tim
izin
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e
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er
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s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
is
d
u
al
f
o
cu
s
m
ak
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th
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p
r
o
p
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s
ed
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eth
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d
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ar
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s
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ited
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r
ap
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licatio
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in
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m
ar
t
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icu
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r
e,
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e
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r
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ati
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u
r
th
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d
in
-
d
ep
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s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
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ess
ar
y
to
co
n
f
i
r
m
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
esp
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ially
in
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eg
ar
d
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p
o
te
n
tial
attac
k
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s
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ch
as
d
en
ial
o
f
s
er
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(
Do
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r
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.
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t
u
r
e
s
tu
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ies
m
ay
ex
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lo
r
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SEA
-
L
OADn
g
'
s
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er
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o
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m
an
ce
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n
d
e
r
d
if
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er
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t
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ir
o
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m
en
tal
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itio
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s
,
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ea
s
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le
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o
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d
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lab
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er
g
y
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icien
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d
s
ec
u
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
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to
c
o
ls
.
R
ec
en
t
o
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s
er
v
atio
n
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
in
cr
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ed
r
esil
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ce
o
f
SEA
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L
OADn
g
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ir
ec
tly
c
o
r
r
elate
d
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its
ad
ap
tiv
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s
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m
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n
m
o
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el.
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r
f
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d
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g
s
p
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n
cl
u
s
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e
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id
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at
th
is
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h
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o
m
en
o
n
is
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o
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r
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etwo
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7.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
AND
P
E
RS
P
E
CT
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VE
S
SEA
-
L
OADn
g
h
as
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
its
p
o
ten
tial
to
r
ev
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lu
ti
o
n
ize
I
o
T
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ased
s
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ar
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y
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s
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r
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icien
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d
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g
y
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awa
r
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l.
I
ts
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
ca
n
lead
to
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
an
d
p
r
o
d
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ctiv
e
f
ar
m
i
n
g
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r
ac
tices,
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
e
o
v
er
all
a
d
v
an
ce
m
en
t
o
f
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
a
l
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
a
n
d
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
ef
f
o
r
ts
will
co
n
tin
u
e
to
r
e
f
in
e
an
d
ex
p
a
n
d
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
SEA
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L
OADn
g
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
its
r
elev
an
ce
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
th
e
ev
o
lv
in
g
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
o
f
I
o
T
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
ef
f
o
r
ts
will b
e
d
i
r
ec
ted
to
war
d
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
o
th
er
p
o
ten
tial a
ttack
s
in
s
m
ar
t a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
e.
ACK
NO
WL
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M
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h
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th
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r
s
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em
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ato
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ies o
f
T
ah
r
i M
o
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m
ed
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
B
ec
h
ar
.
RE
F
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R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
S
.
Li
,
L.
D
.
X
u
,
a
n
d
S
.
Zh
a
o
,
“
T
h
e
i
n
t
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r
n
e
t
o
f
t
h
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n
g
s
:
a
su
r
v
e
y
,
”
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
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n
S
y
st
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m
s
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o
n
t
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rs
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
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2
4
3
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5
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7
/
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0
7
9
6
-
0
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4
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9
4
9
2
-
7
.
[
2
]
T.
A
.
K
h
o
a
,
M
.
M
.
M
a
n
,
T
.
Y
.
N
g
u
y
e
n
,
V
.
N
g
u
y
e
n
,
a
n
d
N
.
H
.
N
a
m,
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S
mar
t
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s
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g
I
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T
m
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l
t
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-
s
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n
s
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r
s:
A
n
o
v
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l
w
a
t
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r
i
n
g
man
a
g
e
me
n
t
sy
s
t
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m,”
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o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
e
n
s
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r
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d
Ac
t
u
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n
8
0
3
0
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4
5
.
[
3
]
M
.
N
a
r
e
sh
,
a
n
d
P
.
M
u
n
a
sw
a
m
y
,
“
S
mart
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
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m
u
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,
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t
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n
a
t
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a
l
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o
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g
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g
,
v
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l
.
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,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
9
8
–
1
0
2
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
4
]
B.
B
.
S
i
n
h
a
,
a
n
d
R
.
D
h
a
n
a
l
a
k
s
h
m
i
,
“
R
e
c
e
n
t
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d
v
a
n
c
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me
n
t
s
a
n
d
c
h
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l
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t
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h
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s
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n
smar
t
a
g
r
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c
u
l
t
u
r
e
:
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s
u
r
v
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y
,
”
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t
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G
e
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a
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p
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.
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0
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.
[
5
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A
.
Jai
n
a
n
d
A
.
K
u
mar,
“
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mar
t
a
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r
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c
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.
[
6
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S
.
R
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t
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p
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r
k
h
i
,
S
.
K
h
a
n
,
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.
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.
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h
a
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.
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h
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.
D
i
w
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k
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r
,
a
n
d
A
.
S
h
a
n
k
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r
,
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m
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r
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c
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T:
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ma
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.
[
7
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V
.
H
a
ssi
j
a
,
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.
C
h
a
m
o
l
a
,
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.
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.
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.
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,
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r
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p
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.
[
8
]
S
.
P
a
l
,
a
n
d
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.
Ja
d
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i
,
“
A
n
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s,”
Ap
p
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d
S
c
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n
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.
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