I
nd
o
ne
s
ia
n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
3
7
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
2
5
,
p
p
.
7
1
5
~
729
I
SS
N:
2
502
-
4
7
52
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijee
cs
.v
3
7
.
i
2
.
pp
7
1
5
-
7
2
9
715
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ee
cs
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Cha
lleng
es o
f
imp
lementing
p
ro
tectio
n sy
stems in sm
a
rt
g
rids:
a
review
Sa
ba
t
Anwa
ri
,
Dini F
a
uzia
h,
L
it
a
L
idy
a
wa
t
i
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
Te
kn
o
l
o
g
i
N
a
s
i
o
n
a
l
B
a
n
d
u
n
g
,
B
a
n
d
u
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ap
r
21
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
Sep
14
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
Sep
29
,
2
0
2
4
Ba
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
e
m
e
rg
e
n
c
e
o
f
in
c
re
a
sin
g
l
y
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
p
o
we
r
g
ri
d
c
a
n
b
e
u
p
g
ra
d
e
d
t
o
a
sm
a
rt
g
rid
b
y
a
d
d
i
n
g
b
id
irec
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
c
o
m
p
u
ter
a
lg
o
ri
th
m
s,
a
n
d
e
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t
th
a
t
u
se
s
a
rti
ficia
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
(AI)
.
A
sm
a
rt
g
rid
is
a
re
v
o
lu
t
io
n
i
n
t
h
e
c
u
rre
n
t
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
n
e
two
r
k
th
a
t
c
a
n
c
o
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
tw
o
-
wa
y
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
tra
n
sm
issio
n
p
ro
c
e
ss
b
y
u
ti
l
izin
g
a
n
i
n
telli
g
e
n
t
sy
ste
m
so
th
a
t
th
e
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
p
o
we
r
c
a
n
b
e
h
a
n
d
led
o
p
ti
m
a
ll
y
a
n
d
in
re
a
l
ti
m
e
.
Th
e
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
o
f
th
e
sm
a
rt
g
rid
is
t
h
a
t
th
e
re
a
re
d
istri
b
u
te
d
g
e
n
e
ra
to
rs
a
n
d
m
icro
g
r
id
s
t
h
a
t
m
u
st
b
e
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
d
i
n
re
a
l
ti
m
e
with
ra
p
i
d
ly
c
h
a
n
g
i
n
g
lo
a
d
s.
To
m
e
e
t
th
e
se
c
rit
e
ria,
se
v
e
ra
l
p
o
in
ts
a
re
p
ro
p
o
se
d
,
i
.
e
.
,
fin
d
i
n
g
a
n
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
p
r
o
c
e
d
u
re
to
c
o
n
stru
c
t
se
lf
-
h
e
a
li
n
g
c
a
p
a
b
i
li
ty
;
d
e
v
e
lo
p
i
n
g
a
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
s
y
ste
m
b
a
se
d
o
n
AI
;
a
n
d
p
ro
p
o
sin
g
a
sy
ste
m
a
ti
c
p
r
o
c
e
d
u
re
to
re
a
li
z
e
se
lf
-
h
e
a
li
n
g
a
n
d
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s
with
th
e
h
e
lp
o
f
a
m
u
lt
i
-
a
g
e
n
t
sy
ste
m
(M
AS).
M
u
lt
i
-
a
g
e
n
t
sy
ste
m
s
a
re
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
AI
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
e
s.
E
a
c
h
a
g
e
n
t
c
a
n
wo
rk
in
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
tl
y
a
n
d
c
a
n
a
lso
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
te
with
o
n
e
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
a
n
d
wit
h
o
th
e
r
d
e
v
ice
s
o
n
th
e
n
e
two
rk
.
Ag
e
n
ts
u
se
d
a
s
m
o
d
e
ls
c
a
n
b
e
c
las
sified
in
to
se
v
e
ra
l
c
a
teg
o
ries
,
su
c
h
a
s
g
r
i
d
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
a
g
e
n
ts,
d
istri
b
u
ted
re
so
u
rc
e
a
g
e
n
ts,
e
n
d
-
u
se
r
a
g
e
n
ts,
fa
il
u
re
c
o
n
tro
l
a
g
e
n
ts,
d
a
ta an
a
l
y
sis a
g
e
n
ts,
a
n
d
g
ra
p
h
ica
l
v
is
u
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
a
g
e
n
ts.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
A
r
tific
ial
i
n
tellig
en
ce
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
g
r
id
P
r
o
tectio
n
R
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
Self
-
h
ea
lin
g
S
m
ar
t
g
r
id
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Din
i Fau
ziah
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
I
n
s
titu
t T
ek
n
o
l
o
g
i N
asio
n
al
B
an
d
u
n
g
4
0
1
2
4
,
B
an
d
u
n
g
,
J
awa
B
ar
at,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: d
in
if
au
ziah
@
iten
as.a
c.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
ar
e
in
d
is
p
u
tab
le,
i.e
.
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
g
lo
b
al
war
m
in
g
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
f
elt.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
a
cc
eler
ate
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
cl
ea
n
en
e
r
g
y
.
Po
wer
p
lan
ts
th
at
u
s
e
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els
p
r
o
d
u
ce
ca
r
b
o
n
d
io
x
i
d
e
(
C
O
2
)
em
is
s
io
n
s
th
at
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
ar
o
u
n
d
4
0
p
er
ce
n
t
o
f
g
lo
b
al
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
em
is
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
ac
ce
ler
ate
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
i
n
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
]
–
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
g
en
e
r
ato
r
is
d
eliv
er
ed
t
o
cu
s
to
m
er
s
v
ia
th
e
p
o
wer
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
g
r
id
b
asically
o
n
l
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
u
n
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
c
o
n
tr
o
l
an
d
f
lo
w
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
to
u
s
er
s
[
4
]
.
An
in
s
tan
t
ch
an
g
e
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
i.e
.
,
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
g
en
er
at
o
r
s
an
d
lo
ad
s
,
is
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
h
a
n
d
le
f
o
r
a
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
p
o
w
er
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
is
a
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
in
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
g
r
i
d
b
y
ad
d
in
g
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
elec
tr
icity
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
(
AI
)
in
b
o
th
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
co
n
ce
p
t
is
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
m
ar
t
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
in
tellig
en
t
c
o
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
s
,
an
d
ad
v
an
ce
d
d
ig
ital
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
in
to
th
e
c
l
a
s
s
i
c
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
ty
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
,
b
o
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
an
d
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
l
ev
e
l
s
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
m
a
in
g
o
a
l
o
f
a
s
m
a
r
t
g
r
i
d
i
s
to
o
p
t
i
m
iz
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
,
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
,
an
d
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
f
r
o
m
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
ed
a
n
d
v
a
r
i
ed
p
o
w
e
r
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
[
6
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
7
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
2
5
:
7
1
5
-
7
2
9
716
T
o
m
ee
t
th
e
en
er
g
y
n
ee
d
s
o
f
d
is
p
er
s
ed
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
,
it
is
i
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
u
s
e
ce
n
tr
alize
d
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
es.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
lead
s
to
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
th
at
ar
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
in
n
atu
r
e
an
d
s
p
r
ea
d
in
a
ce
r
tain
a
r
ea
.
T
h
ese
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
s
o
lar
p
an
els,
win
d
tu
r
b
i
n
es,
an
d
m
icr
o
-
h
y
d
r
o
,
th
at
ar
e
in
te
g
r
at
ed
in
to
s
m
ar
t
g
r
i
d
s
ar
e
ca
lled
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
(
DE
R
s
)
[
1
]
.
B
ec
au
s
e
DE
R
s
ca
n
n
o
t
m
ee
t
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
n
ee
d
s
o
f
a
n
ar
ea
,
wh
en
p
o
s
s
ib
le,
th
ey
ca
n
also
b
e
c
o
m
b
in
ed
with
o
th
e
r
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
s
u
c
h
as
m
in
i
h
y
d
r
o
,
b
i
o
g
as,
an
d
g
eo
th
er
m
al.
A
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
s
ev
er
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
is
also
ca
lled
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
en
e
r
ato
r
(
DG)
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
ato
r
s
an
d
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
lo
a
d
s
in
an
ar
ea
th
at
f
o
r
m
a
s
elf
-
c
o
n
tain
ed
n
etwo
r
k
a
r
e
ca
lled
a
m
ic
r
o
g
r
id
.
T
h
is
m
icr
o
g
r
id
ca
n
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
o
r
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
.
W
ith
s
ev
er
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
,
th
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
e
n
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
ly
will
b
e
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le.
W
ith
th
e
ex
is
t
en
ce
o
f
a
m
ic
r
o
g
r
i
d
th
at
ca
n
b
e
in
s
tan
tly
co
n
n
ec
ted
o
r
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
m
ar
t g
r
id
,
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
m
u
s
t b
e
f
ast s
o
th
at
th
er
e
is
n
o
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
to
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
[
8
]
.
Mo
d
er
n
p
o
wer
g
r
id
s
c
o
n
tin
u
e
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
s
ize
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
r
eq
u
ir
i
n
g
s
h
o
r
te
r
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
es a
n
d
lo
wer
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
lev
els
[
9
]
.
T
o
m
ain
tain
n
etwo
r
k
s
tab
ilit
y
,
g
u
a
r
an
tee
s
a
f
ety
f
r
o
m
elec
tr
ical
ac
cid
en
ts
,
p
r
o
tect
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t,
an
d
af
f
ir
m
t
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
icity
g
r
id
,
a
p
o
wer
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
is
n
ee
d
ed
.
I
n
p
r
in
cip
le,
th
e
p
r
o
te
ctio
n
s
y
s
tem
d
etec
ts
an
d
is
o
lates
all
ab
n
o
r
m
alities
o
r
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
th
at
h
av
e
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
ca
u
s
e
d
am
ag
e
to
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
as
q
u
ick
ly
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le,
th
er
eb
y
m
in
im
izin
g
d
i
s
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
in
o
th
er
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
b
asic
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
ies
th
at
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
b
etwe
en
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
an
d
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
allo
win
g
DE
R
s
to
in
teg
r
ate
in
to
a
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
r
e
q
u
ir
es
a
s
p
ec
ial
d
esig
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
o
th
er
ca
s
es,
wh
en
a
r
elay
is
t
o
o
s
en
s
itiv
e
an
d
ca
u
s
es
an
u
n
ex
p
ec
ted
tr
ip
,
it
ca
n
s
p
r
ea
d
th
e
f
ailu
r
e
in
a
ca
s
ca
d
e
[
2
]
,
[
1
2
]
–
[
1
4
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
it
is
th
e
ca
s
e
th
at
th
e
r
el
ay
is
less
s
en
s
itiv
e
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
ex
ce
e
d
s
th
e
f
a
u
lt
cu
r
r
en
t,
s
o
th
e
p
r
o
tectiv
e
r
elay
wo
r
k
s
v
er
y
s
lo
wly
,
wh
ich
ca
u
s
es d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
to
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
th
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
in
v
o
lv
es
a
lar
g
e
s
y
s
tem
,
an
d
its
ap
p
licatio
n
is
s
till
in
its
ea
r
l
y
s
tag
es
[
1
5
]
;
th
u
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
is
m
o
s
tly
s
till
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
tag
e.
On
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
wit
h
a
s
m
ar
t
s
y
s
tem
is
th
e
wid
e
-
ar
ea
p
r
o
tectio
n
,
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
(
W
AP
C
AM
)
s
y
s
tem
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
a
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
with
a
b
id
i
r
ec
tio
n
al
f
lo
w
o
f
en
er
g
y
,
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
p
r
o
tectio
n
is
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
a
g
e
n
er
ato
r
f
ailu
r
e
i
n
an
ar
ea
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
ca
s
ca
d
in
g
f
ailu
r
es
th
at
m
ig
h
t
lead
to
a
b
lack
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
wh
o
l
e
s
y
s
tem
wh
en
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
n
o
t
m
an
ag
ed
p
r
o
p
er
ly
[
1
7
]
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
W
AP
C
S
m
eth
o
d
,
b
lac
k
o
u
ts
ca
n
b
e
m
in
im
ized
wh
en
th
er
e
is
a
f
au
lt
i
n
an
ar
ea
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
m
u
s
t
b
e
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
with
s
ev
er
al
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
ch
em
es
b
ased
o
n
in
tellig
en
t
m
eth
o
d
s
,
with
th
e
aim
o
f
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
f
ailu
r
es
an
d
p
o
wer
o
u
tag
es
[
1
7
]
.
Pro
tectio
n
o
n
a
s
m
ar
t
g
r
i
d
is
ca
lled
a
s
m
ar
t
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
u
s
es
ad
v
an
ce
d
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
i.e
.
,
n
etw
o
r
k
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
,
in
tellig
en
t
f
ailu
r
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
,
s
tate
-
of
-
th
e
-
a
r
t
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
p
r
i
v
ac
y
p
r
o
tectio
n
f
ac
ilit
ies
[
1
9
]
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
o
f
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
with
v
ar
io
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
v
ar
io
u
s
f
au
lts
ar
e
r
ev
iewe
d
in
th
is
p
a
p
e
r
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
asp
ec
ts
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
is
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
,
an
d
it h
as
r
ec
ei
v
ed
g
r
ea
t
atten
tio
n
f
r
o
m
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
[
2
0
]
.
Self
-
h
ea
lin
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
h
as two
b
asic p
r
o
p
er
ties
: f
ir
s
t,
d
etec
tin
g
wh
en
th
e
g
r
id
is
n
o
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
ly
;
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
,
ca
r
r
y
in
g
o
u
t
r
esto
r
atio
n
ac
tio
n
s
s
o
th
at
th
e
g
r
id
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
n
o
r
m
ally
with
o
u
t
an
y
h
u
m
a
n
in
ter
v
en
ti
o
n
.
B
y
lev
e
r
ag
in
g
a
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
o
f
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
i
n
tellig
en
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
an
aly
tics
,
a
n
d
a
u
to
m
ated
s
witch
es,
th
e
g
r
id
c
an
d
etec
t
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
with
in
m
illi
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
On
ce
a
f
au
lt
is
id
en
tifie
d
,
th
e
g
r
id
ca
n
q
u
ick
ly
is
o
late
it
an
d
ad
ju
s
t
th
e
r
o
u
te
o
f
elec
tr
icity
f
l
o
w
in
s
u
ch
a
way
th
at
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
to
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
is
u
n
in
t
er
r
u
p
ted
.
W
ith
its
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
,
th
e
elec
tr
icity
n
etwo
r
k
h
as
h
ig
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
in
clu
d
in
g
r
ed
u
c
ed
d
o
wn
tim
e
an
d
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
W
ith
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
e
f
f
o
r
ts
to
o
p
tim
ize
p
o
wer
g
r
id
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
in
-
d
e
p
th
r
esear
ch
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
p
er
f
ec
t
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
at
o
n
e
ar
ticle
ca
n
n
o
t
o
f
f
er
a
co
m
p
lete
r
ev
iew
o
f
all
th
e
is
s
u
es
p
er
tain
i
n
g
to
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
Hen
ce
,
th
is
s
u
r
v
e
y
p
a
p
er
p
r
esen
ts
r
esear
ch
o
n
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
e
s
ch
allen
g
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
ed
to
f
u
lf
ill
its
f
u
n
cti
o
n
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
id
en
tify
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
tech
n
iq
u
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
it
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
p
o
ten
tial
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
ar
ea
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
well
-
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
g
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elty
an
d
r
elate
d
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
r
e
v
iew
p
ap
er
a
r
e
th
r
ee
f
o
ld
.
First,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
,
a
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
in
th
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
is
p
r
esen
ted
.
Seco
n
d
,
v
ar
io
u
s
r
ev
iew
p
ap
e
r
s
h
av
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
th
e
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
is
in
ter
esti
n
g
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
.
I
n
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
,
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
to
o
b
tain
a
n
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
ir
d
,
b
ased
o
n
a
r
ev
iew
o
f
s
ev
er
al
p
ap
er
s
,
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
ch
allen
g
es f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
.
2.
P
RO
T
E
C
T
I
O
N
I
SS
U
E
S
I
N
T
H
E
S
M
AR
T
G
RID
A
s
m
ar
t
g
r
i
d
is
a
p
o
we
r
g
r
id
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
with
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
co
n
tr
o
l
d
ev
ices,
a
n
d
v
ar
io
u
s
o
th
e
r
e
q
u
ip
m
en
t,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
an
au
to
m
ate
d
d
ig
i
tal
g
r
id
.
Sev
er
al
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
th
at
d
if
f
er
en
tiate
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
f
r
o
m
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
C
h
a
llen
g
es o
f imp
leme
n
tin
g
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
ystems
in
s
ma
r
t g
r
i
d
s
:
a
r
ev
iew
(
S
a
b
a
t A
n
w
a
r
i
)
717
p
o
wer
g
r
id
s
in
clu
d
e
s
elf
-
h
e
alin
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
,
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
,
r
eso
u
r
ce
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
c
o
m
p
u
ter
izatio
n
with
in
tellig
en
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
an
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
a
s
m
a
r
t
g
r
id
ad
o
p
ted
b
y
Sar
ath
k
u
m
ar
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
ca
n
b
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
1
an
d
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
ll
u
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
a
s
m
ar
t g
r
id
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
m
ain
f
e
atu
r
es o
f
a
s
m
ar
t g
r
id
2
.
1
.
Self
-
hea
lin
g
S
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
is
a
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
th
at
allo
ws
th
e
elec
tr
icity
n
etwo
r
k
to
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
e
its
elf
o
r
a
u
to
m
atica
lly
r
esto
r
e
to
n
o
r
m
al
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
wh
e
n
a
f
au
lt
o
cc
u
r
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
u
n
in
ter
r
u
p
ted
f
lo
w
o
f
elec
tr
icity
[
2
1
]
.
W
h
en
f
a
u
lts
an
d
p
o
we
r
q
u
ality
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
o
cc
u
r
,
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
n
etwo
r
k
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
m
u
s
t
in
itiate
a
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
B
y
lo
ca
lizin
g
th
e
f
au
lt,
o
t
h
er
lin
es
b
o
th
u
p
s
tr
ea
m
an
d
d
o
wn
s
tr
ea
m
th
at
ar
e
u
n
af
f
ec
ted
m
u
s
t
h
av
e
th
eir
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
r
esto
r
ed
s
o
th
at
th
e
cu
s
to
m
er
s
d
o
n
o
t
ex
p
er
ien
ce
m
ajo
r
b
lack
o
u
ts
.
T
h
e
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
es
a
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
th
at
is
ab
le
to
d
r
i
v
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
s
o
th
at
th
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
ca
n
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
e
th
e
n
e
two
r
k
.
C
o
g
n
itiv
e
ab
ilit
y
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
c
o
llectin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
en
s
o
r
s
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
an
al
y
s
is
an
d
m
ak
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
R
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
l
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
7
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
2
5
:
7
1
5
-
7
2
9
718
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
is
em
b
ed
d
ed
with
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
th
at
ca
n
b
e
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
b
y
c
o
n
tr
o
llin
g
o
p
er
atin
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
in
r
ea
l
tim
e
with
o
u
t
an
y
m
o
d
if
ica
tio
n
to
h
ar
d
wa
r
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
.
W
ith
a
s
et
o
f
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
ca
n
b
e
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
p
r
e
v
en
tin
g
f
au
lts
an
d
co
o
r
d
in
atin
g
p
r
o
p
er
g
en
e
r
atio
n
[
2
2
]
.
A
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
g
r
id
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
s
im
p
ly
as
an
in
tellig
e
n
t
n
etwo
r
k
b
ased
o
n
s
m
ar
t
s
en
s
o
r
s
th
at
u
s
es
ad
v
an
ce
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
to
c
o
n
tr
o
l
th
e
g
r
id
,
wh
ic
h
is
c
ap
ab
le
o
f
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
s
elf
-
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
wh
en
th
er
e
ar
e
u
n
ex
p
ec
ted
f
au
lts
[
2
3
]
.
I
n
th
e
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
c
o
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
g
r
i
d
d
u
r
in
g
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
,
an
o
th
er
m
ain
g
o
al
is
to
m
ain
t
ain
th
e
g
r
id
to
p
r
e
v
en
t
ca
s
ca
d
e
ef
f
ec
ts
wh
e
n
d
ea
lin
g
with
d
i
s
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
[
2
4
]
.
T
o
f
u
lf
ill th
is
,
s
ev
er
al
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
m
u
s
t b
e
m
et,
wh
ich
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
as f
o
llo
ws
[
2
5
]
:
−
Fau
lt d
etec
tio
n
m
u
s
t b
e
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t q
u
ick
ly
a
n
d
ac
c
u
r
ately
.
−
T
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
m
u
s
t b
e
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ed
to
elim
in
ate
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
ts
.
−
T
h
e
co
n
tin
u
ity
o
f
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
ly
m
u
s
t b
e
g
u
ar
an
teed
u
n
d
er
all
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
−
Failu
r
e
r
ec
o
v
er
y
tim
e
m
u
s
t b
e
m
in
im
ized
.
I
g
n
o
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
tag
e,
th
e
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
co
n
ce
p
t
ca
n
b
e
d
iv
id
e
d
in
to
th
r
ee
m
ain
g
r
i
d
s
:
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
g
r
id
,
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
g
r
id
,
a
n
d
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
i
d
m
a
n
ag
es
all
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
e
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
en
s
o
r
s
f
o
r
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
an
d
in
tellig
en
t
s
o
f
twar
e
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
ar
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
an
aly
zin
g
,
m
a
k
in
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
an
d
ca
r
r
y
in
g
o
u
t
c
o
n
tr
o
l
ac
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
lo
w
illu
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
a
d
o
p
te
d
b
y
Sar
ath
k
u
m
ar
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
I
t
m
o
n
ito
r
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
d
ata
in
r
ea
l
tim
e,
wh
ich
is
co
r
r
elate
d
with
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
a
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
s
m
ar
t g
r
id
2
.
2
.
T
ra
ns
m
is
s
io
n g
rid self
-
hea
lin
g
A
s
m
ar
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
g
r
id
m
u
s
t
h
av
e
s
m
ar
t
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
in
tellig
en
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
an
d
ad
v
an
ce
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
n
etwo
r
k
s
d
e
p
lo
y
ed
to
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
es,
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
e
r
s
,
an
d
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
s
m
ar
t
s
en
s
o
r
is
u
s
ed
t
o
d
ete
r
m
in
e
o
v
er
h
ea
d
co
n
d
u
cto
r
m
ec
h
an
ical
s
ag
,
p
r
ed
ict
p
r
o
b
a
b
le
in
s
u
lato
r
an
d
t
o
wer
f
ailu
r
es,
an
d
d
ete
r
m
in
e
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
lin
e
f
a
u
lts
.
Self
-
h
ea
lin
g
in
s
m
ar
t
t
r
a
n
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
i
s
d
e
f
i
n
e
d
as
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
y
s
te
m
b
e
i
n
g
a
b
l
e
t
o
r
e
t
u
r
n
t
o
a
n
o
r
m
a
l
s
ta
t
e
a
f
te
r
a
f
a
u
l
t
o
c
c
u
r
s
[
2
7
]
.
2
.
3
.
Dis
t
ributio
n g
rid self
-
hea
lin
g
T
h
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
o
n
ly
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
co
m
p
ar
e
it
with
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
tim
e
cu
r
v
e.
W
h
en
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
ex
ce
ed
s
a
f
ailu
r
e
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
f
o
r
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
tim
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
t
h
e
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
e
r
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
t
r
ip
s
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
s
in
a
s
u
p
p
ly
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
f
o
r
all
n
etwo
r
k
u
s
er
s
d
o
wn
s
tr
ea
m
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it
b
r
e
ak
er
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
ch
an
g
es
in
g
r
id
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
ad
a
p
tiv
e
o
v
er
c
u
r
r
en
t
p
r
o
tectio
n
was
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
[
2
8
]
.
W
h
en
a
f
au
lt
o
cc
u
r
s
in
a
n
ar
ea
with
a
DG
as
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
,
th
e
g
r
id
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
s
witch
ed
to
is
lan
d
m
o
d
e.
Su
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
lo
ad
s
h
ed
d
in
g
is
em
p
lo
y
e
d
to
r
e
s
to
r
e
th
e
g
r
id
to
its
n
o
r
m
al
s
tate,
i.e
.
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
g
r
id
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
C
h
a
llen
g
es o
f imp
leme
n
tin
g
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
ystems
in
s
ma
r
t g
r
i
d
s
:
a
r
ev
iew
(
S
a
b
a
t A
n
w
a
r
i
)
719
2
.
4
.
M
icro
g
rid self
-
hea
lin
g
Pen
etr
atio
n
o
f
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
DE
R
s
in
p
o
wer
n
etwo
r
k
s
is
g
r
o
win
g
r
ap
i
d
ly
.
Ge
n
er
ally
,
DE
R
s
co
m
b
in
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
with
f
u
el
ce
lls
,
wh
ich
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
el
s
[
2
9
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
o
p
tim
ize
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
atio
n
,
it
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
t
o
in
teg
r
ate
th
e
wi
d
esp
r
ea
d
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
DE
R
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
[
3
0
]
.
A
m
ic
r
o
g
r
i
d
i
s
a
s
elf
-
co
n
tain
ed
g
r
id
co
n
s
is
ti
n
g
o
f
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
g
en
er
at
o
r
s
,
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
ices,
an
d
lo
ad
s
[
3
1
]
.
W
h
en
DE
R
s
o
n
a
m
icr
o
g
r
id
o
p
er
ate
in
a
n
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
o
r
is
lan
d
m
o
d
e,
th
e
l
im
ited
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
n
etwo
r
k
ca
n
s
u
p
p
ly
elec
tr
icit
y
to
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
tly
with
m
in
im
u
m
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
[
3
2
]
.
Gen
er
ally
,
DE
R
s
in
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
s
ar
e
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
to
th
e
m
ain
g
r
id
,
o
r
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
e
.
Ho
wev
er
,
wh
en
a
f
au
lt
o
cc
u
r
s
in
th
e
m
ain
g
r
id
,
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
ca
n
d
is
co
n
n
ec
t
its
elf
an
d
ch
an
g
e
to
is
lan
d
m
o
d
e
[
8
]
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
in
to
th
e
m
ai
n
g
r
id
will
in
cr
ea
s
e
c
u
s
to
m
er
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
i
n
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
m
ar
k
et
wh
ile
also
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
to
th
e
m
ain
g
r
id
[
3
3
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
in
to
th
e
m
ain
g
r
id
lead
s
t
o
a
u
n
iq
u
e
s
et
o
f
c
h
allen
g
es,
esp
e
cially
in
r
e
g
ar
d
to
p
r
o
tectio
n
.
Mic
r
o
g
r
id
s
h
av
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
en
er
ati
o
n
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
t
in
er
tial
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
g
r
i
d
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
ey
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
p
ec
ial
p
r
o
tectio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
[
2
9
]
.
Self
-
h
ea
lin
g
in
a
m
icr
o
g
r
id
is
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
is
o
late
f
au
lts
in
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
,
c
o
n
n
ec
t
o
r
d
is
co
n
n
ec
t
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
with
th
e
m
ain
g
r
id
,
a
n
d
m
ain
tain
m
icr
o
g
r
id
lo
a
d
g
en
e
r
atio
n
[
3
4
]
.
2
.
5
.
P
r
o
t
ec
t
io
n
o
f
m
icro
g
rid
s
A
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
is
a
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
p
o
we
r
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
elec
tr
ical
lo
a
d
s
o
n
o
n
e
elec
tr
ically
d
ef
in
ed
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
th
at
f
o
r
m
s
a
s
elf
-
s
u
f
f
icien
t
n
etwo
r
k
th
at
is
u
s
u
ally
o
p
er
ated
,
co
n
n
ec
ted
,
an
d
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ized
with
th
e
m
ain
g
r
id
[
3
5
]
.
Mic
r
o
g
r
id
s
h
av
e
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
o
p
er
ate
in
two
m
o
d
es,
i.e
.
,
is
lan
d
m
o
d
e
o
r
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
e.
W
h
en
in
is
lan
d
m
o
d
e
,
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
o
p
e
r
ates
as
an
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
o
r
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
n
etwo
r
k
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
es
o
n
-
s
ite
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
with
m
icr
o
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
lo
ad
s
[
3
6
]
.
Mic
r
o
g
r
id
p
r
o
tec
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
th
e
m
ain
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
wh
en
o
p
er
atin
g
n
etwo
r
k
s
m
u
s
t
h
a
v
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
p
r
o
te
ctio
n
m
eth
o
d
m
u
s
t
b
e
ab
le
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
g
r
id
w
o
r
k
s
p
r
o
p
er
ly
in
g
r
id
-
c
o
n
n
ec
t
ed
an
d
is
lan
d
m
o
d
es.
T
h
e
r
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
ad
e
q
u
ate
p
r
o
tectio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
g
u
ar
an
tee
th
e
s
af
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
b
o
th
o
n
th
e
n
et
wo
r
k
a
n
d
i
n
ex
ter
n
al
cir
cu
its
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
[
3
7
]
.
Fo
r
a
m
icr
o
g
r
id
to
o
p
er
ate
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
,
p
r
o
p
er
p
lan
n
in
g
is
n
ee
d
ed
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
,
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
.
Mic
r
o
g
r
id
s
h
av
e
lim
ited
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
s
o
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
p
r
o
tectio
n
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
g
r
id
s
is
n
o
t
s
u
it
ab
le
f
o
r
a
p
p
licatio
n
to
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
.
W
h
en
a
m
icr
o
g
r
id
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
m
ain
g
r
id
,
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ic
r
o
g
r
id
is
in
h
er
en
tly
m
u
ch
lo
w
er
th
an
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ain
g
r
id
.
Fau
lts
in
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
wh
en
g
r
id
-
c
o
n
n
e
cted
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
a
n
ticip
ated
b
y
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Mic
r
o
g
r
id
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
n
th
e
m
ain
g
r
id
m
u
s
t
co
n
s
id
er
p
r
o
tectio
n
c
o
o
r
d
in
atio
n
b
ec
a
u
s
e
a
f
au
lt
in
an
y
p
ar
t
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
th
e
en
tire
s
y
s
tem
to
tr
ip
,
r
e
s
u
ltin
g
in
e
n
er
g
y
lo
s
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
v
ar
io
u
s
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
a
r
e
m
ain
l
y
in
ca
p
a
city
,
s
o
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
r
ea
c
h
m
icr
o
g
r
id
.
I
n
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
g
r
id
s
,
it
is
v
er
y
ea
s
y
to
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
b
etw
ee
n
f
au
lt
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
m
ain
c
u
r
r
en
t;
h
o
we
v
er
,
in
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
,
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
g
en
e
r
atin
g
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
lo
ad
,
a
n
d
f
au
lts
r
eq
u
ir
es
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
licated
p
r
o
tectio
n
p
r
o
c
ed
u
r
es
to
b
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
.
Dep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
e
o
r
is
lan
d
m
o
d
e)
,
a
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
tr
ateg
y
b
ased
o
n
an
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
ass
o
ciate
d
r
is
k
s
an
d
a
d
y
n
am
ic
f
au
lt
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
an
al
y
s
is
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
W
h
en
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
is
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ain
g
r
id
an
d
s
tar
ts
in
i
s
lan
d
m
o
d
e,
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
en
ter
in
g
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
ev
iatio
n
s
in
s
y
s
tem
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
an
d
v
o
ltag
e.
W
h
en
th
e
g
e
n
er
ato
r
in
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
is
n
o
t
p
r
o
p
er
l
y
p
r
o
tecte
d
,
th
is
ca
n
r
esu
lt
in
a
p
o
wer
o
u
t
ag
e.
Fo
r
a
s
m
o
o
th
tr
an
s
itio
n
b
etwe
en
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
e
an
d
is
lan
d
m
o
d
e,
s
p
ec
ial
m
itig
atio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es a
r
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
elia
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
th
r
o
u
g
h
ca
r
ef
u
l d
esig
n
an
d
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
L
o
ad
ch
an
g
es
th
at
ex
ce
ed
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
ca
p
ac
ity
m
u
s
t
b
e
an
ticip
ated
,
esp
ec
ially
d
u
r
in
g
i
s
lan
d
m
o
d
e,
b
ec
au
s
e
th
is
ca
n
d
is
r
u
p
t n
etwo
r
k
s
tab
ilit
y
.
DG,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
I
E
E
E
1
5
4
7
s
tan
d
ar
d
,
a
r
e
allo
wed
to
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
m
ain
g
r
id
,
b
u
t
wh
en
a
f
au
lt
o
cc
u
r
s
,
th
ey
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
i
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
.
W
h
en
th
e
p
o
wer
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
DG
is
lar
g
e
en
o
u
g
h
,
th
is
d
is
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
will
en
d
an
g
er
t
h
e
m
ain
g
r
id
.
I
n
a
s
u
r
v
ey
,
s
ev
er
al
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
ch
em
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
.
Sev
er
al
to
p
ics
th
at
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
t
o
o
b
tain
p
o
te
n
tial
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
p
r
o
tectio
n
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
i
n
clu
d
e
[
3
2
]
:
−
R
ec
ip
r
o
ca
l
p
o
wer
f
lo
ws:
i
n
a
tr
ad
itio
n
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
is
u
n
id
ir
ec
ti
o
n
al,
i.e
.
,
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
en
er
ato
r
to
th
e
lo
ad
s
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
DGs
o
n
th
e
m
ain
g
r
id
r
esu
lts
in
a
b
id
ir
e
ctio
n
al
f
lo
w,
s
o
r
ev
er
s
e
p
o
wer
f
l
o
ws
ar
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
p
r
o
tectio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
will
n
o
t
b
e
ab
le
to
h
an
d
le
th
e
f
au
lt in
th
e
m
ain
g
r
id
[
3
8
]
.
−
Sh
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
r
an
g
e
lim
itatio
n
s
:
t
h
e
f
au
lt
cu
r
r
en
t
in
th
e
in
v
er
ter
-
b
ased
DGs
is
lim
ited
to
a
m
ax
im
u
m
o
f
2
p
.
u
.
As a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
o
v
er
cu
r
r
en
t
r
elay
is
u
n
ab
le
t
o
d
etec
t th
e
f
au
lt
[
3
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
7
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
2
5
:
7
1
5
-
7
2
9
720
−
Stab
ilit
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
:
t
h
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
y
s
tem
in
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
allo
ws
lo
ca
l
o
s
cillatio
n
s
to
a
r
is
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
to
g
u
ar
an
tee
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
an
an
a
ly
s
is
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
m
all
s
ig
n
al
s
tab
ilit
y
th
eo
r
em
,
wh
ich
is
en
s
u
r
ed
b
y
th
e
tr
an
s
ien
t r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
esu
lts
[
3
9
]
.
−
L
o
w
in
er
tia:
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
p
o
we
r
g
r
i
d
s
h
a
v
e
h
ig
h
in
er
tia;
o
n
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
an
d
,
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
h
av
e
lo
w
in
er
tia
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
in
v
er
te
r
-
b
ased
DGs.
W
h
en
d
is
co
n
n
ec
te
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ai
n
g
r
id
,
s
er
io
u
s
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
d
e
v
iatio
n
s
m
ay
o
cc
u
r
,
s
o
a
s
p
ec
ial
p
r
o
tectio
n
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l sy
s
tem
is
n
ee
d
ed
[
3
9
]
.
−
Dis
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
o
we
r
:
s
o
m
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
u
s
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
o
r
win
d
as
in
ter
m
itten
t
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
is
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
e
n
er
atio
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
in
ter
m
itten
t
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
As
a
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
,
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
b
etwe
en
DGs a
n
d
s
to
r
ag
e
d
e
v
ices
[
3
2
]
.
2
.
6
.
P
r
o
t
ec
t
io
n
o
f
a
c
t
iv
e
dis
t
ributio
n net
wo
rk
s
Activ
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
th
at
co
m
b
in
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
(
M
G)
with
th
e
p
en
etr
atio
n
o
f
D
E
R
cr
ea
te
ch
allen
g
es
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
[
4
0
]
.
C
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
v
er
y
r
is
k
y
to
u
s
e
o
n
th
is
n
etwo
r
k
.
C
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
p
r
o
tect
io
n
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
u
ally
u
s
e
cu
r
r
en
t
d
etec
tio
n
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
f
au
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
.
W
ith
ch
an
g
in
g
g
r
id
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
in
n
o
v
ate
f
au
l
t
d
etec
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
b
y
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
v
o
lta
g
e
-
b
ased
an
d
o
v
er
cu
r
r
en
t
-
b
ased
p
r
o
tect
io
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Op
tim
izin
g
th
is
m
eth
o
d
b
ec
o
m
es
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
lead
in
g
to
a
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
an
d
its
s
elec
tiv
ity
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
4
1
]
.
I
n
g
en
e
r
al,
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
ca
n
b
e
g
r
o
u
p
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ty
p
e
a
n
d
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
ee
d
e
r
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
em
[
4
2
]
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
i)
u
r
b
a
n
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
,
ii)
r
u
r
al
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
,
an
d
iii)
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
ca
n
b
e
g
r
o
u
p
ed
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
ty
p
e
o
f
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
:
i)
AC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
;
ii)
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
;
a
n
d
iii)
h
y
b
r
id
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
AC
an
d
DC
s
u
b
-
g
r
i
d
s
[
4
3
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
o
v
e
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t
p
r
o
t
ec
tio
n
b
ased
o
n
lo
ca
l
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
ca
n
lead
to
i
n
co
r
r
ec
t
d
e
cisi
o
n
-
m
ak
in
g
a
n
d
,
o
f
ten
,
a
lack
o
f
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
with
o
th
e
r
r
elay
s
.
Ma
n
y
p
r
o
tectio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
a
r
e
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
f
o
r
ac
tiv
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
:
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
r
el
ay
s
th
at
ar
e
s
et
in
a
co
o
r
d
in
ated
m
an
n
er
[
4
4
]
;
in
tellig
en
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
tial
p
r
o
tectio
n
[
4
5
]
;
ad
v
an
ce
d
d
i
f
f
er
en
tial
im
p
e
d
an
ce
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
[
4
6
]
;
a
n
d
s
m
ar
t
d
if
f
er
en
tial e
n
e
r
g
y
-
b
ased
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
[
4
7
]
.
2
.
7
.
P
r
o
g
re
s
s
o
f
a
n
a
da
ptiv
e
pro
t
ec
t
io
n t
ec
hn
iqu
e
f
o
r
t
he
s
m
a
rt
g
rid
T
h
e
ad
a
p
tiv
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
is
a
p
r
o
tectio
n
m
eth
o
d
in
wh
ich
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
r
ela
y
s
e
ttin
g
s
ar
e
ad
ap
ted
ac
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
c
h
an
g
es
in
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
(
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
DG
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
)
u
s
in
g
s
m
ar
t
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
[
4
8
]
.
Du
e
to
th
e
im
m
e
n
s
ely
g
r
o
win
g
elec
tr
icity
n
etwo
r
k
,
c
h
a
n
g
es
in
g
r
id
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
wil
l
o
cc
u
r
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
.
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
t
em
s
with
f
ix
e
d
p
ar
am
eter
s
ettin
g
s
will
b
e
u
n
ab
le
to
h
an
d
le
f
au
lt
is
s
u
es
o
n
s
y
s
tem
s
with
v
ar
y
in
g
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
.
A
d
ap
tiv
e
p
r
o
tecti
o
n
m
eth
o
d
s
th
at
ca
n
c
h
an
g
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
s
ettin
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
s
tate
an
d
s
y
s
tem
co
n
d
itio
n
s
co
n
tin
u
e
to
g
r
o
w
r
ap
i
d
ly
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
ca
n
h
an
d
le
f
au
lt
is
s
u
es
ev
en
as
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
ch
an
g
e
s
[
4
9
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
u
c
h
a
d
ap
tiv
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
will
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
o
f
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
s
o
th
at
it
ca
n
m
a
k
e
th
e
p
r
o
te
ctio
n
s
y
s
tem
b
etter
,
i.e
.
,
en
h
a
n
ce
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
s
en
s
itiv
ity
,
an
d
s
p
ee
d
o
f
f
au
lt h
a
n
d
li
n
g
[
5
0
]
.
T
h
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
h
av
e
a
d
y
n
a
m
ic
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
at
to
p
r
o
tect
ag
ain
s
t
f
au
lts
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
o
n
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
an
a
d
ap
tiv
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
is
n
ee
d
ed
.
Netwo
r
k
r
esil
ien
ce
r
elies
h
e
av
ily
o
n
a
d
ap
tiv
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
t
h
at
ca
n
d
ea
l
with
d
y
n
am
ic
f
au
lts
th
at
o
f
ten
o
cc
u
r
with
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
lar
g
e
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
d
ata
g
en
er
ated
f
r
o
m
ad
v
an
ce
d
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
ad
ap
tiv
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
ch
em
es
ca
n
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
Pro
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
p
r
o
tect
c
r
itical
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
a
r
e
n
o
t
in
ju
r
ed
o
r
k
illed
wh
en
a
f
a
u
lt
o
cc
u
r
s
o
n
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
Stab
le,
r
eliab
le,
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
t,
a
n
d
ea
s
y
-
to
-
in
ter
p
r
et
p
r
o
tectio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
p
r
o
tectio
n
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
d
ec
is
io
n
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
im
p
le,
f
ast,
r
eliab
le,
co
n
s
is
ten
t,
s
elec
tiv
e,
an
d
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
f
au
lts
.
T
o
f
ac
e
th
is
ch
allen
g
e,
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
will
f
o
cu
s
o
n
ad
ap
tiv
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
ch
em
es
[
5
1
]
.
T
h
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
ad
a
p
tiv
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
is
r
ap
id
d
u
e
to
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
ad
ju
s
t
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
ch
em
e
with
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
s
ettin
g
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
atin
g
s
tate
an
d
s
y
s
tem
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Du
e
to
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
ad
ap
tiv
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
ch
em
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
a
n
d
im
p
lem
en
ted
o
v
er
th
e
p
ast f
ew
y
ea
r
s
[
4
9
]
.
2
.
8
.
Det
ec
t
io
n a
nd
po
s
it
io
n det
er
m
ina
t
io
n m
et
ho
ds
f
o
r
hig
h
-
im
peda
nce
f
a
ults
T
h
e
h
ig
h
-
im
p
e
d
an
ce
f
au
lt
(
H
I
F)
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
f
au
lt
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
t
h
at
is
r
elativ
ely
s
m
all
c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
cu
r
r
en
t.
HI
F
o
f
ten
o
cc
u
r
s
in
an
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
[
5
2
]
.
W
h
en
co
n
tact
o
cc
u
r
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
c
o
n
d
u
cto
r
a
n
d
a
tr
ee
o
r
g
r
o
u
n
d
with
h
ig
h
im
p
ed
an
ce
,
it
will
tr
ig
g
er
HI
F.
T
h
e
en
er
g
ized
f
allen
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
jeo
p
a
r
d
izes
p
u
b
lic
s
af
ety
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
co
n
tact
with
h
u
m
an
s
a
n
d
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
ca
u
s
e
an
ar
c
to
ig
n
ite
wild
f
ir
es
[
5
3
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
p
r
o
ac
tiv
ely
d
etec
t
an
d
lo
ca
lize
en
er
g
ized
f
allen
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
,
wh
ich
will
h
elp
p
r
o
tect
p
eo
p
le
f
r
o
m
s
af
et
y
h
az
ar
d
s
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
wild
f
ir
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
HI
F
d
etec
tio
n
u
s
in
g
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
is
d
if
f
icu
lt
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
f
au
lt
cu
r
r
e
n
t
lev
el
is
u
s
u
ally
to
o
lo
w
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
[
5
4
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
C
h
a
llen
g
es o
f imp
leme
n
tin
g
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
ystems
in
s
ma
r
t g
r
i
d
s
:
a
r
ev
iew
(
S
a
b
a
t A
n
w
a
r
i
)
721
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
s
u
r
v
ey
s
,
HI
F
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
b
etwe
en
5
%
a
n
d
1
0
%
o
f
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
f
au
lts
[
5
5
]
.
W
h
en
m
o
s
t
f
au
lts
in
th
e
elec
tr
ical
n
etwo
r
k
en
d
an
g
e
r
elec
tr
ical
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
HI
Fs
co
u
l
d
also
h
av
e
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
h
u
m
an
s
af
ety
an
d
lead
to
leg
al
is
s
u
es.
Peo
p
le
m
ay
ac
cid
en
tally
co
m
e
in
to
co
n
tact
with
th
e
en
er
g
ized
f
allen
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
s
o
r
en
e
r
g
ized
s
u
r
f
a
ce
s
[
5
6
]
.
I
n
f
o
r
est
ar
ea
s
o
r
a
r
e
as
with
an
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
o
f
f
l
am
m
ab
le
g
as,
HI
Fs
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
f
ir
es
o
r
e
x
p
lo
s
io
n
s
[
5
7
]
.
HI
Fs
ar
e
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
i
g
g
est
o
n
g
o
in
g
ch
allen
g
es
i
n
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
r
o
tectio
n
.
Usi
n
g
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
it
is
v
er
y
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
d
etec
t
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
HI
Fs
,
with
f
ailu
r
e
r
ates
r
ea
ch
in
g
3
2
%
[
5
8
]
.
T
o
d
e
v
elo
p
an
ac
cu
r
ate
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
it
is
cr
u
cial
to
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
th
e
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
o
n
o
f
HI
Fs
[
5
9
]
.
A
HI
F
o
cc
u
r
s
wh
en
an
e
n
er
g
ized
co
n
d
u
cto
r
e
n
co
u
n
ter
s
a
q
u
asi
-
in
s
u
latin
g
m
ed
iu
m
,
s
u
c
h
as
a
tr
ee
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
o
r
p
iece
o
f
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t,
o
r
wh
e
n
a
f
allen
e
n
er
g
ized
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
to
u
ch
es
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
HI
Fs
ar
e
m
ain
ly
d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
y
th
e
m
ater
ial
s
in
co
n
tact
with
th
e
en
er
g
ized
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
,
wh
ich
r
esu
lts
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
o
ltag
e
-
cu
r
r
en
t
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
[
6
0
]
.
HI
Fs
ar
e
n
o
n
s
y
m
m
etr
ic
an
d
r
an
d
o
m
,
a
n
d
th
e
f
au
lt
cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
in
h
er
en
tly
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
,
s
o
n
o
o
n
e
m
eth
o
d
will
b
e
ab
le
to
d
et
ec
t
all
HI
Fs
[
6
1
]
,
[
6
2
]
.
HI
Fs
ca
n
b
e
g
r
o
u
p
ed
i
n
to
two
class
if
icatio
n
s
,
i.e
.
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
is
th
e
ac
tiv
e
HI
Fs
,
wh
ich
ar
e
u
s
u
ally
ac
co
m
p
a
n
ied
b
y
an
ar
c
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
an
d
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
win
g
is
m
u
ch
less
th
an
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ie
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
u
n
it,
wh
ile
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
is
th
e
p
ass
iv
e
HI
Fs
,
wh
ich
d
o
n
o
t
ca
u
s
e
an
elec
tr
ic
ar
c.
B
o
th
ar
e
v
e
r
y
d
a
n
g
er
o
u
s
an
d
th
r
ea
ten
th
e
liv
es
o
f
p
eo
p
le
a
n
d
an
im
als
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
to
u
c
h
in
g
t
h
e
m
o
r
ca
u
s
in
g
wild
f
ir
es
[
6
0
]
.
Do
r
ia
-
Gar
cía
et
a
l.
[
6
3
]
,
an
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
-
b
ased
HI
Fs
p
r
o
tect
io
n
s
ch
em
e
was
d
esig
n
ed
to
e
s
tim
ate
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
f
au
lts
o
n
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
es.
T
h
is
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
ch
e
m
e
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
f
in
d
h
ig
h
-
im
p
ed
an
ce
a
n
d
l
o
w
-
im
p
ed
an
ce
f
au
lts
b
y
s
ettin
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
a
H
I
F
m
o
d
el
u
s
in
g
s
im
p
le
in
p
u
t
p
a
r
am
et
er
s
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
is
ea
s
y
to
ap
p
ly
with
an
u
n
ce
r
ta
in
ty
o
f
less
th
an
8
0
m
f
o
r
al
m
o
s
t
9
0
%
o
f
all
p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
au
l
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
wh
ich
is
eq
u
iv
alen
t to
less
th
an
0
.
1
% o
f
th
e
lin
e
len
g
t
h
.
Hao
[
6
4
]
,
a
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
r
e
v
iew
o
f
ar
cin
g
-
HI
F
d
etec
tio
n
u
s
in
g
AI
b
ased
o
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
m
o
d
els
is
p
r
esen
ted
.
First,
an
an
aly
s
is
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
m
o
d
el
o
f
ar
cin
g
-
HI
F,
an
d
th
en
an
ar
cin
g
-
HI
F
d
atab
ase
is
b
u
ilt,
wh
ich
i
s
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ar
ci
n
g
-
HI
F
d
etec
tio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
AI
-
b
ased
ar
cin
g
-
HI
F
d
etec
tio
n
s
ch
em
e
is
ex
p
lain
e
d
in
d
etail,
in
clu
d
in
g
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
,
f
ea
tu
r
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
class
if
ier
s
elec
tio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
t
o
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
ar
cin
g
-
HI
F
d
etec
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
a
test
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
a
s
et
o
f
cr
iter
ia.
Fin
ally
,
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
o
v
er
v
iew
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
to
e
x
am
in
e
f
u
tu
r
e
tr
e
n
d
s
an
d
c
h
allen
g
es r
elate
d
to
a
r
cin
g
-
HI
F d
etec
tio
n
.
As
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
[
5
9
]
,
an
AI
-
b
ased
p
atter
n
m
ap
p
in
g
m
eth
o
d
to
d
iag
n
o
s
e
HI
Fs
in
v
o
lv
es
co
llectin
g
d
ata,
ex
tr
ac
tin
g
f
ea
tu
r
es,
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
.
T
h
e
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
b
y
AI
,
ac
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
[
6
5
]
,
[
6
6
]
,
a
r
e
a
p
air
o
f
ab
s
o
lu
te
v
alu
es
an
d
p
h
ase
an
g
les
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e.
T
o
m
ak
e
th
e
d
ata
m
o
r
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
m
ap
p
in
g
HI
F
p
atter
n
s
,
f
ea
tu
r
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
w
as
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
On
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
f
ea
tu
r
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
is
wav
ele
t
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
W
T
)
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
Nar
asimh
u
lu
et
a
l.
[
6
7
]
s
h
o
ws
th
at
t
h
e
m
u
lti
-
wav
elet
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
MWT)
,
an
ex
ten
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
s
ca
lar
W
T
,
ca
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
f
au
lts
d
u
r
i
n
g
a
s
p
e
cif
ied
tim
e.
T
h
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
in
a
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
r
ain
in
g
o
n
AI
-
b
ased
p
atter
n
m
ap
p
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
.
So
m
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
u
s
e
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
NNs),
w
h
ich
ar
e
tr
ain
e
d
b
ased
o
n
p
att
er
n
s
o
f
f
ea
tu
r
e
ex
t
r
ac
tio
n
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
d
ata
is
u
s
ed
b
y
MWT
to
ex
t
r
ac
t
th
e
r
elev
an
t
f
ea
tu
r
es,
an
d
th
en
th
e
NNs
ac
t
as
clas
s
i
f
ier
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
ea
t
u
r
es.
Fro
m
th
e
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
in
[
6
8
]
,
ex
ce
llen
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
d
em
o
n
s
t
r
ated
in
ter
m
s
o
f
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
,
s
af
ety
,
an
d
s
en
s
itiv
ity
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
c
o
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
NNs
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
t
h
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
HI
Fs
is
v
er
y
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
in
ter
m
s
o
f
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
2
.
9
.
Dev
el
o
pm
ent
o
f
wide
-
a
r
ea
pro
t
ec
t
io
n,
c
o
ntr
o
l a
nd
mo
nito
ring
s
y
s
t
em
s
W
AP
C
AM
is
a
m
eth
o
d
th
at
u
tili
ze
s
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ized
m
e
asu
r
em
en
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
(
SMT
)
to
tak
e
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
a
n
d
c
o
r
r
ec
tiv
e
ac
t
io
n
with
th
e
aim
o
f
av
o
id
in
g
th
e
ca
s
ca
d
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
lar
g
e
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
W
AP
C
AM
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
lar
g
e
b
lac
k
o
u
ts
,
th
er
e
b
y
e
n
h
an
cin
g
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
,
r
eliab
il
ity
,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
icity
g
r
id
[
6
9
]
,
[
7
0
]
.
T
o
o
b
tain
s
m
ar
t
s
en
s
o
r
-
b
ased
d
ata,
a
s
en
s
in
g
d
ev
ice
ca
lled
th
e
p
h
aso
r
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
u
n
it
(
PMU)
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
in
r
ec
e
n
t
y
ea
r
s
.
A
PMU
is
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
d
ev
ice
th
at
m
o
n
ito
r
s
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
a
n
d
p
h
ase
an
g
le
o
f
an
elec
tr
ical
p
h
aso
r
q
u
a
n
tity
,
s
u
ch
as
v
o
ltag
e
o
r
c
u
r
r
en
t,
u
s
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
tim
e
-
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ized
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
a
PMU
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
u
s
in
g
s
m
ar
t
m
eth
o
d
s
s
o
th
at
it
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
wid
e
-
ar
ea
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
as
a
b
asis
f
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
.
Da
ta
f
r
o
m
th
e
PMU
is
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
ec
au
s
e
wh
en
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
is
n
o
t
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
d
em
an
d
,
it
will
r
e
s
u
lt
in
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
im
b
alan
ce
s
an
d
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
ca
u
s
e
s
tr
ess
o
n
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
wh
ich
h
as
th
e
p
o
ten
t
ial
to
ca
u
s
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tag
es
[
7
1
]
.
A
wid
e
-
ar
ea
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
(
W
AM
S)
u
s
es
d
ata
f
r
o
m
a
PMU
to
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
s
tatu
s
o
f
a
cr
itical
ar
ea
an
d
p
r
ev
e
n
t
o
v
e
r
lo
ad
s
an
d
in
s
ta
b
ilit
ies
th
at
lead
to
p
o
wer
b
lack
o
u
ts
[
7
2
]
.
T
h
e
W
AP
C
AM
wo
r
k
s
b
ased
o
n
W
AM
S
an
d
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
d
esig
n
e
d
to
r
eliab
ly
p
r
ed
ict
an
d
co
o
r
d
in
at
e
ac
tio
n
s
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
elim
in
atin
g
o
r
p
r
e
v
en
tin
g
wid
e
-
a
r
ea
d
i
s
r
u
p
tio
n
s
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
W
APC
AM
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
f
au
lts
ca
n
b
e
d
etec
ted
q
u
ick
l
y
,
allo
win
g
co
n
tr
o
l
ac
tio
n
s
to
b
e
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t,
r
esu
l
tin
g
in
th
e
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
6
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
7
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
2
5
:
7
1
5
-
7
2
9
722
I
n
tellig
en
t
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ices
(
I
E
Ds)
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
th
e
p
o
wer
s
ec
to
r
,
s
u
ch
as
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
er
s
,
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
,
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
b
a
n
k
s
,
ar
e
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
with
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
au
to
m
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
I
E
Ds th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
s
m
ar
t
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
a
m
o
r
e
m
o
d
er
n
alter
n
ativ
e
to
,
o
r
c
o
m
p
lem
en
t
to
,
s
etu
p
s
with
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
r
em
o
te
ter
m
in
al
u
n
its
(
R
T
Us)
[
7
3
]
.
B
ased
o
n
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
I
E
D
o
r
R
T
U
as
well
as
tim
e
-
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
d
d
ata
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ize
d
b
y
th
e
g
lo
b
al
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
(
GPS),
th
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
u
til
ize
th
e
W
A
PC
AM
s
y
s
tem
[
1
6
]
.
W
ith
th
e
s
o
p
h
is
ticatio
n
o
f
W
APC
AM
,
d
ata
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
s
u
ch
as
s
y
s
tem
-
wid
e
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e,
an
g
le,
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
w,
etc.
,
is
an
aly
ze
d
to
esti
m
ate
wh
eth
er
th
e
s
y
s
tem
i
s
u
n
d
er
s
tr
ess
o
r
n
o
t.
W
ith
co
o
r
d
in
ated
co
n
tr
o
l
ac
ti
o
n
s
,
th
e
elec
tr
icity
n
etwo
r
k
c
an
b
e
p
r
o
tecte
d
f
r
o
m
t
o
tal
b
l
ac
k
o
u
ts
o
r
,
at
least,
elim
in
ate
th
e
ca
s
ca
d
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
in
o
n
e
ar
ea
.
W
APC
AM
s
y
s
tem
s
,
lik
e
S
C
ADA
s
y
s
tem
s
,
also
h
av
e
v
ar
io
u
s
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
le
v
els
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
p
r
ev
e
n
tiv
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
a
ctio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
lo
ca
l
f
ee
d
er
lev
el,
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
lev
el,
an
d
ce
n
tr
al/r
eg
i
o
n
al
lev
el.
C
o
m
b
in
ed
d
ata
f
r
o
m
W
APC
AM
an
d
SC
ADA
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
a
n
aly
ze
th
e
elec
tr
icity
n
etwo
r
k
s
y
s
tem
as a
wh
o
le
s
o
th
at,
wh
e
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
,
co
n
tr
o
l a
ctio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
tak
e
n
m
an
u
ally
.
W
AP
C
AM
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
s
u
b
-
s
y
s
tem
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
wid
e
-
ar
ea
p
r
o
tectio
n
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
(
W
AP
C
)
,
wh
ich
is
f
u
r
th
er
d
iv
id
e
d
in
to
s
y
s
tem
in
teg
r
ated
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
ch
em
es
(
SIPS)
an
d
r
em
e
d
ial
ac
tio
n
s
ch
em
es
(
R
AS)
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
ad
v
an
ce
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
am
o
n
g
o
th
e
r
s
.
An
o
th
er
s
u
b
-
s
y
s
tem
is
wid
e
-
ar
ea
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
(
W
ASC
)
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilizer
s
(
PS
S)
an
d
on
-
lo
ad
tap
ch
an
g
er
s
(
OL
T
C
)
.
B
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
W
ASC
an
d
th
e
wid
e
-
ar
ea
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
(
W
AM
C
)
s
y
s
tem
,
it
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
in
th
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
,
th
er
e
b
y
elim
in
atin
g
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
wid
e
-
ar
ea
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
.
An
o
p
tim
al
b
u
s
-
s
p
litt
in
g
s
ch
em
e
an
d
an
o
p
ti
m
al
is
lan
d
m
o
d
e
s
ch
em
e
ar
e
also
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
W
APC
A
M
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
.
E
v
en
wh
en
s
tr
ess
f
u
l
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
cc
u
r
in
t
h
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
,
s
u
ch
as
tr
an
s
ien
t
an
g
le
in
s
tab
ilit
y
,
v
o
ltag
e
in
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
/o
r
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
i
n
s
tab
ilit
y
,
th
e
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
t
h
e
W
APC
AM
m
u
s
t
b
e
ab
le
to
r
esto
r
e
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
to
a
n
o
r
m
al
c
o
n
d
itio
n
u
s
in
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
co
n
tr
o
l
ac
tio
n
.
W
ith
th
ese
v
ar
io
u
s
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
W
APC
A
M
ca
n
o
v
er
co
m
e
g
lo
b
al
b
lack
o
u
ts
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
f
th
e
s
m
ar
t g
r
id
.
2
.
1
0
.
I
m
plem
ent
a
t
i
o
n o
f
a
r
t
i
f
icia
l int
ellig
ence
in pro
t
ec
t
io
n sy
s
t
em
s
W
ith
th
e
h
elp
o
f
a
d
v
an
ce
d
s
en
s
o
r
s
an
d
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
d
ata
i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
t
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
AI
in
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
will
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
b
est
s
o
lu
tio
n
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
ca
n
b
e
ad
a
p
ted
f
o
r
v
ar
i
o
u
s
n
et
wo
r
k
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
with
h
ig
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
r
esu
lt in
a
f
aster
r
esp
o
n
s
e
th
a
n
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
p
r
o
tectio
n
[
7
4
]
,
[
7
5
]
.
B
ased
o
n
d
ata
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
s
en
s
o
r
s
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
,
AI
m
eth
o
d
s
ca
n
b
e
u
s
e
d
to
d
iag
n
o
s
e
f
au
lts
,
i.e
.
,
d
eter
m
in
e
f
au
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
s
an
d
class
if
y
th
em
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
b
ased
o
n
n
etwo
r
k
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
a
tio
n
d
ata,
l
o
ad
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
,
an
d
f
au
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
AI
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
t
o
o
p
ti
m
ize
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
ettin
g
s
in
r
ea
l tim
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
in
a
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
is
v
er
y
c
o
m
p
licat
ed
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
er
e
ar
e
m
o
r
e
an
d
m
o
r
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
an
d
DG
s
th
at
a
r
e
s
o
m
etim
es
co
n
n
ec
ted
a
n
d
s
o
m
etim
es
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
.
T
o
in
cr
e
ase
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
,
it
is
cr
u
cial
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
f
a
u
lt
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
eir
lo
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
is
allo
ws
f
o
r
au
to
m
atic
n
etwo
r
k
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
b
y
p
r
o
m
p
tly
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
th
e
f
au
lty
lin
e
s
eg
m
en
t.
T
h
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
m
u
s
t
b
e
ab
le
to
lo
ca
te
f
au
lts
q
u
ick
ly
a
n
d
p
r
ec
is
ely
,
e
v
en
a
s
n
etwo
r
k
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
is
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
t
o
d
esig
n
a
f
lex
ib
le
,
s
af
e,
f
ast,
a
n
d
r
eliab
le
p
r
o
te
ctio
n
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
a
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
[
7
6
]
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
m
u
s
t
b
e
in
t
ellig
en
t
an
d
r
e
q
u
ir
e
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
h
ar
d
war
e,
s
o
f
twar
e,
an
d
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
an
aly
s
is
.
B
y
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
a
n
aly
zin
g
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
d
itio
n
,
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
co
m
b
in
ed
with
a
p
r
o
p
e
r
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
en
h
a
n
ce
g
r
id
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
.
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
lo
ca
l
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
with
co
n
s
tan
t
s
etti
n
g
s
an
d
p
ar
am
eter
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
u
p
d
ated
to
h
a
n
d
l
e
elec
tr
ical
n
etwo
r
k
s
with
ch
an
g
in
g
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
.
L
ev
e
r
ag
i
n
g
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
AI
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
th
at
ar
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
an
aly
zin
g
v
ar
io
u
s
s
en
s
o
r
s
a
n
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
elec
tr
icity
n
etwo
r
k
to
d
etec
t
f
au
lts
,
s
u
ch
as
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
its
o
r
lin
e
f
ailu
r
es,
a
n
d
cl
ass
if
y
in
g
th
em
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
t
h
eir
ty
p
e
a
n
d
lo
ca
tio
n
,
allo
ws
f
o
r
f
aster
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
es
to
p
r
o
tect
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t,
d
e
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
o
wn
tim
e
a
n
d
m
itig
a
tin
g
d
am
ag
e
[
7
7
]
.
Her
e
a
r
e
s
o
m
e
th
in
g
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
h
an
d
led
u
s
in
g
AI
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
:
−
Ad
ap
tiv
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
b
ased
o
n
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
lo
ad
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
,
an
d
f
a
u
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
h
elp
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
wh
i
le
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
o
r
p
o
w
er
o
u
tag
es.
−
Fau
lt
ev
en
t
d
ata
is
a
n
aly
ze
d
i
n
d
etail,
wh
ich
ca
n
h
elp
en
g
i
n
ee
r
s
en
h
a
n
ce
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
ch
em
es
b
y
ex
am
in
in
g
t
h
e
r
o
o
t c
au
s
es o
f
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
.
−
Acc
u
r
ate
f
au
lt lo
ca
tio
n
esti
m
atio
n
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
tim
e
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
to
r
ep
air
th
e
f
au
lts
.
−
I
n
teg
r
atio
n
with
I
o
T
o
r
I
E
D
-
b
ased
s
en
s
o
r
s
in
s
talled
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
elec
tr
icity
n
etwo
r
k
will
p
lay
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t r
o
le
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
to
en
h
a
n
ce
p
r
o
tectio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
A
r
o
b
u
s
t
d
ata
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
ac
co
m
p
an
ied
b
y
c
y
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
es
an
d
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
t
esti
n
g
,
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
AI
-
b
ased
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
to
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
icity
n
etwo
r
k
[
7
8
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
r
e
g
u
lato
r
y
g
u
id
elin
es
en
s
u
r
es
ad
h
er
en
ce
an
d
in
te
r
o
p
er
a
b
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
an
d
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ad
h
er
e
to
s
p
ec
if
ie
d
r
u
les
an
d
g
u
id
elin
es
to
f
u
lf
ill
q
u
ality
,
s
af
ety
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
leg
al
o
b
lig
atio
n
s
.
AI
-
b
ased
elec
tr
icity
n
etwo
r
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
C
h
a
llen
g
es o
f imp
leme
n
tin
g
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
ystems
in
s
ma
r
t g
r
i
d
s
:
a
r
ev
iew
(
S
a
b
a
t A
n
w
a
r
i
)
723
p
r
o
tectio
n
c
an
r
esu
lt
i
n
a
p
o
wer
g
r
id
r
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
t
h
at
in
cr
ea
s
es
r
esil
ien
ce
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
th
er
e
b
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
d
o
wn
tim
e
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
o
v
er
all
n
etwo
r
k
r
eliab
ilit
y
[
7
9
]
.
3.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
S
e
l
f
-
h
e
a
li
n
g
i
s
a
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
al
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
o
r
b
a
s
i
c
ca
p
a
b
i
l
it
y
t
h
a
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
i
n
a
s
m
a
r
t
g
r
i
d
[
8
0
]
–
[
8
2
]
.
T
h
e
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
y
o
f
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
is
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
b
y
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
at
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
o
f
elec
tr
icity
to
cu
s
to
m
er
s
is
u
n
in
ter
r
u
p
ted
.
T
h
e
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
h
as
two
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
:
th
e
f
ir
s
t
is
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
b
y
d
etec
tin
g
f
au
lts
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
cu
s
to
m
er
s
er
v
ice
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ar
e
n
o
t d
is
r
u
p
ted
b
y
h
id
d
en
tr
o
u
b
les,
an
d
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
is
s
elf
-
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
b
y
r
esto
r
in
g
f
a
u
lts
as
q
u
ick
ly
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le
[
8
1
]
,
[
8
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
p
o
wer
f
u
l
an
d
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
co
m
p
u
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
m
o
n
ito
r
an
d
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
e
x
ten
t
o
f
th
eir
s
tate
to
war
d
s
a
f
au
lt
s
tate
with
p
r
o
g
n
o
s
tic
an
aly
tics
.
W
h
en
f
au
lt
s
o
cc
u
r
,
th
e
y
m
ak
e
q
u
ick
d
ec
is
io
n
s
to
d
iag
n
o
s
e,
f
in
d
,
a
n
d
is
o
late
f
au
lts
,
as
wel
l
as
r
ef
o
r
m
a
n
d
r
ed
ir
ec
t
p
o
wer
f
lo
ws
[
2
1
]
.
I
n
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
s
tag
es
o
r
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
is
m
o
d
elin
g
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
a
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
m
u
s
t
d
escr
ib
e
n
etwo
r
k
b
eh
av
i
o
r
as
a
wh
o
le
s
o
th
at
wh
en
t
h
er
e
is
an
ab
n
o
r
m
ality
th
at
m
a
y
b
e
a
f
a
u
lt,
it
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
etec
ted
as q
u
ic
k
ly
as p
o
s
s
ib
le.
At
th
is
s
tag
e,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
p
ap
er
s
th
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
Yan
g
et
a
l
.
[
8
1
]
a
n
d
Yo
n
g
jie
et
a
l.
[
8
4
]
d
iv
i
d
e
th
e
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
m
o
d
el
in
to
f
o
u
r
s
tep
s
.
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t step
i
s
to
cr
ea
te
a
m
o
d
el
th
at
d
escr
ib
e
s
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tep
,
th
e
lim
its
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
tatu
s
v
alu
es
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
etwe
en
th
o
s
e
th
at
ar
e
n
o
r
m
al
an
d
th
o
s
e
t
h
at
s
h
o
w
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
,
s
o
th
at
a
s
af
ety
m
ar
g
in
m
o
d
el
ca
n
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
[
8
1
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
th
i
r
d
s
tep
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
m
o
d
els,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
b
u
ild
a
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
we
r
s
u
p
p
ly
r
ec
o
v
er
y
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
o
p
er
atin
g
f
ee
d
er
.
Fin
ally
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
m
o
d
el,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
d
ev
el
o
p
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
s
tep
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
f
o
r
m
a
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
[
8
4
]
.
E
lg
en
ed
y
et
a
l.
[
2
3
]
an
d
Go
m
es
et
a
l.
[
8
5
]
,
th
e
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
m
o
d
el
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
u
lti
-
ag
en
t
s
y
s
tem
(
MA
S),
wh
ich
c
an
b
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
an
AI
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
.
E
ac
h
ag
e
n
t
ca
n
wo
r
k
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
a
n
d
ca
n
also
co
m
m
u
n
icate
with
e
ac
h
o
th
er
as
well
as
with
o
t
h
er
d
ev
ices
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
ag
en
ts
u
s
ed
as
m
o
d
els
ca
n
b
e
class
if
ied
in
to
s
ev
er
al
ca
teg
o
r
ies
[
8
6
]
,
s
u
ch
as
g
r
id
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
ag
en
ts
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
r
eso
u
r
ce
ag
en
ts
,
en
d
-
u
s
er
ag
en
ts
,
f
ailu
r
e
co
n
tr
o
l
ag
en
ts
,
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
ag
en
ts
,
an
d
g
r
ap
h
ic
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
ag
en
ts
.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
o
f
a
M
A
S
c
a
n
b
e
i
l
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
b
l
o
c
k
d
i
a
g
r
a
m
,
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
.
I
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
,
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
two
ac
tiv
e
ag
en
ts
in
th
e
MA
S
is
d
ep
i
cted
.
T
h
ese
ag
en
ts
h
av
e
t
h
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
an
aly
z
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
o
b
jects a
n
d
u
tili
ze
it f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
l a
ctio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
a
MA
S
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
7
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
2
5
:
7
1
5
-
7
2
9
724
Yu
an
et
a
l.
[
8
7
]
,
a
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
ca
lled
ed
g
e
co
m
p
u
t
in
g
-
ass
is
ted
in
tellig
en
t
d
ec
is
i
o
n
m
o
d
els
(EC
-
I
DM
)
was
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
.
I
n
th
is
m
eth
o
d
,
c
o
o
r
d
in
atio
n
te
ch
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
a
r
r
an
g
ed
h
ier
ar
c
h
ically
to
o
p
tim
ize
lo
ca
l
o
b
ject
m
o
d
els.
L
o
ca
l
o
b
jects
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
d
ata
c
o
llec
ted
f
r
o
m
s
en
s
o
r
s
lo
ca
ted
i
n
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
ar
ea
u
s
in
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
to
f
o
r
m
lo
ad
p
atter
n
s
,
d
etec
t
f
au
lt
is
s
u
es,
an
d
s
im
u
late
a
wid
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
m
ax
im
ize
n
etwo
r
k
e
f
f
icien
cy
.
J
iao
et
a
l.
[
8
8
]
,
a
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
was
d
esig
n
ed
b
ase
d
o
n
d
ata
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
W
AP
C
AM
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
W
APC
AM
i
s
d
esig
n
ed
b
ased
o
n
a
h
ier
a
r
ch
ical
p
r
o
tectio
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l sy
s
tem
,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
f
o
r
m
a
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
.
B
ased
o
n
d
ata
f
r
o
m
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
lev
els:
th
e
lo
ca
l
d
etec
tio
n
ce
n
ter
,
th
e
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
-
in
teg
r
ated
d
etec
tio
n
lev
el,
an
d
th
e
wid
e
-
ar
ea
d
etec
tio
n
lev
el.
T
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
th
is
th
r
ee
-
le
v
el
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
izatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
et
wo
r
k
an
d
th
e
in
teg
r
ated
wid
e
-
ar
ea
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
etwo
r
k
.
Sm
ar
t
g
r
id
s
ar
e
m
o
d
er
n
p
o
we
r
g
r
id
s
th
at
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
co
m
p
lex
an
d
h
a
v
e
a
lo
t
o
f
d
ata
to
b
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
i
n
p
r
o
tectio
n
an
d
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
ca
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
p
r
o
p
er
ly
wh
en
it
ca
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
lar
g
e
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
d
ata
q
u
ick
l
y
an
d
ac
cu
r
ately
.
C
lass
ical
co
m
p
u
tin
g
m
e
th
o
d
s
m
ak
e
it
v
er
y
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
h
an
d
le
v
ast
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
d
ata.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
AI
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
is
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
n
ec
ess
ar
y
tech
n
i
q
u
e
[
8
9
]
.
Va
r
io
u
s
AI
-
b
ased
r
esear
ch
h
as
b
ee
n
c
o
n
d
u
cted
to
s
y
n
th
esize
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
tak
in
g
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
AI
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
lar
g
e
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
d
ata
q
u
ick
ly
an
d
ac
cu
r
ately
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
p
r
o
c
ed
u
r
e
is
f
au
lt d
etec
tio
n
.
Sh
af
iu
llah
et
a
l.
[
9
0
]
d
eter
m
in
ed
f
au
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ex
tr
e
m
e
lear
n
i
n
g
m
ac
h
i
n
e
(
E
L
M)
m
eth
o
d
in
a
n
etwo
r
k
with
in
p
u
t
d
ata
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
u
s
ef
u
l
s
tatis
t
ical
f
ea
tu
r
es
ex
tr
ac
ted
b
y
W
T
.
T
h
e
y
s
tated
th
at
th
e
r
esu
lts
wer
e
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
m
eth
o
d
s
b
a
s
ed
o
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
v
ec
to
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
p
lu
s
W
T
(
SVR
-
W
T
)
o
r
ar
tific
ial
n
e
u
r
al
n
etw
o
r
k
p
lu
s
W
T
(
ANN
-
W
T
)
.
Faza
i
et
a
l.
[
9
1
]
d
esig
n
ed
a
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
b
ased
o
n
g
au
s
s
ian
p
r
o
ce
s
s
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
(
GPR
)
an
d
th
en
d
etec
ted
f
au
lts
u
s
in
g
th
e
g
en
er
ali
ze
d
lik
elih
o
o
d
r
atio
test
(
GL
R
T
)
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
f
a
u
lt
d
etec
tio
n
(
FD)
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Siro
jan
et
a
l.
[
9
2
]
u
s
ed
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
-
b
ased
m
et
h
o
d
t
o
ap
p
l
y
h
ig
h
-
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
(
HI
FD)
in
th
e
p
o
we
r
g
r
id
,
ac
h
iev
i
n
g
a
h
ig
h
er
d
etec
tio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
9
8
.
6
7
p
er
ce
n
t.
A
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
ch
em
e
f
o
r
HI
FD
u
s
in
g
ex
tr
em
e
lear
n
in
g
m
ac
h
i
n
es (
E
L
M)
b
as
ed
o
n
wav
elet
p
ac
k
et
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
(
W
PT)
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
Asg
h
ar
iGo
v
ar
et
a
l.
[
9
3
]
.
Z
h
an
g
et
a
l.
[
9
4
]
ca
p
t
u
r
ed
t
h
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
m
u
lti
-
s
o
u
r
ce
d
d
ata
b
y
u
s
in
g
lo
n
g
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
m
em
o
r
y
(
L
STM
)
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
class
if
ied
th
e
m
u
s
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
v
ec
to
r
m
ac
h
in
e
s
(
SVM)
to
p
r
ed
ict
lin
e
tr
i
p
f
au
lts
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
a
h
ig
h
er
lev
el
o
f
ac
cu
r
ac
y
in
p
r
ed
ictin
g
lin
e
tr
ip
f
au
lts
,
Haq
e
t
a
l.
[
9
5
]
ex
t
r
ac
ted
f
ea
tu
r
es
u
s
in
g
d
is
cr
ete
wav
elet
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
s
u
p
to
n
i
n
e
lev
els
an
d
class
if
ied
th
em
b
ased
o
n
d
o
u
b
le
-
ch
a
n
n
el
ex
tr
em
e
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
.
W
an
g
et
a
l.
[
9
6
]
s
y
n
th
esized
a
s
tack
ed
s
p
ar
s
e
au
to
en
co
d
e
r
(
SS
AE
)
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
tr
ai
n
ed
u
s
in
g
a
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
with
in
p
u
t
f
e
atu
r
es
b
ased
o
n
p
r
i
n
cip
al
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
an
aly
s
is
(
PC
A)
an
d
cla
s
s
if
ied
u
s
in
g
SVM.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
h
ig
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
wh
en
a
p
p
lied
to
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
l
d
d
ata.
I
n
th
is
p
a
p
er
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
r
esu
lts
,
m
o
r
e
in
-
d
e
p
th
r
esear
ch
is
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
to
a
d
d
r
ess
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
First,
th
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
is
p
ac
k
ag
ed
u
s
in
g
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
atab
ase
u
s
in
g
th
e
W
APC
AM
m
eth
o
d
,
a
n
d
t
h
en
th
e
f
ir
s
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
is
d
esig
n
ed
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
f
a
u
lt
d
etec
to
r
.
T
h
e
d
etec
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
lev
els
[
9
7
]
:
th
e
lo
ca
l
d
etec
tio
n
ce
n
ter
,
th
e
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
-
in
teg
r
at
ed
d
etec
tio
n
lev
el,
an
d
th
e
wid
e
-
ar
ea
d
etec
tio
n
lev
el.
At
th
e
lo
ca
l
d
etec
tio
n
ce
n
ter
,
a
m
o
d
el
m
u
s
t
b
e
cr
ea
t
ed
th
at
is
ab
le
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
lo
ca
l
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
ca
n
d
etec
t
v
a
r
io
u
s
ty
p
es
o
f
f
au
lts
.
At
th
e
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
-
in
teg
r
ated
d
etec
tio
n
lev
el,
th
e
m
o
d
el
m
u
s
t
b
e
ab
le
t
o
in
teg
r
ate
th
e
b
ac
k
u
p
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
also
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
co
n
tr
o
l,
s
u
ch
as
au
to
m
atic
r
ec
lo
s
in
g
,
au
to
m
atic
b
u
s
tr
a
n
s
f
er
,
an
d
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
er
f
ailu
r
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
.
B
o
th
th
e
p
r
o
t
ec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
at
th
e
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
-
in
teg
r
ated
d
etec
tio
n
le
v
el
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
d
ata
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
at
c
o
v
er
th
e
en
tire
wo
r
k
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
s
tat
io
n
-
in
teg
r
ate
d
d
etec
tio
n
lev
el.
At
th
e
wid
e
-
ar
ea
d
etec
tio
n
lev
el,
th
e
m
o
d
el
m
u
s
t
b
e
ab
le
to
co
m
b
in
e
th
e
b
ac
k
u
p
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
en
tire
s
y
s
tem
an
d
also
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
a
ce
n
tr
al
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
m
u
s
t
also
b
e
ab
le
to
in
teg
r
ate
p
r
o
tectio
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
in
to
o
n
e
o
p
tim
al
co
m
b
in
ed
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
u
s
,
all
m
o
d
els,
b
o
th
at
th
e
lo
ca
l
d
ete
ctio
n
ce
n
ter
,
at
th
e
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
-
in
teg
r
ated
d
etec
tio
n
lev
el,
an
d
at
th
e
wid
e
-
ar
ea
d
et
ec
tio
n
lev
el,
m
u
s
t
h
av
e
s
elf
-
h
e
alin
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
m
o
d
eli
n
g
m
eth
o
d
m
u
s
t
b
e
AI
-
b
ased
,
wh
ic
h
will
r
esu
lt
in
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
b
ein
g
ab
le
to
d
etec
t
f
au
lts
q
u
ick
ly
a
n
d
ac
cu
r
ately
.
I
t
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
r
esear
ch
v
ar
io
u
s
AI
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
th
at
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
b
est p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
s
y
n
th
esizin
g
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
c
ap
ab
ilit
ies
is
to
u
tili
ze
a
MA
S
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ea
ch
is
s
u
e
b
ein
g
m
o
d
eled
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
an
ag
en
t.
T
h
ese
ag
e
n
ts
m
u
s
t
b
e
ab
le
t
o
class
if
y
lo
ca
l
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
d
eter
m
in
e
h
o
w
clo
s
e
th
ey
a
r
e
to
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
a
f
au
lt
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
.
Oth
er
ag
en
ts
m
u
s
t
also
b
e
a
b
le
to
p
r
ed
ict
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
th
at
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
f
au
lts
.
W
h
en
a
f
a
u
lt
o
cc
u
r
s
,
an
ag
en
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
esig
n
e
d
to
m
an
ag
e
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
b
y
d
is
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
th
e
f
au
lt
a
n
d
r
er
o
u
tin
g
(
ch
a
n
g
in
g
th
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
)
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
an
u
n
i
n
ter
r
u
p
ted
en
e
r
g
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
to
cu
s
to
m
er
s
wh
ile
o
p
tim
izi
n
g
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
On
ce
th
e
f
au
lt
h
as
b
ee
n
r
e
p
a
ir
ed
,
th
e
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
m
u
s
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
s
ec
o
n
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
wh
ich
is
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.