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(EV).
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l
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fe
d
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d
ri
v
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d
o
n
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u
sin
g
M
ATLAB/
S
imu
li
n
k
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d
iffere
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t
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s a
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stu
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.
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w
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:
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D
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P in
teg
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en
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n
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c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
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d
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r th
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CC B
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-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
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s
p
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A
uth
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:
C
ar
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An
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Sam
Dep
ar
tm
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t o
f
E
lectr
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an
d
E
lectr
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g
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Kar
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I
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s
tit
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T
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s
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am
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d
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m
ail: c
ar
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n
n
s
am
@
g
m
ai
l.c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
r
e
c
e
n
t
d
e
c
a
d
e
s
,
e
l
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c
t
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c
v
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l
e
s
(
E
Vs
)
h
a
v
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d
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t
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t
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m
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s
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t
h
e
u
p
c
o
m
i
n
g
s
m
a
r
t
c
it
i
es
[
1
]
.
W
i
d
es
p
r
e
a
d
r
es
e
a
r
c
h
i
s
u
n
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-
to
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e
(
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2
H
)
,
v
eh
i
c
l
e
-
to
-
g
r
i
d
(
V
2
G
)
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
,
s
m
a
r
t
p
o
w
e
r
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
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a
n
d
a
u
t
o
n
o
m
o
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s
d
r
i
v
i
n
g
[
4
]
.
A
l
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
r
e
n
d
i
n
g
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
ti
o
n
s
a
r
e
u
n
d
e
r
g
o
n
e
i
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b
a
t
t
e
r
y
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
E
V
d
r
i
v
e
t
r
a
i
n
s
,
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
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g
e
m
e
n
t
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y
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e
m
s
a
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d
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
i
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
[
5
]
,
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
s
t
il
l
m
o
r
e
w
o
r
k
t
o
b
e
d
o
n
e
f
o
r
th
e
w
i
d
e
s
p
r
e
a
d
c
o
m
m
e
r
ci
a
l
iz
a
t
io
n
o
f
E
V
s
e
s
p
e
ci
a
l
l
y
i
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
.
EV
d
r
iv
e
tr
ain
co
m
p
r
is
es
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
o
wer
e
lectr
o
n
ic
co
n
v
er
ter
s
an
d
elec
t
r
ic
m
o
to
r
s
to
d
r
iv
e
th
e
v
e
h
icle.
Po
wer
el
ec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
v
er
ter
s
h
as
a
k
ey
r
o
le
in
th
e
v
eh
icle
d
r
iv
e
tr
ain
as
it
is
r
esp
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n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
co
n
t
r
o
llin
g
th
e
p
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wer
f
lo
w
f
r
o
m
th
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en
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r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
th
e
m
o
to
r
an
d
v
ice
v
er
s
a
[
6
]
.
Ad
v
an
ce
d
r
esear
ch
es
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
i
n
p
o
we
r
elec
t
r
o
n
ic
co
n
v
er
ter
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
r
ec
is
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
co
n
tr
o
l,
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
d
r
iv
e
t
r
ain
'
s
s
ize
an
d
weig
h
t
[
7
]
.
Dif
f
er
en
t
co
n
tr
o
lled
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
v
er
ter
s
lik
e
r
ec
tifie
r
s
,
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
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ter
s
,
an
d
i
n
v
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ter
s
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
E
V
d
r
iv
e
tr
ain
[
8
]
.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
ese,
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
m
ai
n
ly
b
e
twee
n
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
a
n
d
t
h
e
in
v
e
r
ter
t
o
c
o
n
tr
o
l
th
e
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e.
Als
o
,
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
r
o
p
er
t
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
th
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
aid
s
in
f
ee
d
in
g
b
ac
k
p
o
wer
t
o
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
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-
4
7
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F
o
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r
q
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a
d
r
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n
t o
p
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tio
n
o
f
b
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d
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C
-
DC
co
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ve
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ter
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eh
icles
(
C
a
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741
Fo
r
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r
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V
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ai
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wid
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ch
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k
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a
n
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g
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ally
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h
alf
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b
r
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DC
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s
an
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u
ll
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b
r
id
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DC
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DC
co
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v
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ter
s
[
9
]
a
r
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e.
Als
o
,
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
t
r
an
s
f
er
o
f
p
o
wer
b
etwe
en
th
e
b
atter
y
a
n
d
th
e
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
e
is
ess
en
tial,
wh
ich
b
r
in
g
s
th
e
b
i
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
in
to
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
te
r
is
u
s
ed
in
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
wh
er
e
th
er
e
is
a
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
in
f
o
r
war
d
a
n
d
b
ac
k
war
d
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
I
t
ca
n
also
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
tep
p
in
g
d
o
wn
a
n
d
s
tep
p
in
g
u
p
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
m
o
t
o
r
in
g
a
n
d
r
eg
en
er
ativ
e
b
r
a
k
in
g
o
p
e
r
atio
n
w
h
ich
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
a
n
d
b
o
o
s
ts
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
le
v
el
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
ical
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
(
E
E
SS
)
to
a
h
ig
h
er
lev
el,
th
er
eb
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t a
n
d
ass
o
ciate
d
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
c
o
n
v
er
ter
-
f
e
d
b
r
u
s
h
less
DC
(
B
L
DC
)
d
r
iv
e
f
o
r
EV
s
.
C
lo
s
ed
lo
o
p
c
o
n
tr
o
l
is
ac
h
iev
e
d
u
s
in
g
T
e
x
as
I
n
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
L
AUNCHXL
-
F2
8
3
7
9
D
C
2
0
0
0
Delf
in
o
L
a
u
n
ch
p
a
d
in
ter
f
ac
ed
with
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
.
C
2
0
0
0
c
o
n
t
r
o
ller
s
h
av
e
s
ev
er
al
attr
ac
tiv
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
lik
e
h
ig
h
r
eso
lu
tio
n
,
h
ig
h
ly
f
lex
ib
le
PW
Ms,
an
d
h
ig
h
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
wh
ich
m
ak
es
th
em
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
E
V
d
r
iv
e
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
2.
B
I
D
I
RE
CT
I
O
NAL D
C
-
DC
CO
NVER
T
E
RS F
O
R
E
V
R
ec
en
tly
,
wid
esp
r
ea
d
r
esear
ch
is
u
n
d
er
g
o
n
e
i
n
b
id
i
r
ec
tio
n
a
l
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
s
'
co
n
tr
o
l,
d
esig
n
an
d
m
o
d
ellin
g
[
1
2
]
-
[
1
4
]
esp
ec
ial
ly
f
o
r
E
V
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
B
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ca
n
c
o
n
tr
o
l
b
o
th
m
o
to
r
in
g
an
d
r
eg
en
e
r
ativ
e
b
r
ak
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
o
v
e
r
all
ef
f
icien
cy
.
B
i
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
s
ar
e
class
if
ied
as
is
o
lated
co
n
v
er
ter
s
an
d
n
o
n
-
is
o
lated
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
[
9
]
,
[
1
5
]
-
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
b
asic
wo
r
k
in
g
o
f
b
i
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
is
b
ased
o
n
u
n
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
s
u
ch
as
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
an
d
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
c
ir
cu
its
,
b
u
t
ad
d
itio
n
ally
b
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
p
ath
is
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
[
1
8
]
.
Sev
er
al
is
o
lated
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
ar
e
av
ailab
le
s
u
ch
a
s
p
u
s
h
-
p
u
ll
co
n
v
er
ter
,
f
ly
b
ac
k
co
n
v
e
r
ter
,
h
alf
-
b
r
id
g
e
co
n
v
er
ter
,
an
d
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
co
n
v
er
ter
wh
ic
h
ar
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ab
le
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
f
l
y
b
ac
k
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
a
g
o
o
d
ch
o
ice
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
eir
s
im
p
le
f
o
r
m
,
l
o
w
co
s
t
an
d
s
tr
o
n
g
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
,
th
ey
ar
e
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
s
cillatio
n
an
d
s
witch
in
g
s
tr
ess
d
u
e
to
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
’
leak
ag
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
.
Pu
s
h
-
p
u
ll
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
two
s
witch
in
g
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
witch
es
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
f
ly
b
a
ck
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
an
d
th
e
s
y
s
tem
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
is
d
o
u
b
led
.
B
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
[
1
9
]
ar
e
p
r
e
f
er
r
ed
f
o
r
m
ed
iu
m
an
d
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
s
in
ce
th
ey
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
e
b
r
i
d
g
e
a
r
m
’
s
o
n
-
o
f
f
elim
in
atin
g
th
e
b
ias
p
r
o
b
lem
.
Sin
ce
th
e
w
o
r
k
in
g
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
a
f
u
ll
b
r
i
d
g
e
D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
is
d
o
u
b
le
t
h
at
o
f
a
h
alf
b
r
id
g
e
co
n
v
er
ter
,
it is
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
lies
.
Co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
n
o
n
-
is
o
lated
h
al
f
-
b
r
id
g
e
co
n
v
er
ter
co
m
b
in
es
s
tep
-
u
p
co
n
v
er
ter
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
an
ti
-
p
ar
allel
with
s
tep
-
d
o
wn
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
o
p
e
r
ates
eith
er
in
a
b
u
ck
o
r
b
o
o
s
t
m
o
d
e
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
b
i
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
[
2
0
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
in
t
h
e
b
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
co
n
v
er
t
er
,
m
o
r
e
s
witch
es
ar
e
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
cir
cu
it
w
h
ich
allo
ws
th
e
d
r
iv
e
to
o
p
er
ate
in
all
f
o
u
r
q
u
a
d
r
an
ts
.
I
n
E
V,
f
o
u
r
q
u
ad
r
a
n
t
o
p
er
atio
n
[
1
3
]
p
r
im
a
r
ily
h
as
t
h
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
b
r
ak
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
,
to
ch
a
r
g
e
th
e
v
eh
icle
b
atter
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
e
r
ter
o
p
er
ates
eith
er
in
a
b
u
ck
o
r
b
o
o
s
t m
o
d
e
to
ch
ar
g
e
th
e
b
atter
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ly
.
3.
WO
RK
I
NG
P
RINC
I
P
L
E
O
F
T
H
E
B
I
DIR
E
C
T
I
O
NA
L
F
UL
L
B
RIDG
E
DC
-
DC
CO
NVER
T
E
R
3
.
1
.
Desig
n ste
ps
T
h
e
b
i
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
e
r
ter
is
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
2
k
W
with
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
1
2
-
6
0
V
[
9
]
.
Desig
n
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
s
wi
tch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
is
ass
u
m
ed
to
b
e
2
5
k
Hz.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
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e
2
k
W
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
f
u
ll b
r
id
g
e
co
n
v
er
ter
cir
c
u
it d
i
ag
r
am
d
esig
n
e
d
f
o
r
E
V
d
r
i
v
e.
T
ab
le
1
.
Desig
n
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
b
i
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
f
u
ll b
r
id
g
e
D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
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ter
P
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r
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me
t
e
r
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S
p
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c
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t
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,
V
in
12
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v
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Ass
u
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52
I
n
d
o
n
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J
E
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n
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&
C
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p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
7
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2
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Feb
r
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r
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e
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w
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in
is
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Fig
u
r
e
1
.
A
2
k
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B
id
ir
ec
tio
n
a
l f
u
ll b
r
id
g
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
E
V
d
r
iv
e
3
.
2
.
M
o
des
o
f
o
pera
t
io
n
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
es
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
f
u
ll
b
r
id
g
e
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
n
am
ely
f
o
r
war
d
b
u
ck
,
f
o
r
war
d
b
o
o
s
t,
r
ev
er
s
e
b
u
c
k
an
d
r
ev
er
s
e
b
o
o
s
t
m
o
d
e.
I
n
th
e
f
o
r
war
d
m
o
d
e
,
p
o
wer
f
lo
ws
f
r
o
m
en
e
r
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to
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3
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2
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1
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s
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t
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h
T
1
is
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r
a
t
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d
i
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PW
M
m
o
d
e
.
W
h
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n
T
1
i
s
t
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d
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d
s
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d
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2
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2
(
b
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3
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2
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2
.
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bo
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s
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I
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m
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s
witch
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1
is
in
ON
s
tate
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d
T
4
o
p
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ates
in
P
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M
m
o
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e.
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h
en
T
1
an
d
T
4
ar
e
tu
r
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in
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cto
r
c
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r
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t
in
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e
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s
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th
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in
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as
s
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in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
c)
.
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is
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r
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p
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ly
f
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as
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h
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wn
in
Fig
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r
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2
(
d
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d
th
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s
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3
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2
.
3
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Rev
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e
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witch
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ated
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c
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r
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f
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ath
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s
h
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Fig
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r
e
2
(
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r
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m
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Fig
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r
e
2
(
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3
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2
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4
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witch
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2
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ates
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m
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e.
W
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en
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3
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2
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r
cu
r
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in
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es
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r
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ets
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2
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r
n
e
d
OFF,
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th
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cu
r
r
en
t
f
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ath
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o
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th
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m
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Fig
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s
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a
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2
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h
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I
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J
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3
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e
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ated
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r
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r
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3
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RE
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[
1
]
G
.
G
i
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[
2
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H
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tac
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d
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a
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.
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rre
n
tl
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n
As
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iate
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ro
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d
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g
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th
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sa
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h
a
s
p
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ted
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p
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m
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s
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tern
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re
se
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rc
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d
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d
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o
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c
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rg
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c
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b
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c
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t
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m
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il
:
jeg
a
th
e
sa
n
@k
a
ru
n
y
a
.
e
d
u
.
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