I
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l En
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m
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Science
Vo
l.
37
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
25
,
p
p
.
1
2
5
1
~1
2
6
1
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SS
N:
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4
7
52
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DOI
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1
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cs
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37.
i
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rg
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d
a
p
ti
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p
ro
t
o
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l
wi
th
a
n
e
w
a
rti
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e
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d
ista
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c
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m
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n
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ti
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m
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m
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wit
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th
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k
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wn
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,
th
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sim
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latio
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su
lt
s
d
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m
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n
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te
th
e
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fficie
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c
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o
f
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r
a
p
p
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h
:
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f
th
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n
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two
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is ex
ten
d
e
d
a
n
d
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
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n
is r
e
d
u
c
e
d
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
lu
s
ter
in
g
E
n
er
g
y
E
f
f
icien
cy
K
-
m
ea
n
s
L
E
AC
H
Ma
ch
in
e
lear
n
in
g
Netwo
r
k
life
tim
e
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
T
ao
u
s
L
ec
h
an
i
L
E
E
I
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
,
Facu
lty
o
f
Scien
ce
s
,
Un
iv
er
s
ity
M
’
h
am
ed
B
o
u
g
ar
a
o
f
B
o
u
m
er
d
es
B
o
u
m
er
d
es,
Alg
er
ia
E
m
ail:
t.le
ch
an
i@
u
n
iv
-
b
o
u
m
e
r
d
es.d
z
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
W
ir
eles
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
W
SN)
h
av
e
ar
o
u
s
ed
th
e
in
ter
es
t
of
b
o
th
ac
a
d
em
ics
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ialis
ts
.
T
h
eir
ap
p
licatio
n
s
co
v
e
r
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
of
in
d
u
s
tr
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
,
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e,
s
m
ar
t
b
u
ild
in
g
s
,
th
e
m
ilit
ar
y
an
d
u
n
d
er
wate
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[1
]
-
[
4
]
.
A
W
SN
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
of
s
ev
e
r
al
m
icr
o
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ices
ca
lled
n
o
d
es
wh
ich
a
r
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
to
co
llect
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata.
T
h
ese
n
o
d
es
tr
an
s
m
it
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
h
y
s
ic
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
th
ey
s
en
s
e
f
r
o
m
th
eir
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n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
to
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
(
B
S)
v
ia
d
ir
ec
t
s
en
s
o
r
y
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
or
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
th
er
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
Fo
llo
win
g
d
ata
r
ec
eip
t
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
th
e
BS
p
r
o
v
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d
es
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
th
e
en
d
u
s
er
to
m
ak
e
d
ec
is
io
n
.
An
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
due
to
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
’
lim
ited
en
er
g
y
,
th
e
n
o
n
-
r
ec
h
ar
g
ea
b
le
a
n
d
non
-
c
h
an
g
ea
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le
b
atter
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Fu
r
th
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m
o
r
e
,
lo
n
g
-
d
is
tan
ce
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
u
s
es
more
en
er
g
y
th
an
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
p
ath
tr
an
s
f
er
.
T
h
ese
is
s
u
es
led
s
cien
tis
ts
to
f
o
cu
s
on
clu
s
ter
in
g
as
an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
of
m
in
im
is
in
g
u
s
e
of
e
n
er
g
y
an
d
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
life
ti
m
e
.
By
c
r
ea
tin
g
clu
s
ter
s
an
d
s
h
o
r
ten
in
g
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
is
tan
ce
s
,
clu
s
ter
in
g
in
W
SN
s
ee
k
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
en
er
g
y
n
ee
d
ed
to
ca
r
r
y
in
f
o
r
m
atio
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f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
to
t
h
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
all
n
o
d
es
s
en
d
s
tr
aig
h
t
th
eir
d
ata
d
ir
ec
tly
to
th
eir
clu
s
ter
’
s
h
ea
d
(
C
H)
.
Af
ter
d
ata
h
av
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b
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n
co
m
p
iled
,
ag
g
r
eg
ated
,
an
d
co
m
p
r
ess
ed
[5
]
-
[
7
]
,
th
e
CH
f
o
r
war
d
s
it
to
t
h
e
n
ea
r
b
y
CH
or
th
e
B
S.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
37
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
1
2
5
1
-
1
2
6
1
1252
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
wid
ely
u
s
ed
clu
s
ter
in
g
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
is
th
e
well
-
k
n
o
wn
l
o
w
-
en
er
g
y
ad
a
p
tiv
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
h
ier
ar
ch
y
(
L
E
AC
H
)
,
wh
ich
s
elec
ts
clu
s
ter
-
h
ea
d
s
r
an
d
o
m
ly
.
Du
e
to
r
an
d
o
m
s
elec
tio
n
,
a
lo
w
-
en
er
g
y
n
o
d
e
m
a
y
be
ch
o
s
en
to
b
ec
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m
e
C
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T
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s
node
will
r
ap
i
d
ly
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
i
ts
en
er
g
y
an
d
d
ies,
ca
u
s
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g
w
h
o
les
r
eg
io
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w
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er
e
n
o
d
es
ar
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u
n
av
ail
a
b
le
an
d
ac
ce
ler
atin
g
th
e
"d
ea
th
"
of
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
in
its
en
tire
ty
.
An
o
t
h
er
d
is
ad
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an
tag
e
of
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AC
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is
th
at
it
f
o
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m
s
clu
s
ter
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ased
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n
l
y
on
th
e
d
is
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s
b
etwe
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with
o
u
t
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n
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id
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g
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th
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ig
n
i
f
ican
t
f
ac
t
o
r
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
o
p
tim
al
n
u
m
b
er
of
clu
s
ter
s
or
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m
an
n
er
th
ey
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d
is
tr
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u
ted
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etwo
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k
.
As
a
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clu
s
ter
s
d
if
f
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s
ize,
lead
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g
to
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
en
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g
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p
tio
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C
o
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s
eq
u
en
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two
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s
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with
th
e
L
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AC
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ith
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h
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id
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t
if
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f
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tiv
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CH
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tio
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an
d
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n
o
p
tim
ized
clu
s
ter
in
g
.
W
ith
th
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d
ev
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p
m
en
ts
in
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t
if
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tellig
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,
th
e
K
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s
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one
of
th
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u
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s
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m
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ev
elo
p
ed
.
It
is
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
in
h
ier
a
r
ch
ical
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
to
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
s
eg
m
en
t
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
in
to
a
g
iv
en
n
u
m
b
er
of
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
clu
s
ter
s
.
T
h
is
allo
ws
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
of
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
’
s
n
o
d
es
an
d
CH
s
to
be
d
iv
id
e
d
ev
en
ly
a
n
d
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
d
ec
r
e
ased
.
In
th
is
wo
r
k
,
to
en
h
an
ce
clu
s
ter
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
’
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
a
n
ew
p
r
o
to
co
l
ca
lled
en
er
g
y
d
is
tan
ce
K
-
m
ea
n
s
L
E
AC
H
(
E
DK
-
L
E
AC
H
)
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
b
o
th
th
e
L
E
AC
H
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
an
d
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
K
-
m
ea
n
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
p
r
esen
ted
.
B
ef
o
r
e
to
th
e
C
Hs
b
ein
g
elec
ted
,
th
e
a
r
ea
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
clu
s
ter
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
K
-
m
ea
n
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
t
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
th
en
u
tili
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
C
Hs
tak
in
g
in
t
o
ac
co
u
n
t
b
o
th
th
e
n
o
d
es
’
r
em
ai
n
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
th
e
ce
n
tr
o
i
d
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
s
ar
e
lis
te
d
as
f
o
llo
ws:
−
I
n
itially
,
our
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
s
ep
ar
a
tes
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
in
to
K
g
iv
e
n
clu
s
ter
s
by
ap
p
ly
in
g
th
e
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
K
-
m
ea
n
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
−
Nex
t,
th
e
CH
of
ea
c
h
clu
s
ter
is
d
esig
n
ed
u
s
in
g
an
o
b
jecti
v
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
th
at
c
o
n
s
id
er
s
b
o
th
th
e
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
of
ea
c
h
node
f
r
o
m
th
e
clu
s
ter
ce
n
tr
e.
−
Fin
ally
,
we
v
alid
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
of
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
to
co
l
by
co
m
p
a
r
in
g
its
s
im
u
latio
n
s
r
esu
lts
with
th
o
s
e
k
n
o
wn
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
.
T
h
e
r
est
of
th
is
wo
r
k
is
o
r
g
an
is
ed
as
f
o
llo
ws:
s
ec
tio
n
2
p
r
o
v
id
ed
an
o
v
er
v
iew
of
v
ar
io
u
s
r
elev
an
t
ex
is
tin
g
wo
r
k
s
.
Sectio
n
3
o
f
f
er
s
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
d
escr
ip
tio
n
of
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
E
DK
-
L
E
AC
H
m
eth
o
d
.
To
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
of
our
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
s
ec
tio
n
4
co
n
tain
s
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
d
is
p
la
y
s
an
d
an
aly
s
es
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
v
ar
i
o
u
s
s
itu
atio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
ev
a
lu
atio
n
.
C
o
n
cl
u
s
io
n
s
of
th
e
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
y
a
r
e
f
in
ally
o
u
tlin
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
5.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
S
In
W
SNs
,
clu
s
ter
in
g
is
a
v
er
y
co
m
m
o
n
ly
em
p
lo
y
e
d
to
p
o
lo
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
e.
It
g
r
o
u
p
s
s
en
s
o
r
s
to
r
e
d
u
ce
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
n
e
two
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
it
co
n
s
er
v
es
b
an
d
wid
th
w
h
en
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatin
g
with
in
clu
s
ter
s
an
d
r
ed
u
c
es
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
t
m
ess
ag
e
tr
an
s
f
e
r
s
b
etwe
en
n
etwo
r
k
n
o
d
es,
s
p
ec
ially
in
d
en
s
e
ar
ea
s
[
8
]
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
th
e
g
eo
m
etr
ic
s
h
ap
e
o
f
clu
s
ter
s
:
cir
cle
o
r
s
q
u
ar
e
o
f
e
q
u
al
s
ize
[
9
]
-
[
1
2
]
,
s
ec
to
r
clu
s
ter
in
g
[
1
3
]
.
C
ir
cu
lar
p
ath
wa
y
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
p
ar
titi
o
n
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
ar
ea
in
to
clu
s
ter
s
,
ex
ten
d
i
n
g
th
e
life
o
f
W
SN
b
ey
o
n
d
t
h
at
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
L
E
AC
H
[
1
2
]
,
[
14
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
s
o
m
e
o
th
e
r
wo
r
k
s
[
1
0
]
,
[
16
]
,
[
1
7
]
,
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
d
iv
id
es th
e
n
et
wo
r
k
in
to
r
e
g
u
lar
h
e
x
ag
o
n
s
wh
er
e
th
e
n
o
d
es a
n
g
le
r
atio
,
d
is
tan
ce
t
o
th
e
h
ex
a
g
o
n
ce
n
ter
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
o
p
tim
izatio
n
th
r
esh
o
ld
f
u
n
ctio
n
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
e
CH
s
elec
tio
n
p
h
ase.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
a
n
o
n
-
u
n
if
o
r
m
p
ar
titi
o
n
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
in
[
1
8
]
s
u
g
g
ested
an
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
ad
ap
tiv
e
d
o
u
b
le
C
H
r
o
u
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
W
SNs
,
wh
er
e,
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
is
p
ar
titi
o
n
ed
,
in
to
s
ev
er
al
u
n
ev
en
s
ec
tio
n
s
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
r
e
m
o
ten
ess
o
f
ea
ch
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
to
th
e
B
S.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cted
in
[
1
9
]
,
h
as
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
e
f
f
icien
c
y
o
f
tw
o
clu
s
ter
-
b
ased
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
:
L
E
AC
H
an
d
en
er
g
y
-
awa
r
e
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
m
u
lti
-
p
ath
h
ier
a
r
ch
ical
(
E
AM
MH
)
r
o
u
tin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
h
o
m
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
s
h
o
wed
th
at
E
AM
MH
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
b
etter
i
n
lar
g
er
n
etwo
r
k
s
with
a
h
ig
h
n
o
d
e
c
o
u
n
t,
w
h
ile
L
E
AC
H
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
b
etter
in
s
m
aller
n
etwo
r
k
s
with
f
ewe
r
n
o
d
es.
Pan
ch
al
an
d
Sin
g
h
[
2
0
]
,
au
th
o
r
s
h
av
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
an
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
t
h
y
b
r
id
cl
u
s
ter
in
g
an
d
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
r
o
u
tin
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
(
E
E
HC
H
R
)
to
d
ea
l
with
W
S
N
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
First,
an
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
y
b
r
id
clu
s
ter
in
g
is
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
r
ed
u
cin
g
n
o
d
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Nex
t,
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
s
elec
t
e
ac
h
C
H,
at
la
s
t,
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
p
ac
k
et
r
o
u
tin
g
is
s
u
g
g
ested
to
p
r
eser
v
e
n
etwo
r
k
en
er
g
y
.
A
n
ew
en
er
g
y
-
awa
r
e
d
en
s
ity
-
b
ased
clu
s
ter
in
g
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
(
E
A
-
DB
-
C
R
P
)
f
o
r
co
llectin
g
d
ata
in
W
SN
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
2
1
]
.
I
ts
m
ain
g
o
al
is
to
elim
in
ate
s
etu
p
o
v
er
h
ea
d
,
m
in
im
ize
lo
n
g
-
d
is
tan
ce
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
,
an
d
u
n
if
o
r
m
ly
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
p
o
wer
am
o
n
g
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es.
Mo
r
e
p
r
ec
is
el
y
,
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
h
av
e
p
r
esen
ted
a
n
etwo
r
k
m
o
d
el
w
ith
em
p
ir
ical
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
f
o
r
d
escr
ib
in
g
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
way
to
d
iv
id
e,
in
to
eq
u
al
-
s
ize
lay
er
s
an
d
s
u
b
-
lay
e
r
s
,
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
ar
ea
.
In
f
ac
t,
th
e
CH
p
o
s
itio
n
is
r
o
tated
in
e
ac
h
s
u
b
-
lay
er
u
s
in
g
a
r
o
u
n
d
r
o
b
in
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
In
o
r
d
er
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
each
clu
s
ter
c
o
n
tain
th
e
r
ig
h
t
n
u
m
b
e
r
of
n
o
d
es,
th
ey
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
d
en
s
ity
.
T
h
ey
lim
it
th
e
clu
s
ter
d
en
s
ity
by
tu
r
n
in
g
o
f
f
n
ea
r
b
y
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
s
,
an
d
th
ey
u
s
e
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
er
g
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
k
ee
p
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
of
clu
s
ter
m
em
b
er
s
f
r
o
m
f
allin
g
b
elo
w
a
p
r
ed
ef
in
ed
th
r
esh
o
l
d
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
ex
p
l
o
r
e
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
in
clu
s
ter
-
b
ased
W
SNs
with
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
en
h
an
cin
g
L
E
AC
H
’
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
E
DK
-
LEA
C
H:
imp
r
o
vin
g
LEA
C
H
p
r
o
to
co
l
-
b
a
s
ed
ma
ch
i
n
e
l
ea
r
n
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g
…
(
Ta
o
u
s
Lech
a
n
i)
1253
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
[
1
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
s
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
f
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
i
c
[
1
1
]
,
[
23
]
,
[
2
4
]
,
g
e
n
e
t
i
c
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
[
2
5
]
o
r
th
e
s
o
cial
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
f
is
h
,
b
ir
d
s
,
o
r
a
n
ts
wh
en
t
h
ey
m
o
v
e
in
a
g
r
o
u
p
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
f
o
r
f
o
o
d
.
Am
o
n
g
th
ese
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
th
e
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
PS
O)
an
d
an
t
co
lo
n
y
o
p
tim
izatio
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
(
AC
O)
[
7
]
,
[
26
]
-
[
3
1
]
.
L
ian
g
et
a
l.
[
2
8
]
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
an
An
t
C
o
lo
n
y
m
eth
o
d
em
p
lo
y
in
g
a
C
H
clo
s
e
to
th
e
B
S
f
o
r
r
ec
eiv
in
g
an
d
s
en
d
in
g
d
ata
f
r
o
m
a
f
a
r
awa
y
C
H
s
o
as
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
b
ased
o
n
L
E
AC
H.
I
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
th
e
L
E
AC
H
p
r
o
to
co
l,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
ca
n
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
W
SNs
’
life
s
p
an
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
en
er
g
y
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
lim
ited
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
.
Fiv
e
d
escr
ip
to
r
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
to
ev
al
u
ate
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
’
s
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
b
ec
o
m
in
g
a
C
H
wich
ar
e:
l
o
ca
tio
n
s
u
itab
ilit
y
,
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
,
d
en
s
ity
,
co
m
p
ac
tin
g
,
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
th
e
B
S.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
all
th
ese
g
o
als,
th
ey
u
s
e
th
e
f
u
zz
y
l
o
g
ic
p
ar
ad
ig
m
[
3
2
]
.
Ko
n
g
s
o
r
o
t
et
a
l.
[
3
3
]
h
as
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
en
h
a
n
cin
g
a
f
u
zz
y
-
b
ased
clu
s
ter
in
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
an
d
h
as
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
s
h
u
f
f
le
d
f
r
o
g
leap
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
I
SF
L
A)
,
th
e
o
b
je
ctiv
e
was
to
p
r
eser
v
e
th
e
life
t
i
m
e
of
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
C
Hs
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
an
d
an
o
p
tim
is
ed
f
u
zz
y
in
f
er
en
ce
s
y
s
tem
(
FIS)
,
tak
in
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
s
ep
ar
atio
n
b
etwe
en
n
ea
r
b
y
C
Hs.
C
lu
s
ter
cr
ea
tio
n
an
d
n
ex
t
-
hop
n
o
d
es
(
NHs)
s
elec
tio
n
ar
e
also
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
T
h
e
test
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
of
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
to
th
e
BS
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
s
tab
ilit
y
.
Pan
ch
al
an
d
Sin
g
h
[
3
4
]
,
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
b
ased
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
on
th
e
f
u
zz
y
C
-
m
e
an
s
(
FC
M)
tech
n
iq
u
e,
th
e
r
elativ
e
E
u
clid
ea
n
d
is
tan
ce
s
of
th
e
n
o
d
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
BS
an
d
clu
s
ter
ce
n
tr
o
id
,
an
d
th
e
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
of
th
e
n
o
d
es,
an
d
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
en
e
r
g
y
awa
r
e
d
is
tan
ce
-
b
ased
CH
s
elec
tio
n
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
(
E
ADCR
)
p
r
o
to
co
l
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
lif
etim
e
of
th
e
W
SN.
T
h
ey
also
p
r
esen
ted
a
n
o
v
el
clu
s
ter
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
in
wh
ich
an
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
th
at
allo
ws
to
s
elec
t
C
H
s
.
A
r
elay
node
th
at
will
en
ab
le
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
alo
n
g
th
e
s
h
o
r
test
p
ath
is
th
en
s
e
lecte
d
u
s
in
g
a
f
u
zz
y
s
y
s
tem
[
1
1
]
.
Ar
tific
ial
I
n
tellig
en
ce
in
clu
d
es
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
am
o
n
g
its
s
u
b
f
ield
s
.
M
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
is
ess
en
tial
ly
d
escr
ib
ed
as
a
m
ac
h
in
e
’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
s
im
u
late
h
u
m
an
b
eh
av
io
r
with
a
f
o
cu
s
on
p
atter
n
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
an
d
an
aly
s
is
.
Mo
s
t
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
i
n
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
b
elo
n
g
to
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
th
r
ee
ca
teg
o
r
ies:
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
m
e
n
t
lear
n
in
g
,
s
u
p
e
r
v
is
ed
lear
n
in
g
,
or
u
n
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
lear
n
in
g
[
3
5
]
.
R
ec
en
tly
,
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
in
W
SNs
h
as
b
ee
n
in
v
esti
g
ated
to
e
n
h
an
ce
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
n
etwo
r
k
with
o
u
t
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
r
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
m
an
y
p
r
o
to
co
ls
h
av
e
em
er
g
ed
[
3
6
]
-
[
3
9
]
wh
er
e
K
-
m
ea
n
s
u
n
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
was
o
f
ten
im
p
lem
en
ted
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
Z
h
u
et
a
l.
[
4
2
]
,
an
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
s
o
f
t
K
-
m
ea
n
s
(
I
S
-
K
-
m
ea
n
s
)
clu
s
ter
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
was
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
an
d
b
ala
n
ce
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
v
er
all
n
o
d
es
in
W
SNs
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
r
ea
s
s
ig
n
s
m
em
b
er
n
o
d
es d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
eir
m
em
b
er
s
h
i
p
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
at
th
e
clu
s
ter
b
o
u
n
d
a
r
y
f
o
r
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
a
b
alan
ce
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
e
s
p
er
clu
s
ter
.
E
x
te
n
s
iv
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
u
n
d
e
r
s
ev
er
al
n
etw
o
r
k
ci
r
c
u
m
s
tan
ce
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
g
o
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
of
th
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
W
S
Ns.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
it
can
be
ef
f
icien
tly
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
co
n
tr
o
l
,
s
m
ar
t
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
,
an
d
h
ea
lth
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
.
W
e
h
a
v
e
p
r
es
e
n
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
e
ct
i
o
n
s
e
v
e
r
al
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
w
o
r
k
s
wh
e
r
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
a
n
d
v
a
r
i
e
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
L
E
A
C
H
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
u
s
i
n
g
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
.
I
n
d
e
e
d
,
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
L
E
AC
H
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
e
f
f
e
ct
i
v
e
.
I
n
t
h
is
w
o
r
k
,
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
L
E
AC
H
,
w
e
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
n
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
v
e
r
u
n
s
u
p
e
r
v
i
s
e
d
m
a
ch
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
es
o
f
W
S
N
s
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
es
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
Un
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
i
n
g
,
as
u
s
ed
in
co
m
p
u
ter
s
cie
n
ce
an
d
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
,
d
escr
ib
es
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
in
wh
ich
th
e
d
ata
ar
e
not
lab
eled
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
is
s
u
es
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
is
clu
s
ter
in
g
,
wh
ich
s
ee
k
s
to
id
en
tify
a
p
atter
n
in
an
u
n
lab
eled
d
ata
co
llectio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
clu
s
ter
in
g
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
lar
u
n
s
u
p
e
r
v
is
ed
lear
n
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
wh
ic
h
d
iv
id
es
u
n
lab
eled
d
ata
p
o
in
ts
,
u
s
in
g
an
ite
r
a
tiv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
in
to
d
is
tin
ct,
non
-
o
v
er
lap
p
in
g
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
It
s
p
lits
th
e
ar
ea
in
to
K
p
r
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
clu
s
ter
s
with
th
e
g
o
al
of
m
a
x
im
izin
g
th
e
in
ter
clu
s
ter
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
m
in
im
izin
g
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
n
o
d
es
in
th
e
cl
u
s
ter
an
d
th
e
clu
s
ter
ce
n
tr
o
id
.
We
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
at
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
of
p
r
ed
ef
in
e
d
clu
s
ter
s
th
at
n
ee
d
to
be
f
o
r
m
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
in
th
is
ca
s
e
by
K.
In
th
e
L
E
AC
H
p
r
o
to
co
l,
C
Hs
ar
e
ch
o
s
en
r
eg
ar
d
less
of
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
in
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
;
it
can
h
ap
p
en
th
at
a
node
is
s
elec
ted
if
it
is
u
n
ab
le
to
g
ath
er
an
d
tr
an
s
m
it
d
ata
r
ec
eiv
ed
f
r
o
m
o
t
h
er
clu
s
ter
m
em
b
er
s
to
th
e
s
in
k
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
en
b
ased
on
Vo
r
o
n
o
i
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
clu
s
ter
s
ar
e
f
o
r
m
e
d
.
To
r
e
m
ed
y
th
ese
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
E
DK
-
L
E
AC
H
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
tar
ts
by
g
en
e
r
atin
g
th
e
clu
s
ter
s
,
a
n
d
th
en
ch
o
o
s
es
th
e
C
Hs.
In
each
of
th
e
K
clu
s
ter
s
of
th
e
W
SN,
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
of
th
e
CH
is
b
ased
on
two
cr
iter
ia:
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
en
er
g
y
of
th
e
n
o
d
e
an
d
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
s
ep
ar
atin
g
th
e
n
o
d
e
an
d
th
e
clu
s
ter
’
s
ce
n
tr
o
id
s
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
is
will
al
lo
w
th
e
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
b
ala
n
ce
am
o
n
g
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
’
s
s
en
s
o
r
s
to
be
en
h
an
ce
d
an
d
th
e
n
e
two
r
k
’
s
life
s
p
an
to
be
ex
ten
d
e
d
.
T
h
e
b
asic
id
ea
of
our
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
ca
n
be
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
th
r
ee
s
tep
s
.
First
of
all,
clu
s
ter
in
g
is
ca
r
r
ied
out
u
s
in
g
th
e
K
-
m
ea
n
s
clu
s
ter
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
In
a
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tep
,
CH
s
elec
tio
n
is
ad
d
r
ess
ed
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
es
’
r
em
ain
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
an
d
th
eir
d
is
tan
ce
s
to
th
e
clu
s
ter
s
ce
n
ter
ar
e
tak
en
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
at
t
h
is
s
tag
e.
T
h
e
E
DK
-
L
E
AC
H
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
n
ew
m
etr
ic
by
d
esig
n
ati
n
g
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
with
h
ig
h
est
s
co
r
e
is
d
esig
n
ate
d
as
th
e
CH
r
ath
er
th
an
th
e
n
ea
r
est
node
to
th
e
ce
n
tr
o
id
,
E
DK
-
L
E
AC
H.
Fin
ally
,
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
n
o
d
es
to
th
e
C
Hs
in
s
id
e
th
e
clu
s
ter
s
an
d
f
r
o
m
C
Hs
to
th
e
B
S,
co
m
p
o
s
e
th
e
last
s
tep
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
37
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
1
2
5
1
-
1
2
6
1
1254
3
.
1
.
Clus
t
er
g
ener
a
t
io
n
ph
a
s
e
T
h
is
s
tag
e
b
eg
in
s
with
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
K
-
m
ea
n
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
wh
ic
h
is
a
s
im
p
le
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
p
litt
in
g
a
ce
r
tain
d
ata
s
et
in
to
K
p
r
e
d
ef
in
ed
cl
u
s
ter
s
[
2
3
]
,
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
co
n
ce
p
t
is
to
d
ef
i
n
e
alea
to
r
y
K
ce
n
tr
o
id
s
,
as
f
ar
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le
away
f
r
o
m
ea
c
h
o
t
h
er
th
e
n
ass
o
ciate
each
n
o
d
e
of
th
e
W
SN
to
th
e
clo
s
est
ce
n
tr
o
id
.
W
h
en
ev
er
y
n
o
d
e
is
m
ap
p
ed
to
a
clu
s
ter
,
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
s
tag
e
an
d
th
e
in
itial
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
ar
e
f
in
is
h
ed
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
s
tep
co
n
s
is
ts
of
co
m
p
u
tin
g
K
n
ew
ce
n
tr
o
id
s
,
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tep
,
an
d
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
th
e
b
ar
y
ce
n
ter
s
of
th
e
cl
u
s
ter
s
.
On
ce
K
n
ew
ce
n
t
r
o
id
s
ar
e
estab
lis
h
ed
,
a
n
ew
s
tag
e
co
n
s
is
tin
g
of
an
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
W
SN
’
s
node
s
et
an
d
allo
ws
th
e
n
ea
r
est
n
ew
ce
n
tr
o
id
n
ee
d
s
to
be
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
ed
.
Fin
ally
,
th
is
lo
o
p
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
ex
ec
u
ted
u
n
til
al
l
K
ce
n
tr
o
id
s
co
n
v
er
g
e
g
r
ad
u
a
lly
to
a
f
ix
ed
p
o
s
itio
n
.
L
et
ass
u
m
e
th
at
th
e
W
SN
is
c
o
m
p
o
s
ed
of
N
s
en
s
o
r
s
n
am
ely
S
=
{S
1
,
S
2
,
…
,
S
N
}.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
ts
of
th
is
p
h
ase
ar
e
K
cl
u
s
ter
s
{C
1
,
C
2
,
C
3
,
.
..,
C
K
}
with
K
ce
n
tr
o
id
s
{U
1
,
U
2
,
U
3
,
...,
U
K
}
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
N
i
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
of
n
o
d
es
in
th
e
C
i
clu
s
ter
,
s
u
ch
as:
∑
=
1
=
N
T
h
e
s
u
m
of
s
q
u
ar
es
of
t
h
e
E
u
clid
ea
n
d
is
tan
ce
s
f
r
o
m
ea
c
h
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
in
clu
s
ter
C
k
to
th
e
ce
n
ter
U
k
of
th
e
clu
s
ter
is
co
m
p
u
ted
u
s
in
g
in
(
1
)
.
(
)
=
∑
‖
−
‖
2
∈
(
1
)
T
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
s
q
u
ar
e
is
ca
lcu
lat
ed
as
(
2
)
:
(
)
=
∑
‖
−
‖
2
∈
=
∑
[
(
−
)
2
+
(
−
)
2
∈
]
(
2
)
w
h
er
e
(
,
)
an
d
(
,
)
ar
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
th
e
co
o
r
d
i
n
ates
of
th
e
node
S
i
a
n
d
th
e
ce
n
tr
o
id
U
k
.
T
h
e
K
-
m
ea
n
s
’
s
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
co
n
s
is
t
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
to
tal
E
u
clid
ea
n
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
clu
s
ter
’
s
ce
n
tr
o
id
an
d
each
of
its
m
e
m
b
er
s
[
2
5
]
.
In
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
th
at
t
h
is
m
eth
o
d
aim
s
to
o
p
tim
is
e
is
th
e
s
q
u
ar
ed
er
r
o
r
f
u
n
ctio
n
g
iv
en
as
(
3
)
.
(
)
=
∑
∑
‖
−
‖
2
∈
=
1
=
∑
∑
[
(
−
)
2
+
(
−
)
2
]
∈
=
1
(
3
)
3
.
2
.
Clus
t
er
hea
ds
des
ig
na
t
i
o
n
ph
a
s
e
T
h
e
g
en
e
r
atio
n
of
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
e
o
u
s
an
d
b
alan
ce
d
cl
u
s
ter
s
is
th
e
k
ey
a
d
v
an
ta
g
e
of
W
SN
clu
s
ter
in
g
b
ased
on
K
-
m
ea
n
s
.
In
f
ac
t,
in
L
E
AC
H,
th
e
node
’
s
p
o
s
itio
n
eith
er
t
h
e
r
e
m
ain
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
ar
e
n
o
t
co
n
s
id
er
ed
wh
en
th
e
CH
is
ch
o
s
e
.
A
no
-
c
o
v
er
ag
e
a
r
ea
can
th
e
n
o
cc
u
r
by
s
elec
tin
g
a
lo
w
-
en
er
g
y
n
o
d
e
as
th
e
CH
,
wh
ich
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
’
s
s
tab
ilit
y
p
h
ase.
Fo
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
th
e
o
v
er
all
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
of
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
co
u
ld
d
ec
lin
e.
To
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
is
s
u
es,
wh
en
th
e
CH
is
ch
o
s
en
,
o
u
r
s
u
g
g
ested
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
is
d
esig
n
ed
in
s
u
ch
a
wa
y
th
at
node
’
s
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
an
d
its
d
is
tan
ce
to
th
e
clu
s
ter
’
s
c
en
ter
ar
e
b
o
th
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
We
ass
ig
n
a
s
co
r
e
to
each
n
o
d
e
S
i
in
th
e
clu
s
ter
C
k
d
ef
in
ed
by
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
(
4
)
.
(
)
=
.
(
)
+
(
1
−
)
1
(
)
(
4
)
W
h
er
e
(
)
s
y
m
b
o
lizes
th
e
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
of
th
e
n
o
d
e
an
d
(
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
n
o
d
e
a
n
d
th
e
clu
s
ter
’
s
ce
n
ter
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
e
with
th
e
g
r
ea
t
est
s
co
r
e
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
be
CH
of
t
h
e
clu
s
ter
C
k
.
Du
e
to
t
h
e
eq
u
al
s
tar
tin
g
en
er
g
y
,
t
h
e
n
ea
r
est
n
o
d
e
to
th
e
ce
n
tr
e
is
ch
o
s
en
as
th
e
CH
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
r
o
u
n
d
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
b
etwe
en
0
an
d
1
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
ig
h
im
p
o
r
t
an
ce
an
d
to
p
r
io
r
itize
th
e
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
or
th
e
node
’
s
d
is
tan
ce
to
t
h
e
clu
s
ter
ce
n
ter
(
in
th
is
p
a
p
er
=0
.
5
)
.
A
node
th
at
is
s
elec
ted
to
be
th
e
CH
m
u
s
t
k
ee
p
th
is
p
o
s
itio
n
f
o
r
as
lo
n
g
as
its
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
ex
ce
ed
s
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
th
r
esh
o
l
d
,
wh
ich
is
estab
li
s
h
ed
by
th
e
clu
s
ter
’
s
av
er
ag
e
node
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
p
r
e
v
en
t
t
h
e
p
r
e
m
atu
r
e
d
ea
th
of
th
e
C
H,
wh
ich
wo
u
l
d
ca
u
s
e
th
e
n
et
wo
r
k
s
ec
tio
n
to
be
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
.
T
h
e
CH
is
r
ep
lace
d
by
a
n
ew
n
o
d
e,
wh
ich
is
s
elec
ted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
co
r
es
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
by
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
by
(
4
)
o
n
ce
its
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
b
elo
w
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
th
r
esh
o
ld
.
T
h
u
s
,
with
en
o
u
g
h
en
er
g
y
r
em
ain
in
g
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
allo
win
g
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
a
n
d
r
ep
o
r
t
in
g
,
e
v
en
af
ter
e
ach
node
’
s
e
n
er
g
y
lev
el
d
r
o
p
s
b
e
lo
w
th
e
in
itial
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
th
r
esh
o
l
d
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
CH
s
co
u
ld
be
s
elec
ted
.
As
a
r
e
s
u
lt,
th
is
s
tag
e
of
our
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
m
ak
es
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
f
ar
m
o
r
e
r
esil
ien
t
th
an
it
wo
u
ld
be
with
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
id
ea
l
n
u
m
b
er
of
clu
s
ter
s
K
o
pts
is
in
it
ially
5%
of
all
n
o
d
es [
4
3
]
an
d
is
ad
ju
s
ted
wh
en
n
o
d
es
r
u
n
out
of
en
er
g
y
.
3
.
3
.
Da
t
a
t
r
a
ns
f
er
ph
a
s
e
T
h
is
p
h
ase
b
eg
in
s
af
ter
th
e
clu
s
ter
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
CH
s
d
esig
n
atio
n
p
h
ases
.
T
h
e
tim
e
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
le
ac
ce
s
s
(
T
DM
A)
tech
n
iq
u
e
will
be
ap
p
lied
by
th
e
C
Hs
s
en
s
o
r
s
[6
]
,
[
25]
to
ass
ig
n
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
tim
e
s
lo
t
f
o
r
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
to
ev
er
y
m
em
b
er
n
o
d
e
with
in
th
eir
clu
s
ter
s
to
p
r
ev
en
t
co
llis
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
im
p
lies
th
at
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
E
DK
-
LEA
C
H:
imp
r
o
vin
g
LEA
C
H
p
r
o
to
co
l
-
b
a
s
ed
ma
ch
i
n
e
l
ea
r
n
in
g
…
(
Ta
o
u
s
Lech
a
n
i)
1255
with
in
a
g
iv
en
tim
e
f
r
am
e,
t
h
e
m
em
b
er
n
o
d
es
will
tr
an
s
m
it
th
eir
p
ac
k
ets
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
to
its
C
Hs.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
wh
en
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
ar
e
not
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
or
r
ec
eiv
in
g
d
u
r
i
n
g
s
leep
m
o
d
e,
th
ey
can
tu
r
n
o
f
f
th
eir
r
ad
io
s
an
d
ac
tiv
ate
th
em
with
in
th
e
allo
tted
tim
e
s
lo
ts
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
th
e
T
DM
A
tech
n
i
q
u
e
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
n
o
d
es
’
e
n
er
g
y
lo
s
s
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
p
r
o
lo
n
g
in
g
th
e
ir
life
tim
e.
Data
g
ets
r
ec
eiv
ed
by
th
e
CH
f
r
o
m
its
m
em
b
er
n
o
d
es,
wh
ich
t
h
en
ag
g
r
eg
ates,
elim
in
ates
r
e
d
u
n
d
an
cy
,
a
n
d
tr
a
n
s
m
its
th
e
d
ata
to
th
e
BS
.
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
a
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
L
E
AC
H
an
d
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
E
DK
-
L
E
AC
H.
T
h
e
E
DK
-
L
E
A
C
H
p
r
o
to
co
l
’
s
o
r
g
an
is
atio
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
E
DK
-
L
E
AC
H
an
d
L
E
AC
H
LEA
C
H
ED
K
-
LEA
C
H
U
ses
V
o
r
o
n
o
i
d
i
a
g
r
a
m
a
n
d
a
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
l
a
w
.
U
ses
K
-
mea
n
s
a
n
d
f
i
t
n
e
ss
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
C
l
u
st
e
r
h
e
a
d
s s
e
l
e
c
t
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d
b
e
f
o
r
e
t
h
e
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
’
s
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
.
C
l
u
st
e
r
h
e
a
d
s
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
a
f
t
e
r
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h
e
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l
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s f
o
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a
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t
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d
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r
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d
w
h
i
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e
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e
l
e
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t
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n
g
C
H
s.
R
e
si
d
u
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
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t
h
e
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o
d
e
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o
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d
e
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d
w
h
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l
e
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e
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t
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g
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H
s.
Th
e
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
s
’
s
n
u
mb
e
r
d
i
f
f
e
r
s fr
o
m t
h
e
i
d
e
a
l
n
u
m
b
e
r
si
n
c
e
C
H
s a
r
e
se
l
e
c
t
e
d
a
t
r
a
n
d
o
m.
Th
e
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
s
’
s
n
u
mb
e
r
i
s
se
t
a
t
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
v
a
l
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e
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u
mb
e
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i
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a
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c
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n
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e
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e
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st
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i
sp
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e
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n
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h
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H
s
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d
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
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o
n
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e
r
t
h
e
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e
t
w
o
r
k
’
s a
r
e
a
.
A
n
e
v
e
n
d
i
sp
e
r
si
o
n
o
f
C
H
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
’
s
d
o
ma
i
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
E
DK
-
L
E
AC
H
p
r
o
to
co
l
’
s
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
37
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
1
2
5
1
-
1
2
6
1
1256
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
4
.1
.
Ass
um
ptio
n
a
nd
s
im
ula
t
io
n
pa
ra
m
et
er
s
T
o
m
ak
e
s
im
u
latin
g
th
ese
two
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
s
im
p
ler
,
th
e
f
o
llo
wi
n
g
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
ar
e
m
ad
e:
−
T
h
e
f
ix
ed
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
th
e
BS
is
k
n
o
wn
f
o
r
all
n
o
d
es.
−
Af
ter
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t,
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
lo
ca
tio
n
s
ar
e
k
n
o
wn
a
n
d
f
ix
e
d
.
−
No
d
es h
av
e
to
alwa
y
s
f
o
r
war
d
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
−
T
h
e
BS
m
em
o
r
y
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
,
an
d
t
h
e
p
o
wer
ar
e
all
u
n
lim
ited
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
o
r
d
er
r
ad
io
m
o
d
el
[
6
]
is
th
e
en
er
g
y
m
o
d
el
u
s
ed
in
th
is
wo
r
k
,
an
d
T
ab
le
2
l
is
ts
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
ab
le
2.
Netwo
r
k
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
f
o
r
s
im
u
latio
n
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
D
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
o
n
V
a
l
u
e
N
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
n
o
d
e
s
1
0
0
M
×
M
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
i
z
e
1
0
0
×
1
0
0
(
m
2
)
E
0
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
o
f
n
o
d
e
s
2
J
P
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
h
e
a
d
s
5%
E
TX
En
e
r
g
y
t
o
t
r
a
n
smi
t
o
n
e
b
i
t
0
.
5
n
J/
b
i
t
E
RX
En
e
r
g
y
t
o
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
o
n
e
b
i
t
0
.
5
n
J/
b
i
t
E
AG
A
g
g
r
e
g
a
t
i
o
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
5
n
J
amp
A
mp
l
i
f
i
c
a
t
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o
n
f
a
c
t
o
r
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o
r
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a
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e
m
o
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e
l
1
0
p
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/
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t
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m
2
t
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y
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mp
l
i
f
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c
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t
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a
c
t
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r
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o
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l
t
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a
t
h
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o
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e
l
0
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i
t
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C
r
o
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e
r
d
i
s
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n
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a
c
k
e
t
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z
e
5
0
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y
t
e
s
W
e
i
g
h
t
i
n
g
c
o
e
f
f
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c
i
e
n
t
t
o
e
l
e
c
t
C
H
s
0
.
5
4
.
2
.
Sim
ula
t
i
o
n
re
s
ults
a
nd
a
na
ly
s
is
In
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
we
p
r
esen
t
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
r
esu
lts
of
our
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tatio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
R
(
2
0
1
8
a)
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
of
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
E
DK
-
L
E
AC
H
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
m
in
im
izin
g
node
p
o
wer
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
as
well
as
ex
ten
d
i
n
g
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
of
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
p
r
o
to
co
l
f
o
r
W
SNs
,
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
wer
e
co
m
p
ar
e
d
with
th
e
L
E
AC
H
p
r
o
to
co
l
r
esu
lts
b
ased
on
tw
o
im
p
o
r
tan
t
m
etr
ics:
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
of
aliv
e
n
o
d
es
a
n
d
t
h
e
q
u
an
tity
of
en
er
g
y
r
em
ain
in
g
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
a
f
ter
each
r
o
u
n
d
.
Prim
ar
ily
,
100
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
ar
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
d
e
p
lo
y
ed
to
co
v
er
a
1
0
0
x
1
0
0
m
2
s
q
u
ar
e
ar
ea
.
Dep
en
d
in
g
on
t
h
e
lo
ca
tio
n
of
th
e
BS
,
our
alg
o
r
ith
m
h
as
b
ee
n
test
ed
in
two
d
is
tin
ct
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
In
s
ce
n
a
r
io
1,
th
e
BS
is
lo
ca
ted
in
th
e
ce
n
ter
of
th
e
f
ield
at
c
o
o
r
d
in
ates
(
5
0
,
5
0
)
,
wh
ile
in
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
2,
it
is
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
s
en
s
in
g
ar
ea
at
co
o
r
d
in
ates
(
5
0
,
1
7
5
)
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
s
wer
e
g
en
e
r
ated
by
ta
k
in
g
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
of
10
r
u
n
s
of
ea
c
h
s
im
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
o
f
1
0
0
r
an
d
o
m
ly
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
with
in
th
e
a
r
ea
o
f
in
ter
est
i
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
lu
s
ter
g
en
e
r
atio
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
Vo
r
o
n
o
i
d
iag
r
am
a
n
d
th
e
K
-
m
ea
n
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
es
2
(
a)
a
n
d
2
(
b
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a
)
,
w
ith
th
e
L
E
AC
H
p
r
o
to
co
l,
th
er
e
ar
e
m
o
r
e
cl
u
s
ter
s
th
an
th
e
o
p
tim
al
v
al
u
e,
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
s
id
e
clu
s
ter
s
is
not
r
eg
u
lar
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
th
at
with
E
DK
-
L
E
AC
H,
th
e
clu
s
ter
s
’
n
u
m
b
er
is
f
ix
ed
at
th
e
id
ea
l
v
al
u
e
an
d
th
e
CH
s
ar
e
ev
en
ly
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
B
S.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
’
s
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
is
lar
g
ely
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
th
e
C
Hs
’
n
u
m
b
er
.
A
lo
w
er
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
C
Hs
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
len
g
th
f
r
o
m
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
to
th
e
C
H
will
b
e
e
x
ce
s
s
iv
ely
lo
n
g
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
in
cr
ea
s
ed
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
t
h
e
CH
will
co
n
s
u
m
e
m
o
r
e
p
o
wer
d
u
e
to
th
e
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
ata
it
r
ec
eiv
es
a
n
d
tr
an
s
m
its
.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
C
Hs
will
clea
r
ly
in
cr
ea
s
e
b
o
th
th
e
o
v
er
all
n
etwo
r
k
lo
ad
an
d
th
e
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
ea
c
h
n
etwo
r
k
c
y
cle,
b
u
t
will
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
ef
f
i
cien
cy
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
d
ata
f
u
s
io
n
,
a
n
d
will
s
h
o
r
te
n
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e.
Fo
r
t
h
ese
r
ea
s
o
n
s
,
we
ap
p
lied
th
e
K
-
m
ea
n
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
a
n
d
s
et
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
clu
s
ter
s
to
it
s
o
p
tim
al
n
u
m
b
er
.
B
y
e
r
ad
icat
in
g
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
n
ess
o
f
C
H
n
u
m
b
er
a
n
d
a
d
ju
s
tin
g
t
h
e
id
ea
l n
u
m
b
er
o
f
clu
s
ter
s
with
n
o
d
e
d
ea
th
in
W
SNs
,
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
w
ill b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
lu
s
ter
in
g
u
s
in
g
(
a)
v
o
r
o
n
o
i d
iag
r
am
an
d
(
b
)
K
-
m
e
an
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
E
DK
-
LEA
C
H:
imp
r
o
vin
g
LEA
C
H
p
r
o
to
co
l
-
b
a
s
ed
ma
ch
i
n
e
l
ea
r
n
in
g
…
(
Ta
o
u
s
Lech
a
n
i)
1257
4
.
2
.
1
.
Aliv
e
no
des
f
o
r
ro
un
ds
of
ea
ch
s
ce
na
rio
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
h
o
w
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
a
liv
e
n
o
d
es
d
ec
lin
e
s
with
iter
atio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
es
3
(
a)
an
d
3
(
b
)
s
h
o
w
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
es
wh
en
th
e
BS
s
itu
ated
in
t
h
e
ce
n
ter
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
an
d
o
u
ts
id
e
t
h
e
ar
ea
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
two
f
i
g
u
r
es
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
E
DK
-
L
E
AC
H
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
ed
th
e
L
E
AC
H
tech
n
iq
u
e
in
ter
m
s
of
en
er
g
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
s
e
two
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
h
as
b
ee
n
an
aly
ze
d
in
ter
m
s
of
f
ir
s
t
node
d
ea
d
(
FND)
an
d
last
node
d
ea
d
(
L
ND)
.
In
s
ce
n
ar
io
1,
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
f
ir
s
t
node
d
ied
in
E
DK
-
L
E
AC
H
is
at
4285
v
er
s
u
s
1983
r
o
u
n
d
s
in
L
E
AC
H.
T
h
e
last
node
d
ied
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
to
co
l
at
m
o
r
e
th
an
8
0
0
0
r
o
u
n
d
s
,
in
L
E
AC
H
at
6851
r
o
u
n
d
s
alth
o
u
g
h
.
T
h
e
s
tab
ilit
y
p
er
io
d
is
ex
ten
d
ed
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
E
DK
-
L
E
AC
H
p
r
o
to
co
l
o
u
tp
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
L
E
AC
H
p
r
o
to
co
l
by
116%
in
s
ce
n
ar
io
1
an
d
177%
in
s
ce
n
ar
io
2.
It
is
clea
r
th
at
wh
en
t
h
e
BS
is
lo
ca
ted
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
ar
ea
,
n
o
d
es
d
ep
lete
more
en
e
r
g
y
b
ec
au
s
e
of
th
e
g
r
ea
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
is
tan
ce
s
.
T
ab
le
3
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
s
tatis
tics
f
o
r
each
aliv
e
node
v
s
.
r
o
u
n
d
s
ce
n
ar
io
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
e
s
u
lts
an
d
T
ab
le
3,
it
can
be
ass
er
ted
th
at
th
e
E
DK
-
L
E
AC
H
p
r
o
to
co
l
o
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
L
E
AC
H
p
r
o
to
c
o
l.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Aliv
e
n
o
d
es v
s
.
iter
a
tio
n
s
(
a)
B
S (
5
0
,
5
0
)
an
d
(
b
)
B
S (
5
0
,
1
7
5
)
T
ab
le
3.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
of
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
BS
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
%
D
e
a
d
n
o
d
e
s
LEA
C
H
ED
K
-
LEA
C
H
ED
K
-
LEA
C
H
r
a
t
e
(
5
0
;
50)
1
(FND)
1
9
8
3
4
2
8
5
1
1
6
%
50
(HND)
3
3
9
8
4
7
7
1
4
0
%
1
0
0
(
LN
D
)
5
9
1
3
8
0
1
0
3
5
%
(
5
0
;
1
7
5
)
1
(FND)
2
0
8
5
7
7
1
7
7
%
50
(HND)
1
6
6
3
3
4
3
9
1
0
7
%
1
0
0
(
LN
D
)
3
7
9
1
5
4
9
7
4
5
%
4
.
2
.
2
.
E
nerg
y
co
ns
um
ed
v
s
.
ro
un
ds
T
h
e
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
e
v
alu
atio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
two
p
r
o
to
co
ls
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Fig
u
r
es
4
(
a)
an
d
4
(
b
)
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
es
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
of
E
DK
-
L
E
A
C
H
p
r
o
to
co
l
co
m
p
a
r
in
g
to
th
e
L
E
AC
H
p
r
o
to
co
l.
In
E
DK
-
L
E
AC
H,
th
e
en
er
g
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
g
r
ad
u
ally
,
wh
e
r
ea
s
in
L
E
AC
H,
it
lo
wer
s
ab
r
u
p
tly
.
W
h
en
th
e
BS
is
lo
ca
ted
in
th
e
ce
n
ter
of
th
e
s
t
u
d
ied
a
r
ea
,
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a
)
s
h
o
ws
th
at
8
6
0
r
o
u
n
d
s
in
L
E
AC
H
a
n
d
1
1
4
1
r
o
u
n
d
s
in
E
DK
-
L
E
AC
H
u
s
e
25%
of
th
e
en
er
g
y
.
In
o
th
e
r
wo
r
d
s
,
L
E
AC
H
u
s
ed
0
.
0
5
8
J
ev
er
y
r
o
u
n
d
w
h
ile
E
DK
-
L
E
AC
H
u
s
ed
0
.
0
4
3
J.
In
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
,
wh
er
e
th
e
BS
is
lo
ca
ted
at
th
e
co
o
r
d
i
n
ates
(
5
0
,
1
7
5
)
,
th
e
t
o
ta
l
am
o
u
n
t
of
e
n
er
g
y
is
u
tili
ze
d
in
3791
r
o
u
n
d
s
in
L
E
AC
H
an
d
5497
r
o
u
n
d
s
in
E
DK
-
L
E
AC
H.
T
h
u
s
,
f
o
r
L
E
AC
H,
each
r
o
u
n
d
u
s
es
0
.
0
5
2
J
of
en
er
g
y
,
wh
ile
with
E
DK
-
L
E
AC
H,
each
r
o
u
n
d
u
s
es
0
.
0
3
6
J
of
en
er
g
y
.
We
can
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
at
E
DK
-
L
E
AC
H
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
t
o
tal
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
by
3
5
%
an
d
4
5
%
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
L
E
AC
H
wh
en
th
e
BS
is
at
(
5
0
,
5
0
)
a
n
d
(
5
0
,
1
7
5
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
ab
le
4
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
es
of
en
e
r
g
y
u
s
ed
v
s
.
r
o
u
n
d
s
f
o
r
th
e
two
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
at
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
BS
lo
ca
tio
n
s
.
In
ter
m
s
of
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
ata
in
T
ab
le
4
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
b
etter
th
an
L
E
AC
H.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
r
esu
l
ts
of
th
is
r
esear
ch
wo
r
k
to
k
n
o
wn
r
esu
lts
of
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
in
h
is
to
g
r
am
g
r
ap
h
s
.
We
can
s
ee
,
o
u
r
s
u
g
g
ested
p
r
o
to
co
l
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
L
E
AC
H
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
in
ter
m
s
of
d
ea
th
n
o
d
es
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a)
an
d
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
can
be
ex
p
lain
ed
by
b
etter
clu
s
ter
in
g
an
d
th
e
o
p
tim
al
ch
o
ice
of
CH
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
37
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
1
2
5
1
-
1
2
6
1
1258
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
R
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
v
s
.
iter
atio
n
s
(
a)
B
S (
5
0
,
5
0
)
a
n
d
(
b
)
B
S (
5
0
,
1
7
5
)
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
E
DK
-
L
E
AC
H
an
d
L
E
AC
H
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
(
a)
d
ea
th
n
o
d
es
an
d
(
b
)
en
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
T
ab
le
4.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
of
n
etwo
r
k
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
of
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
B
S
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
En
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
su
m
p
t
i
o
n
(
%
)
LEA
C
H
ED
K
-
LEA
C
H
ED
K
-
LEA
C
H
r
a
t
e
(
5
0
;
5
0
)
2
5
%
8
6
0
1
1
4
1
3
3
%
5
0
%
1
6
7
7
2
2
9
7
3
7
%
7
5
%
2
5
8
1
3
5
8
6
3
9
%
1
0
0
%
5
9
1
3
8
0
1
0
3
5
%
(
5
0
;
1
7
5
)
2
5
%
3
7
8
3
8
5
2%
5
0
%
7
3
9
8
3
4
1
3
%
7
5
%
1
2
7
3
1
8
3
2
4
4
%
1
0
0
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In
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ith
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m
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t
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ar
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1259
RE
F
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3
7
6
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[
9
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.
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,
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.
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.
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.
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]
T.
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n
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h
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n
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n
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o
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]
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.
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y
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1
2
]
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.
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h
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a
l
.
,
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o
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7
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.
[
1
3
]
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.
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.
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o
h
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mm
e
d
,
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.
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e
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k
y
,
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.
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.
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k
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e
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(
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)
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ET
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[
1
4
]
M
.
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.
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7
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[
1
5
]
A
.
R
.
Ta
r
a
w
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,
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.
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h
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.
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l
-
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t
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n
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.
[
1
6
]
H
.
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g
,
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T
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a
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Pro
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6
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7
.
[
1
7
]
C
.
S
.
F
a
n
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:
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Ad
v
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El
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/
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E
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6
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0
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0
6
.
[
1
8
]
C
.
Ta
n
g
,
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A
c
l
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N
s,”
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Ph
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s
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l
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8
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.
[
1
9
]
T.
S
a
l
a
m
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n
d
M
.
S
.
H
o
ss
e
n
,
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P
e
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s se
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Wi
r
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7
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[
2
0
]
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.
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n
c
h
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l
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d
R
.
K
.
S
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h
,
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C
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n
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[
2
1
]
K
.
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.
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.
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n
,
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En
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t
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p
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(
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)
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s,
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p
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p
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.
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.
[
2
2
]
T.
M
.
B
e
h
e
r
a
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
En
e
r
g
y
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e
f
f
i
c
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t
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o
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t
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n
g
p
r
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t
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c
o
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f
o
r
w
i
r
e
l
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ss se
n
so
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s:
A
r
c
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t
e
c
t
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r
e
s,
s
t
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i
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n
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