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o
r
s
to
t
h
e
m
o
ni
t
o
r
i
n
g
s
e
r
v
e
r
vi
a
r
o
a
ds
i
de
u
ni
t
s
(
R
S
Us
)
.
Ho
w
e
v
e
r
,
a
c
us
to
m
i
z
e
d
a
n
d
o
pt
i
m
i
z
e
d
pr
oto
c
o
l
i
s
r
e
qu
i
r
e
d
s
i
n
c
e
n
o
e
xi
s
t
i
n
g
DT
N
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
pr
oto
c
o
l
pe
r
f
e
c
t
l
y
m
a
t
c
he
s
t
h
i
s
s
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
pul
a
r
DT
N
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
pr
oto
c
o
l
s
i
s
t
h
e
s
pr
a
y
a
n
d
wa
i
t
(
S
NW
)
pr
oto
c
o
l
[
9]
,
whi
c
h
i
s
ga
i
ni
ng
pr
o
m
i
ne
n
c
e
a
s
a
pr
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
f
o
r
d
i
s
s
e
mi
na
t
i
n
g
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s
i
n
DT
Ns
.
S
o
m
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
h
a
v
e
pr
o
p
o
s
e
d
i
m
pr
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
S
N
W
to
e
nha
n
c
e
t
h
e
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
DT
Ns
,
i
nc
l
ud
i
ng
a
n
a
da
pt
i
v
e
S
N
W
pr
oto
c
o
l
f
o
r
v
e
hi
c
u
l
a
r
DT
N
[
10
]
.
T
hi
s
pa
pe
r
pr
o
p
o
s
e
s
a
n
o
v
e
l
i
n
t
e
gr
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
w
o
c
o
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
r
y
m
e
c
h
a
ni
s
m
s
-
t
h
e
h
o
p
c
o
un
t
-
b
a
s
e
d
m
e
s
s
a
ge
que
ue
(
HC
M
Q)
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
e
s
s
a
ge
t
i
m
e
-
to
-
l
i
ve
(
T
T
L
)
b
a
s
e
d
dr
o
p
p
o
l
i
c
y
(
M
T
DP)
-
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
e
nh
a
n
c
e
d
s
pr
a
y
a
n
d
h
o
p
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
pr
o
to
c
o
l
(
S
NH
D)
[
11]
.
T
h
e
S
NH
D
pr
o
to
c
o
l
wa
s
e
x
p
li
c
i
t
l
y
d
e
v
e
l
o
pe
d
t
o
f
a
c
i
li
t
a
t
e
c
o
m
m
u
ni
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
s
c
e
na
r
i
o
s
w
i
t
h
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
i
s
l
a
n
d
s
[
12]
.
T
h
e
pr
oto
c
o
l
ha
s
de
v
e
l
o
pe
d
f
r
o
m
i
t
s
i
ni
t
i
a
l
ve
r
s
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
S
NW
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
pr
oto
c
o
l
,
I
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
i
n
g
a
dd
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
f
e
a
t
ur
e
s
to
b
e
tt
e
r
m
e
e
t
t
h
e
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
n
e
e
ds
o
f
i
s
l
a
n
d
s
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
s
.
T
h
e
i
n
t
e
gr
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
s
a
i
m
s
t
o
a
ddr
e
s
s
t
h
e
S
NH
D
’
s
de
f
i
c
i
e
nc
i
e
s
a
n
d
e
nh
a
n
c
e
i
t
s
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
i
n
DT
Ns
-
e
n
a
bl
e
d
s
m
a
r
t
c
i
t
i
e
s
.
T
hi
s
i
nc
l
ude
s
a
c
hi
e
vi
ng
hi
g
h
e
r
m
e
s
s
a
ge
de
li
ve
r
y
s
uc
c
e
s
s
r
a
t
e
s
,
r
e
duc
i
n
g
c
o
n
ge
s
t
i
o
n
,
m
i
n
im
i
z
i
ng
e
n
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
de
l
a
ys
,
a
n
d
e
n
a
bli
ng
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
a
n
d
r
e
l
i
a
bl
e
da
t
a
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
S
ur
a
b
a
y
a
s
m
a
r
t
c
i
t
y
s
c
e
na
r
i
o
.
I
n
t
h
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
ng
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
,
we
wi
ll
de
l
ve
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
d
e
t
a
i
l
s
o
f
t
h
e
pr
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
,
i
nc
l
ud
i
n
g
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
wo
r
k
i
n
t
h
e
f
i
e
l
d,
a
l
go
r
i
t
hmi
c
o
pe
r
a
t
i
o
ns
,
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
e
v
a
l
ua
t
i
o
n
t
h
r
o
ugh
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
ns
,
a
n
d
a
c
o
m
pr
e
h
e
ns
i
ve
d
i
s
c
us
s
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WORK
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
da
t
a
di
s
s
e
mi
na
t
i
o
n
i
n
DT
Ns
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
t
h
e
s
ubj
e
c
t
o
f
e
x
t
e
ns
i
ve
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
due
t
o
i
t
s
vi
t
a
l
r
o
l
e
i
n
e
n
a
bli
ng
s
e
a
ml
e
s
s
c
o
m
m
u
ni
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
v
e
hi
c
les
a
n
d
i
nf
r
a
s
t
r
uc
t
u
r
e
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
de
v
e
l
o
p
i
ng
c
o
un
t
r
y
s
m
a
r
t
c
i
t
i
e
s
.
P
r
e
vi
o
us
s
t
ud
i
e
s
h
a
v
e
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
d
v
a
r
i
o
us
S
NW
pr
o
to
c
o
l
e
nh
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
i
nve
s
t
i
ga
t
e
d
HC
M
Q
a
n
d
TTL
-
b
a
s
e
d
dr
o
p
p
o
l
i
c
i
e
s
i
n
o
t
h
e
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
ki
n
g
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
s
.
I
n
t
hi
s
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
we
r
e
vi
e
w
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
a
n
d
hi
g
hli
g
h
t
ke
y
f
i
nd
i
ngs
t
h
a
t
h
a
v
e
pa
ve
d
t
h
e
wa
y
f
o
r
o
ur
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
i
n
t
e
gr
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
s
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
S
pr
a
y
pr
oto
c
o
l
.
I
n
DT
Ns
,
b
uf
f
e
r
m
a
n
a
ge
m
e
n
t
t
y
p
i
c
a
ll
y
c
o
m
pr
i
s
e
s
a
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
que
ue
a
n
d
a
dr
o
p
p
o
l
i
c
y
.
S
e
ve
r
a
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
h
a
v
e
i
nve
s
t
i
ga
t
e
d
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
m
e
s
s
a
ge
que
ue
a
n
d
dr
o
p
p
o
l
i
c
y
o
n
t
h
e
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
DT
Ns
.
A
n
o
v
e
l
r
o
ut
i
n
g
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
c
a
ll
e
d
DT
N
-
B
a
l
a
nc
e
wa
s
i
n
t
r
o
duc
e
d
i
n
[
1
3
]
w
hi
c
h
t
a
ke
s
i
n
t
o
a
c
c
o
un
t
t
h
e
f
o
r
wa
r
d
i
n
g
c
a
pa
c
i
t
y
a
n
d
que
u
e
o
f
r
e
l
a
y
n
o
de
s
t
o
e
nh
a
n
c
e
l
o
a
d
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
ut
i
o
n
w
i
t
hi
n
DT
Ns
.
An
o
t
h
e
r
b
u
f
f
e
r
m
a
n
a
ge
m
e
n
t
po
l
i
c
y
w
a
s
de
v
e
l
o
pe
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
R
P
R
T
D
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
pr
oto
c
o
l
,
a
n
d
t
hi
s
po
l
i
c
y
i
nv
o
l
ve
s
de
t
e
r
mi
n
i
ng
t
h
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
to
b
e
c
o
n
v
e
y
e
d,
i
de
n
t
i
f
yi
n
g
t
h
e
n
o
de
s
to
b
e
t
r
e
a
t
e
d
a
s
s
e
n
de
r
s
,
a
n
d
de
c
i
d
i
n
g
whi
c
h
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
dr
o
ppe
d
i
n
t
h
e
e
v
e
n
t
o
f
a
f
u
ll
b
u
f
f
e
r
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
dr
o
p
s
tr
a
t
e
gy
i
s
a
l
s
o
pr
o
p
o
s
e
d
i
n
[
1
5
]
a
s
a
b
u
f
f
e
r
m
a
n
a
ge
m
e
n
t
c
o
m
po
ne
n
t
i
n
DT
Ns
.
T
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
de
v
e
l
o
pe
d
a
po
l
i
c
y
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n
s
i
z
e
t
h
a
t
i
nv
o
l
ve
s
de
t
e
r
m
i
n
i
ng
a
n
i
nc
e
pt
i
o
n
s
i
z
e
f
o
r
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
n
g
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
t
o
b
e
de
l
e
t
e
d
wh
e
n
t
h
e
b
u
f
f
e
r
i
n
a
DT
Ns
ge
t
s
o
v
e
r
l
o
a
de
d
[
1
6
]
.
A
s
o
c
i
a
l
c
o
m
m
u
ni
t
y
b
u
f
f
e
r
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
p
o
l
i
c
y
f
o
r
DT
N
wa
s
de
v
e
l
o
pe
d
i
n
[
1
7
]
t
h
a
t
i
nc
o
r
por
a
t
e
s
a
c
o
m
m
u
ni
t
y
m
e
a
s
ur
e
t
h
a
t
c
o
m
pr
i
s
e
s
t
w
o
c
o
m
po
n
e
n
t
s
:
g
l
o
b
a
l
r
a
n
k
v
a
l
ue
(
GR
V)
a
n
d
l
o
c
a
l
r
a
n
k
v
a
l
ue
(
L
R
V)
.
T
h
e
m
e
s
s
a
ge
T
T
L
c
o
n
c
e
pt
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
d
i
n
v
a
r
i
o
us
n
e
t
w
o
r
ki
n
g
do
m
a
i
ns
,
i
n
c
l
ud
i
ng
i
n
DT
N
[1
8
]
,
[
19
]
.
A
T
T
L
-
b
a
s
e
d
dr
o
p
p
o
l
i
c
y
s
e
t
s
a
m
a
xim
u
m
a
l
l
o
wa
bl
e
t
i
m
e
f
o
r
a
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
to
r
e
m
a
i
n
i
n
t
h
e
n
e
t
wo
r
k
.
I
f
t
h
e
m
e
s
s
a
ge
f
a
il
s
t
o
r
e
a
c
h
i
t
s
de
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
hi
n
t
h
e
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
e
d
T
T
L
,
i
t
i
s
d
i
s
c
a
r
de
d
t
o
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
c
o
n
ge
s
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
ns
ur
e
t
h
a
t
s
t
a
l
e
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s
do
n
ot
i
m
pe
de
t
h
e
n
e
t
wo
r
k
’
s
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
[2
0
]
.
T
hi
s
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
h
a
s
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op
poli
c
y
in
s
pr
ay
…
(
A
gus
s
ali
m
)
847
5.
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L
USI
ON
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m
p
l
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m
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t
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n
e
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ks
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ve
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o
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o
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l
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k
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i
.
e
.
,
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e
i
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o
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ur
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o
l
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d
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a
l
-
wo
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l
d
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1]
C
.
T
.
Y
in
,
Z
.
X
i
o
ng,
H
.
C
he
n,
J
.
Y
.
W
a
ng,
D
.
C
oo
pe
r
,
a
nd
B
.
D
a
v
id
,
“
A
li
t
e
r
a
tu
r
e
s
ur
ve
y
o
n
s
ma
r
t
c
it
i
e
s
,”
Sc
ie
nc
e
C
h
in
a
I
nf
or
m
at
io
n Sc
ie
n
c
e
s
, v
o
l.
58, n
o
. 10, pp. 1
–
18, O
c
t.
2015, d
o
i:
10.1007/s
11432
-
015
-
539
7
-
4.
[
2]
N
.
I
.
E
r
,
K
.
D
.
S
in
gh,
C
.
C
o
ut
ur
i
e
r
,
a
nd
J
.
M
.
B
o
nni
n,
“
T
o
w
a
r
ds
a
s
im
pl
e
a
nd
e
f
f
i
c
ie
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t
ve
hi
c
ul
a
r
d
e
la
y
t
o
l
e
r
a
nt
n
e
tw
o
r
ks
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o
u
t
in
g
pr
o
t
oc
o
l
f
o
r
da
ta
c
o
ll
e
c
ti
o
n
in
s
ma
r
t
c
it
i
e
s
,”
T
e
lk
om
ni
k
a
(
T
e
le
c
om
m
uni
c
at
io
n
C
om
put
in
g
E
le
c
tr
oni
c
s
and
C
ont
r
ol
)
,
vo
l.
22,
n
o
.
1,
pp. 65
–
75, S
e
p. 2024, d
o
i:
10.12928/t
e
lk
o
mn
ik
a
.v
22i
1.24801.
[
3]
N
.
I
.
E
r
,
K
.
D
.
S
in
gh,
a
nd J
. M
.
B
o
nni
n,
“
D
C
4L
E
D
:
a
hi
e
r
a
r
c
hi
c
a
l
V
D
T
N
r
o
ut
in
g
f
o
r
da
ta
c
o
ll
e
c
ti
o
n
in
s
ma
r
t
c
it
ie
s
,”
in
2019
1
6t
h
I
E
E
E
A
nnual
C
ons
um
e
r
C
om
m
uni
c
at
io
ns
and
N
e
tw
or
k
in
g
C
on
f
e
r
e
nc
e
,
C
C
N
C
2019
,
J
a
n.
2019,
pp.
1
–
4,
do
i:
10.1109/C
C
N
C
.2019.8651757.
[
4]
N
. B
e
na
ma
r
, M
. B
e
na
ma
r
, S
. A
hna
na
, F
.
Z
. S
a
i
y
a
r
i,
M
. D
. E
l
O
ua
dghi
r
i,
a
nd J
. M
. B
o
nni
n, “
A
r
e
V
D
T
N
r
o
u
ti
ng pr
o
t
oc
o
ls
s
ui
ta
bl
e
f
or
da
ta
c
o
ll
e
c
ti
o
n
in
s
ma
r
t
c
it
i
e
s
:
A
pe
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
me
nt
,”
J
our
nal
o
f
T
he
or
e
ti
c
al
and
A
ppl
ie
d
I
nf
o
r
m
at
io
n
T
e
c
hnol
o
gy
,
vo
l.
58, n
o
. 3, pp. 589
–
600, 2013.
[
5]
N
.
I
.
E
r
,
K
.
D
.
S
in
gh,
a
nd
J
.
M
.
B
o
nni
n,
“
C
o
nt
a
c
t
s
tr
a
te
g
y
f
o
r
V
D
T
N
da
ta
c
o
ll
e
c
ti
o
n
in
s
ma
r
t
c
it
i
e
s
,”
in
2018
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
Sm
a
r
t
G
r
e
e
n
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
in
E
le
c
tr
ic
al
and
I
nf
o
r
m
at
io
n
Sy
s
te
m
s
:
Sm
ar
t
G
r
e
e
n
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
f
o
r
Sus
ta
in
abl
e
L
iv
in
g,
I
C
SG
T
E
I
S 2018
-
P
r
oc
e
e
di
ng
, O
c
t.
2018, pp. 61
–
64, d
o
i
:
10.11
09/
I
C
S
G
T
E
I
S
.2018.8709131.
[
6]
S
.
J
a
in
,
K
.
F
a
ll
,
a
nd
R
.
P
a
tr
a
,
“
R
o
ut
in
g
in
a
d
e
la
y
t
o
l
e
r
a
nt
n
e
tw
o
r
k,”
in
P
r
oc
e
e
di
ngs
of
th
e
2004
c
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
A
ppl
ic
at
io
ns
,
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
,
a
r
c
hi
te
c
tu
r
e
s
,
and
pr
ot
oc
ol
s
f
or
c
om
put
e
r
c
om
m
uni
c
at
io
ns
,
A
ug.
2004,
pp.
145
–
158,
do
i:
10.1145/1015467.1
015484.
[
7]
S
.
Y
.
T
a
n
a
nd
A
.
T
a
e
ih
a
gh,
“
S
ma
r
t
c
it
y
g
ove
r
na
n
c
e
in
d
e
ve
l
o
pi
n
g
c
o
unt
r
i
e
s
:
a
s
y
s
t
e
ma
ti
c
li
t
e
r
a
tu
r
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
,”
Sus
ta
in
abi
li
ty
(
Sw
it
z
e
r
la
nd)
,
vo
l.
12, n
o
. 3, p. 899, J
a
n. 2020, do
i:
10.3390/s
u
12030899.
[
8]
A
gus
s
a
li
m, M
.
T
s
ur
u,
W
.
N
.
C
a
hy
o
,
a
nd
P
.
A
.
B
r
a
s
ta
ma
,
“
P
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
of
d
e
la
y
t
o
l
e
r
a
nt
ne
tw
o
r
k
pr
o
t
oc
o
l
in
s
ma
r
t
c
it
y
s
c
e
na
r
io
,”
J
our
nal
of
P
hy
s
ic
s
:
C
on
f
e
r
e
nc
e
Se
r
ie
s
, v
o
l.
1569, n
o
. 2, p. 022
056, J
ul
. 2020, do
i:
10.1088/1742
-
6596/1569
/2
/0
22056.
[
9]
T
.
S
p
y
r
o
p
o
u
l
o
s
,
K
.
P
s
o
uni
s
,
a
nd
C
.
S
.
R
a
gha
ve
ndr
a
,
“
S
pr
a
y
a
nd
f
o
c
us
:
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
m
o
bi
li
t
y
-
a
s
s
is
te
d
r
o
ut
in
g
f
or
h
e
t
e
r
o
g
e
ne
o
us
a
nd
c
o
r
r
e
la
t
e
d m
o
bi
li
t
y
,”
i
n
P
r
oc
e
e
di
ngs
-
F
if
th
A
nnual
I
E
E
E
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on P
e
r
v
as
iv
e
C
om
put
in
g and C
om
m
uni
c
at
io
ns
W
or
k
s
hops
, P
e
r
C
om
W
or
k
s
hops
2007
, M
a
r
. 2007, pp. 79
–
85, do
i:
10.1109/
P
E
R
C
O
M
W
.2007.108.
[
10]
V
.
P
a
nd
y
a
a
nd
S
.
B
.
C
ho
ub
e
y
,
“
A
da
pt
iv
e
s
pr
a
y
a
nd
w
a
it
pr
o
t
oc
o
l
f
o
r
ve
hi
c
ul
a
r
D
T
N
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g
and
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
(
U
A
E
)
,
vo
l.
7, n
o
. 2, pp. 107
–
109, Apr
. 2018, d
o
i
:
1
0.14419/i
je
t.
v
7i
2.16.11504.
[
11]
A
gus
s
a
li
m
a
nd
A
.
B
.
P
ut
r
a
,
“
I
mpl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
o
n
of
e
nha
n
c
e
d
s
pr
a
y
r
o
ut
in
g
pr
o
t
o
c
o
l
f
or
V
D
T
N
o
n
S
ur
a
ba
y
a
s
ma
r
t
c
it
y
s
c
e
na
r
i
o
,”
J
ur
nal
R
E
ST
I
(
R
e
k
ay
as
a
Si
s
te
m
dan
T
e
k
nol
ogi
I
nf
or
m
as
i)
,
v
ol
.
7,
n
o
.
4,
pp.
914
–
921,
A
ug.
2
023,
do
i:
10.29207/
r
e
s
ti
.
v
7i
4.4494.
[
12]
A
gus
s
a
li
m
a
nd
M
.
T
s
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.
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:
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