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.
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i
ng
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
ut
i
o
n
o
f
po
l
l
ut
a
n
t
s
s
uc
h
a
s
P
M
2.
5.
On
e
b
a
c
kgr
o
un
d
f
o
r
de
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
s
pa
t
i
a
l
m
o
de
l
i
ng
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
ut
i
o
n
o
f
po
l
l
ut
a
n
t
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
a
n
a
r
e
a
i
s
t
h
e
li
mi
t
e
d
n
u
m
be
r
o
f
a
i
r
r
e
gu
l
a
t
or
y
mo
ni
t
or
i
ng
n
e
t
wo
r
ks
(
A
R
M
N)
due
to
t
h
e
hi
g
h
i
nve
s
t
m
e
n
t
a
nd
o
pe
r
a
t
i
o
ns
c
o
s
t
s
.
On
t
h
e
ot
h
e
r
h
a
n
d,
s
e
ve
r
a
l
s
t
ud
i
e
s
h
a
v
e
i
nd
i
c
a
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
p
o
l
l
ut
a
n
t
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
e
xhi
b
i
t
s
ma
l
l
-
s
c
a
l
e
s
pa
t
i
a
l
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
ns
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
n
ot
a
de
qua
t
e
l
y
c
a
pt
ur
e
d
by
t
h
e
s
e
r
e
gu
l
a
t
o
r
y
n
e
t
wo
r
ks
.
I
t
i
s
o
f
t
e
n
i
m
pr
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
t
o
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
s
a
m
p
l
e
s
f
r
o
m
a
l
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
ns
t
h
r
o
u
gh
o
ut
a
ge
o
gr
a
phi
c
a
r
e
a
a
t
a
l
l
t
i
m
e
s
[
8]
.
I
n
s
p
a
t
i
a
l
m
o
de
li
ng,
m
a
ny
a
s
pe
c
t
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
d
a
n
d
publi
s
he
d,
i
n
c
l
ud
i
ng
t
h
o
s
e
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
to
t
h
e
m
e
t
h
o
ds
a
n
d
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
i
nv
o
l
ve
d
i
n
t
h
e
m
o
de
li
ng
pr
o
c
e
s
s
.
P
ubl
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
s
pa
t
i
a
l
m
o
de
l
i
ng
o
f
P
M
2
.
5
us
i
n
g
v
a
r
i
o
us
m
e
t
h
o
ds
h
a
v
e
a
l
s
o
b
e
e
n
e
x
t
e
n
s
i
ve
ly
c
o
n
d
uc
t
e
d
by
pr
e
vi
o
u
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
.
W
a
n
g
e
t
al.
[
9]
u
t
i
li
z
e
d
t
h
e
we
a
t
h
e
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
n
d
f
o
r
e
c
a
s
t
i
n
g
c
h
e
mi
s
t
r
y
(
W
R
F
-
C
h
e
m
)
m
e
t
h
o
d,
whi
c
h
i
n
t
e
gr
a
t
e
s
we
a
t
h
e
r
pr
e
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
a
t
m
o
s
phe
r
i
c
c
h
e
mi
c
a
l
pr
o
c
e
s
s
e
s
,
i
n
c
l
ud
i
ng
a
e
r
o
s
o
l
a
n
d
po
l
l
ut
a
n
t
t
r
a
n
s
po
r
t.
O
t
h
e
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
us
e
d
m
e
t
e
o
r
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
da
t
a
[
8]
,
[
10]
,
a
s
we
l
l
a
s
s
a
t
e
l
li
t
e
da
t
a
s
uc
h
a
s
a
e
r
o
s
o
l
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
de
pt
h
(
A
OD
)
a
n
d
n
o
r
m
a
li
z
e
d
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
v
e
ge
t
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
d
e
x
(
ND
VI
)
to
pr
e
di
c
t
P
M
2.
5
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
r
e
g
i
o
n
s
[
11]
[
13]
.
A
n
o
t
h
e
r
gr
o
up
o
f
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
[
14]
[
16]
a
ppl
i
e
d
i
n
t
e
r
po
l
a
t
i
o
n
m
e
t
h
o
ds
i
n
s
pa
t
i
a
l
m
o
de
li
ng
to
p
r
e
di
c
t
P
M
2.
5
v
a
l
ue
s
i
n
a
r
e
a
s
l
a
c
k
i
ng
m
e
a
s
ur
e
m
e
n
t
da
t
a
.
S
o
m
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
c
o
n
duc
t
e
d
s
pa
t
i
a
l
m
o
de
li
ng
by
e
x
p
l
o
r
i
ng
s
pa
t
i
a
l
va
r
i
a
bl
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
l
a
n
d
us
e
a
n
d
to
p
o
gr
a
phi
c
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
a
r
e
g
i
o
n
r
e
ga
r
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
pa
tt
e
r
n
o
f
po
l
l
ut
a
n
t
di
s
t
r
i
b
ut
i
o
n
us
i
n
g
r
e
gr
e
s
s
i
o
n
m
o
de
l
s
[
10]
.
On
t
h
e
ot
h
e
r
h
a
n
d,
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
s
t
udi
e
s
c
o
m
bi
ne
r
e
gr
e
s
s
i
o
n
,
i
n
t
e
r
po
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
ot
h
e
r
m
e
t
h
o
ds
s
uc
h
a
s
m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
n
g
t
o
ge
n
e
r
a
t
e
a
m
o
de
l
c
a
pa
bl
e
o
f
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
ly
a
n
d
a
c
c
ur
a
t
e
l
y
pr
e
d
i
c
t
i
n
g
v
a
l
ue
s
i
n
s
ur
r
o
un
d
i
n
g
m
e
a
s
ur
e
m
e
n
t
a
r
e
a
s
,
a
s
e
vi
de
n
c
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
s
t
udy
[
17]
[
20]
.
C
ur
r
e
n
t
l
y
,
m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
a
lgo
r
i
t
hm
s
a
r
e
c
o
n
t
i
n
uo
us
l
y
e
v
o
l
vi
ng
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
i
nc
r
e
a
s
i
ng
ly
d
i
ve
r
s
e
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
c
h
a
ll
e
n
ge
s
.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
de
v
e
lo
pm
e
n
t
s
i
s
t
h
e
e
ns
e
m
b
l
e
m
e
t
h
o
d,
whi
c
h
c
o
m
bi
ne
s
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
m
a
c
hi
ne
-
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
m
o
de
l
s
.
S
o
m
e
s
t
ud
i
e
s
o
n
s
pa
t
i
a
l
m
o
de
li
ng
o
f
P
M
2.
5
pr
e
s
e
n
t
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
c
o
m
pa
r
i
s
o
n
s
b
e
t
we
e
n
s
i
ng
l
e
m
o
de
l
s
a
n
d
e
n
s
e
m
bl
e
m
o
de
l
s
,
a
s
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
d
in
[
17]
,
[
20]
.
M
e
a
n
w
hil
e
,
o
v
e
r
t
h
e
pa
s
t
10
y
e
a
r
s
,
publi
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
P
M
2.
5
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
ur
v
e
y
s
o
r
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
r
e
vi
e
ws
o
n
t
h
e
to
pi
c
o
f
P
M
2.
5
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
f
o
un
d
i
n
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
pu
bli
c
a
t
i
o
ns
.
A
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
a
n
a
ly
s
i
s
o
f
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
o
n
a
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
t
o
pi
c
w
i
ll
h
e
l
p
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ga
ps
a
n
d
de
v
e
l
o
p
to
pi
c
s
f
o
r
f
ur
t
h
e
r
i
nv
e
s
t
i
ga
t
i
o
n.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
e
t
h
o
ds
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
ng
ly
u
s
e
d
by
a
ut
h
o
r
s
i
s
bi
b
li
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
.
S
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
i
n
c
l
ud
e
bi
b
li
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
r
e
vi
e
ws
o
n
ge
n
e
r
a
l
t
r
e
n
ds
i
n
P
M
2.
5
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
bi
b
li
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
a
n
a
ly
s
i
s
o
n
publi
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
to
P
M
2.
5
a
n
d
i
t
s
h
e
a
l
t
h
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
,
a
n
d
a
l
s
o
bi
b
li
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
a
n
a
ly
s
i
s
o
n
im
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
m
o
de
l
i
ng
m
e
t
h
o
d
f
o
r
P
M
2.
5
.
M
e
n
g
e
t
al
.
[
21]
us
e
s
bi
bli
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
m
e
t
h
o
ds
to
o
f
f
e
r
a
c
o
m
pr
e
h
e
ns
i
ve
o
v
e
r
vi
e
w
o
f
P
M
2.
5
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
r
o
m
1993
to
2017
by
a
na
l
y
z
i
ng
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
r
e
t
r
i
e
v
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
W
e
b
o
f
S
c
i
e
nc
e
da
t
a
b
a
s
e
.
S
i
m
u
l
t
a
n
e
o
us
l
y
,
t
hi
s
s
t
u
dy
[
22]
e
x
a
mi
ne
s
pu
bli
c
a
t
i
o
ns
to
r
e
v
e
a
l
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
pa
t
t
e
r
n
s
a
m
o
n
g
c
o
un
t
r
i
e
s
/t
e
r
r
i
t
o
r
i
e
s
,
i
ns
t
i
t
ut
i
o
n
s
,
a
nd
a
ut
h
o
r
s
,
ga
i
n
de
e
pe
r
i
ns
i
g
h
t
s
i
n
to
gl
o
b
a
l
t
r
e
n
ds
,
a
nd
p
i
n
po
i
n
t
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
r
o
n
t
i
e
r
s
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
to
P
M
2.
5
f
r
om
1997
to
2016,
us
i
n
g
da
t
a
s
o
ur
c
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
W
e
b
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
da
t
a
b
a
s
e
.
Ot
h
e
r
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
c
o
n
duc
t
bi
b
li
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
a
n
a
ly
s
i
s
o
n
pu
bli
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
to
P
M
2.
5
a
n
d
i
t
s
h
e
a
l
t
h
im
pa
c
t
s
.
S
t
udy
[
23]
i
nv
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
we
e
n
c
a
nc
e
r
a
n
d
pa
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
t
e
m
a
t
t
e
r
t
h
r
o
ugh
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
publ
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
f
r
o
m
2012
to
2021
f
r
o
m
a
m
a
c
r
o
s
c
o
p
i
c
pe
r
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e
us
i
ng
t
h
e
W
e
b
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
da
t
a
b
a
s
e
.
S
t
udy
[
24]
pe
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2023.
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]
.
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[
2]
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.
W
a
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t
al
.
,
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nt
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ti
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P
L
oS
O
N
E
,
vo
l.
16, n
o
. 4 A
pr
i
l,
p. e
0249694, Ap
r
. 2021, d
o
i:
10.1371/j
o
ur
n
a
l.
po
n
e
.0249694.
[
3]
L
.
Y
a
ng,
C
.
L
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a
nd
X
.
T
a
ng,
“
T
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im
pa
c
t
of
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M
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of
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pi
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r
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r
s
in
C
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ll
and
D
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v
e
lo
pm
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nt
al
B
io
lo
gy
, vol
. 8, M
a
r
. 2020, do
i:
10.3389
/
f
c
e
l
l.
2020.00091.
[
4]
G
.
P
.
B
ă
lă
,
R
.
M
.
R
â
jn
ove
a
nu,
E
.
T
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or
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,
R
.
M
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t
iș
a
n,
a
nd
C
.
O
a
nc
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a
,
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ll
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o
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(
in
)
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is
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Sc
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and
P
ol
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ti
on
R
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s
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ar
c
h
,
v
o
l.
28,
n
o
.
16,
pp.
19615
–
19628,
2021,
do
i:
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113
56
-
021
-
13208
-
x.
[
5]
C
. L
iu
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t
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.
, “
A
mbi
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n a
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m
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r
ta
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n 652
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it
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ng
la
nd J
o
ur
nal
of
M
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di
c
in
e
, vo
l.
381,
no
.
8, pp. 705
–
715, Aug. 2019, do
i:
10.1056/n
e
jm
o
a
1817364.
[
6]
R
.
B
.
H
a
y
e
s
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.
,
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2.5
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pi
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gy
, vo
l.
49, n
o
. 1, pp. 25
–
35,
F
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b
. 2020, d
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i
:
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3/
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/d
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114.
[
7]
V
.
C
.
P
un,
F
.
K
a
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mi
pa
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k
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uhi
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J
.
M
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ur
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e
s
,
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nd
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.
H
.
S
uh,
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o
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m
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M
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o
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ur
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e
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ul
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e
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U
S
a
dul
ts
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m
e
r
ic
an
J
ou
r
n
al
of
E
pi
de
m
io
lo
gy
,
v
o
l.
186,
n
o
.
8,
pp.
96
1
–
969,
O
c
t.
2017,
do
i:
10.1093/a
je
/k
w
x
166.
[
8]
S
. J
a
in
, A
. A
. P
r
e
s
to
,
a
nd N
. Z
i
mm
e
r
ma
n, “
S
pa
ti
a
l
m
o
d
e
li
ng
of
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il
y
P
M
2.5, NO
2
, a
nd C
O
c
o
nc
e
nt
r
a
ti
o
ns
me
a
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ur
e
d b
y
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l
o
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o
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t
s
e
ns
o
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n
e
tw
o
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k:
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o
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is
o
n of
li
n
e
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r
,
ma
c
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n
e
le
a
r
ni
ng,
a
nd
h
y
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id
la
nd
us
e
m
o
de
ls
,”
E
nv
ir
onm
e
nt
al
Sc
ie
nc
e
and
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
,
vo
l.
55, no
. 13, pp. 8631
–
8641, J
ul
. 2021, d
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i:
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c
s
.e
s
t.
1c
02
653.
[
9]
P
.
W
a
ng,
X
.
Q
ia
o
,
a
nd
H
.
Z
ha
ng,
“
M
o
de
li
ng
P
M
2.5
a
nd
O
3
w
it
h
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e
r
o
s
o
l
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e
e
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ks
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in
g
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/C
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ove
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th
e
S
i
c
hua
n
B
a
s
in
,
s
o
ut
hw
e
s
t
e
r
n C
hi
na
,”
Ch
e
m
os
phe
r
e
, v
o
l.
254, p. 126735,
S
e
p.
2020, do
i:
10.1016/j
.
c
h
e
m
o
s
phe
r
e
.2020.126735.
[
10]
L
.
K
.
W
id
y
a
e
t
al
.
,
“
C
o
mpa
r
is
o
n
of
s
pa
ti
a
l
mo
d
e
ll
in
g
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
e
s
o
n
P
M
10
a
nd
N
O
2
c
o
nc
e
nt
r
a
ti
o
n
v
a
r
ia
ti
o
ns
:
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c
a
s
e
s
tu
d
y
in
S
ur
a
ba
y
a
c
it
y
,
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nd
o
n
e
s
ia
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
E
nv
ir
onm
e
nt
al
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
and
P
ubl
ic
H
e
al
th
,
vo
l.
17,
n
o
.
23,
pp.
1
–
15,
N
ov
.
2020, do
i:
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je
r
ph17238883.
[
11]
M
.
U
ni
k,
I
.
S
.
S
it
a
ngga
ng,
L
.
S
y
a
u
f
in
a
,
a
nd
I
.
N
.
S
.
J
a
y
a
,
“
P
M
2.5
e
s
ti
ma
ti
o
n
us
in
g
ma
c
hi
n
e
le
a
r
ni
ng
m
o
de
ls
a
nd
s
a
te
ll
it
e
da
t
a
:
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li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
r
e
vi
e
w
,
”
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nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
A
dv
anc
e
d
C
om
put
e
r
Sc
ie
nc
e
and
A
ppl
ic
at
io
ns
,
v
o
l.
14,
n
o
.
5,
pp.
359
–
370,
2023,
do
i:
10.14569/I
J
A
C
S
A
.2023.0140538.
[
12]
Q
.
C
ui
,
F
.
Z
ha
ng,
S
.
F
u,
X
.
W
e
i,
Y
.
M
a
,
a
nd
K
.
W
u,
“
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ig
h
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ti
o
t
e
mp
o
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l
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o
lu
ti
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M
2.5
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o
nc
e
nt
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ti
o
n e
s
ti
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ti
o
n
w
it
h
ma
c
hi
ne
le
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r
ni
ng
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lg
o
r
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hm:
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c
a
s
e
s
tu
d
y
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or
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il
d
f
i
r
e
in
C
a
li
f
o
r
ni
a
,”
R
e
m
ot
e
Se
ns
in
g
,
vo
l.
14,
n
o
.
7,
p.
1635,
M
a
r
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2022,
do
i:
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[
13]
P
.
G
upt
a
e
t
al
.
,
“
M
a
c
hi
n
e
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
a
lg
or
it
hm f
or
e
s
ti
ma
ti
ng
s
ur
f
a
c
e
PM
2.5
in
T
h
a
il
a
nd,”
A
e
r
os
ol
and
A
ir
Q
ual
it
y
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
,
v
ol
.
21,
no
. 11, p. 210105, 2021, d
o
i:
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R
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[
14]
P
.
C
.
C
he
n
a
nd
Y
.
T
.
L
in
,
“
E
x
p
o
s
ur
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
me
nt
of
P
M
2.5
us
in
g
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ma
r
t
s
pa
ti
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l
in
te
r
po
la
ti
o
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o
n
r
e
gul
a
t
o
r
y
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ir
qua
li
t
y
s
ta
ti
o
ns
w
it
h
c
lu
s
te
r
in
g
of
d
e
ns
e
l
y
-
d
e
pl
oy
e
d
mi
c
r
o
s
e
ns
o
r
s
,”
E
nv
ir
onm
e
nt
al
P
ol
lu
ti
on
,
vo
l.
292,
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J
a
n.
2022,
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n
v
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[
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H
. Z
ha
ng
e
t
al
.
,
“
U
s
in
g K
r
ig
in
g
i
nc
or
p
o
r
a
t
e
d w
it
h w
in
d di
r
e
c
ti
o
n t
o
i
n
ve
s
ti
ga
t
e
gr
o
und
-
le
ve
l
P
M
2.5 c
o
n
c
e
n
tr
a
ti
o
n,”
Sc
ie
nc
e
of
t
he
T
ot
al
E
nv
ir
onm
e
nt
, vo
l.
751, p. 141813, J
a
n. 2021, d
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i:
10.101
6/
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s
c
it
o
t
e
n
v
.2020.141813.
[
16]
K
. I
. S
o
li
ha
h, D
. N
. M
a
r
to
n
o
, a
nd B
.
H
a
r
y
a
nt
o
, “
I
d
e
nt
i
f
y
in
g t
h
e
be
s
t
s
pa
ti
a
l
in
te
r
p
o
la
ti
o
n m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
e
s
ti
ma
ti
ng s
pa
ti
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l
di
s
t
r
ib
ut
io
n
of
P
M
2.5
in
J
a
ka
r
ta
,”
I
O
P
C
on
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
Se
r
ie
s
:
E
ar
th
and
E
n
v
ir
onm
e
nt
al
Sc
ie
nc
e
,
v
o
l.
893,
n
o
.
1,
p.
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N
ov
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2021,
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i:
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[
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H
.
D
a
i,
G
.
H
ua
ng,
J
.
W
a
ng,
H
.
Z
e
ng,
a
nd
F
.
Z
ho
u,
“
S
pa
ti
o
-
t
e
mpo
r
a
l
c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
is
ti
c
s
of
P
M
2.5
c
o
n
c
e
nt
r
a
ti
o
ns
in
C
hi
na
B
a
s
e
d
o
n
mu
lt
ip
le
s
o
ur
c
e
s
of
da
ta
a
nd L
U
R
-
G
B
M
dur
in
g 2016
–
2021,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
o
f
E
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
al
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h and
P
ubl
ic
H
e
al
th
,
vo
l.
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o
. 10, p. 6292, M
a
y
2022, d
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S
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Y
a
ng,
H
.
W
u,
J
.
C
he
n,
X
.
L
in
,
a
nd
T
.
L
u,
“
O
pt
im
iz
a
ti
o
n
of
P
M
2.
5
e
s
ti
ma
ti
o
n
us
in
g
la
nds
c
a
pe
pa
tt
e
r
n
in
f
or
ma
ti
o
n
a
nd
la
nd
us
e
r
e
gr
e
s
s
io
n
m
o
de
l
in
Z
h
e
ji
a
ng, C
hi
na
,”
A
tmos
phe
r
e
, v
o
l.
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o
. 2
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e
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C
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D
a
W
u,
Y
.
T
.
Z
e
ng,
a
nd
S
.
C
.
C
.
L
ung,
“
A
h
y
br
id
k
r
i
gi
ng/
la
nd
-
us
e
r
e
gr
e
s
s
io
n
m
o
d
e
l
t
o
a
s
s
e
s
s
P
M
2.5
s
pa
ti
a
l
-
te
mpo
r
a
l
v
a
r
ia
bi
li
t
y
,”
Sc
ie
nc
e
of
t
he
T
ot
al
E
nv
ir
onm
e
nt
, v
o
l.
645, pp. 14
56
–
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it
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e
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v
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P
.
Y
.
W
o
ng
e
t
al
.
,
“
U
s
in
g
a
la
nd
us
e
r
e
gr
e
s
s
i
o
n
mo
d
e
l
w
it
h
ma
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
t
o
e
s
ti
ma
t
e
gr
o
und
l
e
ve
l
P
M
2.5,”
E
nv
ir
onm
e
nt
al
P
o
ll
ut
io
n
,
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a
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S
.
M
e
ng,
B
.
D
in
g,
a
nd
J
.
C
he
n,
“
T
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
nd
c
it
a
ti
o
n
la
nds
c
a
pe
of
P
M
2.5
in
1993
–
2017:
a
r
e
tr
o
s
pe
c
ti
ve
a
na
l
y
s
is
w
it
h
bi
bl
io
m
e
t
r
i
c
,”
in
P
r
oc
e
e
di
ngs
o
f
th
e
4t
h
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
Sy
m
po
s
i
um
on
B
us
in
e
s
s
C
or
por
at
io
n
and
D
e
v
e
lo
pm
e
nt
in
Sout
h
-
E
as
t
and
Sout
h A
s
ia
unde
r
B
&R
I
ni
ti
at
iv
e
(
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SB
C
D
2019)
, P
a
r
is
, F
r
a
n
c
e
:
A
tl
a
nt
is
P
r
e
s
s
, 2020. do
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e
bmr
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S
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a
ng
e
t
al
.
,
“
T
r
e
nds
o
n P
M
2
.5 r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h, 1997
–
2016: a
bi
bl
i
ome
tr
i
c
s
tu
d
y
,”
E
nv
ir
onm
e
nt
al
Sc
ie
nc
e
and P
ol
lu
ti
on R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
,
vo
l.
25, no
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2018, d
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1723
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x.
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[
23]
X
. L
u
o
e
t
al
.
, “
A
bi
bl
i
o
m
e
tr
i
c
a
nd vis
ua
li
z
a
ti
o
n a
na
l
y
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is
o
n t
h
e
a
s
s
o
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ia
ti
o
n be
tw
e
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hr
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c
e
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o
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ur
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o
f
in
e
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
t
e
ma
tt
e
r
a
nd
c
a
nc
e
r
r
is
k,”
F
r
ont
ie
r
s
i
n P
ubl
ic
H
e
al
th
,
vo
l.
10, De
c
. 2022, d
oi
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f
pubh.2022.1039078.
[
24]
N
.
J
ia
,
Y
.
L
i,
R
.
C
he
n,
a
nd
H
.
Y
a
ng,
“
A
r
e
v
ie
w
of
gl
o
ba
l
P
M
2.5
e
x
p
o
s
ur
e
r
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r
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e
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m
1992
t
o
2022,”
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ta
in
a
bi
li
ty
(
Sw
it
z
e
r
la
nd)
,
vo
l.
15, n
o
. 13, p. 10509, J
ul
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25]
M
.
H
a
n,
F
.
Y
a
ng,
a
nd
H
.
S
un,
“
A
bi
bl
io
me
t
r
i
c
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ua
li
z
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na
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e
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o
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e
s
s
a
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r
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i
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n
he
a
lt
h
e
f
f
e
c
ts
c
a
us
e
d
b
y
P
M
2.5,”
E
nv
ir
onm
e
nt
al
Sc
ie
nc
e
and
P
ol
lu
ti
on
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
,
v
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l.
28,
n
o
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24,
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30595
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56
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S
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J
a
in
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N
.
K
a
ur
,
S
.
V
e
r
ma
,
K
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v
it
a
,
A
.
S
.
M
.
S
.
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o
s
e
n,
a
nd
S
.
S
.
S
e
hga
l,
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s
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c
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le
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ni
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ir
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ll
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ti
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e
,”
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le
c
tr
oni
c
s
(
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it
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e
r
la
nd)
, vo
l.
11, n
o
. 21, p. 3621, N
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i:
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e
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.
J
.
v
a
n
E
c
k
a
nd
L
.
W
a
lt
ma
n,
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ur
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y
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r
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i
o
m
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tr
i
c
ma
ppi
ng,”
Sc
ie
nt
om
e
tr
ic
s
,
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538, Aug. 2010, d
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i:
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9
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T
.
D
ha
r
, “
B
ib
li
o
m
e
tr
i
c
a
na
l
y
s
is
of
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h
e
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o
ur
na
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ia
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n
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o
r
ma
ti
o
n
S
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i
e
n
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e
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g
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-
2021,”
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n
te
r
nat
io
nal
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our
na
l
of
I
nf
o
r
m
at
io
n St
udi
e
s
and L
ib
r
a
r
ie
s
, v
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. 2, pp. 1
–
9, 202
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[
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I
Q
A
ir
,
“
2023
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ld
A
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ug.
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]
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.
S
.
S
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S
und
e
r
,
V
.
A
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ik
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l,
A
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uma
r
,
a
nd B
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y
a
g
i,
“
U
n
ve
il
in
g t
he
tr
a
ns
pa
r
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n
c
y
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ti
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r
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l
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ll
ig
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n
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e
,”
A
I
(
S
w
it
z
e
r
la
nd)
,
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X
.
M
a
,
T
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C
he
n,
R
.
G
e
,
F
.
X
v
,
C
.
C
ui
,
a
nd
J
.
L
i,
“
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r
e
di
c
ti
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M
2.5
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o
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c
e
nt
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l
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c
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le
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r
ni
ng
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e
ls
,”
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tmos
phe
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e
, v
o
l.
14, n
o
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S
e
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A
. D
ha
nda
pa
ni
,
J
. I
qba
l,
a
nd R
.
N
. K
uma
r
, “
A
ppl
ic
a
ti
o
n
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ma
c
hi
ne
l
e
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M
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nt
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ti
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r
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ndi
a
,”
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he
m
os
phe
r
e
,
v
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ov
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F
.
W
e
n,
L
.
L
iu
,
P
.
Z
ha
ng,
W
.
M
a
,
a
nd
Z
.
L
i,
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c
ti
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pa
ti
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tr
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P
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ngs
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s
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I
oT
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ndus
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I
nf
or
m
at
ic
s
, I
C
M
I
I
I
2023
, I
E
E
E
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un. 2023, pp. 170
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o
i:
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I
I
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Z
.
W
a
ng
,
P
.
C
he
n,
R
.
W
a
ng,
Z
.
A
n,
a
nd
L
.
Q
iu
,
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E
s
ti
ma
ti
o
n of
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M
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o
n
c
e
n
tr
a
ti
o
ns
w
it
h
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gh
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pa
ti
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te
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o
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n
in
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ij
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g
m
o
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ls
,”
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dv
anc
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s
in
Spac
e
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
v
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l.
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6/
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s
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R
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S
o
n,
D
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S
tr
a
t
o
ul
ia
s
,
H
.
C
.
K
im
,
a
nd
J
.
H
.
Y
oo
n,
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E
s
ti
ma
ti
o
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s
ur
f
a
c
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M
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o
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c
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nt
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ti
o
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f
r
o
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a
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phe
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T
R
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us
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mpa
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ts
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f
i
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o
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ir
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ol
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ti
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r
T
ha
il
a
nd,”
A
tmos
phe
r
ic
P
ol
lu
ti
on
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
,
vo
l.
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o
. 10, p. 101875, O
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t.
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o
i:
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[
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X
.
Y
a
n
e
t
al
.
,
“
C
o
o
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e
r
a
ti
ve
s
im
ul
ta
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o
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it
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m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m,”
E
nv
ir
onm
e
nt
al
P
o
ll
ut
io
n
,
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l.
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p.
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J
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Y
. Q
iu
e
t
al
.
, “
R
e
gi
o
na
l
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o
s
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o
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e
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r
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nd nume
r
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c
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l
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th
e
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p
r
e
di
c
ti
o
n,”
npj
C
li
m
at
e
and A
tmos
phe
r
ic
Sc
ie
nc
e
, v
o
l.
6, n
o
. 1,
p. 71, J
un. 2023, d
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i:
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02
3
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00397
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0.
[
38]
H
. W
a
ng,
L
.
Z
ha
ng, R
. W
u, a
nd Y
. C
e
n, “
S
pa
ti
o
-
t
e
mp
o
r
a
l
f
us
i
on of
me
te
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l
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s
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o
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it
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M
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e
di
c
ti
o
n:
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ni
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nv
ir
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e
nt
al
R
e
s
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ar
c
h
,
v
o
l.
239,
p.
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D
e
c
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2023,
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n
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r
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s
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J
.
M
a
,
Y
.
D
in
g,
J
.
C
.
P
.
C
h
e
ng,
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.
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ia
ng,
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nd
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.
W
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M
2.5,”
J
our
n
al
of
C
l
e
ane
r
P
r
oduc
ti
on
,
vo
l.
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p.
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ov
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M
.
A
.
B
ha
tt
i,
Z
.
S
o
ng,
U
.
A
.
B
ha
tt
i,
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nd
N
.
A
hma
d,
“
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r
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di
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ti
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e
im
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i
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a
n c
it
i
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s
of
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na
n
:
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de
e
p l
e
a
r
ni
ng a
ppr
o
a
c
h
,”
A
tmos
phe
r
e
, vo
l.
14, no
. 5, p. 902, M
a
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J
.
M
a
,
Y
.
D
in
g,
V
.
J
.
L
.
G
a
n,
C
.
L
in
,
a
nd
Z
.
W
a
n,
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S
pa
ti
o
te
mp
or
a
l
pr
e
di
c
ti
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n
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M
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o
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c
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nt
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t
di
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f
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r
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nt
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a
r
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ti
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s
us
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g
I
D
W
-
B
L
S
T
M
,”
I
E
E
E
A
c
c
e
s
s
, vo
l.
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–
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Y
.
S
o
ng
e
t
al
.
,
“
H
P
O
-
e
mp
o
w
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r
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d
ma
c
hi
n
e
l
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r
ni
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i
r
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t
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r
ia
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s
s
pa
ti
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l
pr
e
di
c
ti
o
n
of
s
o
il
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vy
me
ta
ls
in
c
o
a
s
ta
l
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lt
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f
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nd
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hi
na
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om
put
e
r
s
and
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le
c
tr
oni
c
s
in
A
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
,
vo
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M
.
L
iu
,
X
.
L
u
o
,
L
.
Q
i,
X
.
L
ia
o
,
a
nd
C
.
C
he
n,
“
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im
ul
a
ti
o
n
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e
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pa
ti
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t
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r
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ti
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ba
s
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G
T
W
R
-
X
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B
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t
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-
s
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ge
m
o
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l:
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tu
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y
of
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e
ngdu C
ho
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ng
e
c
o
n
o
mi
c
c
ir
c
l
e
,”
A
tmos
phe
r
e
, v
ol
. 14, n
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L
.
L
in
e
t
al
.
,
“
E
s
ti
ma
ti
ng
P
M
2.5
c
o
nc
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nt
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ti
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