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e
s
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m
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d
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tas
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ts.
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e
m
o
d
e
l
in
teg
ra
tes
two
e
n
e
rg
y
sto
r
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g
e
sy
ste
m
s:
b
a
tt
e
ries
fo
r
e
lec
tro
c
h
e
m
ica
l
sto
ra
g
e
a
n
d
h
y
d
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g
e
n
fo
r
c
h
e
m
ica
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g
e
,
c
o
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t
o
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
v
ia
a
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
sta
c
k
.
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is
d
u
a
l
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
n
a
b
les
flex
ib
le
re
fu
e
li
n
g
o
p
t
i
o
n
s
with
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
o
r
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
.
An
a
ir
c
o
m
p
re
ss
o
r
in
th
e
p
ro
t
o
n
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
m
e
m
b
ra
n
e
(P
EM
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f
u
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te
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ti
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tr
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e
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d
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s
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g
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z
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n
d
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d
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ti
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n
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ro
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f
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z
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y
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re
n
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to
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o
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l
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u
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th
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ll
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m
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a
n
d
th
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d
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ry
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rc
e
(
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o
r
sp
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c
ifi
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ro
a
d
sc
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n
a
rio
s.
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e
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
AN
F
IS
-
b
a
se
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
d
e
m
o
n
stra
tes
su
p
e
rio
r
c
o
n
tr
o
l
in
b
a
lan
c
in
g
e
n
e
rg
y
e
fficie
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c
y
a
n
d
d
r
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i
n
g
d
y
n
a
m
ics
,
su
rp
a
ss
in
g
b
o
t
h
P
ID
a
n
d
fu
z
z
y
lo
g
ic
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
rs
in
k
e
y
m
e
tri
c
s.
Th
is
in
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
c
lo
se
d
-
lo
o
p
c
o
n
tro
l
sy
ste
m
o
ffe
rs
a
p
ro
m
isi
n
g
so
l
u
ti
o
n
fo
r
h
y
b
rid
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s,
e
n
su
ri
n
g
o
p
t
ima
l
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
e
n
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
ANFI
S
B
atter
y
m
o
d
el
Fu
zz
y
Hy
b
r
id
f
u
el
ce
ll v
eh
icle
in
tellig
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
l
P
r
o
p
o
r
tio
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al
in
teg
r
al
d
e
r
iv
ativ
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Sim
P
o
wer
S
y
s
tem
s
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ab
d
allah
B
en
Ab
d
elk
a
d
er
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
o
f
Sm
ar
t G
r
id
s
an
d
R
en
ewa
b
le
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n
er
g
ies
(
S.G.
R
.
E
)
,
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
Facu
lty
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Un
i
v
e
r
s
ity
o
f
B
ec
h
ar
B
éc
h
ar
,
Alg
er
ia
E
m
ail:
b
en
ab
d
el
k
ad
er
.
a
b
d
ella
h
@
u
n
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-
b
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h
a
r
,
ab
d
allah
b
en
a
b
d
elk
ad
er
@
y
ah
o
o
.
f
r
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
lig
h
t
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
c
o
n
c
er
n
o
v
er
d
win
d
lin
g
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
el
r
eser
v
es
an
d
escalatin
g
g
lo
b
al
en
er
g
y
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
,
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
em
er
g
es a
s
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
en
er
g
y
ca
r
r
ier
to
s
u
p
p
lan
t tr
a
d
itio
n
al
f
u
els in
th
e
lo
n
g
r
u
n
.
As
th
e
m
o
s
t
ab
u
n
d
an
t
elem
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t
in
th
e
u
n
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e
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h
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en
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it
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s
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en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
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ly
o
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tio
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,
p
ar
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lar
ly
wh
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n
u
tili
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d
t
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r
o
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g
h
a
f
u
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ce
ll h
y
d
r
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g
en
v
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h
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(
FC
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.
T
h
e
ad
v
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t
o
f
elec
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v
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h
icles
eq
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p
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d
with
en
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E
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m
ar
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s
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if
ican
t
s
tep
to
war
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estab
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in
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a
f
leet
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f
clea
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tr
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tatio
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eth
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r
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a
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
h
y
b
r
id
FC
HV,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
u
n
i
q
u
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t/v
o
ltag
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
f
u
el
ce
lls
an
d
th
eir
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
if
ts
to
war
d
s
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
a
f
u
el
ce
ll
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
r
e
s
id
en
tial
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
with
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
em
p
h
asis
o
n
p
r
o
to
n
e
x
ch
an
g
e
m
em
b
r
a
n
e
ce
lls
(
PEM
)
.
Kn
o
wn
f
o
r
th
e
ir
s
u
itab
ilit
y
in
th
e
au
to
m
o
tiv
e
an
d
d
ec
en
t
r
alize
d
ele
ctr
ic
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
s
ec
to
r
s
,
PEM
ce
lls
o
f
f
er
r
ap
i
d
d
y
n
am
ics
an
d
o
p
er
ate
at
r
el
ativ
ely
lo
w
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
es,
s
im
p
lify
in
g
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
to
v
ar
io
u
s
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
d
elv
e
in
to
th
e
p
h
y
s
ico
ch
em
ical
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a
with
in
PEM
FC
ce
l
ls
to
o
p
tim
ize
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
an
d
f
ac
i
litate
s
ea
m
les
s
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
to
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Utilizin
g
ad
ap
tiv
e
n
eu
r
o
-
f
u
zz
y
in
f
e
r
en
ce
s
y
s
tem
(
ANFI
S),
th
is
r
esear
ch
en
d
ea
v
o
r
s
t
o
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
a
v
er
s
atile
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
in
tr
icate
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
a
d
y
n
am
ic
m
o
d
el
o
f
a
f
u
el
ce
ll
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
r
esid
en
tial
u
s
e
is
o
u
tlin
ed
,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
a
ce
ll
m
o
d
el,
g
as
r
ef
o
r
m
er
m
o
d
el,
an
d
p
o
wer
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
u
n
it.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
in
cl
u
d
es
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
ce
ll
p
o
wer
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
in
te
g
r
at
io
n
o
f
ANFI
S
an
d
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
eli
n
g
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
e
p
ap
e
r
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
as
f
o
ll
o
ws:
i)
Sect
io
n
1
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
t
h
e
P
E
M
f
u
el
ce
ll
;
ii
)
Se
cti
o
n
2
ela
b
o
r
ates
o
n
t
h
e
p
o
l
y
m
e
r
m
e
m
b
r
an
e
f
u
e
l
ce
ll
(
PMFC
)
s
y
s
t
em
;
ii
i)
Se
ct
io
n
3
d
is
cu
s
s
es
h
y
b
r
i
d
f
u
el
c
el
l
v
e
h
icl
es
(
FC
HV
)
;
iv
)
Se
cti
o
n
4
d
esc
r
i
b
es
el
ec
t
r
i
c
v
eh
icl
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
;
v
)
Se
cti
o
n
5
s
c
r
u
ti
n
i
ze
s
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
i
es
(
PID
,
f
u
zz
y
,
A
NFI
S
)
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
ests
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
m
o
d
e
l
;
a
n
d
v
i
)
Se
cti
o
n
6
c
o
n
s
o
l
id
ates
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t
test
ca
s
es.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
o
f
f
er
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
t
o
th
e
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
y
s
tem
s
wh
ile
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
ANFI
S
an
d
f
u
zz
y
l
o
g
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
d
o
m
ain
s
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
in
s
y
s
te
m
id
en
tific
atio
n
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l.
2.
T
H
E
P
O
L
Y
M
E
R
M
E
M
B
R
ANE F
UE
L
C
E
L
L
SY
ST
E
M
(
F
CS)
2
.
1
.
Wo
r
k
ing
princip
le
T
h
e
FC
S
f
u
el
ce
l
l
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
s
c
h
e
m
i
ca
l
en
e
r
g
y
(
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
an
d
o
x
y
g
e
n
)
in
to
ele
ct
r
i
ca
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
T
h
is
ele
ctr
o
ch
em
ic
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
r
e
p
r
e
s
en
ts
t
h
e
r
e
v
e
r
s
e
el
ec
t
r
o
l
y
s
is
o
f
wat
e
r
[
4
]
.
E
l
ec
t
r
i
ca
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
is
g
e
n
er
ate
d
b
y
a
r
e
d
o
x
p
r
o
ce
s
s
wit
h
o
x
y
g
e
n
as
t
h
e
o
x
id
a
n
t a
n
d
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
as th
e
r
e
d
u
c
er
.
Ox
id
ati
o
n
o
cc
u
r
s
at
th
e
an
o
d
e
,
wh
er
ea
s
r
e
d
u
ct
io
n
t
r
a
n
s
p
i
r
es
a
t
t
h
e
c
at
h
o
d
e
.
B
o
t
h
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
ar
e
s
e
p
a
r
a
ted
b
y
a
m
e
m
b
r
an
e
f
u
n
ct
i
o
n
in
g
as
a
n
ele
ct
r
o
ly
te
.
T
h
e
ca
t
h
o
d
e
r
e
ce
i
v
es
g
as
eo
u
s
o
x
y
g
e
n
(
o
r
,
m
o
r
e
b
r
o
a
d
l
y
,
ai
r
)
,
wh
er
ea
s
t
h
e
a
n
o
d
e
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
wit
h
g
ase
o
u
s
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
.
E
l
ec
tr
i
cit
y
is
g
en
er
ate
d
b
y
th
e
tw
o
e
le
ctr
o
n
s
em
i
tte
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
m
o
le
c
u
le
(
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
)
.
T
h
e
+
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
p
r
o
t
o
n
s
t
r
a
v
e
r
s
e
t
h
e
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e
d
iv
id
in
g
t
h
e
a
n
o
d
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ca
th
o
d
e
,
r
e
c
o
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
w
it
h
ele
ct
r
o
n
s
an
d
o
x
y
g
e
n
a
to
m
s
at
t
h
e
ca
th
o
d
e
.
I
d
ea
l
l
y
,
t
h
e
s
o
l
e
b
y
p
r
o
d
u
cts
o
f
t
h
e
r
ea
cti
o
n
ar
e
wat
er
an
d
h
ea
t
.
F
ig
u
r
e
1
elu
ci
d
a
tes
t
h
e
c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f
t
h
e
P
E
M
f
u
e
l
ce
ll
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
PEM
f
u
el
ce
ll b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
[
4
]
2
.
2
.
T
he
elec
t
rica
l c
ha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ic
o
f
t
he
f
uel c
ell
T
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
ch
e
m
ica
l
p
o
ten
tial
in
th
e
r
ed
o
x
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ica
l
p
o
ten
tial
is
1
.
2
3
V
(
s
tan
d
ar
d
p
o
te
n
tial)
at
s
tan
d
ar
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
a
n
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
1
atm
,
2
5
°C
)
.
I
n
r
ea
lity
,
th
e
o
p
en
-
cir
c
u
it
v
o
ltag
e
is
s
o
m
e
wh
at
u
n
d
e
r
1
V
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
p
r
o
p
e
r
ty
o
f
a
f
u
el
ce
ll
i
s
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
th
e
p
o
lar
izatio
n
cu
r
v
e.
T
h
e
ce
ll'
s
v
o
ltag
e
is
d
ep
icted
as
a
f
u
n
cti
o
n
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
d
e
n
s
ity
.
T
h
e
m
e
m
b
r
an
e'
s
h
u
m
id
ity
,
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
an
d
r
ea
g
en
t p
r
ess
u
r
e
d
ete
r
m
in
e
it.
i
PA
C
(
A/cm
²)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
d
e
n
s
ity
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
5
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7
9
2
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t J Ap
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n
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,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
25
:
244
-
2
5
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=
(
1
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W
ith
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
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f
u
el
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d
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ac
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s
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r
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3
.
F
uel c
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v
ehicle
Fig
u
r
e
1
ill
u
s
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r
ates
t
h
e
f
o
u
r
s
u
b
s
y
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te
m
s
o
f
a
f
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el
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v
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:
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h
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t
h
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h
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d
t
h
e
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u
m
i
d
i
f
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em
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h
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f
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w
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ly
s
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b
s
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te
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r
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r
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ato
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a
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e,
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ip
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d
ad
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itio
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m
p
o
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ts
,
f
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atin
g
th
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d
eliv
er
y
o
f
ess
en
tial
air
f
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w
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tack
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th
o
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e.
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h
e
h
y
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r
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n
f
l
o
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ly
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h
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ta
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s
o
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e,
a
r
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u
m
p
,
a
p
u
r
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e
v
al
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e,
an
d
c
o
n
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tin
g
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ip
es,
alo
n
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with
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d
d
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n
al
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o
m
p
o
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ts
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h
e
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u
r
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o
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ec
h
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is
m
is
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s
u
r
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at
th
e
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tack
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o
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e
is
s
u
p
p
lied
with
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ate
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
.
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h
e
air
tem
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er
atu
r
e
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is
e
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u
r
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ce
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e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
b
ef
o
r
e
r
ea
ch
in
g
th
e
s
tack
.
A
h
u
m
id
if
ier
is
u
tili
ze
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
r
o
t
o
n
c
o
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
b
y
ad
d
in
g
m
o
is
tu
r
e
t
o
th
e
ai
r
f
lo
w.
On
th
e
ca
th
o
d
e
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
s
t
ac
k
,
a
n
elec
tr
o
c
h
em
ical
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ea
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o
cc
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ltin
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h
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m
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o
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wate
r
an
d
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h
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f
h
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t.
T
h
e
in
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o
d
u
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o
f
co
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l
an
t
in
to
th
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p
ile
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en
tial
f
o
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d
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ip
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,
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y
its
ex
p
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t
o
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th
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r
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to
m
ain
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th
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s
tack
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with
in
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p
tab
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its
.
T
h
e
wate
r
s
ep
ar
ato
r
r
em
o
v
es
m
o
is
tu
r
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
h
a
u
s
t
air
s
tr
ea
m
.
T
h
e
b
ac
k
p
r
ess
u
r
e
v
alv
e
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eg
u
lates th
e
air
f
lo
w
p
r
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s
s
u
r
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with
in
th
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s
tack
to
en
s
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it r
em
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s
at
an
o
p
tim
al
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l.
A
v
ar
iety
o
f
f
u
el
ce
ll m
o
d
els h
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e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t a
p
p
licatio
n
s
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
,
with
th
e
m
o
d
els
d
escr
ib
ed
in
[
8
]
-
[
1
0
]
ca
teg
o
r
iz
ed
as
co
n
tr
o
l
-
o
r
ien
ted
m
o
d
els.
T
h
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
el
u
t
ilized
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
a
twin
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s
cr
ew
c
o
m
p
r
ess
o
r
,
as
c
ited
in
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
,
an
d
[
1
1
]
.
A
twin
-
s
cr
ew
co
m
p
r
ess
o
r
o
f
f
er
s
m
u
ltip
le
b
en
ef
its
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
a
ce
n
t
r
if
u
g
al
c
o
m
p
r
ess
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r
:
-
I
ts
n
o
m
in
al
r
o
tatio
n
al
s
p
ee
d
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
an
o
r
d
e
r
o
f
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
lo
wer
t
h
an
th
at
o
f
a
ce
n
tr
if
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g
al
co
m
p
r
ess
o
r
,
lead
i
n
g
to
a
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
s
y
s
te
m
;
-
T
h
e
f
lo
w
cu
r
v
e
in
th
e
co
m
p
r
ess
in
g
m
ap
is
alm
o
s
t
lin
ea
r
a
t
a
co
n
s
tan
t
v
elo
city
an
d
is
l
ess
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
p
r
ess
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r
e
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
a
ce
n
tr
if
u
g
al
co
m
p
r
ess
o
r
,
h
en
ce
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
s
y
s
tem
co
n
tr
o
l
;
a
n
d
-
A
twin
-
s
cr
ew
co
m
p
r
ess
o
r
d
o
es
n
o
t
e
n
co
u
n
ter
th
e
"su
r
g
e"
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
a
,
h
en
ce
s
tr
ea
m
lin
in
g
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
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tem
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
r
ess
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r
m
ap
an
d
twin
-
s
cr
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co
m
p
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o
r
m
o
d
els
ar
e
d
er
i
v
ed
f
r
o
m
[
1
1
]
an
d
[
1
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
ep
icts
th
e
twin
-
s
cr
ew
co
m
p
r
ess
o
r
co
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ce
p
t,
w
h
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is
d
iv
i
d
e
d
in
to
two
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.
T
h
e
s
tatic
co
m
p
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ess
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r
m
a
p
is
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in
itial
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th
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air
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w
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wer
.
T
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s
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b
s
eq
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en
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p
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ase
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if
icatio
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.
Du
e
to
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d
is
p
ar
ity
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etwe
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m
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'
s
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atio
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ir
o
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a
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its
test
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itio
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b
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m
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in
ac
co
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with
th
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m
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y
n
am
ic
p
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in
cip
les.
T
h
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m
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d
el
is
test
ed
u
s
in
g
in
p
u
ts
o
f
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wn
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tr
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m
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e
,
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tio
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s
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ee
d
,
air
p
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r
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,
p
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r
e
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(
1
.
0
1
3
b
ar
)
,
an
d
tem
p
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2
9
3
.
1
5
K)
.
C
o
m
p
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m
o
t
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r
to
r
q
u
e
an
d
p
o
wer
a
r
e
r
eq
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i
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e
d
to
ascer
tain
r
o
tatio
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s
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.
T
h
e
co
m
p
r
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r
is
co
n
n
ec
t
ed
to
th
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s
u
p
p
ly
m
an
if
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,
an
d
its
d
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p
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co
r
r
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to
th
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p
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in
th
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s
u
p
p
ly
m
an
if
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,
as
d
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b
y
th
e
d
o
wn
s
tr
ea
m
ca
th
o
d
e
f
l
o
w
f
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ld
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
ar
ch
itectu
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e
o
f
a
f
u
el
ce
ll sy
s
tem
f
o
r
v
eh
icle
[
1
3
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
7
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co
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tive
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La
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lto
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)
247
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'
s
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p
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0
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(
2
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W
ith
t
h
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f
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u
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g
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in
[
9
]
,
t
h
e
ai
r
t
em
p
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x
iti
n
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th
e
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.
T
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MFC
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(
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[
1
4
]
.
L
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[
1
5
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.
T
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id
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u
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[
1
6
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.
2
=
∫
(
)
(
)
(
)
2
0
(
3
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I
n
t
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e
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∗
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[
1
7
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∗
=
[
1
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]
1
2
2
4
(
4
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W
h
e
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∅
is
ai
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r
e
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t
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Fa
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ti
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d
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y
:
2
=
0
.
21
2
.
T
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2
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2
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2
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(
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h
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2
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e
f
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(
ca
t
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)
p
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.
2
_
=
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4
(
9
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2
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1
1
+
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)
3.
H
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2
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4.
CO
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RO
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R
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S
4
.
1
.
Ada
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[
1
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a
m
et
er
s
.
T
h
e
v
a
lu
es
o
f
th
ese
las
t
ch
a
n
g
es
a
cc
o
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d
in
g
to
v
ar
io
u
s
e
x
h
i
b
iti
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
f
b
el
o
n
g
in
g
.
˗
L
a
y
e
r
2
:
T
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
ts
o
f
t
h
i
s
la
y
er
a
r
e
t
h
e
w
ei
g
h
ts
o
f
t
h
e
r
u
les
,
w
h
i
c
h
ar
e
o
b
t
ai
n
e
d
b
y
a
s
i
m
p
le
m
u
lti
p
li
ca
ti
o
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o
f
t
h
e
e
n
t
r
i
es i
n
ea
c
h
ce
ll
.
m
u
lti
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
en
t
r
i
es
in
e
ac
h
ce
ll
.
2
=
(
)
×
(
)
(
1
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
co
mp
a
r
a
tive
a
n
a
lysi
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o
f A
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I
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a
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r
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mic
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r
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el
(
La
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u
f
i Ka
lto
u
m
)
249
˗
L
a
y
e
r
3
:
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h
is
l
ay
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r
co
r
r
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p
o
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i
p
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̅
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w
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i
=
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(
1
3
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˗
L
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r
4
:
E
ac
h
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t
h
is
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ay
er
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n
o
d
e
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alc
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l
at
ed
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s
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.
4
=
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(
+
+
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(
1
4
)
W
h
e
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e
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a
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d
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,
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o
n
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en
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et
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˗
L
a
y
e
r
5
:
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h
e
s
i
n
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le
n
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e
i
n
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h
is
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m
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all
t
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p
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t
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als
a
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d
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et
u
r
n
s
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as
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tp
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t
,
t
h
e
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
te
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al
u
e
o
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e
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es
ir
ed
f
u
n
cti
o
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e
x
p
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ess
e
d
b
y
(
1
5
)
.
5
=
∑
̅
̅
̅
=
∑
2
=
1
∑
2
=
1
(
1
5
)
ANFI
S
d
esig
n
in
teg
r
ates
in
p
u
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
g
e
n
er
ates
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
r
ep
r
e
s
en
ted
as
a
lin
ea
r
co
m
b
in
ati
o
n
in
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t.
=
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1
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2
1
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2
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1
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̅
̅
̅
)
2
+
(
2
̅
̅
̅
̅
)
2
(
1
6
)
W
ith
,
,
ar
e
li
n
ea
r
c
o
n
s
e
q
u
e
n
ti
al
p
a
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
.
T
h
e
g
r
ad
ien
t d
escen
t m
eth
o
d
o
p
tim
izes th
e
p
r
em
is
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
wh
ile
th
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
t p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
least
-
s
q
u
ar
es
tech
n
iq
u
e
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
s
u
r
es
th
e
o
p
tim
al
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
th
e
r
esu
ltan
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
th
e
p
r
em
is
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
tay
u
n
ch
an
g
ed
.
A
b
alan
ce
b
et
wee
n
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
co
m
p
lex
ity
an
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
esu
lts
d
ictates
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
ese
tactic
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
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o
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t
p
er
f
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m
s
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ad
ien
t
d
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in
ef
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icac
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d
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
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eg
m
en
tati
o
n
o
f
th
e
p
a
r
am
eter
s
et
f
o
r
o
p
tim
ized
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
[
2
3
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
o
f
ANFI
S c
o
n
tr
o
ller
5.
T
H
E
S
I
M
U
L
A
T
I
O
N
R
E
SU
L
T
S A
ND
DI
SCUS
SI
O
N
Fig
u
r
e
5
p
r
es
en
ts
a
t
h
e
v
e
h
ic
le'
s
p
o
we
r
r
eq
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
ts
d
y
n
am
ic
h
y
b
r
i
d
m
o
d
el
co
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
a
f
u
e
l
c
ell
an
d
b
at
te
r
y
f
o
r
ele
ct
r
ic
v
e
h
i
cl
es
t
o
c
r
e
ate
a
m
u
lti
-
d
o
m
ai
n
s
im
u
la
ti
o
n
o
f
a
f
u
el
c
ell
v
e
h
i
cle
(
FC
V)
d
r
i
v
et
r
a
in
.
Nev
er
t
h
el
ess
,
a
c
o
m
m
o
n
l
y
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
f
u
e
l
ce
ll
v
e
h
ic
le
(
FC
V)
p
o
we
r
t
r
a
in
is
e
x
e
m
p
li
f
ie
d
b
y
th
e
H
o
n
d
a
C
lar
i
ty
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
el
ec
tr
ic
m
o
t
o
r
is
e
n
e
r
g
iz
ed
b
y
a
f
u
e
l c
el
l a
n
d
a
b
att
er
y
t
o
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
t
h
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
v
e
h
i
cle
(
FC
V
)
.
T
h
e
e
lec
tr
ic
m
o
t
o
r
,
b
a
tte
r
y
,
f
u
el
c
ell
,
a
n
d
DC
/
DC
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
a
r
e
t
h
e
f
o
u
r
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
FC
V
e
le
ct
r
ic
al
s
u
b
s
y
s
t
em
.
W
h
er
e
t
h
e
e
lec
t
r
ic
m
o
to
r
is
a
1
0
0
-
k
W
in
t
er
n
a
l
p
e
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m
a
n
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t
m
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et
s
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n
c
h
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s
m
a
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e
f
u
n
cti
o
n
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g
a
t
a
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
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l
ta
g
e
o
f
2
8
8
V
DC
.
T
h
is
m
o
to
r
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
a
tes
i
n
te
g
r
a
te
d
m
a
g
n
e
ts
a
n
d
co
n
t
ai
n
s
ei
g
h
t
p
o
les
.
F
lu
x
v
ec
to
r
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
is
es
s
en
t
ial
t
o
ac
h
i
e
v
e
a
m
ax
im
u
m
m
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
o
f
1
2
,
5
0
0
r
p
m
.
Par
am
eter
s
Sim
Po
wer
Sy
s
te
m
s
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
tack
h
as
4
0
0
ce
lls
,
d
eliv
er
in
g
a
p
ea
k
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
9
0
k
W
.
A
s
u
p
p
lem
en
tar
y
s
o
u
r
ce
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
o
r
e
p
o
we
r
wh
en
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
is
a
1
3
.
9
Ah
,
2
8
8
V
DC
,
2
5
k
W
l
ith
iu
m
-
i
o
n
b
atter
y
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
W
e
d
es
ir
e
cla
r
it
y
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
6
t
o
i
ll
u
s
t
r
at
e
th
e
m
u
lti
p
l
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
m
o
d
es
o
f
t
h
e
FC
V
d
u
r
i
n
g
a
wh
o
le
c
y
c
le
,
n
a
m
e
ly
:
a
cc
ele
r
ati
o
n
,
c
r
u
is
i
n
g
,
r
e
c
h
a
r
g
in
g
t
h
e
b
at
te
r
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
ac
c
el
er
ati
o
n
,
a
n
d
r
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
ti
v
e
b
r
a
k
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
la
te
d
o
p
e
r
a
ti
o
n
t
im
e
i
n
ac
ce
l
er
ati
o
n
m
o
d
e
i
s
r
o
u
g
h
ly
o
n
e
m
in
u
t
e.
T
h
e
FC
V
a
cc
ele
r
a
tes
f
r
o
m
0
k
m
/
h
t
o
ar
o
u
n
d
9
0
k
m
/
h
in
1
2
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
t
h
e
r
e
af
t
e
r
d
e
ce
le
r
ati
n
g
t
o
8
0
k
m
/h
i
n
1
6
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
T
h
is
e
x
c
ep
ti
o
n
al
o
u
tc
o
m
e
is
a
c
h
ie
v
ed
b
y
m
ai
n
ta
in
i
n
g
t
h
e
a
cc
ele
r
at
o
r
p
e
d
al
at
7
0
%
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
n
iti
al
4
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
f
o
llo
we
d
b
y
2
5
%
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
4
s
e
c
o
n
d
s
a
f
te
r
c
o
m
p
let
e
r
e
leas
e,
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
a
t
8
5
%
wh
e
n
t
h
e
p
e
d
al
is
r
e
-
e
n
g
a
g
e
d
.
P
r
ess
u
r
e
is
ap
p
li
e
d
f
o
r
4
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
th
e
n
a
b
r
a
k
e
s
e
tti
n
g
o
f
-
7
0
%
is
s
et
u
n
ti
l t
h
e
e
n
d
o
f
th
e
e
x
e
r
cis
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
25
:
244
-
2
5
4
250
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
.
M
u
l
t
i
-
d
o
m
ai
n
s
i
m
u
lat
i
o
n
o
f
a
n
F
C
V
p
o
w
e
r
t
r
a
i
n
b
ase
d
o
n
S
i
m
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
n
d
S
i
m
D
r
i
v
el
i
n
e
[
2
4
]
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Sp
ec
if
y
d
r
i
v
in
g
r
o
ad
to
p
o
lo
g
y
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
illu
s
tr
ates
wh
at
o
cc
u
r
s
wh
en
th
e
FC
V
m
o
v
es
:
i
n
itially
,
at
tim
e
t
=
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
v
eh
icle
(
FC
V)
is
at
r
est,
an
d
th
e
d
r
iv
e
r
en
g
ag
es
th
e
ac
ce
ler
ato
r
p
e
d
al
to
7
0
%
o
f
its
ca
p
ac
ity
,
r
ely
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
b
atter
y
to
p
o
wer
th
e
en
g
i
n
e
u
n
til
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
is
ac
t
iv
ated
.
Star
tin
g
at
t
=
0
.
7
2
5
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
th
e
v
eh
icle'
s
s
p
ee
d
g
r
ad
u
ally
in
c
r
ea
s
es
f
r
o
m
0
k
m
/h
to
4
4
k
m
/h
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
is
u
n
ab
le
to
r
ea
ch
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
p
o
wer
b
ec
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