I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Appl
ied P
o
wer
E
ng
i
neer
ing
(
I
J
AP
E
)
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
5
,
p
p
.
1
80
~
1
87
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijap
e
.
v
1
4
.
i
1
.
pp
1
80
-
1
87
180
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
a
p
e
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
O
ptima
l
co
ntrol o
f
the
U
PF
C
f
o
r
th
e stability
of
elec
t
rica
l
networks
H
o
uria
Aba
bs
ia
,
Dj
a
lel
Dib
,
Abdelg
ha
ni
Dj
ed
di
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
La
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
o
f
M
i
n
e
s
(
LM
)
,
L
a
r
b
i
T
e
b
e
ss
i
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
T
e
b
e
ssa
,
A
l
g
e
r
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
No
v
1
3
,
2
0
2
3
R
ev
is
ed
Sep
2
4
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
Oct
2
3
,
2
0
2
4
Th
e
u
n
i
fied
p
o
we
r
flo
w
c
o
n
t
ro
ll
e
r
(UPF
C)
is
a
c
ru
c
ial
e
lem
e
n
t
in
c
o
n
tem
p
o
ra
ry
p
o
we
r
s
y
ste
m
s,
sp
e
c
ifi
c
a
ll
y
e
n
g
in
e
e
re
d
to
a
u
g
m
e
n
t
th
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
a
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
a
d
a
p
tab
i
li
ty
o
f
p
o
we
r
tra
n
sm
issio
n
i
n
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
n
e
two
rk
s.
UPF
C
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
in
sta
n
ta
n
e
o
u
s
m
o
d
ifi
c
a
ti
o
n
s
to
v
o
lt
a
g
e
m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
,
p
h
a
se
a
n
g
le,
a
n
d
li
n
e
imp
e
d
a
n
c
e
b
y
u
sin
g
so
p
h
isti
c
a
ted
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
c
o
n
tro
l
a
l
g
o
rit
h
m
s.
Th
is
re
se
a
rc
h
e
x
a
m
in
e
s
th
e
fu
n
c
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
u
n
ifi
e
d
p
o
we
r
flo
w
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
(UPF
C)
in
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
th
e
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
l
it
y
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
n
e
two
rk
s.
Th
e
UPF
C'
s
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
to
d
y
n
a
m
ica
ll
y
re
g
u
la
te
a
n
d
o
p
ti
m
ize
p
o
we
r
flo
w
a
ss
ists
in
m
in
imiz
in
g
v
o
lt
a
g
e
fl
u
c
tu
a
ti
o
n
s,
d
e
c
re
a
sin
g
tran
sm
issio
n
li
n
e
l
o
ss
e
s,
a
n
d
imp
ro
v
i
n
g
sy
ste
m
sta
b
il
i
ty
.
In
a
d
d
it
io
n
,
UPF
C
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
ly
a
d
d
re
ss
e
s
p
ro
b
lem
s
su
c
h
a
s
v
o
lt
a
g
e
sa
g
s,
sw
e
ll
s,
a
n
d
fli
c
k
e
rs,
h
e
n
c
e
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
th
e
re
s
il
ien
c
e
a
n
d
d
e
p
e
n
d
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
th
e
p
o
we
r
su
p
p
l
y
.
T
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ts
th
e
imp
o
rtan
c
e
o
f
u
n
ifi
e
d
p
o
we
r
fl
o
w
c
o
n
tr
o
l
(
UPF
C)
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
imp
ro
v
i
n
g
sy
ste
m
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
li
t
y
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
n
e
two
rk
s
v
ia
a
th
o
ro
u
g
h
e
x
a
m
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
it
s
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
.
Th
is
a
rti
c
le
p
re
se
n
ts
re
se
a
rc
h
o
n
th
e
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
u
n
ifi
e
d
p
o
we
r
flo
w
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
(UPF
C)
d
e
v
ice
in
a
n
e
two
rk
,
sp
e
c
ifi
c
a
ll
y
fo
c
u
sin
g
o
n
th
e
u
se
o
f
P
ID
a
n
d
F
O
-
P
ID
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
rs
fo
r
re
g
u
latin
g
a
c
ti
v
e
a
n
d
p
a
ss
iv
e
p
o
we
r.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Activ
e
p
o
wer
FAC
T
S
FO
-
PID
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
PID
co
n
tr
o
ller
R
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
UPFC
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Djalel
Dib
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
L
ab
o
r
at
o
r
y
o
f
Min
es
(
L
M)
,
L
ar
b
i
T
eb
ess
i U
n
iv
er
s
ity
T
eb
ess
a
,
Alg
er
ia
E
m
ail:
jalel.
d
ib
@
u
n
iv
-
teb
ess
a.
d
z
,
d
ib
d
jalel@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Ad
v
an
ce
s
in
elec
tr
ical
an
d
elec
tr
o
n
ic
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
h
av
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
cr
ea
s
ed
th
e
r
elian
ce
o
n
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
in
m
o
d
e
r
n
life
.
T
h
is
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
d
e
m
an
d
cr
ea
tes
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
in
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
tem
n
etwo
r
k
,
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
it
f
r
o
m
o
p
er
atin
g
in
a
s
in
g
le
s
tab
le
m
o
d
e.
T
o
d
ay
,
a
k
ey
o
b
jectiv
e
f
o
r
elec
tr
ical
en
g
in
ee
r
s
is
to
d
eliv
er
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
p
o
wer
wh
ile
m
in
i
m
izin
g
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lo
s
s
es
[
1
]
-
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
f
lex
i
b
le
AC
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
(
FAC
T
S)
d
ev
ices,
s
p
u
r
r
ed
b
y
r
ap
id
a
d
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
an
d
m
icr
o
e
lectr
o
n
ics
s
in
ce
th
e
late
1
9
8
0
s
,
h
as
b
ee
n
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
in
en
h
an
cin
g
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
es
e
d
ev
ices
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
ast,
d
y
n
am
i
c
co
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
en
a
b
le
b
etter
s
y
s
tem
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t,
lead
in
g
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
o
v
e
r
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Am
o
n
g
v
a
r
io
u
s
FAC
T
S d
ev
ices,
th
e
u
n
if
ied
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
(
UPFC
)
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t w
id
ely
ad
o
p
ted
[
4
]
-
[
6
]
.
D
u
e
to
its
v
er
s
atility
,
U
PF
C
h
as
b
ee
n
a
p
p
lied
in
d
iv
er
s
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
th
e
o
p
tim
al
p
la
ce
m
en
t
o
f
UPFC
in
p
o
wer
n
et
wo
r
k
s
,
u
tili
zin
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
as
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
PS
O)
,
FVSI,
th
e
C
PF
m
eth
o
d
,
an
d
PS
AT
s
o
f
twar
e
to
b
o
o
s
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
,
in
cr
ea
s
e
tr
an
s
f
er
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
[
7
]
-
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
[
1
1
]
,
t
h
r
ee
FAC
T
S
d
ev
ices
-
s
tatic
VA
R
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
(
SVC
)
,
STAT
C
OM
,
an
d
UPFC
-
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
an
d
o
p
tim
ized
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
o
f
win
d
f
ar
m
s
.
A
n
o
v
el
r
elay
s
y
s
tem
was
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
,
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ati
n
g
th
at
UPFC
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
s
tatic
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
(
STAT
C
OM
)
an
d
SVC
b
y
co
m
b
in
i
n
g
th
e
a
d
v
a
n
tag
es o
f
b
o
th
d
e
v
ices.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Op
tima
l c
o
n
tr
o
l o
f th
e
UP
F
C
fo
r
th
e
s
ta
b
ilit
y
o
f e
lectrica
l n
etw
o
r
ks
(
Ho
u
r
ia
A
b
a
b
s
ia
)
181
UPFC
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
f
o
r
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
co
n
tr
o
l,
with
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
it
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
o
th
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
an
d
f
lu
ctu
at
io
n
s
tab
ilit
y
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
Desp
ite
its
ad
v
an
tag
es,
d
esig
n
in
g
a
UPFC
co
n
tr
o
ller
r
em
ain
s
co
m
p
lex
d
u
e
to
its
m
u
ltiv
ar
i
ab
le
n
atu
r
e.
Var
i
o
u
s
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
PS
O
o
p
tim
izatio
n
was
ap
p
lied
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
g
ain
s
,
y
ield
in
g
b
etter
r
esu
lts
th
an
a
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
Similar
ly
,
PS
O
was
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
o
p
tim
a
l
PI
g
ain
s
an
d
id
ea
l
UPFC
p
lace
m
en
t,
ac
h
iev
in
g
e
n
h
an
ce
d
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
lo
s
s
r
ed
u
ctio
n
[
1
6
]
.
R
ec
en
tly
,
a
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
(
SMC
)
was
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
UPFC
s
y
s
tem
in
[
1
7
]
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
in
d
icate
d
th
at
S
MC
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
ed
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
PI
co
n
tr
o
l,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
in
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
a
n
d
th
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
r
eg
u
latio
n
o
f
ac
t
iv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
aim
s
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
o
r
d
e
r
PID
(
FOPID)
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
UPFC
an
d
co
m
p
ar
e
it
with
t
h
e
PID
s
tr
ateg
y
,
aim
in
g
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
ich
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
o
p
tim
ally
r
eg
u
lates a
ctiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
.
2.
UNIFI
E
D
P
O
WE
R
F
L
O
W
CO
NT
RO
L
L
E
R
T
h
e
u
n
if
ied
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
co
n
tr
o
ller
(
UPFC
)
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
two
m
ain
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
:
o
n
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
p
ar
allel
an
d
th
e
o
th
er
in
s
er
ies.
T
h
e
p
ar
allel
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t,
k
n
o
wn
as
s
tatic
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
(
STAT
C
OM
)
,
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
s
er
ies co
m
p
o
n
en
t,
th
e
s
tatic
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
s
er
ies co
m
p
en
s
at
o
r
(
SS
SC
)
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
co
m
m
o
n
DC
lin
k
.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
e
n
ab
les
th
e
UPFC
(
Fig
u
r
e
1
)
t
o
co
m
b
i
n
e
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
alities
o
f
b
o
th
STAT
C
OM
an
d
SS
SC
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
UPFC
’
s
p
r
im
ar
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
to
in
ject
an
a
d
ju
s
tab
le
AC
v
o
ltag
e
b
o
t
h
in
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
an
d
p
h
ase
in
t
o
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e
v
ia
a
s
er
ies
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
T
h
is
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
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le
b
y
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er
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u
p
p
ly
in
g
o
r
ab
s
o
r
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n
g
th
e
r
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al
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o
wer
r
eq
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ir
e
d
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e
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er
ies
tr
an
s
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o
r
m
er
at
t
h
e
s
h
ar
ed
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k
.
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h
e
f
ig
u
r
es
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elo
w
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ep
ict
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e
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tr
i
ca
l
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o
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el
o
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FC
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illu
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tin
g
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o
w
it
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teg
r
ates
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ese
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m
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o
n
e
n
ts
to
co
n
tr
o
l
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
[
1
9
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
s
ch
em
e
o
f
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3.
M
O
DE
L
I
NG
O
F
T
H
E
UP
F
C
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
m
o
d
elin
g
th
e
u
n
if
ied
p
o
we
r
f
lo
w
co
n
t
r
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ller
(
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)
in
v
o
lv
es
d
ev
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in
g
a
m
ath
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atica
l
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d
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n
t
r
o
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r
am
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r
k
to
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im
u
late
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ec
ts
o
n
p
o
wer
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lo
w,
v
o
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e
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
in
a
p
o
wer
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
UPFC
is
a
co
m
p
lex
FAC
T
S
d
ev
ice
th
at
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
two
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
co
n
v
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ter
s
a
s
h
u
n
t
an
d
a
s
er
ies
co
n
v
e
r
ter
li
n
k
ed
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y
a
c
o
m
m
o
n
DC
cir
cu
it
.
T
h
e
UPFC
’
s
m
o
d
el
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
th
ese
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en
ts
u
s
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g
d
if
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er
en
tial
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u
atio
n
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d
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o
wer
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atio
n
s
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ep
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ic
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eh
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io
r
u
n
d
e
r
d
if
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er
en
t
o
p
e
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atin
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co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
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h
is
m
o
d
el
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
s
im
u
latin
g
h
o
w
th
e
U
PF
C
ca
n
en
h
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ce
s
y
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tem
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tab
ilit
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,
r
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ce
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o
we
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lo
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es,
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o
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e
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ec
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ely
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n
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r
k
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
[
2
0
]
.
3
.
1
.
Seria
l
m
o
del a
nd
a
s
s
o
cia
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ed
equa
t
io
ns
T
o
m
o
d
el
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e
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er
ies
p
h
y
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ical
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y
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tem
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
we
ap
p
ly
Ki
r
ch
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o
f
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'
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ec
o
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d
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e
th
en
o
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tain
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e
eq
u
atio
n
in
th
e
ab
c
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r
am
e
o
f
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e
f
er
to
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
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o
r
m
:
[
]
=
[
−
0
0
0
−
0
0
0
−
]
[
]
+
[
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
]
[
−
−
−
−
−
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]
(
1
)
Ap
p
ly
in
g
Par
k
'
s
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
(
1
)
allo
ws u
s
to
wr
ite:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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2
2
5
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2
I
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p
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Vo
l.
1
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1
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r
ch
20
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:
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-
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87
182
[
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=
[
−
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.
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el
th
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h
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ical
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tem
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f
t
h
e
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h
u
n
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it
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
we
ap
p
ly
Kir
c
h
h
o
f
f
'
s
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ec
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d
law.
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h
e
eq
u
atio
n
in
th
e
ab
c
f
r
am
e
o
f
r
e
f
er
en
ce
tak
es th
e
(
3
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.
[
]
=
[
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−
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]
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[
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(
3
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T
o
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n
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er
t a
b
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s
y
s
tem
to
a
s
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ch
r
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u
s
d
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q
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o
f
r
am
e
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u
s
e
Par
k
'
s
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
m
atr
ix
f
o
r
m
(
3
)
is
as
(
4
)
.
[
]
=
[
−
+
−
−
]
[
]
+
[
1
0
0
1
]
[
−
−
−
−
]
(
4
)
3
.
3
.
T
he
m
o
delin
g
o
f
t
he
UP
F
C
k
ee
ps
bra
nchin
g
T
o
m
ain
tain
a
co
n
s
tan
t
ca
p
ac
i
to
r
v
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ltag
e,
th
e
n
et
r
ea
l
p
o
wer
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ch
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etwe
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o
t
h
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n
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ter
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v
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u
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t
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e
ze
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o
,
as
d
ictated
b
y
th
e
p
o
we
r
b
alan
ce
e
q
u
atio
n
g
o
v
e
r
n
in
g
th
e
UPFC
’
s
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
d
escr
ib
in
g
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
th
e
DC
v
o
ltag
e
Vd
cV_
{d
c}
Vd
c
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
ca
p
ac
i
to
r
is
as
(
5
)
.
=
1
(
−
)
(
5
)
W
ith
:
=
+
+
=
+
+
with
:
P
e
:
Activ
e
p
o
wer
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
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y
th
e
AC
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y
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tem
;
Pep
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wer
in
jectio
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s
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e
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u
n
t
in
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ter
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eth
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h
e
(
6
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ex
p
lain
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th
e
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v
o
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e
V_
d
c
b
e
h
av
io
r
ac
r
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ito
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ter
Par
k
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s
f
o
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m
atio
n
.
=
2
2
(
+
−
−
)
(
6
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical
r
ep
r
ese
n
tatio
n
o
f
a
UPFC
co
n
v
er
ter
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
4.
T
H
E
D
E
SI
G
N
O
F
CO
N
T
R
O
L
L
E
RS
4
.
1
.
UP
F
C
c
o
ntr
o
ller
ba
s
ed
o
n P
I
D
co
ntr
o
ller
Fig
u
r
e
3
d
ep
icts
th
e
to
tal
s
y
s
tem
s
etu
p
u
n
d
er
PID
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t.
As
s
ee
n
b
elo
w,
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
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e
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e
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m
p
a
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ed
to
r
ef
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e
n
ce
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ate
P
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d
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er
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s
.
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wo
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eg
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r
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em
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lo
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th
e
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an
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at
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will
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en
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(
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r
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eg
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lates a
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er
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)
[
2
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Op
tima
l c
o
n
tr
o
l o
f th
e
UP
F
C
fo
r
th
e
s
ta
b
ilit
y
o
f e
lectrica
l n
etw
o
r
ks
(
Ho
u
r
ia
A
b
a
b
s
ia
)
183
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Gen
e
r
al
d
esig
n
o
f
U
PF
C
s
y
s
tem
with
PID
co
n
tr
o
l
4
.
2
.
UP
F
C
wit
h F
O
P
I
D
co
nt
ro
ller
T
h
e
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
o
r
d
er
PID
(
FOPID)
co
n
tr
o
ller
h
as
em
er
g
ed
a
s
a
m
o
r
e
f
lex
ib
le
a
n
d
e
f
f
icien
t a
lter
n
ativ
e
to
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
PID
co
n
tr
o
lle
r
in
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
u
n
if
ie
d
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
co
n
tr
o
ller
(
UPFC
)
with
in
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Un
lik
e
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
PID
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
wh
ich
r
elies
o
n
f
ix
e
d
-
o
r
d
e
r
p
ar
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eter
s
f
o
r
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r
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p
o
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al,
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r
al,
an
d
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er
iv
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ac
tio
n
s
,
th
e
FOPID
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
f
r
ac
t
io
n
al
(
n
o
n
-
in
teg
er
)
o
r
d
er
s
f
o
r
th
ese
ter
m
s
.
T
h
is
ad
d
itio
n
al
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
f
r
ee
d
o
m
allo
ws
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
n
u
an
ce
d
an
d
p
r
ec
is
e
tu
n
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g
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m
ak
i
n
g
it
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ar
ti
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lar
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
co
m
p
lex
a
n
d
d
y
n
am
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
lik
e
th
e
UPFC
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
to
tal
s
y
s
tem
s
etu
p
with
FOPID
co
n
tr
o
l.
Her
e’
s
a
clo
s
er
lo
o
k
at
w
h
y
th
e
FOPID
co
n
tr
o
ller
en
h
a
n
ce
s
UPFC
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
:
˗
I
n
cr
ea
s
ed
tu
n
i
n
g
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
˗
E
n
h
an
ce
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
˗
I
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
d
am
p
i
n
g
˗
Su
p
er
io
r
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e
˗
Op
tim
ized
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
ac
tiv
e
a
n
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
T
h
ese
b
en
ef
its
tr
an
s
late
in
to
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t,
s
tab
le,
an
d
ad
ap
t
ab
le
co
n
tr
o
l o
f
p
o
wer
f
lo
w,
u
ltima
tely
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
r
e
liab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Gen
e
r
al
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
UPFC
s
y
s
tem
with
FOPID
c
o
n
tr
o
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
5
:
1
80
-
1
87
184
5.
UP
F
C
O
P
E
RAT
I
NG
P
RIN
CIPL
E
T
h
e
s
er
ies
in
v
er
ter
in
jects
a
v
o
ltag
e
at
th
e
s
am
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
a
s
th
at
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
w
h
ich
am
p
litu
d
e
an
d
p
h
ase
ar
e
ad
ju
s
tab
le.
T
h
is
am
p
litu
d
e
an
d
p
h
ase
ad
ju
s
t
m
en
t
m
ak
es
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
o
b
t
ain
th
r
ee
o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
es o
f
th
e
s
er
ial
p
ar
t:
-
Vo
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
l: th
e
in
jecte
d
v
o
ltag
e
is
in
p
h
ase
with
th
at
o
n
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
id
e.
-
L
in
e
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
co
n
tr
o
l: T
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t lin
e
an
d
th
e
in
jecte
d
v
o
l
tag
e
ar
e
in
q
u
ad
r
atu
r
e.
T
h
is
m
o
d
e
allo
ws y
o
u
to
alter
th
e
lin
e'
s
im
p
ed
an
ce
in
th
e
s
am
e
way
as a
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
s
er
ies d
o
es.
-
Ph
ase
co
n
tr
o
l:
t
h
e
in
jecte
d
v
o
lt
ag
e'
s
am
p
litu
d
e
an
d
p
h
ase
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
s
am
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
o
d
u
le
b
ef
o
r
e
a
n
d
af
te
r
th
e
UPFC
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
g
o
al
o
f
th
ese
th
r
e
e
o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
es
is
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
th
at
f
lo
w
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
lin
e.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
UPFC
m
ay
c
o
m
b
in
e
s
ev
e
r
al
co
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
s
an
d
m
o
v
e
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
e
to
a
n
o
th
er
.
T
h
e
s
h
u
n
t
p
a
r
t
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
t
o
co
m
p
en
s
ate
f
o
r
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
to
m
ain
t
ain
th
e
p
lan
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
p
o
s
s
ib
ly
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
b
y
th
e
s
er
i
al
p
ar
t
[
2
2
]
,
[
23]
.
6.
F
RACTI
O
N
AL
-
O
RD
E
R
P
I
D
(
F
O
P
I
D)
Fra
ctio
n
al
in
teg
er
-
o
r
d
er
FO
-
PID
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ar
e
a
v
ar
ian
t
o
f
in
teg
er
-
o
r
d
er
PID
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
is
th
e
b
asic Fr
ac
tio
n
al
FOPID
co
n
tr
o
ller
:
(
)
=
+
−
+
(
7
)
K
p
,
K
i
,
an
d
K
d
:
R
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
g
ain
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al,
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
in
teg
r
ato
r
,
an
d
f
r
ac
t
io
n
al
d
if
f
er
en
tiato
r
s
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
x
an
d
y
:
R
ep
r
e
s
en
t
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
in
teg
r
atio
n
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
tiatio
n
o
r
d
er
s
.
T
h
e
co
r
r
ec
t
-
o
r
d
e
r
PID
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
o
b
tain
ed
if
x
=
y
=
1
,
L
ik
ewise
,
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
s
o
f
x
an
d
y
g
iv
e
PI,
PD,
FOPI
,
an
d
FOP
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
[
24
]
,
[
25
]
7.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
ex
am
in
e
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l o
f
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
with
in
an
elec
tr
ical
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
lin
e
u
s
in
g
a
UPFC
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
we
an
aly
ze
a
UPFC
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
a
h
ig
h
-
ca
p
ac
ity
T
HT
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
lin
e
wit
h
a
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
1
0
0
0
MV
A.
T
h
e
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
u
n
d
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
is
s
etu
p
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
u
itab
le
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
UPF
C
's
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
m
an
ag
i
n
g
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
an
d
en
h
a
n
cin
g
s
tab
i
lity
in
h
ig
h
-
ca
p
ac
ity
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
PID
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
FOPID
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
co
n
t
r
o
ller
ar
e
p
r
e
s
en
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
o
f
th
e
PID
co
n
tr
o
ller
a
n
d
FOPID
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
K
P
K
i
K
d
λ
µ
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
o
f
P
I
D
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
4
0
0
0
4
5
0
0
1
0
0
0
/
/
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
o
f
F
O
P
I
D
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
4
0
0
0
4
5
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
.
3
0
.
2
5
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
E
q
u
iv
alen
t c
ir
c
u
it o
f
a
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
with
UPFC
All r
esu
lts
f
o
r
th
e
PID
an
d
FO
PID
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
t
h
e
F
ig
u
r
es
6
-
8
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
p
r
esen
ted
F
ig
u
r
es
6
-
8
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
th
e
FOPID
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
clea
r
a
d
v
a
n
tag
e
o
v
er
th
e
PID
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
m
an
ag
in
g
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e.
T
h
e
FOPID
co
n
tr
o
ller
ac
h
iev
es
s
m
o
o
th
e
r
r
esp
o
n
s
e
cu
r
v
es,
b
etter
s
et
-
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
,
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
tab
ili
ty
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e
a
n
d
co
n
s
is
ten
t
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
co
n
t
r
o
l.
As
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
2
,
th
e
FOP
I
D
co
n
tr
o
l
ler
ex
h
ib
its
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
a
n
ce
d
d
y
n
am
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
th
e
PID
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
with
f
aster
r
is
e
an
d
s
ettlin
g
tim
es,
in
d
icatin
g
a
q
u
ick
er
an
d
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
ch
an
g
es in
lo
ad
an
d
s
y
s
tem
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
ak
es
t
h
e
FOPID
co
n
tr
o
ller
h
ig
h
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
UPFC
ap
p
licatio
n
s
wh
er
e
p
r
ec
is
io
n
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
ar
e
cr
itical.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Op
tima
l c
o
n
tr
o
l o
f th
e
UP
F
C
fo
r
th
e
s
ta
b
ilit
y
o
f e
lectrica
l n
etw
o
r
ks
(
Ho
u
r
ia
A
b
a
b
s
ia
)
185
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
PID
r
e
g
u
lato
r
with
(
a)
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
an
d
(
b
)
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
FOPID
r
eg
u
lat
o
r
with
(
a)
a
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
a
n
d
(
b
)
r
ea
c
tiv
e
p
o
wer
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
PID
an
d
FOPID
r
eg
u
lato
r
with
(
a)
a
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
a
n
d
(
b
)
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
T
ab
le
2
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
m
eth
o
d
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
A
c
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
w
i
t
h
P
I
D
A
c
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
w
i
t
h
F
O
P
I
D
R
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
w
i
t
h
P
I
D
R
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
w
i
t
h
F
O
P
I
D
R
i
se
Ti
m
e
0
.
3
1
4
5
0
.
3
0
3
1
0
.
0
0
5
0
8
.
1
0
8
5
e
-
04
S
e
t
t
l
i
n
g
Ti
m
e
0
.
3
7
8
2
0
.
3
1
1
5
0
.
6
4
9
9
0
.
6
4
9
6
S
e
t
t
l
i
n
g
M
i
n
8
9
8
.
4
7
3
3
9
0
0
.
1
1
4
7
-
4
9
.
7
3
2
4
-
1
5
0
.
0
0
7
1
S
e
t
t
l
i
n
g
M
a
x
1
.
0
3
9
9
e
+
0
3
1
.
0
4
7
1
e
+
0
3
6
5
1
.
4
5
5
3
6
2
4
.
3
4
9
7
O
v
e
r
sh
o
o
t
3
.
9
9
1
3
4
.
7
9
0
5
2
.
8
9
2
1
e
+
0
3
4
.
2
9
4
7
e
+
0
3
U
n
d
e
r
sh
o
o
t
5
.
9
6
6
7
7
.
0
9
2
1
e
-
28
2
4
7
.
3
3
6
8
1
.
0
5
5
9
e
+
0
3
P
e
a
k
1
.
0
3
9
9
e
+
0
3
1
.
0
4
7
1
e
+
0
3
6
5
1
.
4
5
5
3
6
2
4
.
3
4
9
7
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
5
:
1
80
-
1
87
186
8.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
a
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
two
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
e
class
ic
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
in
teg
r
al
-
d
er
iv
ativ
e
(
PID
)
an
d
th
e
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
-
o
r
d
er
PID
(
FOPID)
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
FOPID
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
wo
r
k
s
b
etter
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
th
an
th
e
class
ic
PID
.
T
h
e
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
-
o
r
d
er
tech
n
iq
u
e
i
n
cr
e
ases
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
an
d
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
co
n
tr
o
l
p
a
r
a
m
eter
a
d
ju
s
tm
en
t
to
m
ee
t
th
e
s
y
s
tem
's
d
y
n
am
ic
f
ea
tu
r
es.
T
h
e
FOPID
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
PID
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
tab
ilit
y
,
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t,
an
d
s
ettlin
g
tim
e.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
ws
th
at
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
o
r
d
er
co
n
t
r
o
l
wo
r
k
s
well
to
g
et
b
etter
r
esu
lt
s
in
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
th
at
was
lo
o
k
ed
at.
I
t
also
g
i
v
es
u
s
u
s
ef
u
l
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
m
ak
in
g
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
wo
r
k
b
etter
i
n
s
im
ilar
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
T
he
FOPID
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
ty
p
ical
PID
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
ter
m
s
of
p
ea
k
o
v
e
r
s
h
o
o
t
an
d
s
ettlin
g
tim
e
wh
en
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
v
alu
e
s
v
ar
y
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
UPFC
b
ased
o
n
FOPID
h
as
en
h
an
c
ed
t
h
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
c
ap
ac
ity
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
d
its
lo
s
s
,
w
h
ich
allo
ws
it
t
o
r
esp
o
n
d
b
etter
to
s
y
s
tem
c
h
an
g
es
an
d
lead
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
tab
il
ity
,
wh
ich
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
d
is
tu
r
b
an
c
es
an
d
f
ailu
r
es
in
elec
tr
ical
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Hen
ce
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
its
lead
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
ich
r
ed
u
ce
s
lo
s
s
es
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
r
eso
u
r
ce
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
I
t
c
an
also
r
e
d
u
ce
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
a
n
d
r
e
p
air
c
o
s
ts
,
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
life
o
f
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t.
I
n
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
an
d
as
a
co
n
tin
u
at
io
n
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
,
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
a
r
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
an
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
aly
s
is
m
a
y
b
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
.
I
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
UPFC
u
n
if
ied
p
o
wer
f
l
o
w
co
n
tr
o
ller
u
s
in
g
ANN
an
d
FLC alg
o
r
i
th
m
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
Y
.
Y
.
G
h
a
d
i
,
N
.
M
.
N
e
a
ma
h
,
A
.
A
.
H
o
ssam
-
E
l
d
i
n
,
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.
A
l
q
a
r
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i
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a
n
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.
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.
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b
o
R
a
s,
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m,
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I
EEE
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ss
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o
l
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p
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C
C
ESS
.
2
0
2
3
.
3
3
2
8
9
6
1
.
[
2
]
C
.
M
.
I
.
,
E.
O
.
A
.
,
A
.
E.
C
.
,
a
n
d
O
.
V
.
C
.
,
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D
e
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me
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t
o
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r
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se
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g
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r
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a
n
3
3
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v
p
o
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l
i
n
e
s,
”
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
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y
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o
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v
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l
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0
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7
1
9
1
/
e
t
j
/
v
8
i
1
.
0
9
.
[
3
]
M
.
Y
.
S
u
l
i
m
a
n
a
n
d
M
.
T.
A
l
-
K
h
a
y
y
a
t
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
f
l
o
w
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
i
n
p
a
r
a
l
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e
l
t
r
a
n
smissi
o
n
l
i
n
e
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
U
P
F
C
,
”
B
u
l
l
e
t
i
n
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
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ri
n
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n
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rm
a
t
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c
s
,
v
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l
.
9
,
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o
.
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,
p
p
.
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5
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2
2
9
0
.
[
4
]
S
.
G
V
e
n
k
a
t
a
a
n
d
K
.
K
.
K
u
mar,
“
D
a
mp
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n
g
o
f
l
o
w
f
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q
u
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n
c
y
o
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t
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s
w
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a
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a
p
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f
n
e
u
r
o
-
f
u
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z
y
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
l
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t
ri
c
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a
n
d
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
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c
E
n
g
i
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g
a
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d
T
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m
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t
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o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
1
2
.
[
5
]
T.
A
b
d
e
l
o
u
a
h
e
d
,
I
.
K
.
B
o
u
sser
h
a
n
e
,
S
.
A
.
Z
i
d
i
,
a
n
d
O
.
A
b
d
e
l
k
h
a
l
e
k
,
“
C
o
mp
a
r
i
so
n
o
f
i
n
t
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l
l
i
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e
n
t
c
o
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t
r
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l
m
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t
h
o
d
s
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
i
n
t
h
e
U
P
F
C
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
s
d
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si
g
n
f
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
f
l
o
w
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
,
”
El
e
c
t
ro
t
e
h
n
i
c
a
,
El
e
c
t
ro
n
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c
a
,
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a
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a
,
v
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l
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.
2
3
.
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1
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3
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0
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5
.
[
6
]
M
.
O
sam
a
a
b
e
d
e
l
-
R
a
o
u
f
,
S
.
A
.
S
o
a
d
,
M
.
M
.
S
a
l
a
ma
,
M
.
I
.
M
o
sa
a
d
,
a
n
d
H
.
A
.
A
.
H
a
d
i
,
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P
e
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m
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c
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a
n
c
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me
n
t
o
f
g
r
i
d
-
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n
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c
t
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d
r
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w
a
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g
y
sy
s
t
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si
n
g
U
P
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,
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E
n
e
rg
i
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s
,
v
o
l
.
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6
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o
.
1
1
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:
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0
.
3
3
9
0
/
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n
1
6
1
1
4
3
6
2
.
[
7
]
E.
V
.
V
i
n
a
y
,
“
O
p
t
i
m
a
l
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
o
mp
e
n
sat
i
n
g
d
e
v
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c
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s
i
n
d
i
st
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i
b
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s
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st
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m
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
P
S
O
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
c
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e
n
c
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a
n
d
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
(
I
J
S
R)
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
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:
1
0
.
2
1
2
7
5
/
A
R
T2
0
1
9
7
2
1
3
.
[
8
]
A
.
A
.
R
.
A
l
t
a
h
i
r
a
n
d
M
.
M
.
M
a
r
e
i
,
“
A
n
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
a
l
l
o
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a
t
i
o
n
o
f
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a
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d
t
r
a
n
si
e
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t
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t
a
b
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l
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t
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
me
n
t
o
f
a
n
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l
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c
t
r
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c
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
sy
st
e
m:
i
e
e
e
-
3
0
b
u
ses,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
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t
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a
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o
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En
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ri
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g
,
v
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l
.
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o
.
6
,
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v
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1
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6
.
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p
4
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8
-
4
7
0
7
.
[
9
]
Y
.
S
.
U
mar,
U
.
O
.
A
l
i
y
u
,
a
n
d
Y
.
S
.
H
a
r
u
n
a
,
“
O
p
t
i
m
a
l
p
l
a
c
e
me
n
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f
d
s
t
a
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l
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f
f
u
n
d
a
me
n
t
a
l
c
o
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c
e
p
t
s
,
”
ATBU
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
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e
.
T
e
c
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Ed
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n
,
v
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l
.
1
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o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
9
–
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9
,
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0
2
3
.
[
1
0
]
B
.
G
.
O
.
Ess
a
ma
,
J
.
T
.
N
.
B
i
sse
,
J
.
K
.
K
o
k
o
,
J
.
A
t
a
n
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a
n
a
,
S
.
N
d
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o
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o
Es
si
a
n
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,
a
n
d
J
.
G
.
T
a
mb
a
,
“
O
p
t
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1
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s
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,
”
R
o
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d
A
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.
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