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rna
t
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na
l J
o
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l o
f
Appl
ied P
o
wer
E
ng
i
neer
ing
(
I
J
AP
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)
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
5
,
p
p
.
64
~
73
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijap
e
.
v
1
4
.
i
1
.
pp
64
-
73
64
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
a
p
e
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Ana
ly
sis
of t
he
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ft
swi
tching mo
de
s for ene
rg
y
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s
mea
surem
ent
of h
ig
h f
reque
ncy
clo
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nv
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Aj
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h
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r
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n
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i
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c
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l
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b
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a
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D
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p
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r
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me
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e
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t
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a
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e
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n
g
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o
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l
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g
e
o
f
A
g
r
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c
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l
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r
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n
g
i
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e
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a
n
d
Te
c
h
n
o
l
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y
(
C
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,
B
h
u
b
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n
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sw
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,
I
n
d
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a
Art
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I
nfo
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S
T
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T
A
r
ticle
his
to
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y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
No
v
1
1
,
2
0
2
3
R
ev
is
ed
J
u
l 2
6
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
Au
g
1
5
,
2
0
2
4
T
h
is
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
s
o
f
t
s
witch
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
en
e
r
g
y
lo
s
s
o
f
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
clo
s
ed
lo
o
p
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
with
ze
r
o
-
cu
r
r
en
t
s
witch
in
g
(
Z
C
S)
an
d
ze
r
o
-
v
o
ltag
e
s
witch
in
g
(
Z
VS)
tech
n
iq
u
es.
To
g
et
th
ese
attr
ib
u
tes,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
f
t
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
th
at
u
tili
ze
s
o
f
t
s
witch
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
is
ess
en
tial.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
ex
am
in
es
th
e
Z
C
S/ZVS
AC
/DC
co
n
v
er
ter
d
esig
n
,
u
s
ed
in
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
r
en
ew
ab
le
en
er
g
y
an
d
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
is
co
n
v
er
ter
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
en
s
u
r
e
s
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
w
itch
es
tu
r
n
o
n
a
n
d
o
f
f
at
ze
r
o
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t.
I
t
s
m
o
o
th
s
r
ec
tifie
r
d
io
d
es,
r
ed
u
cin
g
s
witch
in
g
an
d
r
ev
er
s
e
r
ec
o
v
e
r
y
lo
s
s
es.
I
t
h
as
b
etter
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
,
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
in
p
u
t
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
.
Pra
ctica
l
s
tu
d
y
h
as
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
to
v
er
if
y
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
'
s
th
eo
r
e
ti
ca
l
an
aly
s
is
.
E
m
p
i
r
ical
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
g
en
tle
s
witch
in
g
en
h
an
ce
s
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
.
E
n
e
r
g
y
l
o
s
s
es
ar
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
2
6
%
wh
ile
tu
r
n
in
g
o
n
a
n
d
2
0
%
wh
en
tu
r
n
in
g
o
f
f
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
Z
VS
an
d
Z
C
S.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
is
b
u
ilt
to
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ate
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
Z
VS
a
n
d
Z
C
S,
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
ar
e
lo
wer
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
d
ec
lin
e
is
m
o
d
est
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
r
a
n
g
e.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
AC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
So
f
t switch
in
g
Z
er
o
-
cu
r
r
en
t switch
in
g
Z
er
o
-
v
o
ltag
e
s
witch
in
g
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Pra
s
an
ta
Ku
m
ar
B
ar
ik
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
Me
ch
an
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
Ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
C
AE
T
)
B
h
u
b
an
eswar
,
Od
is
h
a,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail: p
k
b
ar
ik
.
m
ee
@
o
u
at.
ac
.
i
n
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Hig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
is
o
lated
DC
-
DC
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
h
as
d
r
a
wn
s
p
ec
ial
atten
tio
n
in
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ield
s
o
f
s
o
lid
-
s
tate
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
,
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
an
d
m
icr
o
g
r
id
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
[
1
]
-
[
4
]
.
Hig
h
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
is
o
lated
DC
-
DC
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
'
s
m
o
d
u
lar
ar
ch
ite
ctu
r
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
an
d
g
o
o
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
two
es
s
en
tials
f
o
r
th
ese
k
in
d
s
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
n
o
w
an
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
d
u
e
to
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
th
at
is
b
ein
g
in
teg
r
ate
d
in
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
B
o
th
co
n
s
u
m
er
e
lectr
o
n
ics an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
e
m
p
lo
y
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
[
5
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
ese
co
n
v
er
ter
s
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
.
T
h
e
m
ain
ca
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
e
f
f
icien
c
y
d
ec
lin
e
is
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
e
s
[
6
]
.
W
h
e
n
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
u
s
ed
at
a
h
ig
h
s
witch
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
cy
an
d
lo
w
p
o
wer
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
n
a
lysi
s
o
f th
e
s
o
ft sw
itch
in
g
mo
d
es fo
r
en
erg
y
lo
s
s
mea
s
u
r
eme
n
t o
f h
ig
h
…
(
A
jo
ya
K
u
ma
r
P
r
a
d
h
a
n
)
65
o
u
tp
u
t,
th
is
b
ec
o
m
es
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
[
7
]
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
s
o
f
t
s
witch
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
as
ze
r
o
-
v
o
lta
g
e
s
witch
in
g
(
Z
VS)
,
ze
r
o
-
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
witch
in
g
(
Z
C
S),
an
d
ze
r
o
-
v
o
ltag
e
ze
r
o
-
cu
r
r
en
t
s
witch
in
g
(
Z
VZ
C
S),
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
[
8
]
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
is
s
u
e.
W
h
en
o
p
er
atin
g
in
th
ese
m
o
d
es,
s
wi
tch
in
g
lo
s
s
,
also
k
n
o
wn
as
v
o
ltag
e
–
cu
r
r
en
t
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
,
is
m
in
im
i
z
ed
b
y
m
an
i
p
u
latin
g
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
[
9
]
.
T
o
lo
wer
th
e
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
at
b
o
th
t
h
e
tu
r
n
-
o
n
an
d
t
u
r
n
-
o
f
f
in
s
tan
ts
,
Z
VZ
C
S
co
n
cu
r
r
en
tly
c
o
n
tr
o
ls
b
o
th
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
tr
an
s
ien
ts
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
s
wi
tch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
d
,
lead
in
g
to
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
is
r
esu
lts
d
ir
ec
tly
f
r
o
m
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
th
e
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
lo
s
s
es
b
y
s
i
m
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
m
an
ip
u
latin
g
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
tr
an
s
ien
ts
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
n
eith
er
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
n
o
r
t
h
is
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
Z
VZ
C
S
f
r
o
m
th
is
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
was
co
v
er
ed
f
u
ll
y
in
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
wo
r
k
s
.
On
e
ca
n
ev
en
tu
all
y
g
et
a
g
e
n
er
al
ju
d
g
m
en
t
a
b
o
u
t
wh
eth
er
th
e
Z
VZ
C
S
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
b
etter
o
r
wo
r
s
e
th
an
th
e
Z
VS
an
d
Z
C
S.
Fu
r
th
er
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
o
f
s
o
f
t
s
witch
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
h
o
w
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
u
s
e
th
em
will a
ls
o
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
th
is
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
attain
r
eso
n
a
n
ce
a
n
d
allo
w
th
e
d
io
d
es
to
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
th
e
ze
r
o
cu
r
r
en
t
s
witch
in
g
(
Z
C
S)
s
tate,
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
o
u
tlin
e
d
in
[
9
]
m
a
k
es
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
th
e
c
o
u
p
led
in
d
u
cto
r
'
s
leak
in
g
in
d
u
ctan
ce
.
I
n
[
1
0
]
,
s
o
f
t
-
s
witch
in
g
is
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
t
h
e
r
e
s
o
n
an
t
wo
r
k
in
g
m
o
d
e
in
to
a
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ac
tiv
e
-
clam
p
co
u
p
led
i
n
d
u
cto
r
co
n
v
er
ter
v
ia
a
h
y
b
r
id
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
R
o
y
an
d
Kap
at
[
1
1
]
s
u
g
g
est
u
s
in
g
ac
tiv
e
clam
p
cir
cu
its
with
a
s
h
ar
ed
clam
p
c
ap
ac
ito
r
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
ze
r
o
v
o
lta
g
e
s
witch
in
g
(
Z
VS)
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
p
o
wer
s
witch
.
R
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
a
r
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
ar
y
h
i
g
h
s
tep
-
u
p
n
o
n
-
is
o
lated
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
th
at
u
s
es
a
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
d
u
cto
r
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
tech
n
iq
u
es.
Z
er
o
-
v
o
ltag
e
s
witch
in
g
(
Z
VS)
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
wh
en
th
e
ac
tiv
e
s
witch
es
ar
e
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
,
an
d
ze
r
o
-
cu
r
r
en
t
s
witch
in
g
(
Z
C
S)
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
wh
en
th
e
d
i
o
d
es
ar
e
tu
r
n
ed
o
f
f
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
u
s
es
two
a
ctiv
e
s
witch
es
an
d
r
u
n
s
in
r
eso
n
an
t
m
o
d
e.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
u
tlin
ed
i
n
[
1
4
]
co
m
b
i
n
es
a
tr
ad
itio
n
al
in
d
u
cto
r
-
b
ased
b
u
ck
ce
ll
with
a
c
h
ar
g
e
p
u
m
p
m
ec
h
an
is
m
to
r
ed
u
ce
s
witch
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
an
d
ac
h
iev
e
a
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ai
n
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
u
tili
zin
g
q
u
asi
-
p
ar
allel
r
eso
n
a
n
t
DC
-
lin
k
,
as
d
escr
ib
ed
in
[
1
4
]
-
[
1
6
]
,
ty
p
ically
n
ee
d
in
tr
icate
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
in
cu
r
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
o
v
er
all
co
s
t.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
y
o
n
th
ese
co
n
v
er
ter
s
is
to
m
in
im
ize
th
e
q
u
an
tity
o
f
au
x
iliar
y
s
witch
es
in
o
r
d
er
to
s
tr
ea
m
lin
e
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
cir
cu
it
an
d
s
av
e
co
s
ts
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
au
x
iliar
y
s
witch
es,
ad
d
itio
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
lik
e
as
d
io
d
es,
lin
k
ed
in
d
u
ct
o
r
s
,
an
d
c
ap
ac
ito
r
s
ar
e
em
p
l
o
y
ed
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
Occ
asio
n
ally
,
th
e
ab
ilit
y
t
o
r
eg
u
late
t
h
e
DC
-
lin
k
ze
r
o
v
o
ltag
e
is
also
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
ed
,
lead
in
g
to
th
e
a
b
r
u
p
t
s
witch
in
g
o
f
s
witch
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
i
n
tr
icate
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
wo
r
r
y
in
t
h
ese
t
o
p
o
lo
g
ies,
p
r
im
ar
ily
d
u
e
to
th
e
n
ee
d
to
a
d
d
r
ess
p
r
esen
t
s
h
ar
in
g
d
if
f
icu
l
ties
.
T
h
e
d
i
o
d
e
b
r
id
g
e
o
r
m
u
lt
i
-
p
u
ls
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
h
av
e
b
ee
n
wid
ely
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
an
y
y
ea
r
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
eir
h
i
g
h
ef
f
icien
cy
,
d
e
p
en
d
a
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
th
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
[
1
9
]
-
[
2
1
]
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
at
r
estri
ct
th
e
u
tili
z
atio
n
o
f
f
r
o
n
t
-
e
n
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
ar
e
elev
ate
d
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
h
ar
m
o
n
ics,
d
im
i
n
is
h
ed
p
o
wer
f
ac
t
o
r
,
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
weig
h
t,
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
v
o
lu
m
e,
an
d
elev
ated
m
ain
ten
an
ce
ex
p
en
s
es [
22
]
-
[
2
5
].
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
So
f
t
s
wit
ching
a
na
ly
s
is
B
y
m
o
d
elin
g
th
e
w
o
r
k
in
g
m
o
d
el
Z
VZ
C
S
co
n
v
er
ter
d
e
p
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
th
e
s
o
f
t
m
o
d
es o
f
o
p
e
r
atio
n
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
Sin
ce
th
e
s
witch
-
o
f
f
s
ce
n
a
r
io
m
ay
b
e
d
u
p
lica
ted
b
y
ch
a
n
g
in
g
a
f
ew
b
asic
f
ac
to
r
s
,
ju
s
t
th
e
tu
r
n
-
on
m
o
m
en
t
is
c
h
o
s
en
f
o
r
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
T
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
an
d
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
e
x
p
e
r
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
a
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Sectio
n
5
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
p
u
l
s
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M
)
s
witch
in
g
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
a
m
etal
o
x
id
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
f
ield
ef
f
ec
t
tr
an
s
is
to
r
(
MO
SF
E
T
'
s
)
s
witc
h
in
g
tr
an
s
ien
ts
ar
e
n
o
r
m
al.
An
in
s
u
lated
-
g
ate
b
ip
o
lar
tr
an
s
is
to
r
(
I
GB
T
)
ca
n
b
e
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
th
e
s
am
e
a
n
aly
s
is
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
tail
cu
r
r
en
t in
th
is
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
th
er
e
wo
u
ld
b
e
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g
r
ea
ter
e
n
er
g
y
lo
s
s
at
th
e
tu
r
n
-
o
f
f
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
So
f
t switch
in
g
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
te
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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Par
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P
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i
t
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f
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q
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2
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k
H
z
O
u
t
p
u
t
f
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l
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e
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t
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e
2
2
0
m
i
c
r
o
f
a
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O
u
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f
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e
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n
d
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5
mH
R
e
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t
i
f
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R
e
c
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6
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P
2
.
2
.
So
f
t
s
wit
ching
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o
s
t
co
nv
er
t
er
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
cir
cu
it
s
ch
em
atic
o
f
a
s
o
f
t
s
witch
in
g
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
A
n
o
r
m
al
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
cir
cu
it
is
en
h
an
ce
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
s
o
f
t
s
witch
in
g
ce
ll,
wh
ich
c
o
m
p
r
is
es
o
n
e
in
d
u
cto
r
(
L
1
)
,
two
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
(
C
1
an
d
C
2
)
,
an
d
t
h
r
ee
d
io
d
es
(
D1
,
D
2
,
an
d
D3
)
.
An
o
n
/o
f
f
c
o
n
tr
o
l
is
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
with
a
s
in
g
le
s
witch
,
an
d
th
e
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
m
ay
b
e
m
in
im
ized
b
y
s
witch
in
g
at
ze
r
o
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
ze
r
o
v
o
ltag
e
,
th
an
k
s
to
th
e
r
eso
n
an
ce
s
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
2.
2
.
1
.
M
o
de
1
:
o
pera
t
i
o
n o
f
b
o
o
s
t
co
nv
er
t
er
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
h
as
s
ix
o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
es
in
a
s
witch
in
g
cy
cle,
wh
ich
ar
e
d
e
s
cr
ib
ed
in
Fig
u
r
es 2
-
7
.
B
o
th
th
e
s
witch
es
S
1
an
d
S
2
ar
e
in
th
e
o
f
f
s
tate.
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
e,
th
e
m
ain
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t d
ec
r
ea
s
es
lin
ea
r
ly
an
d
n
o
cu
r
r
en
t f
lo
ws to
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t in
d
u
cto
r
,
an
d
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t c
ap
ac
ito
r
is
ch
ar
g
e
d
as o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
r
elate
d
m
ath
e
m
atica
l m
o
d
els ar
e
also
ex
p
lain
ed
in
(
1
)
-
(
2
6
)
.
(
)
=
−
(
1
)
(
)
=
(
0
)
−
(
−
)
/
(
2
)
0
=
(
)
(
3
)
2.
2
.
2
.
M
o
de
2
:
o
pera
t
i
o
n o
f
b
o
o
s
t
co
nv
er
t
er
C
u
r
r
en
t
f
lo
ws
to
th
e
r
eso
n
a
n
t
in
d
u
cto
r
as
th
e
s
witch
es
S
1
an
d
S
2
ar
e
ON.
Her
e
Z
C
S
is
ac
h
iev
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
tu
r
n
-
on
.
As
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
cu
r
r
en
t
r
is
es
lin
ea
r
ly
,
th
e
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
g
r
ad
u
ally
d
e
cr
ea
s
es.
W
h
en
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
eq
u
als
to
V
O
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t d
io
d
e
is
c
u
t
o
f
f
a
n
d
th
en
th
e
m
o
d
e
2
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
t
e
r
is
co
m
p
leted
.
(
1
)
=
0
(
4
)
(
)
=
(
5
)
(
)
=
(
)
/
(
6
)
(
)
=
(
2
)
(
7
)
0
(
20
)
=
0
(
8
)
2.
2
.
3
.
M
o
de
3
:
o
pera
t
i
o
n o
f
b
o
o
s
t
co
nv
er
t
er
T
h
e
r
eso
n
an
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
r
is
r
elea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
V
0
t
o
ze
r
o
.
I
n
th
i
s
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
th
e
r
eso
n
a
n
t
i
n
d
u
cto
r
L
r
an
d
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
r
ex
h
ib
it
r
eso
n
an
ce
,
ca
u
s
in
g
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
C
r
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
V
0
to
ze
r
o
.
Her
e
,
th
e
elec
tr
ic
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
in
d
u
cto
r
L
p
ass
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
o
th
t
h
e
r
elu
c
t
an
ce
r
esis
tan
ce
(
L
r
)
an
d
th
e
s
witch
.
A
co
n
s
tan
t
s
u
p
p
ly
o
f
p
o
wer
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
to
t
h
e
lo
ad
wh
ile
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
at
r
e
s
o
n
an
t
m
o
d
e
C
out
is
b
ein
g
ch
a
r
g
ed
.
(
1
)
=
(
9
)
(
2
)
=
(
1
0
)
(
3
)
=
0
(
1
1
)
=
1
√
(
1
2
)
=
√
/
(
1
3
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
n
a
lysi
s
o
f th
e
s
o
ft sw
itch
in
g
mo
d
es fo
r
en
erg
y
lo
s
s
mea
s
u
r
eme
n
t o
f h
ig
h
…
(
A
jo
ya
K
u
ma
r
P
r
a
d
h
a
n
)
67
2.
2
.
4
.
M
o
de
4
:
o
pera
t
i
o
n o
f
b
o
o
s
t
co
nv
er
t
er
T
h
is
in
ter
v
al
b
eg
in
s
wh
e
n
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
ze
r
o
.
I
n
th
is
in
ter
v
al,
th
e
f
r
ee
wh
ee
lin
g
d
io
d
es
o
f
D
1
an
d
D
2
ar
e
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
.
T
h
e
r
eso
n
an
t
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
lo
ws
to
th
e
f
r
ee
wh
ee
lin
g
d
io
d
es S
1
-
L
r
-
D
2
an
d
S
2
-
L
r
-
D
1
alo
n
g
th
e
f
r
ee
wh
ee
lin
g
p
ath
.
(
)
=
(
)
+
1
(
)
+
2
(
2
)
(
1
4
)
(
3
)
=
(
4
)
=
(
1
5
)
(
)
=
(
1
6
)
(
)
=
+
(
)
/
(
1
7
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Mo
d
e
1
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Mo
d
e
2
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Mo
d
e
3
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Mo
d
e
4
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
2.
2
.
5
.
M
o
de
5
:
o
pera
t
i
o
n o
f
b
o
o
s
t
co
nv
er
t
er
I
n
th
is
in
ter
v
al,
s
witch
es
ar
e
cu
t
o
f
f
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
ze
r
o
-
v
o
lta
g
e
co
n
d
itio
n
b
y
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
.
Du
r
in
g
th
is
in
ter
v
al,
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
es
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
(
1
8
)
to
(
2
1
)
.
C
u
r
r
en
tly
,
th
e
r
e
ex
is
t
two
o
p
er
atin
g
cu
r
r
e
n
t
lo
o
p
s
.
T
h
e
L
r
-
C
r
-
V
in
lo
o
p
is
ch
a
r
ac
ter
ized
b
y
a
lin
ea
r
ex
p
an
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
r
f
r
o
m
ze
r
o
to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
V
0
.
An
o
th
er
lo
o
p
is
th
e
L
r
-
C
r
-
D
1
lo
o
p
,
in
wh
ich
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
r
eso
n
an
ce
h
as p
lace
.
(
4
)
=
(
1
8
)
(
4
)
=
0
(
1
9
)
(
)
=
(
2
0
)
(
5
)
=
0
(
2
1
)
2.
2
.
6
.
M
o
de
6
:
o
pera
t
i
o
n o
f
b
o
o
s
t
co
nv
er
t
er
I
n
th
is
in
ter
v
al
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
d
io
d
e
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
u
n
d
er
ze
r
o
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
ce
th
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
e
q
u
al
s
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
.
At
th
i
s
p
o
in
t,
two
o
f
th
e
in
d
u
ct
o
r
cu
r
r
en
ts
g
r
ad
u
ally
d
im
in
is
h
,
an
d
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
e
d
in
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t in
d
u
cto
r
is
f
u
lly
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
t
o
th
e
lo
a
d
.
0
(
)
=
(
)
+
(
)
(
2
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
5
:
64
-
73
68
(
)
=
0
(
2
3
)
(
)
=
(
)
−
(
0
–
/
)
(
2
4
)
(
)
=
(
6
)
−
(
0
/
)
(
2
5
)
(
6
)
=
0
(
2
6
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Mo
d
e
5
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Mo
d
e
6
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
3.
DE
T
E
R
M
I
N
AT
I
O
N
O
F
CI
RCUI
T
P
ARA
M
E
T
E
R
S AN
D
UT
I
L
I
Z
A
T
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Select
io
n o
f
VS
,
,
Lr
,
Cr
,
a
nd
T
h
e
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
0
is
s
elec
ted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
wer
(
2
7
)
.
=
2
/
0
(
2
7
)
W
h
er
e
P
is
p
o
wer
.
R
ed
u
ci
n
g
th
e
cir
cu
it
v
o
lu
m
e
is
o
n
e
b
en
ef
it
o
f
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
s
witch
in
g
in
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics.
I
n
ac
t
u
al
u
s
e,
in
d
u
ctan
ce
n
ee
d
s
t
o
b
e
as
litt
le
a
s
f
ea
s
ib
le.
I
f
th
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
'
s
p
h
y
s
ical
v
o
l
u
m
e
is
n
o
t
a
co
n
ce
r
n
,
lar
g
e
ca
p
ac
ita
n
ce
is
d
esire
d
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e
m
u
s
t
n
o
t
ex
ce
ed
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
.
Fo
r
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
d
esig
n
,
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
o
ltag
e
Vo
m
u
s
t b
e
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
V
S
.
3
.
2
.
Va
lid
a
t
i
o
n o
f
t
he
s
im
ula
t
ed
circ
uit
Usi
n
g
th
e
Simu
lin
k
t
o
o
lb
o
x
,
a
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
s
im
u
latio
n
cir
cu
it
f
o
r
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
b
u
ilt,
as
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
W
h
ile
d
esig
n
in
g
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
th
e
n
o
n
-
id
ea
l
c
ir
cu
it
v
ar
iab
les
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
b
u
t
n
o
t
tak
e
n
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
L
'
s
s
er
ies
r
esi
s
tan
ce
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
ar
e
ch
o
s
en
.
A
r
esis
to
r
is
u
tili
ze
d
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
tep
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
a
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
(
VS)
is
u
s
ed
to
cr
ea
te
s
tep
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
u
s
in
g
p
er
f
ec
t
s
witch
es.
T
h
e
MO
SF
E
T
s
witch
an
d
f
r
ee
w
h
ee
lin
g
d
io
d
e'
s
in
ter
n
al
r
esis
tan
ce
s
an
d
f
o
r
war
d
v
o
ltag
e
d
ip
s
a
r
e
tak
e
n
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t.
T
h
e
y
a
r
e
s
im
u
lated
u
s
in
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
r
o
m
o
f
f
-
th
e
-
s
h
elf
d
ev
ices.
C
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
is
g
iv
e
n
to
th
e
s
ettin
g
s
f
o
r
th
e
f
r
ee
wh
ee
lin
g
d
io
d
es
D1
an
d
D2
.
T
h
e
MO
S
FET
s
witch
's
cu
r
r
en
t
r
atin
g
en
s
u
r
es th
at
it will r
em
a
in
s
af
e
e
v
en
d
u
r
in
g
p
r
o
lo
n
g
ed
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
cu
r
r
e
n
t f
lo
w.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
's
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
co
n
tin
g
en
t
u
p
o
n
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
p
ar
am
eter
v
alu
es:
s
tep
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
r
esis
tan
ce
,
in
d
u
ctan
ce
,
an
d
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
;
s
tep
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
;
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
in
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e;
s
tep
ch
a
n
g
es
i
n
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e;
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
ip
p
le
with
r
ea
lis
tic
cir
cu
it
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
Sen
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
is
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
n
d
er
th
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
o
ltag
e
is
co
n
s
tan
t
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
f
o
u
r
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
T
e
s
tin
g
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
ler
'
s
ca
p
ac
ity
to
f
o
llo
w
a
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
with
s
tep
ch
an
g
es
is
th
e
f
if
th
ca
s
e.
T
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
th
e
s
ix
th
in
s
tan
ce
is
to
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
u
s
ab
le
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le
with
u
s
ab
le
cir
cu
it
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
an
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
tly
lo
wer
m
ax
i
m
u
m
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
C
o
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
o
f
id
ea
l
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
cir
cu
its
is
th
e
f
in
al
s
ce
n
ar
io
.
On
l
y
th
e
o
v
er
all
tr
a
v
e
lin
g
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
an
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
(
u
n
d
er
s
h
o
o
t,
o
v
e
r
s
h
o
o
t,
o
r
n
o
m
in
im
u
m
p
h
ase)
is
ex
am
in
ed
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
ad
ju
s
t
th
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
lo
u
d
n
ess
.
A
tr
an
s
ien
t's
r
is
in
g
tim
e,
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t
am
p
litu
d
e,
an
d
s
ettlin
g
tim
e
ar
e
n
o
t
s
p
ec
if
ically
ex
am
in
ed
.
T
h
e
a
n
aly
tical
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
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8
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O
N
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ter
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ated
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t
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er
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e
Z
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o
p
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'
s
m
o
d
est
s
tan
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ar
d
d
ev
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in
d
icate
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
7
9
2
I
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s
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ir
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s
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l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
n
a
lysi
s
o
f th
e
s
o
ft sw
itch
in
g
mo
d
es fo
r
en
erg
y
lo
s
s
mea
s
u
r
eme
n
t o
f h
ig
h
…
(
A
jo
ya
K
u
ma
r
P
r
a
d
h
a
n
)
73
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Dr
.
Ajo
y
a
K
u
m
a
r
Pra
d
h
a
n
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
Tec
h
.
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
n
ics
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
An
d
h
ra
Un
iv
e
r
sity
in
2
0
0
5
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
M
.
Tec
h
.
i
n
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
t
KIIT
(De
e
m
e
d
to
b
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
)
,
Bh
u
b
a
n
e
sw
a
r
in
2
0
0
9
.
He
e
a
rn
e
d
h
is
P
h
.
D.
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
S
OA
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Bh
u
b
a
n
e
sw
a
r
in
2
0
1
8
.
P
re
se
n
tl
y
,
h
e
se
rv
e
s
a
s
a
n
a
ss
o
c
iate
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
in
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
t
G
ITAM
,
Bh
u
b
a
n
e
sw
a
r
sin
c
e
2
0
0
8
.
His
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
fo
c
u
se
s
o
n
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
so
u
rc
e
s
a
n
d
m
icro
g
ri
d
s.
He
h
a
s
a
u
th
o
re
d
o
v
e
r
2
0
re
se
a
rc
h
p
a
p
e
rs
in
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls
a
n
d
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
a
jo
y
a
.
p
@
g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Dr
.
S
a
r
ita
S
a
m
a
l
e
a
rn
e
d
h
e
r
B.
Tec
h
.
(H
o
n
s)
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Be
rh
a
m
p
u
r
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
i
n
2
0
0
3
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
e
r
M
.
Tec
h
.
in
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
t
VSS
UT,
B
u
rla
in
2
0
0
6
.
S
h
e
o
b
ta
in
e
d
h
e
r
P
h
.
D.
i
n
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
VS
S
UT,
Bu
rla
in
2
0
1
9
.
Cu
rre
n
t
ly
,
sh
e
h
o
l
d
s
t
h
e
p
o
siti
o
n
o
f
As
so
c
iate
P
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
-
I
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
t
KIIT
D
e
e
m
e
d
to
b
e
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
Bh
u
b
a
n
e
sw
a
r.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
e
n
c
o
m
p
a
ss
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
li
ty
,
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
s,
a
n
d
m
icro
g
ri
d
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
a
u
th
o
re
d
o
v
e
r
5
0
re
se
a
rc
h
p
a
p
e
rs
in
in
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls
a
n
d
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
Ad
d
it
i
o
n
a
ll
y
,
s
h
e
h
a
s
c
o
n
tri
b
u
ted
6
b
o
o
k
c
h
a
p
ters
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
b
y
El
se
v
ier,
Tay
lo
r
&
F
ra
n
c
is,
a
n
d
h
o
ld
s
5
p
a
ten
ts.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
ss
a
m
a
lfel@k
ii
t.
a
c
.
in
.
Dr
.
Pra
sa
n
t
a
K
u
m
a
r
Ba
r
i
k
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B
.
Tec
h
.
i
n
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Utk
a
l
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
In
d
ia,
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
M
.
Tec
h
.
i
n
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
d
r
iv
e
s
fr
o
m
Ka
li
n
g
a
In
stit
u
te
o
f
I
n
d
u
strial
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
I
n
d
ia.
He
o
b
tain
e
d
h
is
P
h
.
D.
fro
m
I
n
d
ian
I
n
stit
u
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(I
n
d
ian
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
M
i
n
e
s)
in
Dh
a
n
b
a
d
,
In
d
ia.
Hi
s
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
re
v
o
lv
e
a
ro
u
n
d
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
li
t
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
th
e
u
ti
li
z
a
ti
o
n
o
f
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
in
n
o
n
-
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
e
n
e
rg
y
s
o
u
rc
e
s.
He
h
a
s
a
u
th
o
re
d
o
v
e
r
3
5
re
se
a
rc
h
p
a
p
e
rs
in
in
tern
a
t
io
n
a
l
jo
u
r
n
a
ls
a
n
d
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
Ad
d
it
i
o
n
a
ll
y
,
h
e
h
a
s
c
o
n
tri
b
u
ted
4
b
o
o
k
c
h
a
p
ters
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
b
y
El
se
v
ier
a
n
d
Tay
lo
r
&
F
ra
n
c
is.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
t
a
c
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
p
k
b
a
ri
k
.
m
e
e
@o
u
a
t.
a
c
.
in
.
Dr
.
S
m
r
u
tira
n
j
a
n
N
a
y
a
k
o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
is
P
h
.
D.
i
n
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
S
ik
sh
a
‘O’
A
n
u
sa
n
d
h
a
n
(De
e
m
e
d
to
b
e
Un
i
v
e
rsity
),
B
h
u
b
a
n
e
sw
a
r
i
n
2
0
2
2
.
P
re
se
n
t
ly
,
h
e
h
o
l
d
s
th
e
p
o
sit
io
n
o
f
a
ss
istan
t
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
t
IG
IT,
S
a
ra
n
g
,
In
d
ia.
Wi
t
h
o
v
e
r
1
5
y
e
a
rs
o
f
tea
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
re
se
a
rc
h
e
x
p
e
rti
se
,
h
e
h
a
s
a
u
th
o
re
d
o
r
c
o
-
a
u
t
h
o
re
d
m
o
re
th
a
n
1
9
p
a
p
e
rs
in
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
re
fe
re
e
d
jo
u
r
n
a
ls
a
n
d
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
e
n
c
o
m
p
a
ss
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s,
a
rti
ficia
l
in
tell
ig
e
n
c
e
,
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
li
ty
,
a
n
d
sm
a
rt
g
ri
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
i
e
s
.
He
can
be
c
o
n
tac
ted
at
e
m
a
il
:
sm
ru
ti
k
ii
t
4
0
@
g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
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