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I
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[
3
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T
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e
"De
e
n
Day
al
Up
ad
h
y
ay
a
Gr
am
J
y
o
ti
Yo
jan
a"
wi
th
th
e
v
is
io
n
o
f
attain
in
g
1
0
0
%
r
u
r
al
elec
tr
icity
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
is
ex
p
ec
ted
th
at
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
u
s
in
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
lik
e
s
o
lar
an
d
win
d
en
er
g
y
will
r
esu
lt
in
n
o
t
o
n
ly
ec
o
lo
g
icall
y
f
r
ie
n
d
ly
elec
tr
icity
g
e
n
er
ati
o
n
b
u
t
also
in
m
e
etin
g
t
h
e
el
ec
tr
icity
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
th
o
s
e
liv
in
g
in
r
em
o
te
ar
ea
s
[
4
]
.
C
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
in
t
o
th
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
win
d
tu
r
b
i
n
es
(
W
T
s
)
h
av
e
r
esu
lted
in
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
r
is
e
in
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
ca
p
ac
ities
,
f
r
o
m
5
0
k
W
in
th
e
m
id
-
1
9
8
0
s
to
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
9
.
5
MW
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
W
T
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
with
s
u
ch
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
win
d
en
e
r
g
y
g
en
e
r
atio
n
is
alm
o
s
t
co
m
p
ar
a
b
le
with
tr
ad
itio
n
al
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
elec
tr
icity
.
E
lectr
icity
g
e
n
e
r
ated
b
y
t
h
e
h
u
g
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
W
T
s
is
u
s
ed
to
d
eliv
e
r
p
o
wer
d
ir
ec
tly
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
Fo
r
s
tan
d
-
alo
n
e
p
o
wer
d
eliv
e
r
ies,
s
m
aller
tu
r
b
in
es
in
th
e
1
0
0
-
k
W
r
an
g
e
with
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iat
e
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ar
e
e
x
p
lo
r
e
d
.
Ad
d
i
tio
n
ally
,
ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
l
e
g
r
id
-
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
s
o
lar
f
ar
m
s
,
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
m
all
s
o
lar
-
d
r
iv
en
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
in
s
tallatio
n
s
s
ee
m
s
to
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
p
ec
tacu
lar
g
lo
b
ally
,
with
I
n
d
ia
lead
in
g
th
e
way
with
an
esti
m
ated
5
,
5
4
4
s
u
ch
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
d
ep
lo
y
ed
in
2
0
2
0
.
I
n
lig
h
t
o
f
th
e
a
b
o
v
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
,
a
n
o
v
el
h
y
b
r
id
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
p
o
wer
i
n
g
is
o
lated
lo
ad
s
u
s
in
g
s
o
lar
an
d
w
in
d
en
er
g
y
h
as b
ee
n
s
u
g
g
ested
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
T
o
g
e
n
er
ate
el
ec
t
r
i
cit
y
f
r
o
m
win
d
,
a
d
e
q
u
at
e
e
lec
tr
ica
l
g
e
n
er
at
o
r
s
ar
e
n
ec
ess
a
r
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
a
t
t
h
e
i
n
i
tia
l
s
t
a
g
e
.
I
n
c
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
t
o
an
y
o
th
e
r
t
y
p
e
o
f
e
lec
tr
ica
l g
e
n
er
at
o
r
,
th
e
d
o
u
b
ly
f
e
d
i
n
d
u
ct
io
n
g
e
n
e
r
a
to
r
(
DF
I
G
)
m
a
y
b
e
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
e
d
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
a
c
o
n
s
ta
n
t
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
an
d
v
o
lt
a
g
e
at
t
h
e
s
t
ato
r
,
i
r
r
es
p
e
cti
v
e
o
f
th
e
r
o
t
o
r
s
p
e
ed
o
r
lo
a
d
[
7
]
.
A
d
d
it
io
n
a
ll
y
,
DF
I
Gs
w
o
r
k
ac
r
o
s
s
a
wi
d
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
p
ee
d
s
a
n
d
r
e
q
u
ir
e
l
o
we
r
p
o
w
e
r
co
n
v
e
r
te
r
r
at
in
g
s
.
T
r
a
d
iti
o
n
a
l
ly
,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
s
u
g
g
es
te
d
t
h
at
it
o
p
er
ates
v
i
a
a
b
ac
k
-
to
-
b
a
ck
(
B
T
B
)
-
li
n
k
ed
co
n
v
e
r
te
r
ar
r
an
g
e
m
e
n
t
.
DC
li
n
k
s
a
r
e
wi
d
e
ly
u
tili
ze
d
in
B
T
B
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies;
th
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
th
e
r
e
g
u
l
ati
o
n
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
er
s
is
i
n
te
r
li
n
k
e
d
.
T
h
e
s
e
c
o
n
d
p
o
w
er
c
o
n
v
er
t
e
r
is
n
ee
d
e
d
at
th
e
D
C
lin
k
t
o
a
cc
o
m
m
o
d
at
e
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
(
E
SS
)
u
s
ed
t
o
c
o
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
g
i
n
g
w
in
d
s
p
ee
d
.
T
o
m
in
im
i
z
e
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
o
we
r
co
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
w
h
i
le
i
n
te
g
r
at
in
g
an
E
SS
,
a
c
o
m
b
i
n
ed
i
n
v
e
r
t
er
-
b
atte
r
y
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ati
o
n
is
s
u
g
g
est
ed
f
o
r
g
r
i
d
-
c
o
n
n
ec
t
e
d
an
d
s
ta
n
d
-
al
o
n
e
f
u
n
ct
i
o
n
in
g
o
f
DF
I
G
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
a
r
r
an
g
em
e
n
t
is
ca
p
a
b
l
e
o
f
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
n
g
is
o
la
te
d
lo
ad
s
wi
th
a
f
ix
e
d
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
an
d
v
o
l
ta
g
e
m
a
g
n
it
u
d
e
,
r
eg
ar
d
l
ess
o
f
th
e
r
o
tat
io
n
al
v
el
o
c
it
y
o
r
l
o
ad
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
o
m
ax
im
i
ze
th
e
s
i
m
p
l
icit
y
o
f
th
e
p
o
we
r
co
n
v
e
r
te
r
s
et
u
p
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l,
t
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
s
u
s
tai
n
ab
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
g
e
n
e
r
a
ti
o
n
s
y
s
te
m
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
s
u
g
g
es
ts
a
co
m
b
i
n
e
d
in
v
e
r
t
er
-
b
a
tte
r
y
-
b
as
ed
DF
I
G
d
esi
g
n
f
o
r
wi
n
d
en
e
r
g
y
g
e
n
e
r
ati
o
n
[
9
]
.
B
esid
es
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
ass
o
ciate
d
with
wi
n
d
en
er
g
y
,
its
cy
clica
l
f
lu
ctu
at
io
n
an
d
ir
r
eg
u
lar
n
at
u
r
e
will
m
ak
e
it
a
d
if
f
icu
lt
attem
p
t,
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
ly
in
g
is
o
lated
lo
ad
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
in
v
esti
g
ato
r
s
s
u
g
g
ested
c
o
m
b
i
n
in
g
s
o
lar
an
d
win
d
en
er
g
y
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
also
t
o
m
ain
tain
s
u
p
p
ly
co
n
tin
u
ity
f
o
r
u
s
er
s
r
esid
in
g
i
n
is
o
lat
ed
ar
ea
s
.
As
f
ar
as
w
e
ar
e
awa
r
e,
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
t
h
e
wo
r
k
o
n
h
y
b
r
id
win
d
-
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
SP
V)
s
y
s
tem
s
h
as
u
tili
ze
d
p
er
m
an
en
t
m
ag
n
et
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
an
d
s
q
u
ir
r
el
-
ca
g
e
in
d
u
ctio
n
g
en
er
ato
r
s
f
o
r
win
d
e
n
er
g
y
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
w
o
r
k
aim
s
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
win
d
-
d
r
iv
en
DFI
G
i
n
co
m
b
in
atio
n
with
an
SP
V
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
s
tan
d
-
alo
n
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
A
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
d
esig
n
f
o
r
s
tan
d
-
alo
n
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
h
a
s
b
ee
n
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
,
an
d
its
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
h
as
b
ee
n
test
ed
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
s
ec
tio
n
s
d
escr
i
b
e
th
e
d
etails
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
th
e
c
r
ea
tio
n
o
f
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
an
d
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
s
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
DFI
G
in
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
s
y
s
tem
co
n
tain
s
two
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
v
er
ter
s
(
VSC
)
.
Alo
n
g
with
th
e
g
r
id
s
id
e
co
n
v
er
ter
(
GSC
)
,
DFI
G
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
an
o
th
er
VSC
in
to
th
e
r
o
to
r
cir
cu
it,
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
th
e
r
o
to
r
s
id
e
co
n
v
er
ter
(
R
SC
)
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
R
SC
is
to
attain
win
d
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT
)
.
T
h
e
SP
V
s
y
s
tem
i
s
attac
h
ed
to
t
h
e
DC
b
u
s
v
ia
a
s
o
lar
co
n
v
er
ter
,
wh
ich
e
n
h
an
ce
s
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ar
r
ay
.
So
lar
e
n
e
r
g
y
ca
n
b
e
e
v
ac
u
ated
ef
f
icie
n
tly
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
u
s
in
g
th
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
is
co
n
v
er
ter
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
a
s
o
lar
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
opt
im
ize
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
.
I
n
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
a
win
d
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
a
b
atter
y
with
a
lo
w
lev
el
o
f
ch
ar
g
e,
th
e
b
at
ter
y
b
a
n
k
c
o
u
ld
b
e
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
d
u
s
in
g
g
r
id
elec
tr
ic
ity
o
r
a
d
iesel
g
en
e
r
ato
r
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
th
e
s
am
e
R
SC
.
T
h
e
GSC
ass
is
t
s
in
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
v
o
l
tag
e
an
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ter
m
in
al
in
ce
r
tain
cir
c
u
m
s
tan
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
in
ad
eq
u
ate
s
o
lar
o
r
win
d
en
e
r
g
y
an
d
v
ar
iatio
n
in
th
e
q
u
an
tity
o
f
s
o
lar
an
d
win
d
en
er
g
y
.
Dis
r
u
p
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
d
u
e
to
a
lo
ad
lo
s
s
o
r
f
ailu
r
e
an
d
l
o
ad
s
o
f
v
ar
i
o
u
s
f
o
r
m
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
a
n
d
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
lo
ad
s
.
T
h
e
k
ey
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
ar
e
as f
o
llo
ws:
-
T
o
co
m
b
in
e
a
DFI
G
a
n
d
SP
V
s
y
s
tem
,
an
e
x
ten
s
iv
e
a
d
ap
t
iv
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
s
tan
d
-
alo
n
e
o
r
g
r
id
-
tied
HSEG
S is
co
n
d
u
cted
.
-
T
o
u
s
e
th
e
o
p
tim
a
l
to
r
q
u
e
wi
n
d
MPPT
m
et
h
o
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
win
d
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
with
r
esp
e
ct
t
o
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
(
WT
)
s
p
ee
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
25
:
1
88
-
2
0
1
190
-
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
-
p
er
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
(
PSO
-
P&
O
)
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
m
ax
im
ize
th
e
p
o
wer
o
u
t
p
u
t f
r
o
m
a
s
o
lar
PV sy
s
tem
.
-
T
h
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
c
o
n
tr
o
l
aim
s
at
ex
tr
ac
tin
g
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
SP
V
ar
r
ay
wh
ile
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t v
ia
E
S
S.
-
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ted
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
ex
am
in
ed
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
ty
p
es o
f
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
,
lin
ea
r
,
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
l
o
ad
s
in
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
clim
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
th
e
co
m
p
lete
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
em
e
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
cu
s
to
m
er
s
g
et
r
eliab
l
e
p
o
wer
in
all
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
WI
ND
SO
L
AR
H
YB
RID
M
O
DE
L
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
atin
g
s
y
s
tem
(
HSEG
S)
-
lin
k
ed
m
ic
r
o
-
gr
i
d
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
A
s
i
m
ilar
s
y
s
tem
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
lo
ca
tio
n
s
with
p
ea
k
p
o
wer
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
o
f
5
k
W
an
d
av
e
r
ag
e
p
o
wer
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
o
f
2
.
5
k
W
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
n
HSEG
S,
th
e
esti
m
ated
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
b
o
th
s
o
lar
an
d
win
d
en
er
g
y
u
n
its
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
5
k
W
.
A
ca
p
ac
ity
u
ti
lizatio
n
r
ate
o
f
1
5
%
to
2
0
%
i
s
ass
u
m
ed
f
o
r
b
o
th
en
er
g
y
u
n
its
,
wh
ich
is
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
m
ee
t
th
e
f
u
ll
-
d
ay
e
n
er
g
y
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
is
o
lated
v
illag
es.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
b
a
n
k
is
attac
h
ed
to
th
e
DC
s
id
e
o
f
t
h
e
R
SC
an
d
GSC
.
R
SC
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
win
d
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
is
o
p
er
atin
g
at
th
e
o
p
tim
al
r
o
tatio
n
al
s
p
ee
d
s
p
ec
i
f
ied
b
y
th
e
w
in
d
MPPT
(
W
MP
PT
)
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
GSC
r
eg
u
l
ates
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
an
d
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ov
e
r
v
iew
o
f
s
o
lar
-
w
in
d
h
y
b
r
id
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
e
r
g
y
g
en
er
atin
g
s
y
s
tem
2
.
1
.
M
o
dellin
g
o
f
wind
t
urbin
e
T
h
e
win
d
tu
r
b
i
n
e
(
W
T
)
c
o
llects
th
e
k
in
etic
en
e
r
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
win
d
an
d
is
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
o
p
er
atin
g
to
r
q
u
e
to
DFI
G.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
f
o
r
ex
tr
ac
ted
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
p
o
wer
(
PM)
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
v
iew
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
ca
p
tu
r
e
co
e
f
f
icien
t.
an
d
win
d
v
elo
city
v
w
ar
e
d
ef
in
ed
as
(
1
)
[
1
4
]
.
P
M
=
0
.
5
π
C
p
ρ
r
2
v
w
3
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
,
v
w
,
,
,
β
,
ρ
,
an
d
λ
ar
e
win
d
v
elo
city
,
b
lad
e
r
ad
iu
s
,
p
o
wer
co
ef
f
icien
t,
p
itch
an
g
le
o
f
b
lad
e
air
d
en
s
ity
,
an
d
tip
s
p
ee
d
r
atio
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
th
e
ca
p
tu
r
ed
is
a
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
f
o
r
m
o
f
an
d
,
th
at
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
:
(
,
)
=
0
.
73
×
(
151
−
0
.
002
3
2
.
14
−
13
.
2
)
×
−
(
18
.
4
)
)
(
2
)
an
d
ζ
i
=
[
1
(
λ
+
(
β
×
0
.
080
)
)
]
[
0
.
0350
(
β
3
+
1
)
]
(
3
)
h
er
e,
an
d
λ
is
th
e
b
lad
e
p
itch
an
g
le
an
d
tip
-
s
p
ee
d
r
atio
.
λ
=
(
ω
r
×
r
η
GR
×
v
w
)
(
4
)
T
ip
s
p
ee
d
r
atio
(
T
SR
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is
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
win
d
v
elo
city
v
w
,
tu
r
b
in
e
r
ad
iu
s
r
an
d
s
p
ee
d
ω
r
an
d
η
GR
is
th
e
tu
r
b
in
e
s
h
af
t
g
ea
r
r
atio
as
(
5
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Desig
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l o
f a
g
r
id
-
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
s
o
la
r
-
w
in
d
h
yb
r
id
s
u
s
ta
in
a
b
le
en
erg
y
… (
G.
B
.
A
r
ju
n
K
u
ma
r
)
191
η
GR
=
(
ω
mr
×
r
λ
×
v
rw
)
(
5
)
T
h
e
win
d
g
e
n
er
ato
r
em
p
lo
y
e
d
in
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
s
tr
ateg
y
h
as
a
r
ated
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
4
k
W
at
an
o
p
er
atin
g
win
d
s
p
ee
d
(
Vr
w)
o
f
9
.
0
m
/s
an
d
a
r
o
tatio
n
al
s
p
ee
d
(
mr
)
o
f
9
8
.
0
r
ad
/s
.
T
u
r
b
in
e
r
ad
iu
s
a
n
d
T
SR
(
λ
*
)
is
s
et
to
4
.
3
m
a
n
d
5
.
6
7
m
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
p
e
r
atio
n
k
ee
p
s
W
MPPT
u
n
til
th
e
m
ac
h
in
e
attain
s
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
s
p
ee
d
(
m
r
)
,
th
en
t
h
e
tu
r
b
i
n
e
s
h
if
t g
ea
r
r
atio
is
1
6
.
6
7
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
a
ch
an
g
ea
b
le
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
s
u
p
p
ly
,
b
ac
k
-
to
-
b
ac
k
(
B
T
B
)
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
v
ia
th
e
DC
lin
k
b
etwe
en
th
e
D
FIG
's
g
r
id
a
n
d
r
o
to
r
.
Vo
lta
g
e
-
s
o
u
r
ce
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
b
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
s
witch
es
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
E
ac
h
co
n
v
e
r
ter
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
th
r
e
e
leg
s
,
ea
ch
o
f
w
h
ich
lin
k
s
to
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
3
ɸ
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
GSC
'
s
p
r
im
ar
y
aim
is
to
m
an
ag
e
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
b
y
th
e
DFI
G's
r
o
to
r
in
o
r
d
er
to
g
en
er
ate
th
e
r
o
to
r
f
lu
x
an
d
m
ain
tain
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
DC
b
u
s
v
o
lt
ag
e,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
[1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
R
SC
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
es
ar
e
to
in
ject
3
ɸ
v
o
ltag
e
in
to
t
h
e
r
o
to
r
at
s
lip
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
to
k
ee
p
th
e
s
tato
r
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
,
an
d
to
o
p
tim
ize
DFI
G
p
o
wer
with
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
e,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Sin
ce
th
ese
co
n
v
er
t
er
s
ar
e
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
i
n
b
i
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
we
r
f
l
o
ws
in
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
,
th
ey
ar
e
liab
le
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
wer
.
T
o
g
e
n
er
ate
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
an
d
v
o
ltag
e,
as
well
as
to
c
o
n
tr
o
l
th
e
r
ea
c
tiv
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
i
n
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
it
is
ess
en
tial
to
h
av
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
v
er
th
ese
co
n
v
er
t
er
s
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
t
h
e
GSC
an
d
R
S
C
ar
e
r
eg
u
lated
v
ia
s
tato
r
f
lu
x
-
o
r
ien
ted
co
n
tr
o
l.
B
o
th
th
e
r
o
t
o
r
an
d
s
tato
r
r
o
tatio
n
al
f
r
am
es
ar
e
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
d
to
d
-
q
ax
is
f
r
am
es
u
s
in
g
th
is
co
n
tr
o
ller
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
wh
ich
r
o
tates
at
a
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
(
ω
s
)
[
1
7
]
,
[
18]
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Gr
id
-
s
id
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
u
s
in
g
v
ec
to
r
co
n
tr
o
l
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
R
o
to
r
-
s
id
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
u
s
in
g
v
ec
to
r
c
o
n
tr
o
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
25
:
1
88
-
2
0
1
192
W
ith
o
u
t ta
k
in
g
in
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t t
h
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
,
im
p
ac
t th
e
d
-
q
ter
m
in
al
v
o
ltag
e
ca
n
b
e
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
as
:
=
+
ψ
sd
−
ψ
(
6
)
=
+
ψ
−
ψ
(
7
)
=
+
ψ
−
ψ
(
8
)
=
+
ψ
−
ψ
(
9
)
th
e
e
q
u
atio
n
s
o
f
f
lu
x
co
u
p
lin
g
:
ψ
=
+
(
1
0
)
ψ
=
+
(
1
1
)
ψ
=
+
(
1
2
)
ψ
=
+
(
1
3
)
w
h
er
e,
=
+
&
=
+
.
T
o
r
q
u
e
eq
u
atio
n
c
an
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as (
1
4
)
.
=
1
.
5
(
ψ
−
ψ
)
(
1
4
)
Activ
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
s
o
f
a
s
tato
r
ar
e
as f
o
llo
ws
:
=
1
.
5
(
+
+
+
)
(
1
5
)
=
1
.
5
(
+
−
+
)
(
1
6
)
2
.
2
.
Ca
lcula
t
i
o
n o
f
DF
I
G
r
a
t
ing
DFI
G,
th
e
ex
tr
in
s
ic
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
p
ass
es
v
ia
th
e
s
tato
r
a
n
d
r
o
to
r
.
W
ith
o
u
t
r
e
g
ar
d
f
o
r
lo
s
s
es,
th
e
m
in
im
al
p
o
wer
o
f
a
DFI
G
(
)
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ie
d
air
g
ap
p
o
wer
(
_
)
,
at
m
ax
im
al
win
d
v
elo
city
,
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
(
1
7
)
.
P
E
=
(
P
AIR
_
G
1
+
|
S
P
_
MA
X
|
)
(
1
7
)
W
h
er
e,
_
is
th
e
s
lip
co
ef
f
icien
t
ass
o
ci
ated
with
th
e
tu
r
b
in
e
v
elo
city
,
ω
mr
h
as
-
0
.
2
6
8
.
T
h
e
v
elo
cit
y
r
an
g
e
o
f
DFI
G
co
r
r
elate
s
to
th
e
v
elo
city
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
lip
0
.
3
to
-
0
.
2
6
8
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
th
e
air
g
a
p
p
o
wer
(
_
)
i
s
eq
u
iv
alen
t
to
t
h
e
m
ec
h
a
n
ica
l
in
p
u
t
p
o
wer
,
DFI
G
p
o
wer
r
ati
n
g
m
atch
es
th
e
m
a
x
im
al
in
p
u
t
p
o
wer
,
is
≅
3
kW
.
T
h
e
W
T
is
o
p
er
atin
g
;
R
SC
s
u
p
p
lies
th
e
m
ac
h
in
e
with
its
en
tire
m
ag
n
etizin
g
p
o
wer
d
em
a
n
d
s
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
3
-
k
W
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
DFI
G
is
s
u
f
f
icien
t to
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
p
o
wer
b
y
4
kW
W
T
in
to
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
.
2
.
3
.
B
a
t
t
er
y
s
izing
T
h
e
DFI
G
h
as
a
n
o
p
tim
u
m
w
o
r
k
in
g
s
lip
o
f
0
.
3
an
d
110
r
ad
/s
,
in
w
h
ich
th
e
s
p
ee
d
is
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
is
s
lip
.
At
th
is
p
o
in
t,
th
e
r
o
to
r
m
ax
im
al
lin
e
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
R
_
m
ax
)
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as (
1
8
)
.
V
R
_
m
ax
=
(
415
∗
0
.
3
)
=
12
4
.
5V
(
1
8
)
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
r
eq
u
i
r
es th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
B
_
DC
)
a
n
d
it is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
1
9
)
.
V
B
_
DC
>
[
(
1
.
632
×
V
LL
)
e
i
]
(
1
9
)
eq
u
als
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
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th
e
lin
e
v
o
ltag
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th
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d
th
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u
m
s
lip
.
T
h
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wo
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k
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s
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0
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3
.
As
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r
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a
x
im
al
r
o
to
r
v
o
l
tag
e
an
d
th
e
zig
-
za
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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g
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8
7
9
2
Desig
n
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n
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o
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h
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.
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r
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K
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ma
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193
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er
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V
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1
2
5
V
.
T
h
e
e
i
is
s
et
to
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ty
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e
m
o
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latio
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e
x
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T
h
e
_
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ec
ess
ar
y
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o
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th
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n
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o
l
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ep
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en
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o
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ch
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p
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ts
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n
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e
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h
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ested
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ir
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5
k
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p
to
24
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r
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o
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t
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ee
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atin
g
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ay
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g
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a
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p
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h
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h
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atter
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A
H
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p
ac
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h
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h
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atter
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2
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4
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M
o
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t
o
v
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rr
a
y
T
h
e
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h
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ltaic
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o
d
u
le
d
eliv
er
s
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
cu
r
r
e
nt
as (
2
0
)
.
I
=
(
I
PH
N
P
−
I
0
N
P
)
×
[
e
xp
(
V
N
S
+
R
S
N
P
×
I
V
T
n
1
T
−
1
T
R
)
−
1
]
−
I
SH
(
2
0
)
W
h
er
e,
V
T
:
th
er
m
al
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
d
io
d
e
(
V
)
,
N
P
:
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ce
lls
th
at
a
r
e
in
ter
c
o
n
n
ec
t
ed
in
p
ar
allel,
R
SH
:
s
h
u
n
t
r
esis
tan
ce
,
an
d
R
S
:
s
er
ie
s
r
esis
tan
ce
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
So
lar
p
an
els
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
i
n
s
u
c
h
a
way
th
at
th
eir
o
p
en
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
k
ee
p
s
less
er
th
an
V
B
_
DC
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ce
lls
in
a
s
er
ies
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
DC
v
o
ltag
e
V
B
_
DC
an
d
V
C
_
O
C
V
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
o
p
en
cir
c
u
it o
f
a
ce
ll a
s
(
2
1
)
.
N
C
=
V
B
_
DC
V
C
_
O
CV
(
2
1
)
_
is
tak
en
to
b
e
0
.
6
9
6
V,
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
an
d
v
alu
e
o
f
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
co
m
m
er
cia
lly
av
ailab
le
ce
ll.
2
1
6
V
is
th
e
m
in
im
al
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
l
ead
-
ac
id
b
atter
y
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
to
ler
an
ce
s
d
u
r
in
g
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
in
elec
tr
ical
modul
es,
th
e
p
a
n
el
v
o
ltag
e
m
ig
h
t
v
ar
y
b
y
u
p
to
±
3%
.
T
h
u
s
,
V
B
_
DC
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
2
0
9
.
5
V
,
an
d
n
ee
d
ed
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ce
lls
,
N
C
,
is
≅
3
0
0
c
ells
as
d
eter
m
in
ed
f
r
o
m
(
2
1
)
.
T
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
ce
lls
ar
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
u
n
if
o
r
m
ly
in
a
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
,
3
0
1
ce
lls
ar
e
ch
o
s
en
an
d
d
iv
id
e
d
in
to
5
u
n
its
o
f
6
0
ce
lls
ea
ch
.
Fo
r
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
u
n
it
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic,
th
e
r
atio
o
f
V
C
_
O
C
V
to
ce
ll
v
o
ltag
e
at
m
ax
im
al
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
(
MPP)
,
V
MPP
is
0
.
6
5
9
V
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
d
ev
ice
v
o
ltag
e
at
MPP
is
3
9
.
5
4
V.
At
a
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
4
kW
,
an
o
v
er
all
m
o
d
u
le
cu
r
r
en
t
at
MPP
is
2
0
.
2
3
A
.
T
ab
le
1
co
n
tain
s
th
e
d
etailed
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
f
o
r
DFI
G
s
y
s
tem
an
d
T
a
b
le
2
co
n
tain
s
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
p
a
r
am
eter
s
w
h
ich
ar
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
to
d
esig
n
th
e
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
u
n
it.
T
ab
le
1
.
DFI
G
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
V
a
l
u
e
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
V
a
l
u
e
P
r
a
te
d
3
.
0
k
W
P
o
l
e
p
a
i
r
s
2
V
s
ta
to
r
4
0
0
V
R
s
1
.
3
4
2
Ω
R
o
t
o
r
sh
a
f
t
s
p
e
e
d
1
5
0
0
R
P
M
R
r
1
.
7
1
Ω
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
5
0
H
z
L
r
8
3
.
4
2
mH
I
s
1
2
A
L
m
2
1
8
mH
J
0
.
1876
kg
2
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ec
h
n
ical
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
u
n
it
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
P
V
mo
d
e
l
r
a
t
i
n
g
2
6
6
.
6
W
p
V
M
P
P
o
f
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
3
9
.
5
4
V
Ns
5
To
t
a
l
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
o
f
P
V
s
t
r
i
n
g
2
0
.
2
3
A
Np
3
I
M
P
P
o
f
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
6
.
7
4
3
A
V
C
_
O
CV
o
f
P
V
c
e
l
l
0
.
6
9
6
V
P
V
mo
d
u
l
e
I
sc
7
.
8
1
9
A
V
M
P
P
o
f
P
V
c
e
l
l
0
.
6
5
9
V
3.
H
YB
RID
SUS
T
AI
NAB
L
E
E
NE
RG
Y
G
E
N
E
RA
T
I
NG
AL
G
O
RIT
H
M
T
h
r
ee
b
lo
ck
s
co
n
s
titu
te
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
HSEG
S:
th
e
R
SC
b
lo
ck
,
th
e
GSC
b
lo
ck
,
an
d
th
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
b
lo
ck
.
T
h
ese
b
lo
c
k
s
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
b
elo
w.
3
.
1
.
P
r
o
po
s
ed
hy
brid P
SO
-
P
&O
M
P
P
T
t
ec
hn
iqu
e
Fig
u
r
e
s
4
(
a
)
an
d
4
(
b)
(
s
ee
A
p
p
en
d
ix
)
d
is
p
lay
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
H
-
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
lo
wch
ar
t.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
m
ai
n
tain
s
th
e
o
p
er
a
tin
g
p
o
in
t
at
th
e
MPP
u
s
in
g
P&
O
u
n
til
it
d
etec
ts
a
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
o
w.
W
h
en
th
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
is
co
m
p
lete,
t
h
e
MPP
d
ata
is
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
,
w
h
ich
in
c
lu
d
es
p
ea
k
p
o
wer
,
cu
r
r
en
t,
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
.
I
t
th
en
co
m
p
ar
es
th
e
p
r
esen
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
to
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
e
n
t
d
ata
to
d
eter
m
in
e
p
ar
tial
s
h
a
d
in
g
.
W
h
en
p
a
r
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
is
d
etec
ted
,
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
d
eter
m
in
es wh
eth
er
th
e
i
n
itial p
ea
k
(
th
e
r
ig
h
tm
o
s
t)
is
th
e
g
lo
b
al
p
ea
k
o
r
n
o
t.
I
f
th
e
p
o
wer
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial
cr
iter
ia
is
r
ea
ch
ed
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
MPP
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ef
f
ec
tiv
e;
o
th
er
wis
e,
th
e
"
m
ain
-
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
"
id
en
tifie
s
th
e
n
ee
d
t
o
tr
ac
k
th
e
MPP a
n
d
lau
n
c
h
es th
e
"M
P
-
tr
ac
k
s
u
b
-
p
r
o
g
r
am
"
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
th
e
"M
P
-
tr
ac
k
s
u
b
-
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
"
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
v
o
ltag
e
r
an
g
e
is
ch
o
s
en
.
T
h
e
PS
O
s
ca
n
s
th
is
r
eg
io
n
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
h
ig
h
er
Pi
v
alu
e.
T
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
tr
ac
k
in
g
f
u
tu
r
e
p
ea
k
s
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
I
f
t
h
e
p
o
wer
d
is
cr
ep
a
n
cy
cr
iter
io
n
is
m
et,
th
e
GM
PP
v
a
lu
e
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
MPP
p
o
wer
v
alu
es.
I
f
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t
f
ails
,
a
s
im
ilar
s
te
p
is
r
e
p
ea
ted
u
n
til
all
p
ea
k
s
a
r
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
.
W
h
en
th
e
"M
P
-
t
r
ac
k
s
u
b
-
p
r
o
g
r
am
"
r
etu
r
n
s
,
th
e
P&
O
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
m
a
in
tain
s
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
i
n
t a
t th
e
MPP.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
25
:
1
88
-
2
0
1
194
3
.
2
.
DF
I
G
wind
t
urbin
e
M
P
P
T
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
g
o
al
o
f
a
W
T
wo
r
k
in
g
in
r
eg
io
n
2
o
f
its
s
p
ee
d
attr
ib
u
tes
is
to
h
ar
v
est
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
win
d
e
n
er
g
y
p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
win
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
MPPT.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
ca
lc
u
lated
b
y
u
s
in
g
eith
er
th
e
ac
tu
al
win
d
v
elo
city
as
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
o
r
th
e
t
o
r
q
u
e
as
a
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
[
2
0
]
-
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
to
r
q
u
e
(
OT
)
m
eth
o
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
wh
ic
h
is
a
c
o
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
th
at
e
m
p
lo
y
s
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
p
lu
s
in
teg
r
al
co
n
t
r
o
ller
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
win
d
W
T
s
to
r
q
u
e,
wh
ich
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
W
T
s
s
q
u
ar
e
o
f
its
an
g
u
lar
m
o
m
en
tu
m
.
Un
lik
e,
th
e
T
SR
m
eth
o
d
,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
e
q
u
ir
e
a
n
a
n
em
o
m
et
er
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
win
d
v
elo
city
s
in
ce
th
ese
r
ea
d
in
g
s
ar
e
in
ef
f
icien
t,
tim
e
-
co
n
s
u
m
i
n
g
,
an
d
in
ac
cu
r
ate.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
p
r
im
ar
y
g
o
al
is
to
ass
es
s
th
e
o
p
tim
al
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
in
t w
ith
o
u
t r
ely
i
n
g
o
n
win
d
s
p
ee
d
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
[
2
5
]
.
At
o
p
t
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t:
=
(
2
2
)
C
P
=
C
PMA
X
,
C
T
=
C
T
O
PT
(
2
3
)
o
b
tai
n
th
e
b
est T
SR
v
alu
e
b
y
(
2
7
)
it to
th
e
to
r
q
u
e
d
er
i
v
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
tu
r
b
i
n
e
eq
u
atio
n
.
=
0
.
5
3
×
(
)
2
(
2
4
)
=
0
.
5
3
×
(
2
2
2
)
(
2
5
)
=
0
.
5
5
2
3
(
2
6
)
=
×
2
(
2
7
)
T
h
e
OT
v
alu
e
with
T
OPT
is
u
s
ed
as
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
to
r
q
u
e
a
n
d
it
is
co
n
t
r
asted
to
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
to
r
q
u
e
v
alu
e
.
T
h
e
d
is
cr
ep
an
cy
b
etwe
en
th
ese
to
r
q
u
e
v
alu
es a
r
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
b
y
t
h
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
as
an
er
r
o
r
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
is
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
ee
d
s
b
ac
k
th
e
r
ev
is
ed
to
r
q
u
e
v
alu
e
to
m
in
im
ize
er
r
o
r
s
ig
n
als,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
F
ig
u
r
e
4
(
c)
(
s
ee
Ap
p
en
d
ix
)
.
T
h
is
is
th
e
q
u
ick
est
a
n
d
m
o
s
t
ef
f
icien
t
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e'
s
o
p
tim
u
m
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
o
wer
p
o
i
n
t
as n
o
win
d
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
is
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
MA
T
L
AB
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
d
e
v
elo
p
th
e
Simu
lin
k
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
HSEG
S
-
f
ed
m
icr
o
g
r
id
.
W
in
d
tu
r
b
in
es
an
d
s
o
lar
p
an
els
ar
e
m
o
d
ele
d
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
T
h
e
HSEG
S
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
win
d
s
p
ee
d
s
an
d
s
u
n
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
es
5
an
d
6
.
B
o
t
h
o
f
th
e
p
r
ec
e
d
in
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
also
ex
am
i
n
e
th
e
M
PP
T
in
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
ch
a
n
g
in
g
win
d
s
p
ee
d
s
a
n
d
r
ad
iatio
n
lev
els
v
ia
a
s
o
lar
co
n
v
er
ter
a
n
d
R
SC
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
SE
GS
is
ex
am
in
ed
with
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
elec
tr
ical
lo
ad
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
b
ala
n
ce
d
an
d
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
lin
ea
r
lo
ad
s
(
Fig
u
r
es
7
an
d
8
)
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
HSEG
S
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
ut
ilizin
g
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
v
ar
ia
b
les an
d
th
eir
v
a
lu
es.
4
.
1
.
H
SE
G
S
ef
f
ec
t
iv
eness
un
der
v
a
ria
ble so
la
r
ra
dia
t
io
n
co
nd
it
io
ns
wit
h f
ix
ed
win
d s
peeds
a
nd
lo
a
d
F
ig
u
r
e
5
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
an
HSEG
S
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
c
o
n
s
tan
t
win
d
s
p
ee
d
s
.
T
h
e
d
ev
ice
is
o
p
er
atin
g
at
7
m
/s
win
d
s
p
ee
d
an
d
7
0
0
W
/m
2
g
lo
b
al
s
u
n
ir
r
ad
ian
c
e.
At
t
=
4
.
0
s
,
th
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
is
r
aised
to
8
0
0
W
/
m
2
at
a
lev
el
o
f
4
0
0
W
/m
2
an
d
th
en
d
r
o
p
p
ed
t
o
7
0
0
W
/m
2
a
t
th
e
s
am
e
lev
el,
b
eg
in
n
in
g
at
t
=
5
.
2
5
s
.
On
ce
ag
ain
,
it
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
th
at
th
e
d
ev
ice
is
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
s
u
p
p
ly
in
g
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
wh
en
o
p
er
ated
at
t
h
e
MPPT
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
PV p
a
n
el.
4
.
2
.
H
SE
G
S e
f
f
ec
t
iv
eness
un
der
v
a
rio
us
wind
co
nd
it
io
n
s
wi
t
h f
ix
ed
s
o
la
r
ra
dia
t
io
n a
n
d lo
a
d
Fig
u
r
e
6
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
HSEG
S
with
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
win
d
.
T
h
e
d
ev
ice
is
s
tar
ted
with
a
7
m
/s
win
d
s
p
ee
d
.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
is
m
ain
tain
ed
at
8
0
0
W
/m
2
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
tim
e.
T
h
e
lo
ad
ter
m
in
als
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
b
alan
ce
d
lo
a
d
s
o
f
2
.
5
k
W
an
d
1
k
VAR.
T
h
e
g
en
er
ato
r
s
p
ee
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
es to
1
5
3
r
ad
/s
wh
en
th
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
.
At
4
.
0
s
,
th
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
to
7
.
5
m
/s
,
an
d
th
e
m
atch
in
g
g
en
e
r
ato
r
b
en
c
h
m
ar
k
s
p
ee
d
i
s
r
aised
to
1
6
4
r
ad
/s
.
At
7
.
2
5
s
,
th
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
to
6
.
5
m
/s
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
s
am
e
p
ac
e
o
f
s
h
if
t.
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
,
ev
en
wh
e
n
th
e
tu
r
b
in
e
an
d
g
en
e
r
ato
r
p
o
wer
s
ar
e
m
is
m
atch
ed
in
th
e
d
e
v
ice,
th
e
v
o
ltag
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I
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2252
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8
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