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C
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Nith
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Dep
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I
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I
O
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Mu
ltil
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in
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ter
s
ar
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co
m
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o
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tr
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s
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d
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lo
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ag
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witch
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d
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f
au
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eliab
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m
u
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in
v
er
ter
s
ev
en
h
av
e
a
lo
wer
d
v
/d
t
r
atio
[
1
]
.
Mu
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
cu
r
r
e
n
tly
b
ein
g
r
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ch
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f
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s
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in
lo
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-
v
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a
p
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lic
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s
in
clu
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in
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p
h
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to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
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s
tem
p
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wer
in
v
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ter
s
an
d
u
n
in
ter
r
u
p
ti
b
le
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
lies
(
UPS)
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
im
p
ar
tial
f
ac
to
r
clam
p
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
e
r
ter
(
NPC
-
ML
I
)
,
f
ly
in
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
(
FC
-
ML
I
)
,
ca
s
ca
d
ed
H
-
b
r
id
g
e
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
te
r
(
C
HB
-
ML
I
)
,
an
d
o
th
er
s
ar
e
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
s
f
o
r
co
n
v
e
r
tin
g
DC
to
AC
.
T
h
ey
h
av
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v
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u
s
b
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au
s
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ea
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C
HB
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m
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d
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le
r
eq
u
ir
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d
is
tin
ct
DC
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s
o
u
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ce
,
wh
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m
ay
b
e
ea
s
ily
s
u
p
p
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f
r
o
m
d
if
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r
en
t
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ay
s
,
it
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tili
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d
p
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im
ar
ily
f
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r
PV
ap
p
licatio
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s
.
H
-
b
r
id
g
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m
o
d
u
les
co
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n
ec
t
ed
in
s
er
ies
allo
w
f
o
r
an
in
c
r
ea
s
e
in
th
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o
u
tp
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t
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r
m
'
s
lev
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c
o
u
n
t.
T
o
ta
l
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
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tio
n
(
T
HD)
d
r
o
p
s
as
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
lev
el
s
in
cr
ea
s
es
[
3
]
.
I
n
co
m
p
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is
o
n
to
th
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o
th
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r
two
,
t
h
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ca
s
ca
d
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in
v
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p
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o
v
id
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ea
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b
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n
ef
its
.
C
lam
p
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d
f
ly
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s
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t
in
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ca
s
ca
d
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H
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ter
.
T
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f
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d
am
en
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d
is
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v
a
n
tag
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o
f
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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E
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g
I
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N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
P
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r
ma
n
ce
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f seve
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leve
l m
u
ltil
ev
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in
ve
r
ter fo
r
p
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w
er q
u
a
lity imp
r
o
ve
men
t
(
S
.
N
ith
ya
P
r
iya
)
47
H
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in
v
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at
as
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ar
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d
r
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k
s
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Usi
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m
u
ltip
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ca
r
r
ier
p
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wid
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m
o
d
u
latio
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PW
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s
witch
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lo
s
s
es
in
th
e
in
v
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ter
ci
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cu
i
t
ar
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r
e
d
u
ce
d
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s
o
it
ca
n
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e
u
s
ed
f
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r
h
ig
h
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
[
4
]
.
I
n
m
o
s
t
r
esear
ch
,
a
ca
s
ca
d
ed
ML
I
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
is
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
u
p
d
ated
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
s
is
s
till
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
n
ew
tr
en
d
s
,
n
ev
er
th
eless
.
T
h
e
in
ter
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
h
as
u
n
d
er
g
o
n
e
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
[
5
]
.
Ho
we
v
e
r
,
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
is
s
u
e
with
m
u
l
tilev
el
in
v
er
ter
s
is
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
r
ejec
tio
n
.
A
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
s
in
e
w
av
e
th
at
is
clo
s
er
to
r
ea
lity
.
T
h
e
wav
e
f
o
r
m
g
r
o
ws
in
s
ize
as
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
DC
v
o
lts
r
is
es.
A
g
r
ea
ter
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
co
n
ten
t
ca
n
b
e
f
ilt
er
ed
o
u
t
b
ec
a
u
s
e
to
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
DC
v
o
ltag
es
[6
]
.
T
h
e
ML
I
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
ca
n
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
u
s
in
g
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
es
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
PW
M
m
eth
o
d
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
o
s
e
in
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
b
ea
u
tifu
l
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
r
ec
en
t
ML
I
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
o
n
cu
r
r
en
t
o
n
es
m
u
ltip
lies
th
eir
p
o
ten
tial
to
s
tim
u
late
g
r
ea
ter
o
u
tp
u
t
d
e
g
r
ee
s
with
f
ewe
r
ad
d
itiv
es.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
tr
en
d
y
ML
I
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
u
s
e
b
alan
ce
d
DC
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
im
ilar
o
u
t
p
u
t
tier
s
with
f
ewe
r
s
o
lid
-
n
atio
n
s
witch
es,
lo
wer
in
g
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
c
o
s
ts
an
d
en
h
an
cin
g
s
y
s
tem
r
elia
b
ilit
y
.
B
asically
,
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
u
n
b
ala
n
ce
d
DC
ass
ets
ca
n
b
e
ac
q
u
ir
ed
f
r
o
m
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
n
o
n
-
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
elec
tr
icit
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
t
o
g
eth
er
with
s
u
n
,
an
d
win
d
.
As
a
r
esu
lt
,
v
ar
io
u
s
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
with
asy
m
m
etr
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
esig
n
ed
to
e
q
u
alize
u
n
eq
u
al
DC
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
a
n
d
co
n
v
er
t th
em
to
AC
v
o
l
tag
e
with
b
alan
ce
d
s
itu
atio
n
s
[
8
]
.
2.
CASCAD
E
D
H
-
B
R
I
DG
E
M
UL
T
I
L
E
V
E
L
I
NV
E
RT
E
R
A
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
ase
ca
s
ca
d
ed
7
-
lev
el
co
n
v
e
r
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
y
with
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
s
is
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
A
s
er
ies
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
is
m
ad
e
b
etwe
en
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
ase
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
in
v
e
r
ter
s
to
cr
ea
te
a
ca
s
ca
d
ed
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
.
T
h
is
m
u
lti
-
lev
el
in
v
er
ter
'
s
jo
b
is
to
co
m
b
i
n
e
th
e
m
a
n
y
DC
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
c
es
lin
k
ed
to
s
ep
ar
ate
in
v
er
ter
u
n
its
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
AC
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
[
9
]
ap
p
ly
to
ca
s
ca
d
in
g
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
s
.
No
te
th
at
ea
ch
ce
ll
n
ee
d
s
an
is
o
lated
DC
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
ea
ch
p
h
ase,
u
n
lik
e
th
e
f
ly
i
n
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
an
d
d
io
d
e
clam
p
to
p
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
e
ca
s
ca
d
ed
m
u
lti
-
lev
el
in
v
er
ter
h
as
an
o
u
tp
u
t
p
h
ase
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
co
u
n
t
o
f
2
s
ec
o
n
d
s
p
lu
s
1
,
wh
e
r
e
s
is
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
DC
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
7
-
le
v
el
in
v
er
ter
'
s
h
alf
-
cy
cle
p
h
ase
v
o
ltag
e.
R
ec
en
tly
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
witch
es in
ML
I
h
as b
ee
n
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
a
p
o
lar
ity
g
en
er
atio
n
m
o
d
u
l
e
T
h
is
to
p
o
lo
g
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
DC
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
itab
le
as
a
s
tair
well
v
io
lin
th
at
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ates
th
e
r
ec
tifie
d
s
in
e
wav
e
s
tate
to
a
n
ex
p
an
d
i
n
g
i
n
v
er
ter
th
at
s
wap
s
th
e
en
d
to
d
el
iv
er
an
AC
v
o
ltag
e
with
lo
w
T
HD
an
d
s
witch
in
g
l
o
s
s
es
[
1
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
s
in
g
le
p
h
ase
7
-
le
v
el
ca
s
ca
d
ed
in
v
er
ter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
5
:
46
-
54
48
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
h
alf
cy
cle
of
th
e
p
h
ase
v
o
ltag
e
of
7
-
lev
el
in
v
er
t
er
3.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
D
S
T
h
e
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
l
in
s
id
e
th
e
in
v
er
te
r
,
as
ex
p
lain
ed
i
n
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
co
n
t
r
o
llin
g
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
in
v
o
lv
es
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
th
e
in
v
e
r
ter
with
a
co
n
s
is
ten
t
DC
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
in
v
er
ter
o
n
an
d
o
f
f
tim
es
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
co
n
tr
o
lled
AC
v
o
ltag
e.
In
m
an
y
n
ew
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
ap
p
licatio
n
s
th
at
d
em
an
d
g
r
ea
ter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
b
e
in
g
u
s
ed
more
a
n
d
m
o
r
e.
R
ec
en
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
in
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
an
d
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
h
av
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
s
y
s
tem
s
.
A
s
a
r
esu
l
t,
s
ev
er
al
cir
cu
it
to
p
o
lo
g
ies,
s
u
ch
as
PW
M
in
v
er
ter
s
,
h
av
e
g
ain
ed
p
o
p
u
lar
ity
an
d
th
e
in
ter
est
o
f
r
esear
c
h
er
s
.
T
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
a
v
ar
i
ety
o
f
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M)
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
.
Sin
u
s
o
id
al
PW
M,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
[
1
3
]
,
is
th
e
PW
M
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
te
r
s
th
at
is
m
o
s
t f
r
eq
u
en
tly
em
p
lo
y
e
d
.
3
.
1
.
P
uls
e
width
m
o
du
la
t
io
n t
ec
hn
iqu
e
Switch
in
g
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
s
a
r
e
u
s
ed
in
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
ap
p
licatio
n
s
to
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
en
er
g
y
an
d
s
en
d
it
to
a
m
o
to
r
o
r
lo
ad
t
h
an
k
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
in
s
o
lid
-
s
tate
p
o
wer
d
ev
ices
an
d
m
icr
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
s
.
A
s
tr
o
n
g
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
l m
eth
o
d
is
s
af
el
y
u
tili
ze
d
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
ex
ten
t o
f
leak
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
a
m
u
ltil
ev
el
s
witch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
in
v
er
ter
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
cr
ea
te
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
ig
n
als
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
i
n
cip
al
s
ig
n
al
to
g
en
er
ate
th
e
cir
cu
it
d
iag
r
am
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
cir
cu
it.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
an
ip
u
late
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
wo
r
k
s
with
b
est
a
s
m
all
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ca
r
r
ier
aler
ts
,
en
s
u
in
g
in
a
q
u
ick
s
y
s
tem
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
an
ea
s
ier
co
n
tr
o
ller
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
,
as in
[
1
4
]
.
B
o
th
s
y
m
m
etr
ical
an
d
asy
m
m
etr
ical
PW
M
p
u
ls
es a
r
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
PW
M
s
ig
n
als with
p
u
ls
e
s
y
m
m
etr
y
a
r
e
alwa
y
s
s
y
m
m
etr
ical
at
th
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
ea
ch
P
W
M
p
er
io
d
i
r
r
eg
u
lar
p
u
ls
e
.
T
h
e
s
am
e
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
al
is
alwa
y
s
alig
n
ed
with
o
n
e
en
d
o
f
th
e
PW
M
p
er
io
d
.
I
t
was
estab
lis
h
ed
th
at
f
ewe
r
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
ar
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
in
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
s
an
d
v
o
ltag
es
b
y
b
alan
ce
d
PW
M
s
ig
n
als.
Fo
r
th
e
m
o
s
t
ty
p
ical
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
p
o
wer
in
v
er
ter
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
th
is
liter
atu
r
e
tak
es
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
th
r
ee
well
-
lik
ed
PW
M
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
Pu
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M)
C
o
n
tr
o
l is th
e
m
o
s
t o
f
ten
u
s
ed
tech
n
i
q
u
e
f
o
r
r
e
g
u
latin
g
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Sy
m
m
etr
ic
an
d
asy
m
m
etr
ic
PW
M
s
ig
n
als
3
.
2
.
S
inu
s
o
ida
l
pu
ls
e
w
idth
m
o
du
la
t
io
n t
ec
hn
iqu
e
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
r
e
b
asic
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
r
ess
in
g
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
in
a
q
u
asi
-
s
q
u
a
r
e
wav
e
is
th
e
SP
W
M
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
ca
r
r
ier
wav
e
i
n
SP
W
M
to
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
wav
e
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
T
h
e
tr
ian
g
le
wav
e
s
p
ec
if
ies
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
at
wh
i
ch
th
e
v
alu
es
ar
e
s
wap
p
ed
,
an
d
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
wav
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
th
e
d
esire
d
o
n
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
a
t
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t.
Hig
h
er
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
co
u
ld
b
e
attain
ed
b
y
alter
in
g
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
t
h
e
ca
r
r
ier
wav
e
s
.
T
h
e
ca
r
r
ier
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
m
u
s
t
alwa
y
s
b
e
an
o
d
d
m
u
ltip
le
o
f
th
r
ee
to
p
r
ev
en
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f seve
n
leve
l m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
ve
r
ter fo
r
p
o
w
er q
u
a
lity imp
r
o
ve
men
t
(
S
.
N
ith
ya
P
r
iya
)
49
th
r
o
win
g
awa
y
th
e
e
v
en
h
ar
m
o
n
ics.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
i
n
te
g
r
al
(
PI
)
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
h
as
g
ain
e
d
p
o
p
u
lar
ity
i
n
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
ec
to
r
d
u
e
to
its
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
,
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
cir
cu
it is
d
is
p
lay
ed
.
T
h
e
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
'
s
r
eg
u
latio
n
ac
tio
n
law
h
as th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
eq
u
atio
n
[
1
7
]
.
(
)
=
(
)
+
∫
(
)
0
(
1
)
3.
3
.
ANF
I
S
T
h
e
ad
a
p
tiv
e
n
etwo
r
k
f
u
zz
y
in
f
er
en
ce
s
y
s
tem
(
ANFI
S)
is
a
f
u
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
th
at
c
o
m
b
in
es
a
n
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
'
s
lear
n
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
with
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic.
T
h
e
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
(
A
NN
)
is
a
f
an
tast
ic
ex
am
p
le
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
in
f
er
en
ce
ca
p
a
b
i
liti
es,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
its
ca
p
ac
ity
to
s
elf
-
ad
ju
s
t
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
r
o
les
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
esire
d
r
esu
lts
.
I
t
is
co
n
ce
iv
ab
le
th
at
th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
n
etwo
r
k
is
awa
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
zz
y
in
f
er
en
ce
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
p
r
ac
tically
ev
e
r
y
t
y
p
e
o
f
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
m
o
d
el.
ANF
I
S
u
s
es
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
lear
n
in
g
r
u
le
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
co
m
p
licated
r
esu
lt
d
iag
r
a
m
s
f
o
r
d
ia
g
n
o
s
is
o
r
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
.
A
NFI
S
was
p
r
esen
ted
as
a
cr
u
cial
to
o
l
f
o
r
d
eb
u
g
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
in
g
f
u
zz
y
i
n
f
er
en
ce
m
em
b
e
r
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ANFI
S
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
d
ata
lear
n
in
g
cr
ea
t
es
a
f
u
zz
y
in
f
er
en
ce
s
y
s
tem
th
at
is
p
er
f
ec
t
f
o
r
tr
an
s
latin
g
s
u
b
jectiv
e
ef
f
o
r
t
in
t
o
o
b
jectiv
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
.
Me
m
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
o
p
er
ato
r
s
,
an
d
if
-
t
h
en
r
u
les
ar
e
all
in
clu
d
ed
i
n
th
is
f
o
r
ec
ast.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
two
d
if
f
er
e
n
t c
ateg
o
r
ies o
f
f
u
zz
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
ANFI
S
o
p
er
atio
n
,
th
er
e
ar
e
f
iv
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
p
h
ases
:
in
p
u
t
f
u
zz
i
f
icatio
n
,
f
u
zz
y
o
p
er
ato
r
ap
p
licatio
n
,
ap
p
licatio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
,
o
u
t
p
u
t
ac
c
u
m
u
latio
n
,
an
d
d
ef
u
zz
if
icatio
n
[
1
8
]
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
is
s
u
e
b
ac
k
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
in
to
an
o
r
g
an
ized
n
etwo
r
k
t
o
m
e
ch
an
is
m
p
ar
am
etr
ic
tu
n
in
g
f
u
zz
y
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
f
u
zz
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
AN
FIS
em
p
lo
y
s
th
e
d
is
p
lay
o
f
th
e
f
o
r
eg
o
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
is
in
ter
ested
in
f
ix
ed
r
estrictio
n
s
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
to
m
o
d
er
ate
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
r
if
le
b
a
y
.
Fu
zz
y
d
r
iv
er
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
v
o
lv
es
lear
n
in
g
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
d
is
tr
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
an
d
to
d
r
iv
e
s
af
ely
in
th
eir
p
r
esen
ce
[
1
9
]
.
Mo
d
elin
g
th
e
m
em
b
er
s
h
i
p
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
with
an
ANFI
S
b
atc
h
lear
n
in
g
t
ec
h
n
i
q
u
e
lead
s
to
s
et
-
b
ased
FIS
twea
k
in
g
in
p
u
t
-
o
u
tp
u
t
d
ata
p
air
s
with
a
b
ac
k
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
A
NFI
S
is
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
a
m
u
ltil
ay
er
f
ee
d
f
o
r
war
d
n
etwo
r
k
in
wh
ich
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
h
as
a
d
is
tin
ct
f
u
n
ctio
n
ar
r
iv
in
g
s
ig
n
als
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
cir
cu
it
o
f
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
ANFI
S a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
4.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
T
h
e
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
an
d
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
in
c
r
ea
s
e
th
e
co
s
t,
s
ize,
weig
h
t a
n
d
lo
s
s
es o
f
th
e
ML
I
,
th
er
e
b
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
u
lar
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ML
I
is
u
s
ed
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
p
o
wer
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
with
o
u
t
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
ad
d
itio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
s
[
2
0
]
.
W
e
ca
n
u
tili
ze
an
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
5
:
46
-
54
50
s
witch
ty
p
e,
in
clu
d
in
g
MO
SF
E
T
,
I
GB
T
,
an
d
o
th
er
ty
p
es,
f
o
r
m
o
d
ellin
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
th
o
u
g
h
MO
SF
E
T
s
ty
p
ically
o
f
f
er
th
e
b
est
r
esu
lts
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
it
h
as
twelv
e
s
witch
es
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
n
o
u
tp
u
t
with
s
ev
en
lev
els.
Her
e,
th
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
i
n
d
ices
o
f
th
e
s
witch
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
wh
ic
h
s
witch
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tu
r
n
ed
ON
an
d
OFF.
B
asically
,
we
u
s
e
R
o
r
R
L
lo
ad
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
th
is
s
itu
atio
n
,
f
r
o
m
wh
ich
we
o
b
tain
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t.
A
s
am
p
le
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
cu
r
r
en
t a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
is
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
7
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Simu
latio
n
o
f
7
-
lev
e
l M
L
I
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Ou
t
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
f
o
r
s
ev
en
-
le
v
el
in
v
er
ter
I
n
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
s
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
wh
ile
u
s
in
g
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M)
tech
n
iq
u
es,
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
i
s
to
r
tio
n
(
T
HD)
is
a
cr
itical
p
ar
am
eter
th
at
in
d
icate
s
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
.
T
HD
q
u
an
tifie
s
th
e
d
is
to
r
tio
n
in
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
wa
v
ef
o
r
m
,
in
d
icatin
g
h
o
w
clo
s
ely
th
e
in
v
er
ter
o
u
tp
u
t
r
esem
b
les
a
p
u
r
e
s
in
e
wa
v
e.
I
t
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
a
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
an
d
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
am
p
litu
d
es
o
f
th
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
r
elativ
e
to
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
in
te
g
r
al
(
PI)
c
o
n
t
r
o
ller
is
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
o
f
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
s
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
s
witch
in
g
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
d
e
v
ice,
MO
SF
E
T
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
d
es
ir
ed
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
l,
wh
ich
i
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
ar
am
eter
s
(
s
u
ch
as
g
ain
s
an
d
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
v
al
u
es),
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
ts
T
HD.
A
well
-
t
u
n
ed
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
ca
n
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
clo
s
ely
f
o
llo
ws
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
wav
ef
o
r
m
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
am
p
l
itu
d
e
o
f
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
an
d
th
e
r
eb
y
lo
wer
i
n
g
T
HD
[
2
3
]
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
a
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
is
u
s
ed
,
f
r
o
m
wh
ich
th
e
g
ate
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
f
o
r
m
e
d
an
d
f
e
d
to
th
e
in
v
er
ter
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in
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ig
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Fig
u
r
e
9
d
is
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lay
s
th
e
o
u
t
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v
o
ltag
e
an
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
wav
ef
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m
s
.
th
e
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co
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tr
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ller
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n
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ltil
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ter
s
p
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in
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T
h
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r
s
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tag
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s
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g
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q
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o
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wav
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s
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ap
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,
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o
to
r
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an
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g
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id
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tied
in
v
er
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er
s
.
T
HD
an
aly
s
is
o
f
a
s
ev
en
-
l
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
with
a
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
s
h
o
wn
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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l Po
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E
n
g
I
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N:
2252
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8
7
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2
P
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f seve
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r
ter fo
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er q
u
a
lity imp
r
o
ve
men
t
(
S
.
N
ith
ya
P
r
iya
)
51
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Simu
latio
n
o
f
7
lev
el
ML
I
u
s
in
g
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Ou
t
p
u
t w
av
ef
o
r
m
f
o
r
s
ev
en
lev
el
in
v
er
ter
with
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
T
HD
an
aly
s
is
s
ev
en
lev
el
in
v
er
te
r
with
PI
co
n
t
r
o
ller
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
7
9
2
I
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Vo
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1
4
,
No
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1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
5
:
46
-
54
52
An
ANFI
S
co
n
tr
o
ller
with
a
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
te
r
en
h
an
ce
s
c
o
n
tr
o
l
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t o
f
o
u
tp
u
t w
av
ef
o
r
m
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
1
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
lev
er
ag
es
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
s
o
f
b
o
th
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
an
d
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
to
ac
h
i
ev
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
p
r
ec
is
e
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
er
s
i
o
n
s
y
s
tem
s
[
2
4
]
.
B
y
d
y
n
am
i
ca
lly
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
,
ANFI
S
ca
n
m
in
im
ize
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
i
s
to
r
tio
n
(
T
HD)
in
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
is
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
2
,
th
e
r
eb
y
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
[
2
5
]
.
T
HD
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
a
s
ev
en
lev
el
in
v
er
t
er
with
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Simu
latio
n
o
f
7
-
lev
el
ML
I
u
s
in
g
ANFI
S c
o
n
tr
o
lle
r
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
Ou
tp
u
t w
av
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
7
-
lev
el
ML
I
u
s
in
g
ANFI
S c
o
n
tr
o
ller
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
P
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r
ma
n
ce
a
n
a
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f seve
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l m
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in
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r
ter fo
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p
o
w
er q
u
a
lity imp
r
o
ve
men
t
(
S
.
N
ith
ya
P
r
iya
)
53
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
T
HD
an
aly
s
is
s
ev
en
lev
el
in
v
er
te
r
with
ANFI
S c
o
n
tr
o
ller
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
e
x
am
in
ed
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
PI
an
d
ANN
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
u
s
in
g
s
ev
e
n
lev
els
o
f
C
HB
-
ML
I
.
I
t
o
v
er
co
m
es
th
e
s
h
o
r
tco
m
in
g
s
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
ANN
co
n
tr
o
ller
'
s
ca
p
ac
ity
f
o
r
s
elf
-
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
PI
an
d
ANN
co
n
tr
o
ller
b
ased
o
n
th
e
g
en
er
al
7
-
lev
el
C
HB
MI
wer
e
test
ed
in
a
s
im
u
latio
n
to
g
eth
e
r
with
th
e
g
en
er
al
7
-
lev
el
C
HB
-
ML
I
,
an
d
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lts
we
r
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
an
d
ex
am
in
e
d
.
I
t
is
d
is
co
v
er
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
th
at
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
ANN
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
W
ith
a
s
m
aller
T
HD
v
alu
e
an
d
a
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
el
y
s
u
p
er
io
r
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
wav
ef
o
r
m
,
t
h
e
ANN
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
r
o
d
u
c
es
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
B
ec
au
s
e
it
lear
n
s
f
r
o
m
ex
p
e
r
i
en
ce
an
d
is
tr
ain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
d
ataset
in
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
lear
n
in
g
b
ased
o
n
a
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
b
ac
k
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
m
o
d
el,
th
e
ANN
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
m
o
r
e
s
en
s
itiv
e
th
an
a
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
a
n
d
er
r
o
r
m
o
d
u
latio
n
.
I
t
is
also
b
et
ter
s
u
ited
f
o
r
p
o
we
r
q
u
ali
ty
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
7
-
lev
el
C
HB
MI
s
y
s
tem
'
s
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ar
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
its
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
o
u
tp
u
t w
a
v
ef
o
r
m
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
T
HD
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
I
.
J.
K
a
d
h
i
m
a
n
d
M
.
J
.
H
a
sa
n
,
“
En
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
p
o
w
e
r
st
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
w
i
t
h
m
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
b
a
se
d
o
n
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
e
s,
”
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
Po
w
e
r
S
y
st
e
m
s R
e
se
a
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
1
,
p
.
1
1
0
2
9
0
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
p
sr
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
1
0
2
9
0
.
[
2
]
D
.
C
a
r
r
a
s
c
o
-
G
o
n
z
á
l
e
z
,
P
.
H
o
r
r
i
l
l
o
-
Q
u
i
n
t
e
r
o
,
P
.
G
a
r
c
í
a
-
Tr
i
v
i
ñ
o
,
R
.
S
a
r
r
i
a
s
-
M
e
n
a
,
C
.
A
n
d
r
é
s
G
a
r
c
í
a
-
V
á
z
q
u
e
z
,
a
n
d
L.
M
.
F
e
r
n
á
n
d
e
z
-
R
a
m
í
r
e
z
,
“
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
P
V
p
o
w
e
r
p
l
a
n
t
s
w
i
t
h
q
u
a
si
-
Z
-
s
o
u
r
c
e
c
a
sca
d
e
d
H
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
m
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
u
n
d
e
r
f
a
i
l
u
r
e
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r &
E
n
e
r
g
y
S
y
st
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
7
,
p
.
1
0
9
8
0
3
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
e
p
e
s
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
0
9
8
0
3
.
[
3
]
K
.
T.
M
a
h
e
sw
a
r
i
,
R
.
B
h
a
r
a
n
i
k
u
mar,
V
.
A
r
j
u
n
,
R
.
A
mr
i
s
h
,
a
n
d
M
.
B
h
u
v
a
n
e
s
h
,
“
A
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
si
v
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
n
c
a
sc
a
d
e
d
H
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
mu
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
i
u
m
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
h
i
g
h
p
o
w
e
r
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
Ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
T
o
d
a
y
:
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
5
,
p
p
.
2
6
6
6
–
2
6
7
0
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
m
a
t
p
r
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
1
.
5
1
9
.
[
4
]
S
.
C
h
i
t
r
a
a
n
d
K
.
R
.
V
a
l
l
u
v
a
n
,
“
D
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
a
sc
a
d
e
d
H
-
B
r
i
d
g
e
m
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
u
si
n
g
F
P
G
A
w
i
t
h
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
p
h
a
s
e
d
i
s
p
o
si
t
i
o
n
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
c
h
e
me
,
”
Mi
c
r
o
p
r
o
c
e
ss
o
rs
a
n
d
Mi
c
r
o
s
y
st
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
7
6
,
p
.
1
0
3
1
0
8
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
mi
c
p
r
o
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
0
3
1
0
8
.
[
5
]
H
.
M
o
l
l
a
h
a
sa
n
o
g
l
u
,
M
.
M
o
l
l
a
h
a
sa
n
o
g
l
u
,
a
n
d
E.
O
z
k
o
p
,
“
C
o
mp
a
r
a
t
i
v
e
st
u
d
y
o
f
si
n
g
l
e
-
p
h
a
se
m
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
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