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I
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8
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139
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8
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,
p
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o
r
p
h
o
l
o
g
ical
co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
p
o
s
t
-
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
n
ea
lin
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e,
d
ev
ices
with
ac
tiv
e
lay
er
s
o
f
P3
HT
:P
C
B
M
th
at
p
er
m
itted
ef
f
icien
cies
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
5
%
wer
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
in
2
0
0
5
[
1
1
]
.
Peet
et
a
l.
[
1
2
]
in
cr
ea
s
ed
n
ea
r
-
in
f
r
ar
ed
lig
h
t
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
b
y
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
a
lo
w
b
an
d
g
a
p
p
o
ly
m
e
r
,
s
u
ch
as
P
C
PDT
B
T
,
lead
in
g
to
a
5
.
5
%
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Po
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
(
PC
E
)
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
6
%
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
f
o
r
d
e
v
ic
es
b
ased
o
n
PTB4
:P
C
6
1
B
M
s
h
ee
ts
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
m
ix
ed
s
o
lv
en
ts
[
1
3
]
.
C
h
u
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
o
b
tain
e
d
7
.
3
%
PC
E
u
tili
zin
g
th
ien
o
[
3
,
4
-
c
]
p
y
r
r
o
le
-
4
,
6
-
d
io
n
e
an
d
Dith
ien
o
[
3
,
2
-
b
:
2
0
,
3
0
-
d]
s
ilo
le
co
p
o
ly
m
er
as
ac
tiv
e
la
y
er
s
in
2
0
1
1
.
All
o
f
th
ese
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
m
en
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
p
o
ly
m
er
ic
-
b
ased
OSC
s
h
av
e
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
f
u
tu
r
e.
Desp
ite
th
ese
ac
c
o
m
p
lis
h
m
en
ts
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
f
ig
u
r
es
s
till
f
all
b
elo
w
p
r
ac
tical
u
s
ab
ilit
y
.
T
a
b
le
1
d
ep
icts
s
ev
er
al
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
tu
r
n
in
g
p
o
in
ts
in
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
o
f
OSC
s
[
1
4
]
-
[
2
8
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Sev
er
al
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t tu
r
n
in
g
p
o
in
ts
in
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
o
f
OSC
s
Y
e
a
r
E
v
e
n
t
1839
B
e
c
q
u
e
r
r
e
l
w
a
s
t
h
e
f
i
r
st
t
o
f
i
n
d
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
e
f
f
e
c
t
.
1906
P
o
c
h
e
t
t
i
n
o
d
i
s
c
o
v
e
r
e
d
p
h
o
t
o
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
i
n
a
n
t
h
r
a
c
e
n
e
.
1958
I
n
t
h
e
i
r
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
o
ma
g
n
e
si
u
m
p
h
t
h
a
l
o
c
y
a
n
i
n
e
s (
M
g
P
h
)
,
K
e
a
r
n
s a
n
d
C
a
l
v
i
n
[
1
5
]
me
a
su
r
e
d
a
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
o
f
2
0
0
mV
.
1964
W
h
e
n
m
a
g
n
e
s
i
u
m
p
h
t
h
a
l
o
c
y
a
n
i
n
e
s w
e
r
e
sa
n
d
w
i
c
h
e
d
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
w
o
d
i
s
t
i
n
c
t
met
a
l
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
d
e
s,
D
e
l
a
c
o
t
e
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
6
]
n
o
t
i
c
e
d
a
r
e
c
t
i
f
y
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
o
n
.
19
86
Ta
n
g
[
8
]
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
t
h
e
f
i
r
st
h
e
t
e
r
o
j
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
PV
d
e
v
i
c
e
.
1991
B
y
c
o
-
su
b
l
i
ma
t
i
o
n
,
H
i
r
a
m
o
t
o
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
t
h
e
f
i
r
st
d
y
e
/
d
y
e
B
H
J
PV
c
e
l
l
.
1993
S
a
r
i
c
i
f
t
c
i
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
t
h
e
f
i
r
st
p
o
l
y
m
e
r
/
C
6
0
h
e
t
e
r
o
j
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
d
e
v
i
c
e
.
1994
Yu
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
7
]
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
b
u
l
k
p
o
l
y
m
e
r
/
C
6
0
h
e
t
e
r
o
j
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
P
V
.
1995
Y
u
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
7
]
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
b
u
l
k
p
o
l
y
m
e
r
/
p
o
l
y
mer
h
e
t
e
r
o
j
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
P
V
.
2000
P
e
e
t
e
r
s
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
8
]
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
P
V
c
e
l
l
s
u
si
n
g
o
l
i
g
o
mer
-
C
6
0
d
y
a
d
s
/
t
r
i
a
d
s.
2
0
0
1
M
e
n
d
e
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
9
]
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
h
e
x
a
b
e
n
z
o
c
o
r
o
n
e
n
e
a
n
d
p
e
r
y
l
e
n
e
b
a
se
d
l
i
q
u
i
d
c
r
y
st
a
l
l
i
n
e
P
V
c
e
l
l
s.
R
a
m
o
s
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
P
V
c
e
l
l
s w
i
t
h
d
o
u
b
l
e
-
c
a
b
l
e
p
o
l
y
mers
.
2001
S
h
a
h
e
e
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
0
]
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
a
n
O
S
C
a
n
d
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
P
C
E
o
f
2
.
5
%
.
2005
Li
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
3
]
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
P
3
H
T/
P
C
61
B
M
b
a
s
e
d
O
S
C
w
i
t
h
P
C
E
o
f
4
.
4
%.
2005
Ma
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
1
]
ma
d
e
P
3
H
T
/
P
C
61
B
M
b
a
s
e
d
O
S
C
w
i
t
h
P
C
E
o
f
5
%.
2007
P
e
e
t
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
2
]
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
a
n
P
C
P
D
TB
T
:
P
C
71
B
M
b
a
s
e
d
O
S
C
w
i
t
h
P
C
E
o
f
5
.
5
%.
2007
K
i
m
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
4
]
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
a
n
P
3
H
T
:
P
C
61
BM
b
a
s
e
d
O
S
C
w
i
t
h
P
C
E
o
f
6
%
.
2009
Li
a
n
g
et
al
.
[
1
3
]
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
a
n
P
TB
4
:
P
C
61
B
M
b
a
se
d
O
S
C
w
i
t
h
P
C
E
o
f
o
v
e
r
6
%.
2011
C
h
u
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
4
]
u
s
e
d
“
T
h
i
e
n
o
[
3
,
4
-
c
]
p
y
r
r
o
l
e
-
4
,
6
-
d
i
o
n
e
a
n
d
D
i
t
h
i
e
n
o
[
3
,
2
-
b
:
2
0
,
3
0
-
d
]
si
l
o
l
e
C
o
p
o
l
y
mer”
w
i
t
h
P
C
E
o
f
7
.
3
%
2017
Zh
a
o
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
1
]
u
s
e
d
M
o
l
e
c
u
l
a
r
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
o
g
e
t
1
3
%
.
2019
Y
u
a
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
6
]
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
a
n
O
S
C
w
i
t
h
P
C
E
o
f
1
5
.
7
%
.
2020
Tr
a
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
2
]
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
a
n
O
S
C
w
i
t
h
P
C
E
o
f
1
7
%
.
2021
Li
u
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
7
]
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
1
8
%
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
O
S
C
.
2023
N
R
EL
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
O
S
C
w
i
t
h
P
C
E
o
f
1
8
.
2
%
.
2.
E
XP
E
R
I
M
E
N
T
A
L
SE
CT
I
O
N
2
.
1
.
Sa
f
et
y
m
ea
s
ures
I
t
was
cr
itical
to
u
n
d
er
g
o
s
af
ety
an
d
ch
em
ical
h
an
d
lin
g
tr
ain
in
g
b
e
f
o
r
e
b
eg
i
n
n
in
g
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
t
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t,
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
r
o
tectiv
e
g
ea
r
wa
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
ass
u
r
e
s
af
ety
.
A
lab
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
,
s
tr
o
n
g
g
lo
v
es,
s
af
ety
ey
ewe
ar
,
an
d
a
g
as
m
ask
wer
e
all
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
eir
f
la
m
m
ab
ilit
y
a
n
d
p
o
ten
tial
h
ea
lth
co
n
ce
r
n
s
i
f
b
r
ea
th
ed
o
r
e
x
p
o
s
ed
to
s
k
in
an
d
e
y
es,
s
o
m
e
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
,
s
u
ch
as
ac
eto
n
e
an
d
I
PA,
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
ad
d
itio
n
al
atten
tio
n
wh
en
h
an
d
lin
g
.
C
h
lo
r
o
b
en
ze
n
e
(
C
B
)
,
a
n
o
th
er
s
o
lv
e
n
t
u
tili
ze
d
,
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
s
p
ec
ial
ca
u
tio
n
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
th
o
s
e
p
ar
ts
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
with
in
a
g
l
o
v
e
b
o
x
to
av
o
id
a
n
y
co
n
tact
o
r
f
u
m
es.
E
v
en
wh
ile
wo
r
k
i
n
g
with
n
o
n
-
h
az
ar
d
o
u
s
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
s
u
ch
as
C
U2
O,
P3
HT
,
PTB7
,
an
d
PC
DT
B
T
,
s
af
ety
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
s
wer
e
ess
en
tial.
P
C
B
M,
in
co
n
tr
ast,
r
eq
u
ir
es
ev
en
g
r
ea
ter
ca
u
tio
n
d
u
e
to
its
h
ig
h
to
x
icity
,
n
ec
es
s
itatin
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
g
as
m
ask
s
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
p
r
o
tectiv
e
g
ea
r
.
Fin
ally
,
d
ea
lin
g
with
h
o
tp
lates
an
d
o
v
en
s
n
ee
d
ca
r
e
f
u
l
h
an
d
lin
g
to
a
v
o
id
b
u
r
n
s
.
I
t
w
as
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
b
e
awa
r
e
o
f
t
h
ese
h
az
ar
d
s
an
d
f
o
llo
w
s
af
et
y
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
b
ef
o
r
e
en
ter
in
g
th
e
la
b
f
o
r
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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ated
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r
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tr
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at
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P3
HT
:PC
B
M,
PTB7
:
PC
B
M,
an
d
PC
DT
B
T
:P
C
B
M,
ea
ch
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
a
n
alu
m
in
u
m
(
Al)
ca
th
o
d
e
d
e
p
o
s
itio
n
.
2
.
2
.
1
.
Clea
nin
g
T
h
e
d
ev
ice
f
ab
r
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
itiates
with
a
f
o
u
r
-
s
tep
clea
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
T
o
v
er
i
f
y
th
at
th
e
g
lass
-
I
T
O
s
u
b
s
tr
ates
wer
e
clea
r
o
f
a
n
y
p
esk
y
d
u
s
t
p
ar
tic
les
o
r
co
n
tam
in
ated
o
r
g
a
n
ic
m
atter
(
e.
g
.
,
f
in
g
er
p
r
in
ts
)
th
at
co
u
ld
m
ess
with
th
e
d
e
v
ice
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ates
wer
e
h
an
d
led
u
s
in
g
m
etal
twee
ze
r
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
ep
icts
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
twee
ze
r
s
to
av
o
id
co
n
ta
ct
with
th
e
d
ev
ice
ac
tiv
e
a
r
ea
[
2
9
]
.
-
Step
1
:
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
m
m
e
n
ce
d
with
a
d
ig
ital
m
u
ltime
ter
to
ass
ess
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
g
lass
s
u
b
s
tr
ates,
s
p
ec
if
ically
th
e
I
T
O
-
co
ated
ar
ea
s
.
I
d
en
tifie
d
as
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
s
u
r
f
ac
es,
th
ese
I
T
O
-
co
ated
p
o
r
tio
n
s
wer
e
m
eticu
lo
u
s
ly
clea
n
ed
b
y
g
en
tl
y
r
u
b
b
in
g
th
e
m
with
co
tto
n
s
o
ak
ed
in
a
s
o
ap
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
5
-
2
0
m
i
n
u
tes,
all
w
h
ile
wea
r
in
g
clea
n
g
lo
v
es.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
is
,
a
h
o
l
d
er
co
n
tain
in
g
t
h
ese
s
u
b
s
tr
ates
was
im
m
er
s
ed
in
a
b
ea
k
er
f
illed
with
d
eio
n
ized
wate
r
s
u
p
p
lem
en
ted
with
o
n
e
to
two
d
r
o
p
s
o
f
liq
u
id
d
eter
g
e
n
t.
T
h
is
ass
em
b
ly
u
n
d
er
wen
t
a
n
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic
clea
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
is
lo
d
g
in
g
an
d
r
em
o
v
in
g
an
y
co
n
tam
in
an
ts
ad
h
e
r
in
g
to
th
e
I
T
O
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
Af
ter
th
e
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic
tr
ea
tm
en
t,
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
s
u
n
d
er
wen
t
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
r
in
s
in
g
with
d
eio
n
iz
ed
wate
r
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
co
m
p
lete
e
lim
in
atio
n
o
f
an
y
d
eter
g
e
n
t
r
e
s
id
u
es,
leav
in
g
th
em
p
r
is
tin
e
an
d
r
ea
d
y
f
o
r
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es.
-
Step
2
:
Fo
llo
win
g
th
at,
th
e
h
o
ld
er
with
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ates
was
p
l
ac
ed
in
an
o
th
er
b
ea
k
er
o
f
ac
eto
n
e
f
o
r
a
n
ex
tr
a
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
clea
n
i
n
g
to
r
e
m
o
v
e
an
y
lef
to
v
e
r
o
r
g
a
n
ic
r
esid
u
e.
T
h
is
b
ea
k
er
was
p
u
t
in
an
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic
b
ath
at
r
o
o
m
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
f
o
r
1
0
m
i
n
u
tes to
co
m
p
lete
th
e
clea
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
-
Step
3
:
Af
ter
b
ein
g
r
em
o
v
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
ac
eto
n
e
,
th
e
h
o
ld
er
w
as su
b
m
er
g
ed
in
is
o
p
r
o
p
an
o
l (
I
PA)
in
a
b
ea
k
er
an
d
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
a
te
n
-
m
in
u
te
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic
b
ath
at
r
o
o
m
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
in
ten
d
e
d
to
r
em
o
v
e
a
n
y
r
em
n
an
ts
o
f
ac
eto
n
e
th
at,
if
l
ef
t
to
d
r
y
,
m
a
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
ar
k
in
g
s
o
n
th
e
I
T
O
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
Fo
ll
o
win
g
th
at,
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ates
wer
e
ca
r
ef
u
lly
tr
a
n
s
f
er
r
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
h
o
ld
e
r
t
o
a
Petr
i
d
is
h
,
with
th
e
I
T
O
s
id
e
f
a
cin
g
u
p
.
T
h
ese
s
u
b
s
tr
ates w
er
e
d
r
ied
an
d
k
ep
t
at
r
o
o
m
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
a
s
ea
l
ed
Petr
i d
is
h
,
r
ea
d
y
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
co
atin
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
OSC
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
h
a
n
d
l
i
n
g
o
f
s
u
b
s
t
r
a
t
es
wi
t
h
tw
e
e
z
e
r
s
[
2
9
]
2
.
2
.
2
.
H
T
L
prepa
ra
t
io
n a
nd
co
a
t
ing
I
n
OSC
s
,
th
e
lay
er
b
etwe
en
th
e
an
o
d
e
an
d
th
e
ac
tiv
e
lay
er
,
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
HT
L
,
p
lay
s
a
v
ital
r
o
le.
I
t
d
o
es
two
th
i
n
g
s
:
it
tr
an
s
p
o
r
ts
th
e
h
o
les
f
o
r
m
ed
wh
en
ex
cit
o
n
s
s
p
lit,
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tin
g
th
em
t
o
th
e
a
n
o
d
e
,
an
d
it
in
h
ib
its
elec
tr
o
n
s
,
lo
we
r
in
g
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
ca
r
r
ier
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
.
Pick
in
g
th
e
r
ig
h
t
m
ate
r
ial
f
o
r
th
e
HT
L
is
cr
u
cial,
it
n
ee
d
s
h
ig
h
co
n
d
u
cti
v
ity
an
d
h
o
le
m
o
b
ilit
y
to
s
wif
tly
d
eliv
er
as
m
an
y
h
o
les
as
f
e
asib
le
to
th
e
an
o
d
e.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
b
ec
a
u
s
e
lig
h
t
p
a
s
s
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
,
a
d
d
s
to
b
o
t
h
o
p
tical
an
d
elec
tr
ical
lo
s
s
es,
th
is
lay
er
m
u
s
t
ab
s
o
r
b
as
litt
le
lig
h
t
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
T
h
e
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
t
h
e
f
ilm
is
also
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t:
t
o
o
t
h
in
a
n
d
it
will
n
o
t
ef
f
icien
tly
b
l
o
ck
elec
tr
o
n
s
; to
o
th
ick
a
n
d
it will
ab
s
o
r
b
m
o
r
e
lig
h
t th
a
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
.
HT
L
in
th
is
ca
s
e
is
C
U2
O.
C
o
p
p
er
io
d
id
e
(
C
UI
)
c
o
n
ce
n
t
r
a
tio
n
was
o
r
i
g
in
ally
o
p
tim
ized
.
C
UI
is
a
p
o
wd
er
t
h
at
h
as
b
ee
n
c
o
m
b
in
ed
with
ac
eto
n
itrile.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
was
th
en
s
p
in
-
c
o
ated
at
4
0
0
0
r
p
m
f
o
r
6
0
s
b
ef
o
r
e
b
ein
g
im
m
er
s
ed
in
to
a
NaO
H
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
NaO
H
s
o
lu
tio
n
was
al
s
o
o
p
tim
ized
.
T
h
en
k
ep
t
in
o
v
e
n
f
o
r
1
5
m
in
u
tes
a
t
1
5
0
d
e
g
r
ee
s
C
elsi
u
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
d
e
p
icts
th
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
f
o
r
m
ak
in
g
C
U2
O
o
n
a
n
I
T
O
s
u
b
s
tr
ate.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
tr
at
e
was
th
en
s
u
b
jecte
d
t
o
u
ltra
v
io
let
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
a
n
d
FTI
R
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
.
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t th
e
a
f
o
r
em
e
n
tio
n
ed
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
ies is
av
ailab
le
in
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
d
p
ap
e
r
s
[
30
]
-
[
32
]
.
2
.
2
.
3
.
P
re
pa
ra
t
i
o
n o
f
a
c
t
iv
e
l
a
y
er
ma
t
er
ia
l
a
nd
depo
s
it
io
n
T
h
e
B
HJ
lay
er
,
wh
ich
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
ac
tiv
e
lay
er
,
is
m
ad
e
u
p
o
f
two
m
ater
ials
:
o
n
e
th
at
a
b
s
o
r
b
s
an
d
o
n
e
th
at
th
r
o
ws
th
e
m
awa
y
.
I
n
OSC
s
,
th
ey
ar
e
o
f
te
n
o
r
g
an
ic
p
o
ly
m
er
s
an
d
f
u
ller
en
e
d
er
iv
ativ
es.
W
h
en
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Org
a
n
ic
s
o
la
r
ce
lls
:
a
s
tu
d
y
o
n
ma
teri
a
l selec
tio
n
a
n
d
f
a
b
r
ica
tio
n
p
r
ec
is
io
n
(
K
a
r
th
ika
K
r
is
h
n
a
ku
ma
r
)
141
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
th
e
m
i
x
tu
r
e,
th
ese
t
wo
in
g
r
ed
ien
ts
m
u
s
t
r
ea
d
ily
b
len
d
to
g
eth
er
i
n
th
e
s
am
e
liq
u
id
.
T
o
ab
s
o
r
b
m
o
r
e
s
u
n
lig
h
t
an
d
f
o
r
m
ex
cito
n
s
,
th
e
m
ater
ial
th
at
ab
s
o
r
b
s
lig
h
t
(
d
o
n
o
r
)
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
lo
w
-
en
er
g
y
b
an
d
g
ap
.
I
t
is
cr
itical
th
at
th
is
m
ater
ial
ab
s
o
r
b
s
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
o
lar
wav
el
en
g
th
s
.
An
ex
ten
d
ed
e
x
cito
n
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
len
g
t
h
is
a
d
esira
b
le
p
r
o
p
er
t
y
b
ec
au
s
e
it
m
ea
n
s
t
h
e
e
x
cito
n
ca
n
m
o
v
e
f
ar
th
e
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
o
n
o
r
m
ater
ial
to
r
ea
ch
its
in
ter
f
ac
e
with
th
e
ac
ce
p
to
r
b
ef
o
r
e
b
r
ea
k
i
n
g
ap
ar
t
(
d
is
s
o
ciatio
n
)
.
T
h
is
p
r
ev
e
n
ts
ex
cito
n
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
lo
s
s
es.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
d
o
n
o
r
s
h
o
u
l
d
let
h
o
les
to
f
lo
w
q
u
ick
ly
to
war
d
s
th
e
ac
tiv
e
lay
er
with
o
u
t
r
ec
o
m
b
in
in
g
with
elec
tr
o
n
s
.
Similar
ly
,
t
h
e
ac
ce
p
to
r
m
ate
r
ial
m
u
s
t
r
o
u
te
elec
tr
o
n
s
q
u
ick
ly
t
o
its
in
ter
f
ac
e
with
o
u
t
co
m
b
in
in
g
with
h
o
les.
T
o
av
o
id
ch
a
r
g
e
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
,
it
is
cr
itical
th
at
th
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
h
o
les
an
d
el
ec
tr
o
n
s
in
b
o
th
th
e
d
o
n
o
r
an
d
ac
ce
p
to
r
m
ater
ials
b
e
as b
alan
ce
d
as f
ea
s
ib
le.
C
h
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
d
o
n
o
r
a
n
d
ac
ce
p
t
o
r
m
ater
ials
is
cr
itical
wh
en
c
r
ea
tin
g
b
len
d
s
f
o
r
th
e
ac
tiv
e
lay
er
in
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
T
h
ey
m
u
s
t
m
atch
in
ter
m
s
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
le
v
els,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
at
th
eir
in
ter
f
ac
es.
T
h
is
p
air
in
g
aid
s
in
th
e
s
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
ex
cit
o
n
s
in
to
f
r
ee
ca
r
r
ier
s
.
T
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
d
if
f
er
en
c
e
b
etwe
en
t
h
eir
lo
west
u
n
o
cc
u
p
ied
m
o
lecu
lar
o
r
b
itals
(
L
UM
O)
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ex
ac
tly
r
ig
h
t:
n
o
t
to
o
tin
y
(
ca
u
s
in
g
n
o
s
p
litt
in
g
)
an
d
n
o
t
to
o
h
ig
h
(
ca
u
s
in
g
lo
s
s
es
an
d
lo
wer
i
n
g
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e)
.
Fin
d
in
g
th
is
b
al
an
ce
is
cr
itical,
it
is
lik
e
b
ala
n
cin
g
a
tin
y
en
e
r
g
y
g
ap
wh
ile
p
r
o
d
u
ci
n
g
a
h
ig
h
-
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
t
o
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
d
o
n
o
r
'
s
h
ig
h
est o
cc
u
p
ied
m
o
lecu
lar
o
r
b
ital
(
HOM
O
)
an
d
th
e
ac
ce
p
to
r
s
L
UM
O.
P3
HT
:PC
B
M,
PTB7
:
PC
B
M,
an
d
PC
DT
B
T
:P
C
B
M
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
as
ac
tiv
e
lay
er
m
ate
r
ials
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
ese
wer
e
m
ad
e
an
d
s
tirr
ed
o
v
er
n
ig
h
t
b
e
f
o
r
e
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
p
in
co
atin
g
.
I
t
was
th
en
s
p
in
-
co
ate
d
f
o
r
6
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
at
1
0
0
0
r
p
m
.
T
h
e
o
v
en
was
th
en
s
et
at
1
0
0
℃
f
o
r
1
0
m
in
u
tes.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
was
th
en
k
ep
t
in
th
e
o
v
en
.
T
h
is
is
f
o
llo
we
d
b
y
th
e
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
o
f
ca
th
o
d
e.
Alu
m
in
iu
m
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
as
th
e
ca
th
o
d
e
m
ater
ial
in
th
is
ca
s
e.
T
h
er
m
al
v
ap
o
u
r
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
was u
s
ed
to
d
e
p
o
s
it it.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Sch
em
atic
r
ep
r
esen
t
atio
n
o
f
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
C
U2
O
o
n
I
T
O
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
[
33
]
3.
DE
VI
CE
CH
AR
ACT
E
R
I
Z
AT
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
J
-
V
c
ha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ics
T
h
e
s
ch
em
atic
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
a
s
o
lar
ce
ll'
s
cu
r
r
en
t
d
en
s
ity
-
v
o
ltag
e
(
J
-
V)
cu
r
v
e
u
n
d
er
lig
h
t
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
en
s
ity
(
J
SC
)
,
o
p
en
-
cir
c
u
it
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
OC
)
,
f
ill
f
ac
to
r
(
FF
)
,
an
d
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
(
PC
E
)
ar
e
th
e
g
en
er
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
OSC
d
ev
ices.
T
h
ese
f
o
u
r
v
alu
es
d
e
f
in
e
a
s
o
lar
ce
ll's
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
ar
e
h
en
ce
its
ess
en
tial d
is
tin
ctiv
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
All
ce
lls
m
u
s
t
b
e
ex
am
i
n
ed
u
n
d
er
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
lig
h
tin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
with
th
e
i
n
ten
tio
n
o
f
ev
alu
atin
g
d
ev
ice
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
Air
Ma
s
s
1
.
5
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
(
AM
1
.
5
G,
d
ep
ict
s
s
u
n
lig
h
t
with
th
e
Su
n
at
an
o
b
liq
u
e
an
g
le
o
f
4
8
.
2
o
ab
o
v
e
th
e
ea
r
th
'
s
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e)
,
with
an
in
cid
en
ce
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
o
f
1
0
0
0
W
.
m
-
2
(
1
0
0
m
W
.
cm
-
2
)
is
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
test
co
n
d
itio
n
(
STC)
f
o
r
s
o
lar
ce
lls
,
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
o
f
th
eir
d
esig
n
o
r
ac
tiv
e
m
a
ter
ial.
T
h
is
is
al
s
o
k
n
o
wn
as th
e
t
y
p
ical
1
s
u
n
v
al
u
e
at
a
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
2
5
d
eg
r
ee
s
C
els
iu
s
.
-
VOC:
“T
h
e
o
p
en
-
cir
cu
it
v
o
lt
ag
e
(
VOC)
is
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
en
er
g
y
le
v
els
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
in
th
e
r
eg
io
n
with
th
e
f
r
ee
s
t
elec
tr
o
n
s
an
d
th
e
p
o
ten
tial in
th
e
r
e
g
io
n
with
th
e
f
r
ee
s
t
h
o
les” [
34
].
-
J
SC
:
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
g
e
n
er
ated
ca
r
r
ie
r
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
i
n
th
e
ac
tiv
e
lay
er
d
u
r
in
g
illu
m
in
atio
n
an
d
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
with
wh
ich
ch
ar
g
es
ar
e
s
ep
ar
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t th
e
p
h
o
to
ac
tiv
e
lay
er
a
r
e
th
e
two
m
ain
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
d
ef
in
e
th
e
q
u
an
tity
o
f
J
SC
[
34
]
,
[
35]
.
-
FF:
×
(
)
×
[
34
].
-
Fin
ally
,
“PC
E
is
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
J
s
c,
Vo
c,
an
d
th
e
f
ill f
ac
to
r
”
[
3
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
5
:
1
38
-
1
45
142
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
J
-
V
cu
r
v
e
o
f
an
OSC
[
36
]
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
NS
4
.
1
.
UV
a
nd
F
T
I
R
s
pect
ra
l a
na
ly
s
is
UV
-
v
is
ib
le
s
p
ec
tr
a
wer
e
o
b
tai
n
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
p
in
-
c
o
ated
C
U
I
lay
er
s
b
ef
o
r
e
an
n
ea
lin
g
an
d
C
U2
O
af
ter
an
n
ea
lin
g
at
1
5
0
°C
f
o
r
1
0
m
in
u
tes
(
Fig
u
r
e
5
)
.
T
h
e
C
U
I
d
is
p
lay
ed
d
is
tin
ct
p
ea
k
s
at
4
0
7
a
n
d
5
3
8
n
m
,
clo
s
el
y
alig
n
in
g
with
t
h
e
ex
cito
n
ic
p
ea
k
s
o
f
C
U
I
an
d
C
U2
O
as
d
o
cu
m
en
ted
in
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies
[
37
].
B
o
th
C
UI
an
d
C
U2
O
wer
e
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
FTI
R
an
aly
s
is
;
th
e
r
esu
ltan
t
g
r
ap
h
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
b
el
o
w.
T
h
is
clo
s
ely
m
atch
es
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
es o
f
C
U
I
an
d
C
U2
O
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
e
p
o
r
ted
in
ea
r
lier
r
esear
ch
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
UV
-
Vis
p
atter
n
o
f
C
UI
an
d
C
U2
O
f
ilm
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
FTI
R
p
atter
n
o
f
C
UI
an
d
C
U2
O
f
ilm
: (
a)
C
U
I
an
d
(
b
)
C
U2
O
f
ilm
4
.
2
.
J
-
V
c
ha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ics
OSC
s
f
ab
r
icate
d
an
d
test
ed
u
s
in
g
s
ev
er
al
ac
tiv
e
lay
er
m
ater
ials
,
in
clu
d
in
g
P3
HT
:PC
B
M
,
PTB7
:P
C
B
M,
an
d
P
C
DT
B
T
:
PC
B
M,
g
av
e
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
o
u
t
co
m
es
(
Fig
u
r
e
7
)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
ts
an
d
an
al
y
s
is
in
d
icate
d
th
at
t
h
e
PC
DT
B
T
:
PC
B
M
co
m
b
in
atio
n
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
ed
b
etter
in
ter
m
s
o
f
PC
E
.
T
h
e
J
-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
PTB7
:PC
B
M
an
d
PC
DT
B
T
:P
C
B
M
wer
e
p
lo
tted
as
s
h
o
wn
b
elo
w
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
J
-
V
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
le
d
th
at
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
b
s
er
v
ed
with
th
e
P3
HT
:PC
B
M
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
was
r
eg
is
ter
ed
at
0
%,
p
r
im
ar
ily
d
u
e
t
o
m
u
ltip
le
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
m
ater
ial
av
aila
b
le
in
th
e
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
was
d
ee
m
ed
o
ld
,
p
o
ten
tially
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Org
a
n
ic
s
o
la
r
ce
lls
:
a
s
tu
d
y
o
n
ma
teri
a
l selec
tio
n
a
n
d
f
a
b
r
ica
tio
n
p
r
ec
is
io
n
(
K
a
r
th
ika
K
r
is
h
n
a
ku
ma
r
)
143
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
its
in
tr
in
s
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
ch
em
ical
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
o
r
im
p
u
r
ities
in
th
e
ag
in
g
m
ate
r
ial
m
ig
h
t
h
a
v
e
h
in
d
e
r
ed
its
ab
ilit
y
to
f
o
r
m
an
ef
f
icien
t
ac
tiv
e
lay
er
with
in
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll.
T
h
ese
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
lik
ely
im
p
ac
ted
t
h
e
m
ater
ial’
s
ca
p
a
city
to
g
en
er
ate
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
in
ter
f
ac
e
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
ch
ar
g
e
s
ep
ar
atio
n
a
n
d
co
l
lectio
n
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
th
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
0
%
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
T
h
is
in
s
tan
ce
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
m
ater
ial
f
r
esh
n
ess
an
d
q
u
ality
co
n
tr
o
l
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
v
iab
le
OSC
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
h
i
g
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
m
ater
ial
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
r
esear
ch
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
en
d
ea
v
o
r
s
with
in
th
is
f
ield
.
Als
o
,
J
-
V
s
tu
d
ies
o
f
PC
D
T
B
T
:PC
B
M
an
d
PTB7
:P
C
B
M
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
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Fig
u
r
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7
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Fab
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icate
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a)
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b
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Fig
u
r
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8
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ased
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ile
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esh
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ater
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.
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u
te
o
f
Re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
S
t
u
d
ies
.
S
h
e
d
id
B.
S
c
.
i
n
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
fro
m
S
t.
T
h
o
m
a
s
Co
l
leg
e
u
n
d
e
r
Ca
li
c
u
t
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Ke
ra
la,
I
n
d
ia
a
n
d
M
.
S
c
.
i
n
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
fro
m
Ja
m
ia
M
il
li
a
Isla
m
ia,
Ne
w
De
lh
i,
In
d
i
a
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
k
a
rth
ik
a
k
rish
n
a
k
u
m
a
r1
8
7
5
2
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Dr
.
As
h
ish
G
r
o
v
e
r
p
re
se
n
tl
y
wo
rk
in
g
a
s
a
ss
o
c
iate
p
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
a
t
M
a
n
a
v
Ra
c
h
n
a
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
In
sti
tu
te
o
f
Re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
S
tu
d
ies
,
F
a
rid
a
b
a
d
,
Ha
ry
a
n
a
,
In
d
ia
sin
c
e
Au
g
u
st
2
0
1
0
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
a
lso
wo
r
k
e
d
a
t
A
p
e
e
j
a
y
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
S
o
h
n
a
,
Gu
rg
a
o
n
,
Ha
ry
a
n
a
,
In
d
ia.
S
h
e
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
re
se
a
rc
h
p
a
p
e
rs
i
n
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
,
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
ls.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
a
re
a
s
in
c
lu
d
e
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
m
a
c
h
in
e
s,
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s,
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
s
u
sta
in
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
rg
y
,
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
v
e
h
icle
s,
a
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
OT.
Dr.
As
h
is
h
G
ro
v
e
r
is
a
li
fe
ti
m
e
m
e
m
b
e
r
in
In
stit
u
ti
o
n
s
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r’s
a
n
d
a
li
fe
ti
m
e
m
e
m
b
e
r
in
In
d
ian
so
c
iety
o
f
tec
h
n
ica
l
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
a
sh
ish
g
r
o
v
e
r.
fe
t@m
riu
.
e
d
u
.
i
n
.
Pro
f.
Dr
.
Pa
r
d
e
e
p
K
u
m
a
r
is
a
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r,
P
r
o
-
Vic
e
Ch
a
n
c
e
ll
o
r
,
a
n
d
De
a
n
,
o
f
M
a
n
a
v
Ra
c
h
n
a
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
In
s
ti
tu
te
o
f
Re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
S
t
u
d
ies
,
F
a
rid
a
b
a
d
h
a
s
3
0
y
e
a
rs
o
f
tea
c
h
in
g
a
n
d
re
se
a
rc
h
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
.
He
d
i
d
h
is
B.
S
c
.
(H
o
n
s.)
P
h
y
sic
s
fro
m
De
lh
i
Un
i
v
e
rsity
(In
d
ia),
M
.
S
c
.
fro
m
Ja
m
ia
M
il
l
ia
Isla
m
ia
,
a
n
d
P
h
.
D
.
fro
m
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
P
h
y
sic
a
l
Lab
o
ra
to
r
y
(In
d
ia).
He
h
a
s
a
u
t
h
o
re
d
6
b
o
o
k
s
a
n
d
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
2
9
re
se
a
rc
h
p
a
p
e
r
s
in
Na
ti
o
n
a
l,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
rn
a
ls
a
n
d
in
t
h
e
p
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
P
ro
f.
Ku
m
a
r
is
a
Li
fe
M
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
In
d
ian
P
h
y
sic
s
As
so
c
iatio
n
a
n
d
M
e
teo
ro
l
o
g
ica
l
S
o
c
iety
o
f
In
d
ia.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
a
re
a
s
in
c
lu
d
e
las
e
r
p
h
o
to
a
c
o
u
stic
,
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
o
f
m
a
teria
ls,
EC
R
et
c
h
in
g
,
a
n
d
so
i
-
g
e
l
g
las
s
m
a
teria
ls.
He
h
a
s
m
a
jo
r
c
o
n
tri
b
u
ti
o
n
s
in
se
v
e
ra
l
m
a
jo
r
re
se
a
rc
h
p
r
o
jec
ts
a
t
Ja
m
ia
M
il
li
a
Isla
m
ia
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
In
d
ia.
P
ro
f
.
Ku
m
a
r
is
a
n
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
ist,
v
isio
n
a
ry
lea
d
e
r,
a
n
d
c
a
m
p
a
ig
n
e
r
with
a
n
imp
a
c
t
fo
r
so
c
ial
c
a
u
se
s
with
m
o
re
th
a
n
3
0
y
e
a
rs
o
f
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
in
tea
c
h
in
g
,
OBE
e
x
p
e
rt,
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
n
g
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
,
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
e
d
re
se
a
rc
h
,
li
a
iso
n
with
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
b
o
d
ies
,
e
x
p
e
rti
se
in
c
o
rp
o
ra
te
a
ffa
irs
,
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
in
c
o
ll
a
b
o
ra
ti
o
n
s
wit
h
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
u
n
iv
e
rsiti
e
s.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
p
v
c
.
p
k
@m
riu
.
e
d
u
.
i
n
.
Dr
.
As
it
Pa
tr
a
is
a
se
n
i
o
r
p
ri
n
c
ip
a
l
sc
ien
ti
st
a
t
CS
IR
-
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
P
h
y
sic
a
l
lab
o
ra
to
r
y
,
Ne
w
De
lh
i.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
P
h
.
D
.
fr
o
m
t
h
e
I
n
d
ia
n
I
n
stit
u
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Kh
a
ra
g
p
u
r
.
Afte
r
wo
rk
in
g
a
s
a
P
o
st
d
o
c
t
o
ra
l
fe
ll
o
w
fr
o
m
2
0
0
6
to
2
0
0
9
in
P
r
o
f.
M
ich
a
e
l
Be
n
d
ik
o
v
’s
g
r
o
u
p
a
t
th
e
Weiz
m
a
n
n
In
stit
u
te
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
,
Isra
e
l,
h
e
jo
in
e
d
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
P
ro
f
.
G
.
C.
Ba
z
a
n
a
t
UCSB,
USA.
Afte
r
a
M
a
r
ie
Cu
rie
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
P
o
s
td
o
c
t
o
ra
l
F
e
ll
o
ws
h
ip
a
t
t
h
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ca
m
b
rid
g
e
,
U
.
K.
with
P
ro
f.
J.
R
.
Nitsc
h
k
e
,
h
e
j
o
i
n
e
d
C
S
IR
-
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
P
h
y
sic
a
l
Lab
o
ra
to
r
y
in
2
0
1
2
.
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
6
5
re
se
a
rc
h
p
a
p
e
rs
in
S
CI
Jo
u
r
n
a
ls.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
l
u
d
e
th
e
sy
n
t
h
e
sis
o
f
c
o
n
ju
g
a
ted
m
o
lec
u
les
/p
o
ly
m
e
rs,
su
p
ra
m
o
lec
u
lar
c
h
e
m
istry
a
n
d
m
e
tallo
p
o
l
y
m
e
r,
o
rg
a
n
ic
e
lec
tro
n
ic
m
a
teria
ls,
o
rg
a
n
ic
a
n
d
p
e
ro
v
s
k
it
e
so
lar
c
e
ll
s
a
n
d
d
e
v
ice
fa
b
rica
ti
o
n
,
o
r
g
a
n
ic
e
lec
tro
c
h
e
m
istry
,
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
m
e
th
o
d
s
to
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
i
n
o
rg
a
n
ic/m
a
t
e
rials ch
e
m
istry
.
H
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
a
p
a
tra@n
p
li
n
d
ia.
o
rg
.
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