I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Rec
o
nfig
ura
ble a
nd
E
m
be
dd
e
d Sy
s
t
e
m
s
(
I
J
R
E
S)
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
5
,
p
p
.
2
0
8
~
2
2
0
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
r
es
.
v
1
4
.
i
1
.
pp
2
0
8
-
220
208
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
r
es.ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Low
-
no
ise a
m
plif
ier w
ith
pre
-
disto
rtion a
rchit
ectu
re
f
o
r ul
tra
-
w
ide band
appli
c
a
tion in radio
f
r
e
quency
P
ra
deep
K
u
m
a
r
Sid
da
n
na
,
P
a
ra
m
esh
a
cha
ri
B
ida
re
Div
a
k
a
ra
cha
ri
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s a
n
d
C
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
N
i
t
t
e
M
e
e
n
a
k
s
h
i
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
e
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Y
e
l
a
h
a
n
k
a
,
I
n
d
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Au
g
2
1
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
i
s
ed
Oct
4
,
2
0
2
4
A
cc
ep
ted
Oct
1
8
,
2
0
2
4
Ultra
-
w
id
e
b
a
n
d
(UW
B)
is
a
w
ir
e
les
s
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
d
e
p
lo
y
e
d
f
o
r
tran
sm
it
ti
n
g
d
a
ta at h
ig
h
ra
tes
o
v
e
r
sh
o
rt
d
ista
n
c
e
s.
S
im
il
a
r
to
W
i
-
F
i
a
n
d
Blu
e
to
o
th
,
UW
B
is
a
ra
d
io
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
(RF
)
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
th
a
t
o
p
e
ra
tes
v
ia
ra
d
io
w
a
v
e
s.
T
o
re
m
o
v
e
m
in
o
r
n
o
ise
a
n
d
g
li
tch
e
s,
lo
w
n
o
ise
a
m
p
li
f
ier
(L
N
A
)
is
re
q
u
ired
b
e
c
a
u
se
it
a
m
p
li
f
ie
s
we
a
k
si
g
n
a
ls
w
it
h
o
u
t
sig
n
if
ica
n
tl
y
a
d
d
in
g
n
o
ise
.
Ho
w
e
v
e
r,
UW
B
h
a
s
m
u
lt
ip
le
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
ies
th
a
t
re
q
u
ire
c
o
e
ff
icie
n
t
c
h
a
n
g
e
d
u
e
to
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
v
a
riatio
n
s.
W
h
e
n
lo
w
-
p
a
ss
f
il
ter
(L
P
F
)
is
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
to
s
o
lv
e
th
i
s,
u
p
d
a
tes
a
re
n
e
c
e
ss
a
r
y
to
m
a
n
a
g
e
d
e
la
y
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
b
e
c
a
u
se
th
e
L
P
F
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
is
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
to
L
NA
to
in
c
re
a
se
d
e
lay
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
.
I
n
th
is
re
se
a
rc
h
,
L
N
A
w
it
h
a
p
re
-
d
isto
rti
o
n
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
is
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
to
re
m
o
v
e
m
in
o
r
n
o
ise
s
a
n
d
sm
a
ll
g
li
tch
e
s.
I
t
is
p
r
o
c
e
ss
e
d
b
y
u
sin
g
p
re
-
d
ist
o
rt
io
n
a
s
a
n
a
c
ti
v
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
w
h
ich
re
d
u
c
e
s
d
e
lay
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
in
UW
B.
T
h
e
p
re
-
d
isto
rt
io
n
p
r
o
c
e
ss
o
p
e
ra
tes
in
t
h
e
su
b
th
re
sh
o
l
d
v
o
lt
a
g
e
ra
n
g
e
b
y
p
ro
v
id
i
n
g
a
tran
sisto
r
to
e
a
c
h
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
a
s
in
p
u
t,
in
t
u
rn
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
r
e
d
u
c
in
g
th
e
n
o
ise
.
T
h
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
L
NA
with
p
re
-
d
ist
o
rti
o
n
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
is
d
e
v
e
lo
p
e
d
o
n
1
8
0
-
n
m
c
o
m
p
le
m
e
n
tar
y
m
e
tal
-
o
x
id
e
se
m
ico
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
(CM
OS)
te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
u
sin
g
Ca
d
e
n
se
A
S
IC
to
o
l
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
a
c
h
iev
e
s
a
n
o
ise
f
ig
u
re
(NF)
o
f
2
.
1
6
d
B
a
n
d
les
s
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
o
f
4
3
.
0
6
×
10
-
6
W
w
h
e
n
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
to
t
h
e
e
x
isti
n
g
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
n
a
m
e
l
y
,
c
a
s
c
a
d
e
a
m
p
li
f
iers
,
W
-
b
a
n
d
L
N
A
,
re
f
lec
ti
o
n
les
s
re
c
e
iv
e
r
(RX
),
a
n
d
b
r
o
a
d
b
a
n
d
RF
re
c
e
iv
e
r
f
ro
n
t
-
e
n
d
c
ircu
it
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
m
p
le
m
en
tar
y
m
etal
-
o
x
id
e
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
L
N
A
w
i
th
p
r
e
-
d
i
s
to
r
tio
n
L
o
w
-
p
a
s
s
f
ilter
No
is
e
f
i
g
u
r
e
R
ad
io
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
Ultr
a
w
id
e
b
an
d
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
P
r
ad
ee
p
Ku
m
ar
Sid
d
an
n
a
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
E
lectr
o
n
ics a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
,
Nitte
Me
e
n
a
k
s
h
i I
n
s
tit
u
te
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Yela
h
a
n
k
a,
B
en
g
al
u
r
u
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
P
r
ad
ee
p
k
u
m
ar
.
s
@
n
m
it
.
ac
.
in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
A
lo
w
n
o
i
s
e
a
m
p
l
if
ier
(
L
N
A
)
is
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
a
r
ad
io
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
(
R
F
)
f
r
o
n
t
-
en
d
r
ec
eiv
er
s
y
s
te
m
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
R
ec
en
tl
y
,
th
e
L
N
A
p
o
w
er
a
m
p
li
f
ier
m
o
d
u
le
w
it
h
i
n
teg
r
ated
d
u
p
lex
er
s
is
u
s
ed
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
R
F
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
i
n
h
i
g
h
-
e
n
d
p
latf
o
r
m
s
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
all
y
,
r
esis
ti
v
e/r
ea
ctiv
e,
b
alan
ce
d
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
,
an
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
b
an
d
w
i
d
t
h
.
T
h
e
b
alan
ce
d
am
p
li
f
ier
in
v
o
l
v
es
t
w
o
3
d
B
q
u
ad
r
atu
r
e
co
u
p
ler
s
an
d
t
w
o
id
en
tical
a
m
p
li
f
ier
s
.
I
t
i
s
v
iab
le
to
attai
n
in
p
u
t/o
u
tp
u
t
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
an
d
g
o
o
d
g
ai
n
f
latn
e
s
s
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
3
d
B
co
u
p
ler
s
o
b
tain
a
lar
g
e
ar
ea
an
d
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
n
o
is
e
to
th
e
cir
cu
it
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
li
n
e
co
n
tai
n
s
a
d
r
ain
lin
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
an
d
d
r
ain
-
s
o
u
r
ce
ca
p
ac
ito
r
d
ev
ice,
a
g
ate
lin
e
i
n
d
u
c
to
r
,
an
d
g
ate
-
s
o
u
r
ce
ca
p
ac
ito
r
d
ev
ice
[
6
]
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
g
ain
ce
ll
s
ar
e
ad
d
ed
an
d
a
m
p
l
if
ied
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
u
ltra
w
id
e
b
an
d
(
UW
B
)
f
ea
tu
r
es
[
7
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
m
u
ltip
le
g
ai
n
ce
lls
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
lar
g
e
ar
ea
w
h
ic
h
r
esu
lt
s
in
h
i
g
h
n
o
is
e
a
n
d
h
ig
h
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
i
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
a
m
p
li
f
ier
s
[
8
]
.
R
ec
en
tl
y
,
t
h
er
e
h
a
s
b
ee
n
a
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
in
ter
e
s
t
in
R
F
-
b
ased
d
ev
ice
-
f
r
ee
s
e
n
s
in
g
an
d
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
lev
er
ag
i
n
g
t
h
e
av
a
ilab
ilit
y
o
f
p
h
y
s
ic
al
-
la
y
er
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
(
c
h
an
n
el
r
esp
o
n
s
e)
f
o
r
lo
w
-
co
s
t
co
m
m
er
cia
l
r
ad
io
d
ev
ices
lik
e
UW
B
,
Wi
-
Fi
,
an
d
R
F
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
Lo
w
-
n
o
is
e
a
mp
lifi
er w
ith
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
fo
r
u
ltr
a
-
w
id
e
b
a
n
d
…
(
P
r
a
d
ee
p
K
u
m
a
r
S
id
d
a
n
n
a
)
209
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
[
9
]
.
W
ith
o
u
t
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
attac
h
m
en
t
o
r
v
is
ib
ilit
y
o
f
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
to
th
e
u
s
er
s
,
p
as
s
iv
e
RF
-
b
ased
s
en
s
in
g
is
s
ig
n
i
f
ic
an
t
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
l
icatio
n
s
th
at
co
n
s
id
er
s
ec
u
r
it
y
,
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
p
r
iv
ac
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
1
0
]
.
C
er
tain
R
F
b
an
d
s
lik
e
2
.
4
an
d
5
GHz
ar
e
g
r
ea
tl
y
p
o
p
u
lated
b
an
d
s
th
at
o
f
f
er
co
v
er
ag
e
a
n
d
co
n
n
ec
ti
v
it
y
,
b
u
t
h
a
v
e
m
u
c
h
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
lar
g
e
d
em
a
n
d
o
f
o
t
h
er
d
ev
ices
[
1
1
]
.
T
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
d
em
a
n
d
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
er
d
ata
r
ates
an
d
g
r
ea
ter
s
y
s
te
m
ca
p
ac
itie
s
o
f
w
ir
eles
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
,
5
G
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
i
s
m
o
v
i
n
g
to
w
ar
d
s
m
m
-
w
a
v
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cie
s
[
1
2
]
.
A
s
t
h
e
ca
r
r
ie
r
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
es,
i
t
b
ec
o
m
es
c
h
alle
n
g
in
g
to
m
an
a
g
e
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
n
o
is
e
in
L
N
A
w
h
i
ch
i
s
a
r
ec
ei
v
er
k
e
y
b
lo
ck
,
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
n
o
is
e
f
i
g
u
r
e
(
NF)
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
m
eta
l
o
x
id
e
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
(
MO
S)
d
ev
ice
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
its
o
p
er
ati
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
[
1
3
]
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
n
o
is
e
-
m
atc
h
i
n
g
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
w
i
th
b
an
d
-
p
as
s
f
ilter
s
(
B
P
F),
lo
w
-
p
as
s
f
ilter
(
L
P
F)
,
an
d
h
ig
h
p
ass
f
ilter
(
HP
F)
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
th
a
t
ex
h
ib
it
h
i
g
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
L
N
A
in
th
e
co
m
p
le
m
e
n
tar
y
m
eta
l
-
o
x
id
e
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
(
C
MO
S)
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
UW
B
h
as
m
u
lt
ip
le
f
r
eq
u
en
cie
s
w
h
ic
h
r
eq
u
ir
e
to
ch
an
g
e
co
ef
f
ic
ien
t
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
W
h
e
n
u
s
i
n
g
an
L
P
F
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
i
s
,
u
p
d
ates
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
alo
n
g
w
it
h
a
L
P
F
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
L
NA
w
h
ich
in
cr
ea
s
es
t
h
e
d
ela
y
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
C
h
u
n
g
a
n
d
I
liad
is
[
1
6
]
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
a
ca
s
ca
d
e
am
p
li
f
ier
w
ith
i
n
d
u
cti
v
e
lo
ad
an
d
g
e
n
er
atio
n
to
o
p
tim
ize
h
i
g
h
l
y
s
e
n
s
it
iv
e
L
N
A
f
o
r
R
F
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
ca
s
ca
d
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
w
as
d
e
s
p
ite
th
e
s
li
g
h
tl
y
h
i
g
h
N
F
d
u
e
to
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
o
n
e
m
o
r
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
th
a
n
th
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
g
ate
an
d
co
m
m
o
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
ca
s
ca
d
e
am
p
lif
ier
to
p
o
lo
g
y
w
a
s
b
en
ef
icia
l
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
g
ai
n
,
li
n
ea
r
it
y
,
a
n
d
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
u
a
l
-
tr
an
s
is
to
r
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
at
io
n
w
h
ich
r
ed
u
ce
d
ea
r
l
y
v
o
lta
g
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
an
d
Mil
l
er
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
t
h
e
ca
s
ca
d
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
m
o
r
e
n
o
is
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
tag
e
w
h
ic
h
i
m
p
ac
ted
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
N
F in
L
N
A
.
Ag
ar
w
al
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
s
u
g
g
es
ted
a
n
ar
r
o
w
b
an
d
in
d
u
ce
r
d
eg
en
er
ated
ca
s
ca
d
ed
L
NA
d
esi
g
n
f
o
r
attain
i
n
g
ef
f
icien
t
N
A
an
d
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
g
ain
in
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
I
n
itiall
y
,
th
e
n
ar
r
o
w
b
a
n
d
in
d
u
c
er
d
eg
en
er
ated
th
e
ca
s
ca
d
ed
L
N
A
d
es
ig
n
a
n
al
y
z
ed
in
p
u
t
m
atc
h
i
n
g
v
al
u
e
s
,
h
i
g
h
g
ai
n
,
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
r
ev
er
s
e
is
o
latio
n
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
v
alu
e
s
.
T
h
ese
v
al
u
es
w
er
e
p
lo
tted
in
a
S
m
i
th
c
h
ar
t
af
ter
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
an
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
S
-
p
ar
a
m
eter
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
NA
w
as
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
i
n
d
u
cto
r
d
eg
en
er
atio
n
ad
o
p
ted
in
L
N
A
,
w
h
ic
h
ev
e
n
t
u
all
y
r
ai
s
ed
th
e
g
ain
an
d
li
m
ited
n
o
is
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
n
ar
r
o
w
b
a
n
d
ca
s
ca
d
e
L
N
A
s
u
f
f
er
ed
f
r
o
m
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
n
d
d
ela
y
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
i
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
m
u
lti
p
le
ca
s
ca
d
e
s
ta
g
es.
Ha
m
d
i
[
1
8
]
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
W
-
b
an
d
L
N
A
in
C
MO
S
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
w
id
eb
an
d
an
d
n
ar
r
o
w
b
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
L
N
A
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
ex
ten
s
io
n
s
o
f
i
n
p
u
t
m
atc
h
i
n
g
b
an
d
w
id
th
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
d
eg
en
er
atio
n
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
o
p
ti
m
ized
at
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
ce
n
ter
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
T
h
e
L
N
A
d
esi
g
n
w
as
b
ased
o
n
an
a
g
r
ee
a
b
le
tr
ad
eo
f
f
b
et
w
ee
n
N
A
a
n
d
g
ai
n
w
h
ic
h
led
to
h
ig
h
li
n
ea
r
it
y
a
n
d
b
etter
b
ilater
al
s
tab
ilit
y
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
a
n
in
p
u
t
th
ir
d
-
o
r
d
er
in
ter
ce
p
t
p
o
in
t.
H
o
w
e
v
er
,
W
-
b
an
d
L
N
A
f
ac
ed
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
ies
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
u
e
to
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
i
n
th
e
C
MO
S
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
ca
li
n
g
at
h
i
g
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
,
i
m
p
ac
ti
n
g
b
o
th
n
ar
r
o
w
b
an
d
an
d
w
id
eb
an
d
.
Den
g
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
r
ef
lectio
n
les
s
r
ec
eiv
er
(
R
X)
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
i
n
-
b
a
n
d
in
ter
m
o
d
u
latio
n
an
d
h
ig
h
-
o
r
d
er
m
i
x
i
n
g
p
r
o
d
u
cts.
T
h
e
R
X
h
ad
a
d
o
u
b
le
-
b
alan
ce
p
ass
i
v
e
m
i
x
er
,
ab
s
o
r
p
tiv
e
in
ter
m
ed
iate
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
(
I
F)
a
m
p
li
f
ier
,
an
d
d
u
al
-
p
ath
n
o
is
e
n
o
is
e
-
ca
n
ce
l
in
g
L
N
A
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
ev
en
t
th
e
o
u
t
-
of
-
b
a
n
d
s
ig
n
a
l
r
ef
lecte
d
b
y
a
m
i
x
er
,
th
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tiv
e
I
F
am
p
li
f
ier
w
a
s
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
th
e
h
ig
h
-
o
r
d
er
m
i
x
in
g
p
r
o
d
u
cts
an
d
in
ter
m
o
d
u
latio
n
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
o
u
t
-
of
-
b
an
d
r
e
m
i
x
i
n
g
s
i
g
n
als.
T
h
e
d
u
al
-
p
ath
n
o
i
s
e
ca
n
ce
li
n
g
L
NA
w
as
u
tili
ze
d
to
ac
h
iev
e
N
A
at
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
w
id
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
R
X
s
u
f
f
er
ed
f
r
o
m
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
n
o
is
e
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
in
s
er
tio
n
lo
s
s
o
f
r
e
f
lecti
v
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
w
h
ic
h
d
eg
r
ad
ed
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Z
h
o
u
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
p
r
esen
ted
a
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
R
F
r
ec
eiv
er
f
r
o
n
t
-
en
d
cir
cu
it
f
o
r
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
i
n
g
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
d
u
al
-
p
ath
n
o
is
e
-
ca
n
ce
li
n
g
L
N
A
cir
cu
it
w
a
s
d
esig
n
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
b
al
u
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
a
lit
y
a
n
d
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
m
atc
h
i
n
g
w
it
h
o
u
t
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
on
-
c
h
ip
in
d
u
cto
r
s
.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
o
f
I
Q
l
o
ca
l
o
s
cillato
r
(
L
O)
g
en
er
atio
n
w
as
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
i
n
R
F
to
g
en
er
ate
n
o
n
-
o
v
er
lap
p
in
g
s
i
g
n
a
ls
w
it
h
a
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
w
h
ic
h
m
i
n
i
m
ized
th
e
m
i
x
er
’
s
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
its
g
ain
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
b
r
o
a
d
b
an
d
R
F
r
ec
eiv
er
s
s
tr
u
g
g
led
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
f
ilter
o
u
t
u
n
w
a
n
ted
s
ig
n
als
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
r
o
ad
e
r
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
an
g
e.
Fro
m
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
a
n
al
y
s
is
,
t
h
e
e
x
i
s
tin
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
s
ee
n
to
h
av
e
li
m
itatio
n
s
li
k
e
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
m
o
r
e
n
o
is
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
tag
e
an
d
in
s
er
tio
n
lo
s
s
o
f
r
ef
l
ec
ti
v
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
an
d
d
ela
y
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
cl
u
s
io
n
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
ca
s
ca
d
e
s
ta
g
es.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
UW
B
h
as
m
u
ltip
le
f
r
eq
u
en
cie
s
w
h
ic
h
r
eq
u
ir
e
to
th
e
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
to
b
e
ch
an
g
e
d
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
v
ar
iat
io
n
.
W
h
e
n
u
s
i
n
g
a
n
L
P
F
to
ad
d
r
ess
t
h
i
s
,
u
p
d
ates
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
m
an
ag
e
d
ela
y
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
b
ec
a
u
s
e
L
P
F
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
L
N
A
w
h
ic
h
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
ela
y
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
-
s
tated
p
r
o
b
lem
s
n
ee
d
to
b
e
s
o
lv
ed
,
h
en
ce
ta
k
en
a
s
th
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
c
h
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
L
N
A
w
ith
p
r
e
-
d
i
s
to
r
tio
n
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
r
em
o
v
e
m
i
n
o
r
n
o
is
es
an
d
s
m
all
g
litc
h
es
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
as
a
p
ass
i
v
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
w
h
ich
r
ed
u
ce
s
d
ela
y
an
d
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
UW
B
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
s
o
f
t
h
i
s
r
esear
ch
ar
e
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
i)
th
e
L
N
A
d
es
ig
n
u
ti
lizes
a
n
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
ca
lled
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
a
lin
ea
r
izatio
n
m
et
h
o
d
to
s
u
p
p
r
ess
in
ter
-
m
o
d
u
latio
n
d
is
to
r
tio
n
in
L
N
A
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
ar
ch
i
tectu
r
e
o
b
tai
n
s
h
i
g
h
p
o
w
er
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
an
d
b
etter
li
n
ea
r
it
y
b
y
m
i
n
i
m
izi
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
an
d
s
ig
n
al
d
is
to
r
tio
n
;
ii)
t
h
e
L
N
A
w
it
h
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
o
p
er
ates
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
s
u
b
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
o
lta
g
e
r
an
g
e
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
tr
an
s
is
to
r
to
ea
ch
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
as
an
i
n
p
u
t
w
h
ic
h
g
e
n
er
ates
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
s
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
n
o
is
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
l
y
.
A
d
d
itio
n
al
l
y
,
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
i
n
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
;
an
d
iii)
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
o
n
180
-
n
m
C
MO
S tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
in
g
C
ad
en
s
e
A
SIC to
o
l.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4864
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
5
:
2
0
8
-
220
210
T
h
is
p
ap
er
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
s
ec
tio
n
2
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
in
d
etail
.
S
ec
tio
n
3
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
L
N
A
w
it
h
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
,
w
h
ile
s
ec
ti
o
n
4
in
d
icate
s
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
s
a
n
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
.
L
astl
y
,
s
ec
tio
n
5
s
u
m
m
ar
izes t
h
e
o
v
er
all
co
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
n
th
is
r
esear
c
h
,
th
e
L
N
A
w
it
h
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
n
o
is
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
T
h
e
R
F
r
ec
eiv
er
co
n
tai
n
s
L
N
A
,
Mi
x
er
,
L
P
F,
an
a
lo
g
to
d
ig
ital
co
n
v
er
ter
(
A
D
C
)
,
an
d
co
d
e
w
o
r
d
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
I
n
itiall
y
,
t
h
e
an
a
lo
g
s
ig
n
al
i
s
p
ass
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
L
N
A
to
a
m
p
li
f
y
w
ea
k
i
n
co
m
in
g
s
ig
n
al
s
,
w
h
er
e
t
h
is
L
N
A
e
m
p
lo
y
s
a
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
to
s
u
p
p
r
ess
t
h
e
in
t
er
-
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
d
is
to
r
tio
n
a
n
d
o
b
tain
h
ig
h
p
o
w
e
r
ef
f
icien
c
y
w
it
h
b
etter
lin
ea
r
it
y
.
T
h
en
,
th
e
s
i
g
n
al
is
f
ed
in
to
t
h
e
m
i
x
er
b
y
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
an
a
n
alo
g
s
ig
n
al
w
i
th
a
n
in
p
u
t
s
i
g
n
al
to
r
em
o
v
e
u
n
w
a
n
ted
n
o
is
e
in
th
e
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
en
,
L
P
A
is
u
s
ed
to
r
em
o
v
e
th
e
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
n
o
i
s
e
o
r
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
p
r
ese
n
t
i
n
a
s
ig
n
a
l.
A
DC
is
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
to
c
o
n
v
er
t
a
n
alo
g
s
ig
n
al
to
d
i
g
ita
l
s
ig
n
al.
F
in
al
l
y
,
a
co
d
e
w
o
r
d
d
etec
to
r
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
id
en
tify
th
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
s
i
g
n
al
to
b
e
r
ec
ei
v
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
d
eter
m
in
e
s
a
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
f
o
r
th
e
R
F
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
b
eg
in
s
b
y
p
as
s
in
g
t
h
e
an
a
lo
g
s
i
g
n
al
i
n
to
L
N
A
w
h
ic
h
d
etec
t
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
i
n
s
ig
n
al
s
,
w
h
ile
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
i
n
ter
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
in
t
er
f
er
en
ce
.
Fo
llo
w
in
g
th
i
s
,
m
i
x
er
,
L
P
F,
A
DC
,
an
d
co
d
e
w
o
r
d
d
etec
to
r
a
r
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
w
o
r
k
f
lo
w
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
is
e
x
p
lain
ed
:
−
I
n
itiall
y
,
th
e
a
n
alo
g
s
ig
n
al
i
s
f
ed
in
to
L
N
A
w
h
ic
h
d
etec
ts
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
i
n
th
e
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e
o
f
s
i
g
n
al.
−
L
N
A
u
til
ize
s
a
p
r
e
-
d
i
s
to
r
tio
n
ar
ch
itec
tu
r
e
to
s
u
p
p
r
ess
i
n
ter
-
m
o
d
u
lat
io
n
d
is
to
r
tio
n
in
L
N
A
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
ch
e
m
atic
L
N
A
d
iag
r
a
m
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
b
lo
ck
is
a
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
cir
cu
it
w
h
ic
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
b
y
ac
tiv
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
th
at
o
b
tain
h
i
g
h
p
o
w
er
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
a
n
d
b
etter
lin
ea
r
it
y
b
y
m
i
n
i
m
izi
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
an
d
s
ig
n
al
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
−
P
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
en
ab
les
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
w
it
h
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
e
f
f
i
cien
c
y
w
h
ic
h
ac
h
iev
e
s
lo
w
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
ef
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
in
p
u
t/o
u
tp
u
t
(
I
/O
)
an
d
d
is
to
r
tio
n
is
m
in
i
m
i
ze
d
,
an
d
h
en
ce
th
e
o
v
er
all
a
m
p
lif
ier
lin
ea
r
it
y
is
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
cir
cu
it b
ef
o
r
e
L
N
A
.
−
I
n
t
h
e
N
-
MO
S
tr
an
s
is
to
r
,
1
8
v
o
lts
tu
r
n
s
o
n
,
w
h
ile
0
v
o
lts
tu
r
n
s
o
f
f
.
I
n
t
h
e
P
-
MO
S
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
,
0
v
o
lt
s
ac
ti
v
ate
s
it,
w
h
i
le
th
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
o
ltag
e
tu
r
n
s
it o
f
f
.
T
h
en
,
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t i
s
g
e
n
er
ated
n
o
is
e
o
u
t n
o
is
e
-
f
r
ee
.
−
T
h
e
m
i
x
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
teg
r
ate
s
t
h
e
R
F in
p
u
t si
g
n
al
w
it
h
a
lo
ca
l o
s
cillato
r
(L
O
)
s
i
g
n
al.
T
h
is
m
i
x
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
g
en
er
ate
s
s
u
m
a
n
d
d
if
f
er
en
ce
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
−
T
h
en
,
th
e
m
i
x
er
o
u
tp
u
t
i
s
f
ed
in
to
L
P
F
to
ch
ec
k
w
h
et
h
er
it
co
n
tain
s
n
o
is
e.
Af
ter
eli
m
i
n
at
in
g
t
h
e
n
o
i
s
e,
A
D
C
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
co
n
v
er
t
an
an
alo
g
s
i
g
n
a
l in
to
a
d
ig
ita
l sig
n
al.
−
Fin
all
y
,
a
co
d
ew
o
r
d
d
etec
to
r
is
u
s
ed
to
i
d
en
tify
t
h
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
s
i
g
n
al
to
b
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
y
s
to
r
in
g
p
r
ed
eter
m
i
n
ed
p
atter
n
s
o
r
co
d
es c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
ig
n
al.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
F b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
3.
L
O
W
NO
I
S
E
AM
P
L
I
F
I
E
R
WI
T
H
P
R
E
-
DIS
T
O
R
T
I
O
N
ARCH
I
T
E
C
T
UR
E
L
N
A
w
it
h
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
i
s
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
n
o
i
s
e
an
d
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
UW
B
in
R
F.
T
h
e
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
co
m
p
e
n
s
ate
s
f
o
r
n
o
n
-
l
in
er
aite
s
i
n
L
N
A
a
n
d
en
h
a
n
ce
s
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
al
clar
it
y
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ar
citec
tu
r
e
is
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
f
o
r
m
a
n
ag
in
g
h
i
g
h
s
i
g
n
al
in
te
g
r
it
y
o
v
er
w
id
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
an
g
e
s
to
r
en
d
er
it
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
UW
B
s
y
s
te
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
Lo
w
-
n
o
is
e
a
mp
lifi
er w
ith
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
fo
r
u
ltr
a
-
w
id
e
b
a
n
d
…
(
P
r
a
d
ee
p
K
u
m
a
r
S
id
d
a
n
n
a
)
211
3
.
1
.
L
o
w
no
is
e
a
m
pli
f
ier
I
n
itiall
y
,
th
e
a
n
alo
g
s
ig
n
al
i
s
f
ed
in
to
L
N
A
w
h
ic
h
d
etec
ts
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
i
n
s
i
g
n
a
l
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e
an
d
p
la
y
s
a
p
r
im
ar
y
r
o
le
in
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
s
id
e.
I
n
an
R
F
r
ec
eiv
er
,
L
N
A
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
a
m
p
li
f
y
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
w
ea
k
i
n
co
m
i
n
g
s
ig
n
al
s
w
h
i
le
estab
li
s
h
i
n
g
m
i
n
i
m
al
ad
d
itio
n
al
n
o
is
e
w
h
ic
h
en
h
a
n
ce
s
th
e
r
ec
ei
v
er
’
s
s
e
n
s
it
iv
it
y
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
s
i
g
n
al
-
to
-
n
o
is
e
r
atio
.
L
N
A
i
s
ess
e
n
tial
i
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
th
at
n
ee
d
ac
cu
r
ate
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
s
u
c
h
as
i
n
w
ir
ele
s
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
n
d
R
F.
T
h
e
L
N
A
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
s
m
ai
n
l
y
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
r
ee
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
NF,
g
ain
,
an
d
in
p
u
t
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
a
m
p
li
f
ie
r
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
s
e
g
o
als
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
,
a
t
w
o
-
p
h
ase
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
u
tili
ze
d
w
it
h
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
a
s
e
o
p
ti
m
ized
f
o
r
lo
w
-
n
o
is
e
a
n
d
h
ig
h
-
g
ain
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e
a
i
m
s
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
lin
ea
r
i
t
y
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
1
d
b
p
o
in
t
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
b
y
e
m
p
lo
y
i
n
g
n
eg
ati
v
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
T
h
e
ca
s
ca
d
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
w
it
h
i
n
d
u
cti
v
e
d
eg
en
er
atio
n
is
u
tili
ze
d
to
en
ab
le
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
im
p
ed
an
ce
m
atc
h
in
g
an
d
is
o
latio
n
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
is
th
e
esti
m
at
io
n
o
f
th
e
o
p
ti
m
u
m
w
id
th
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t
tr
an
s
is
to
r
1
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
th
e
b
est
n
o
is
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
w
h
ic
h
is
ex
p
r
es
s
ed
in
(
1
)
:
1
=
1
=
1
3
(
1
)
w
h
er
e
,
,
,
an
d
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
l
y
r
e
p
r
esen
t
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
len
g
t
h
,
o
x
id
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
,
s
o
u
r
ce
r
esi
s
tan
ce
,
a
n
d
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
T
h
e
ca
s
c
ad
in
g
tr
an
s
is
to
r
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
2
is
s
a
m
e
as
t
h
at
o
f
2
.
T
h
is
n
ee
d
s
a
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
t
o
p
r
ev
en
t
t
h
e
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
o
f
n
o
is
e
2
an
d
M
iller
e
f
f
ec
t
1
.
T
h
e
r
ef
er
n
ce
cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
e
v
al
u
ated
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
cir
cu
i
t p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
g
ate
-
s
o
u
r
ce
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
o
f
tr
an
s
is
to
r
1
is
ex
p
r
es
s
ed
in
(
2
)
.
≅
2
3
1
(
2
)
T
r
an
s
is
to
r
3
is
u
tili
ze
d
as
an
L
N
A
b
iasi
n
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
t
h
at
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
a
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ir
r
o
r
w
i
th
1
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
n
o
is
e
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
th
e
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
w
id
th
3
is
s
et
to
a
1
f
r
ac
ti
o
n
.
Fro
m
(
3
)
,
it
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
t
h
at
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
d
u
cto
r
i
s
u
t
ilized
f
o
r
i
m
p
e
d
an
ce
m
atc
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
t
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
o
f
th
e
g
ate
is
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
in
p
u
t r
eso
n
a
n
ce
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
0
=
√
1
(
+
)
−
50
(
3
)
A
r
es
is
ta
n
ce
is
u
tili
ze
d
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
g
ate
-
s
o
u
r
ce
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
e
f
f
ec
t
i
n
3
tr
an
s
is
to
r
an
d
its
v
alu
e
is
2
-
4
Ω
in
0
.
1
8
.
T
y
p
ically
,
1
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
5
-
1
0
ti
m
es
>
.
A
t
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t,
an
i
n
d
u
cto
r
is
k
ep
t
at
t
h
e
d
r
ain
f
o
r
th
e
m
ai
n
r
ea
s
o
n
s
.
I
n
i
tiall
y
,
it
is
to
attai
n
t
h
e
d
esire
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
a
t
th
e
d
r
ain
in
d
u
c
to
r
th
at
r
eso
n
ates
b
y
th
e
o
v
er
all
d
r
ain
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
.
Nex
t,
it
g
en
er
ate
s
a
h
ig
h
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
a
b
etter
g
ain
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
g
ai
n
f
o
r
L
N
A
is
co
m
p
u
ted
a
s
f
o
r
m
u
lated
m
at
h
e
m
a
ticall
y
i
n
(
4
)
.
W
h
er
e,
1
in
d
icate
s
tr
an
s
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
o
f
1
,
1
r
ep
r
esen
ts
lo
ad
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
,
a
n
d
d
en
o
tes
n
et
w
o
r
k
q
u
alit
y
f
ac
to
r
in
i
n
p
u
t
m
atc
h
in
g
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
s
ch
e
m
atic
d
iag
r
a
m
f
o
r
L
N
A
.
≅
1
,
=
1
2
0
=
0
(
+
)
2
(
4
)
3
.
1
.
1
.
P
re
-
dis
t
o
rt
io
n
a
m
pli
f
ie
r
T
h
e
L
N
A
d
esi
g
n
u
t
ilizes
a
n
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
ca
lled
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
ti
o
n
w
h
ic
h
i
s
a
li
n
ea
r
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
th
at
s
u
p
p
r
ess
es
th
e
in
ter
-
m
o
d
u
lati
o
n
d
is
to
r
tio
n
i
n
L
N
A
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
ch
e
m
atic
L
N
A
d
iag
r
a
m
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
b
lo
c
k
is
a
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
cir
cu
it
w
h
ic
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
b
y
ac
tiv
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
.
I
n
th
at,
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
v
o
ltag
e
1
.
8
2
p
ea
k
v
o
ltag
e
(
)
is
g
i
v
en
to
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
w
h
ich
r
e
m
o
v
es
m
i
n
o
r
n
o
is
e.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
g
o
al
i
s
to
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
a
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
to
o
b
tain
h
ig
h
p
o
w
er
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
an
d
b
etter
lin
ea
r
it
y
b
y
m
i
n
i
m
i
zin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
a
n
d
s
ig
n
al
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
o
n
1
8
0
-
n
m
C
MO
S
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
w
h
ic
h
ac
h
ie
v
es
b
etter
li
n
ea
r
it
y
.
B
ef
o
r
e
am
p
li
f
icatio
n
,
th
e
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
ad
j
u
s
ts
th
e
s
i
g
n
al
th
at
r
ed
u
ce
s
d
is
to
r
tio
n
an
d
r
en
d
er
s
th
e
s
i
g
n
al
o
u
tp
u
t
m
atc
h
ab
le
to
th
e
in
p
u
t
w
h
i
c
h
lead
s
to
en
h
n
ac
ed
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
,
an
d
s
ig
n
al
q
u
alit
y
in
UW
B
.
Pre
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
g
en
er
ic
ter
m
s
ad
d
ed
i
n
th
e
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
th
at
h
elp
s
lin
ea
r
ize
th
e
m
in
o
r
n
o
is
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
b
y
m
a
k
i
n
g
s
u
itab
le
m
o
d
i
f
icatio
n
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
its
in
s
er
tio
n
at
t
h
e
f
r
o
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
m
ai
n
d
e
v
ice
to
ca
n
ce
l
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
d
i
s
to
r
tio
n
o
f
a
m
aj
o
r
d
ev
ice
to
th
e
I
/O
s
ig
n
al
an
d
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e
-
p
h
ase.
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
d
ep
icts
th
e
s
ch
e
m
at
ic
d
iag
r
a
m
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
cir
cu
it.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4864
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
5
:
2
0
8
-
220
212
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
s
ch
e
m
atic
d
ia
g
r
a
m
f
o
r
L
N
A
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
s
ch
e
m
atic
d
ia
g
r
a
m
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
cir
c
u
it
P
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
is
in
s
er
ted
in
at
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
d
ev
i
ce
an
d
h
en
ce
h
e
lp
s
to
ca
n
ce
l
m
o
d
u
latio
n
d
is
to
r
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
aj
o
r
d
ev
ice.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
r
o
le
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
e
-
d
i
s
to
r
tio
n
ar
ch
i
tectu
r
e
i
s
to
e
n
h
a
n
ce
li
n
e
ar
it
y
in
th
e
I
/O
b
r
o
a
d
r
an
g
e
w
it
h
o
u
t
N
F
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
.
T
h
is
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
en
ab
les
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
w
it
h
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
e
f
f
icien
c
y
,
alo
n
g
s
i
d
e
lo
w
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
ef
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
ac
h
iev
ed
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
I
/O
an
d
d
is
to
r
tio
n
is
m
i
n
i
m
ized
a
n
d
h
en
ce
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
a
m
p
li
f
ier
li
n
e
ar
it
y
is
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
cir
cu
i
t
b
ef
o
r
e
L
N
A
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
an
d
r
esis
to
r
ar
e
u
s
ed
a
s
lo
ad
s
to
f
ilter
o
u
t
p
as
s
iv
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
.
I
n
th
e
N
-
MO
S
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
,
1
8
v
o
lts
tu
r
n
s
o
n
,
wh
ile
0
v
o
lts
tu
r
n
s
o
f
f
.
I
n
th
e
P
-
MO
S
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
,
0
v
o
lts
t
u
r
n
s
o
n
,
w
h
ile
th
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
o
lta
g
e
t
u
r
n
s
o
f
f
.
T
h
en
,
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
is
g
e
n
er
ated
n
o
is
e
-
f
r
ee
b
y
eli
m
i
n
ati
n
g
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
Lo
w
-
n
o
is
e
a
mp
lifi
er w
ith
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
fo
r
u
ltr
a
-
w
id
e
b
a
n
d
…
(
P
r
a
d
ee
p
K
u
m
a
r
S
id
d
a
n
n
a
)
213
n
o
is
e.
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
in
d
icate
s
th
e
o
v
er
all
d
iag
r
a
m
f
o
r
th
e
L
N
A
-
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e.
T
h
en
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
is
f
ed
i
n
to
th
e
m
i
x
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
s
ch
e
m
at
i
c
d
iag
r
a
m
f
o
r
t
h
e
L
N
A
-
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
cir
cu
it
3
.
2
.
M
ix
er
T
h
e
m
ix
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
te
g
r
ates
t
h
e
R
F
i
n
p
u
t
s
i
g
n
al
w
it
h
l
in
ea
r
a
m
p
lifie
r
(
L
A
)
s
i
g
n
al
w
h
ich
g
en
er
ate
s
th
e
s
u
m
a
n
d
d
if
f
er
en
ce
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
a
s
i
n
g
le
m
ix
er
i
s
th
at
i
t
h
a
s
2
i
n
p
u
t
p
o
r
ts
an
d
1
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
r
t.
I
t
in
teg
r
ates
a
ca
r
r
ier
s
ig
n
al
R
F
s
u
b
j
ec
t
to
d
o
w
n
-
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
[
2
3
]
o
r
u
p
-
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
w
it
h
i
n
p
u
t
f
r
o
m
a
L
O.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
o
f
m
i
x
er
ar
e
tim
e
-
v
ar
ia
n
ce
an
d
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
it
y
,
an
d
th
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
is
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
in
th
e
ti
m
e
d
o
m
ain
b
y
m
u
ltip
l
y
i
n
g
2
in
p
u
t
s
i
g
n
als
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
n
u
m
er
icall
y
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
i
n
(
5
)
an
d
(
6
)
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
m
i
x
er
is
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
i
n
(
7
)
.
T
h
e
m
ix
er
o
u
tp
u
t
co
n
tai
n
s
t
h
e
s
u
m
a
n
d
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
s
i
g
n
al
a
n
d
L
O
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
T
h
en
,
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
th
e
m
i
x
er
is
f
ed
in
to
L
P
F to
eli
m
i
n
ate
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
n
o
i
s
e.
(
)
=
1
(
5
)
(
)
=
2
(
6
)
(
)
.
(
)
=
1
.
2
=
2
(
1
−
2
)
+
2
(
1
+
2
)
(
7
)
3
.
3
.
L
P
F
,
ADC,
a
nd
co
dewo
r
d det
ec
t
o
r
Af
ter
t
h
e
m
i
x
er
o
p
er
atio
n
,
th
e
L
P
F
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
ch
ec
k
i
f
it
co
n
tai
n
s
n
o
is
e
i
n
a
s
ig
n
al.
I
n
s
i
g
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
an
L
P
F
[
2
4
]
is
c
o
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
tili
ze
d
to
r
e
m
o
v
e
o
r
atten
u
ate
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
f
r
o
m
a
s
ig
n
al
w
h
e
n
allo
w
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
lo
w
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
I
n
d
ata
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
,
it
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
clar
it
y
o
f
s
ig
n
al
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
er
r
o
r
s
w
h
i
ch
m
a
k
e
it
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
ex
ac
t
s
i
g
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
c
ess
ass
is
t
s
in
is
o
lati
n
g
th
e
d
esire
d
lo
w
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
m
a
k
i
n
g
it
ea
s
ier
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
s
ig
n
al
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
Af
ter
r
e
m
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
o
is
e,
th
e
ADC
[
2
5
]
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
co
n
v
er
t
a
n
an
alo
g
s
i
g
n
al
in
to
a
d
ig
ital
s
ig
n
a
l.
I
t
d
eter
m
in
e
s
th
e
a
n
alo
g
i
n
p
u
t
at
r
eg
u
lar
i
n
t
er
v
als,
q
u
a
n
tize
s
t
h
e
v
al
u
es
o
f
s
a
m
p
le
s
i
n
to
a
b
in
ar
y
co
d
e,
an
d
ass
ig
n
s
d
ig
ita
l
v
alu
e
s
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
s
.
Af
ter
co
n
v
er
tin
g
to
a
d
ig
ital
s
i
g
n
al,
t
h
e
co
d
e
w
o
r
d
d
etec
to
r
is
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
to
id
en
ti
f
y
t
h
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
s
ig
n
al
to
b
e
r
e
ce
iv
ed
,
w
h
ile
s
to
r
i
n
g
p
r
ed
eter
m
i
n
e
d
co
d
es
o
r
p
atter
n
s
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
s
ig
n
a
ls
.
Usi
n
g
an
L
N
A
w
it
h
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
in
th
e
R
F
r
ec
eiv
er
en
ab
les
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
lin
ea
r
it
y
,
r
ed
u
ce
s
n
o
is
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
b
y
m
a
in
tai
n
i
n
g
a
h
i
g
h
s
i
g
n
a
l
-
to
-
n
o
i
s
e
r
atio
,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es lo
w
p
o
w
er
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
u
e
to
o
p
tim
ized
s
ig
n
al
h
an
d
li
n
g
,
r
es
u
lti
n
g
in
o
v
er
al
l e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
g
ai
n
s
i
n
R
F r
ec
eiv
er
f
o
r
U
W
B
ap
p
licatio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4864
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
5
:
2
0
8
-
220
214
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
L
NA
w
it
h
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
is
s
i
m
u
lated
b
y
u
tili
zi
n
g
th
e
C
ad
en
ce
A
s
ic
to
o
l
an
d
1
8
0
-
n
m
C
MO
S
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
L
N
A
a
m
p
li
f
ie
s
th
e
w
e
ak
in
co
m
i
n
g
s
i
g
n
als
w
h
ile
e
s
tab
lis
h
in
g
m
i
n
i
m
a
l
ad
d
itio
n
al
n
o
is
e
w
h
ich
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
s
i
g
n
al
-
to
-
n
o
i
s
e
r
atio
.
P
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
li
n
ea
r
izes
t
h
e
L
N
A
b
y
m
a
k
i
n
g
s
u
itab
le
m
o
d
i
f
icat
io
n
s
b
y
i
n
s
er
ti
n
g
it
at
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
m
ai
n
d
ev
i
ce
to
r
em
o
v
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
d
is
to
r
tio
n
o
f
a
m
aj
o
r
d
ev
ice
o
n
th
e
I
/O
s
i
g
n
al
w
i
th
o
u
t
NF
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
L
N
A
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
L
N
A
w
it
h
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
is
p
r
esen
te
d
in
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
4
.
1
.
P
er
f
o
rm
a
nce
a
na
ly
s
i
s
Fig
u
r
e
s
5
an
d
6
in
d
icate
th
e
NF
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
f
o
r
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
L
N
A
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
L
N
A
w
i
th
p
r
ed
is
to
r
tio
n
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e.
NF
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
r
atio
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
al
-
to
-
n
o
i
s
e
r
atio
at
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
a
d
e
v
ice
to
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
-
to
-
n
o
is
e
r
atio
at
o
u
tp
u
t,
w
h
ich
i
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
d
ec
ib
els
(
d
B
)
.
NF
q
u
an
tif
ie
s
ad
d
itio
n
al
n
o
is
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
h
ic
h
is
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
n
o
is
e
le
v
el
o
f
t
h
e
s
ig
n
a
l.
A
lo
w
er
NF
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
at
th
e
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
ti
o
n
ar
ch
itec
tu
r
e
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
m
i
n
i
m
izes
s
i
g
n
a
l d
is
to
r
tio
n
w
it
h
o
u
t i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
n
o
i
s
e,
w
h
ic
h
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
es
5
an
d
6
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
NF
f
o
r
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
L
N
A
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
NF
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
L
NA
w
it
h
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
Lo
w
-
n
o
is
e
a
mp
lifi
er w
ith
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
fo
r
u
ltr
a
-
w
id
e
b
a
n
d
…
(
P
r
a
d
ee
p
K
u
m
a
r
S
id
d
a
n
n
a
)
215
On
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
Fi
g
u
r
e
s
7
an
d
8
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
p
o
w
er
w
av
e
f
o
r
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
L
N
A
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
L
NA
w
it
h
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e.
P
o
w
er
w
av
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
e
f
f
icien
c
y
w
it
h
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
m
a
n
ag
e
s
p
o
w
er
s
ig
n
als,
m
i
n
o
r
n
o
is
es,
a
n
d
g
li
tch
e
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
ex
h
ib
it
s
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
p
o
w
er
w
a
v
es,
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
L
N
A
d
u
e
to
r
ed
u
ce
d
m
in
o
r
n
o
is
es
a
n
d
g
litc
h
e
s
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
v
e
it
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ic
ien
t
i
n
p
o
w
er
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t.
T
h
is
r
es
u
l
ts
in
clea
r
er
,
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
s
ig
n
al
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
i
n
p
o
w
er
w
av
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
in
t
h
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
L
NA
w
it
h
p
r
e
-
d
is
t
o
r
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
p
o
w
er
w
av
e
f
o
r
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
L
N
A
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
p
o
w
er
w
av
e
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
L
NA
w
i
th
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
Fig
u
r
es
9
an
d
1
0
in
d
icate
th
e
d
elay
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
f
o
r
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
L
N
A
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
L
NA
w
it
h
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
in
1
8
0
n
m
C
MO
S
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Fro
m
th
i
s
an
al
y
s
i
s
,
it
is
clea
r
th
at
L
N
A
w
it
h
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
h
a
s
les
s
d
ela
y
o
f
2
.
5
1
6
n
s
,
w
h
ea
r
es
t
h
e
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
L
N
A
ex
h
ib
it
s
5
.
0
1
3
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
ac
h
iev
e
s
les
s
d
ela
y
d
u
e
to
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
ad
j
u
s
ts
f
o
r
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
itie
s
in
t
h
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
s
ta
g
e.
T
h
is
s
r
ea
m
li
n
ed
s
i
g
n
al
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
m
i
n
i
m
izes
th
e
d
ela
y
b
u
t
also
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
t
h
e
s
p
ee
d
an
d
q
u
alit
y
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4864
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
5
:
2
0
8
-
220
216
tr
an
s
m
itted
s
i
g
n
al
w
h
ic
h
en
ab
les
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
L
NA
w
it
h
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
to
b
e
mo
r
e
r
eliab
le
.
T
h
is
s
tr
ea
m
lin
ed
p
r
o
ce
s
s
m
in
i
m
izes d
ela
y
,
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
s
i
g
n
al
q
u
ali
t
y
an
d
s
p
ee
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Dela
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
f
o
r
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
L
N
A
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Dela
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
L
NA
w
ith
P
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
Fig
u
r
es
1
1
an
d
1
2
d
em
o
n
s
tr
at
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
o
f
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
L
N
A
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
L
N
A
w
it
h
p
r
e
-
d
is
t
o
r
tio
n
.
T
h
eir
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
p
r
o
v
es
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
o
b
tain
s
a
b
etter
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
4
3
.
0
6
×
10
-
6
W
,
as
o
p
p
o
s
ed
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
L
N
A
o
f
1
.
2
5
6
1
0
-
3
W
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
w
h
ic
h
m
i
n
i
m
ize
s
th
e
n
o
n
-
l
in
ea
r
ities
i
n
th
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
,
an
d
h
en
ce
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
as
m
u
ch
p
o
w
er
to
f
i
x
d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
.
T
h
is
i
n
t
u
r
n
e
m
p
o
w
er
s
th
e
L
N
A
w
i
th
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
th
er
eb
y
s
tan
d
i
n
g
m
o
r
e
p
er
s
u
asi
v
e
w
it
h
less
er
b
y
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
Lo
w
-
n
o
is
e
a
mp
lifi
er w
ith
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
fo
r
u
ltr
a
-
w
id
e
b
a
n
d
…
(
P
r
a
d
ee
p
K
u
m
a
r
S
id
d
a
n
n
a
)
217
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
co
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
al
L
N
A
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
L
N
A
w
it
h
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
T
ab
le
1
d
eter
m
i
n
es
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
a
l
y
s
is
o
f
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
L
N
A
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
L
NA
w
it
h
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
in
1
8
0
n
m
C
MO
S
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
L
N
A
i
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
ag
ain
s
t
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
e
s
u
lt
s
s
h
o
w
th
a
t
L
N
A
w
it
h
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
ac
h
ie
v
es
a
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
NF
o
f
2
.
1
6
d
B
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
en
ab
le
s
li
n
ea
r
it
y
.
T
h
is
h
en
ce
r
ed
u
ce
s
n
o
i
s
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
b
y
m
ai
n
tai
n
i
n
g
a
h
ig
h
s
i
g
n
al
-
to
-
n
o
is
e
r
atio
,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
lo
w
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
u
e
to
th
e
o
p
tim
ized
s
ig
n
al
h
a
n
d
lin
g
w
h
ic
h
lead
s
to
o
v
er
all
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
g
ai
n
s
i
n
R
F
r
ec
ei
v
er
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
e
m
p
h
a
s
ize
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
n
e
s
s
o
f
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
in
b
o
o
s
tin
g
t
h
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
f
u
l
n
es
s
an
d
ex
ec
u
tio
n
o
f
L
N
A
i
n
R
F.
T
ab
le
1
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
al
y
s
is
f
o
r
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
L
N
A
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
L
NA
w
i
th
p
r
e
-
d
is
to
r
tio
n
P
e
r
f
o
r
man
c
e
C
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
L
N
A
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
L
N
A
w
i
t
h
p
r
e
-
d
i
s
t
o
r
t
i
o
n
N
F
(
d
B
)
3
.
6
8
2
.
1
6
I
I
P
3
(
d
B
m)
6
.
1
5
7
3
.
8
7
4
A
r
e
a
(
mm
2
)
1
.
4
6
0
.
1
5
S
1
1
<
-
6
<
-
9
P
o
w
e
r
(
W
)
1
.
2
5
6
×
10
-
3
4
3
.
0
6
×
10
-
6
1
d
B
c
o
mp
r
e
ssi
o
n
p
o
i
n
t
8
.
5
7
.
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.