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d
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w
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a
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ey
w
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d
s
:
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d
v
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ce
d
d
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g
n
s
y
s
te
m
Fif
t
h
g
en
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Gain
Galliu
m
n
itrid
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Hig
h
elec
tr
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n
m
o
b
ili
t
y
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
L
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w
n
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s
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m
p
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f
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No
is
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f
i
g
u
r
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T
h
is i
s
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n
o
p
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a
c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Sa
m
ia
Z
ar
r
ik
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
o
f
E
lec
tr
o
n
ic
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
I
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
P
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
Me
ch
an
ics,
an
d
E
n
er
g
y
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
P
h
y
s
ics,
Fac
u
lt
y
o
f
Scie
n
ce
,
I
b
n
T
o
f
ail
Un
i
v
e
r
s
it
y
Ken
itra
,
Mo
r
o
cc
o
E
m
ail:
s
a
m
ia.
za
r
r
i
k
@
u
it.a
c.
m
a
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
la
n
d
s
ca
p
e,
w
it
h
th
e
r
ap
id
p
r
o
lif
er
atio
n
o
f
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
s
,
th
e
d
e
m
a
n
d
f
o
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b
an
d
w
id
t
h
alig
n
s
s
ea
m
les
s
l
y
w
i
th
co
n
te
m
p
o
r
ar
y
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en
d
s
,
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ti
n
g
th
e
g
r
o
w
in
g
n
ee
d
f
o
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h
i
g
h
-
s
p
ee
d
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
in
w
ir
ele
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
;
t
h
is
h
as
r
esu
lted
i
n
th
e
e
m
er
g
en
ce
o
f
t
h
e
f
i
f
t
h
-
g
e
n
er
atio
n
w
ir
ele
s
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
k
n
o
w
n
as
5
G.
P
o
s
itio
n
ed
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
escalati
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g
d
e
m
an
d
f
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s
er
v
ices
l
ik
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t
h
e
in
ter
n
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f
th
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
an
d
s
m
ar
t
h
o
m
e
s
[
1
]
.
W
ith
in
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
a
co
m
m
u
n
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n
s
y
s
te
m
,
a
c
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itical
co
m
p
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n
e
n
t
i
s
th
e
lo
w
n
o
is
e
a
m
p
l
if
ier
(
L
N
A
)
,
ab
b
r
e
v
iated
as
L
N
A
[
2
]
.
I
t
am
p
li
f
ie
s
w
ea
k
s
i
g
n
als
w
h
i
le
m
in
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m
izin
g
n
o
i
s
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
n
es
s
o
f
t
h
ese
a
m
p
li
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ier
s
i
s
as
s
es
s
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th
r
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f
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to
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s
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m
atc
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n
o
is
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f
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g
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r
e
(
N
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,
s
tab
ili
t
y
,
r
e
tu
r
n
lo
s
s
e
s
,
an
d
g
ai
n
[
3
]
.
R
ese
ar
ch
er
s
f
ac
in
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c
h
alle
n
g
es
a
t
t
h
ese
f
r
eq
u
en
cie
s
ar
e
ex
p
lo
r
in
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al
ter
n
ati
v
e
m
ater
ials
s
u
c
h
as SiGe,
S
OI
,
GaA
s
,
an
d
GaN
f
o
r
L
N
As d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
4
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
u
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p
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Ga
N
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fo
r
s
u
b
-
6
GHz in
5
G
…
(
S
a
mia
Za
r
r
ik
)
49
Mo
tiv
ated
b
y
t
h
e
s
tr
in
g
en
t
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
t
h
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5
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er
a,
th
e
s
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
s
u
s
in
g
g
alli
u
m
n
i
tr
id
e
b
ased
h
ig
h
elec
tr
o
n
m
o
b
ilit
y
tr
a
n
s
i
s
t
o
r
s
(
GaN
HE
M
T
)
tech
n
o
lo
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m
u
s
t
m
ee
t
cr
itical
cr
iter
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in
clu
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GHz
an
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m
illi
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eter
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v
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[
5
]
.
T
h
is
cr
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co
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p
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s
en
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in
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tial
s
ta
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e
in
a
r
ec
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f
r
o
n
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en
d
[
6
]
.
L
NAs
p
la
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a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
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GP
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lar
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h
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a
k
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atch
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tailo
r
ed
to
th
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s
y
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m
’
s
n
ee
d
s
[
7
]
.
I
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
5
G
an
d
t
o
a
d
d
r
ess
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
,
w
e
d
esig
n
ed
a
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
GaN
HE
MT
L
NA
u
tili
zi
n
g
a
s
in
g
le
-
s
ta
g
e
co
m
m
o
n
-
s
o
u
r
ce
to
p
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
5
G,
ac
h
iev
in
g
a
g
ain
o
f
1
6
.
2
2
5
d
B
,
1
.
2
3
2
d
B
NF
,
an
d
6
0
.
5
2
7
%
p
o
w
er
ad
d
ed
ef
f
icien
c
y
(
P
A
E
)
at
3
.
5
GHz
.
W
h
ile
v
ar
i
o
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
p
r
ese
n
t
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
s
u
c
h
as
a
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
-
b
ased
L
N
A
w
i
th
le
s
s
t
h
an
2
d
B
NF
an
d
1
2
.
7
d
B
g
ain
[
8
]
,
a
T
aiw
a
n
Se
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
Ma
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
C
o
m
p
a
n
y
(
T
SMC
)
0
.
1
8
μ
m
r
ad
io
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
co
m
p
le
m
en
tar
y
m
etal
-
o
x
id
e
-
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
(
R
F
C
MO
S
)
L
N
A
w
i
th
1
5
.
2
d
B
g
ain
an
d
1
.
3
4
d
B
NF
[
9
]
,
a
C
MO
S
L
N
A
w
i
th
ca
s
co
d
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
2
.
4
/3
.
5
GHz
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
1
1
d
B
g
ain
an
d
3
.
6
d
B
NF
[
1
0
]
,
a
c
o
s
t
-
ef
f
icie
n
t
L
N
A
w
i
th
a
co
m
m
o
n
g
ate
in
p
u
t
an
d
co
m
m
o
n
d
r
ain
s
ta
g
e
ac
h
ie
v
es
1
5
.
1
7
d
B
g
ain
an
d
a
NF
o
f
7
d
B
[
1
1
]
,
a
d
u
al
-
b
an
d
co
n
cu
r
r
en
t
L
N
A
i
n
1
8
0
n
m
C
MO
S
w
it
h
ac
h
ie
v
i
n
g
1
0
.
2
d
B
g
ain
a
n
d
2
.
0
2
d
B
NF
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
ese
d
iv
er
s
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
co
llectiv
el
y
ad
v
a
n
ce
L
N
A
d
esi
g
n
f
o
r
o
p
ti
m
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
at
3
.
5
GHz
.
B
y
in
te
g
r
atin
g
in
n
o
v
a
tiv
e
tec
h
n
iq
u
es,
s
u
ch
a
s
en
h
a
n
ce
d
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
m
atc
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
ca
r
ef
u
l
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
elec
tio
n
,
th
e
d
esi
g
n
e
n
s
u
r
es
h
i
g
h
ef
f
ici
en
c
y
a
n
d
lo
w
n
o
i
s
e.
Ou
r
d
esi
g
n
s
ta
n
d
s
o
u
t
b
y
o
f
f
er
in
g
s
u
p
er
io
r
g
ain
a
n
d
n
o
is
e
f
i
g
u
r
e
(
NF)
,
w
h
ic
h
s
i
g
n
i
f
ic
an
tl
y
en
h
a
n
ce
s
s
ig
n
al
a
m
p
li
f
icatio
n
f
o
r
s
u
b
-
6
GHz
5
G,
r
ed
u
cin
g
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
ex
te
n
d
in
g
b
atter
y
li
f
e,
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
r
eliab
ilit
y
[
1
3
]
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
L
NA
d
e
s
ig
n
p
r
o
c
ess
i
s
d
e
t
a
i
l
e
d
s
t
e
p
b
y
s
t
e
p
in
th
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
in
g
s
ec
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
i
s
s
im
u
l
at
e
d
an
d
o
p
t
im
i
z
e
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
A
d
v
an
c
ed
D
e
s
ig
n
Sy
s
t
em
(
A
DS
)
.
A
DS
en
a
b
l
e
p
r
e
c
is
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
m
o
d
e
l
in
g
,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
g
a
in
an
d
n
o
is
e
f
ig
u
r
e
.
O
p
tim
i
za
t
i
o
n
e
n
s
u
r
es
th
e
L
NA
m
e
e
ts
th
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
s
p
e
c
if
i
ca
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
5
G
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
ti
o
n
s
[
1
4
]
.
2
.
1
.
T
ra
ns
is
t
o
r
s
elec
t
io
n
I
n
th
e
r
ea
l
m
o
f
L
N
A
d
esi
g
n
,
t
h
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
a
s
u
itab
le
tr
an
s
is
t
o
r
h
o
ld
s
p
ar
am
o
u
n
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
c
e
.
Var
io
u
s
o
p
tio
n
s
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
s
ilico
n
g
er
m
an
iu
m
(
Si
Ge)
,
s
ilico
n
b
ip
o
lar
j
u
n
ctio
n
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
s
(
Si
B
J
T
s
)
,
g
alli
u
m
ar
s
e
n
id
e
(
GaA
s
)
,
h
eter
o
j
u
n
ctio
n
b
ip
o
la
r
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
(
HB
T
s
)
,
m
etal
-
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
f
ield
-
ef
f
ec
t
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
(
ME
SF
E
T
s
)
,
an
d
g
all
iu
m
n
itrid
e
(
GaN
)
h
ig
h
-
elec
tr
o
n
m
o
b
ilit
y
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
(
HE
MT
s
)
[
1
5
]
,
ea
ch
co
m
e
w
it
h
d
is
ti
n
ct
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
h
in
g
e
s
u
p
o
n
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
tar
g
et
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
r
a
n
g
e
an
d
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
es
ig
n
cr
iter
ia.
GaN
HE
MT
s
ar
e
w
id
el
y
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
p
o
w
e
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
at
elev
ated
f
r
eq
u
en
cie
s
,
d
eliv
er
i
n
g
in
cr
ea
s
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
,
ex
ce
l
len
t
li
n
ea
r
it
y
,
e
n
h
a
n
ce
d
p
o
w
er
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
,
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
el
f
-
h
ea
ti
n
g
.
T
h
e
y
o
f
f
er
h
ig
h
er
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e,
cu
r
r
en
t
d
en
s
ities
,
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
GaA
s
,
r
esu
lti
n
g
in
s
m
al
ler
d
ev
ice
s
ize
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
p
ar
asit
ic
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
.
GaN
HE
MT
s
also
ex
h
ib
it
ex
ce
llen
t
n
o
is
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
m
ak
in
g
t
h
e
m
id
ea
l
f
o
r
L
N
A
d
es
ig
n
s
i
n
e
m
er
g
i
n
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
i
es lik
e
5
G
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
h
as
led
to
th
e
d
o
cu
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
s
e
v
er
al
GaN
HE
MT
-
b
ased
L
N
As
i
n
t
h
e
liter
at
u
r
e,
e
m
p
h
asizi
n
g
t
h
eir
p
o
ten
tial
in
b
o
th
s
u
b
-
6
G
Hz
an
d
m
illi
m
eter
-
w
a
v
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
m
ec
h
a
n
ical,
th
er
m
o
d
y
n
a
m
ic,
o
p
tical,
elec
tr
o
n
ic,
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al,
th
er
m
al,
a
n
d
elec
t
r
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
th
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
(
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
)
m
ak
e
th
i
s
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
an
attr
ac
tiv
e
ele
m
en
t f
o
r
s
e
v
er
al
s
tu
d
ies i
n
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ield
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
GaN
v
s
.
o
th
er
s
e
m
ic
o
n
d
u
cto
r
m
ater
ial
s
[
1
9
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6930
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
25
:
48
-
56
50
2
.
2
.
St
a
bil
it
y
f
a
ct
o
r
Stab
ilit
y
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
is
a
cr
u
cial
s
tep
in
L
N
A
a
n
d
m
icr
o
w
a
v
e
cir
cu
it
d
esi
g
n
.
[
2
0
]
.
I
t
as
s
ess
e
s
th
e
cir
cu
it
’
s
r
esis
tan
ce
to
o
s
cillat
io
n
,
o
f
ten
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
S
-
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
Delta
(
Δ
)
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
in
cr
e
m
e
n
tal
ch
an
g
e,
w
h
ile
k
d
en
o
tes
t
h
e
R
o
llet
s
tab
ili
t
y
f
ac
to
r
.
I
f
K>
1
,
th
e
cir
cu
it
r
e
m
ai
n
s
u
n
co
n
d
iti
o
n
all
y
s
tab
le
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
lo
ad
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
co
m
b
in
a
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
K
f
ac
to
r
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
r
ap
id
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
s
tab
ilit
y
u
n
d
er
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
a
n
d
b
ias co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
2
1
]
.
=
1
−
|
11
|
2
−
|
22
|
2
+
|
∆
|
2
2
|
12
21
|
(
1
)
∆
=
11
22
−
12
21
(
2
)
2
.
3
.
Am
pli
f
ier
g
a
in o
f
lo
w
no
is
e
a
m
pli
f
ier
Du
r
in
g
a
m
p
li
f
ier
d
esig
n
,
g
ai
n
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
ar
e
ex
a
m
in
ed
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
tr
an
s
is
to
r
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
r
ee
ty
p
es o
f
p
o
w
er
g
ai
n
ca
n
b
e
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
cir
cu
it i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
ir
cu
it o
f
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
a
m
p
li
f
ier
[
2
3
]
=
1
−
|
|
2
|
1
−
|
2
(
3
)
0
=
|
21
|
2
(
4
)
=
1
−
|
|
2
|
1
−
22
|
2
(
5
)
T
h
e
to
tal
tr
an
s
d
u
ce
r
g
ai
n
o
f
s
i
n
g
le
-
s
tag
e
L
N
A
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
es
s
ed
as
(
6
)
[
2
4
]
:
G
T
=
G
S
.
G
0
.
G
L
(
6
)
w
h
er
e,
G
s
is
s
o
u
r
ce
g
ai
n
f
ac
to
r
,
G
0
is
c
o
n
s
tan
t
g
ai
n
f
ac
t
o
r
,
G
L
is
lo
ad
g
ain
f
ac
to
r
,
Γ
L
is
l
o
ad
r
ef
lectio
n
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
,
Γ
s
is
s
o
u
r
ce
r
ef
le
ctio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
,
Γ
in
is
r
ef
lect
io
n
co
ef
f
ic
ien
t
at
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
,
an
d
Γ
out
is
r
ef
lectio
n
co
ef
f
icie
n
t a
t t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
.
2
.
4
.
No
is
e
f
ig
ure
o
f
lo
w
no
is
e
a
m
pl
if
ier
T
h
e
NF is a
cr
itica
l p
ar
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I
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T
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23
,
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1
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Feb
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20
25
:
48
-
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52
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T
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al
it
y
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ir
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s
s
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
[
2
8
]
-
[3
0
]
,
o
u
r
L
N
A
d
esig
n
s
h
o
w
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m
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en
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o
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d
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Fo
r
in
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s
i
m
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ie
s
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s
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d
if
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t
tech
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e
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ted
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s
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t
h
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ar
o
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B
as sh
o
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t st
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w
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th
e
x
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t
in
g
L
N
As
R
e
f
e
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e
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2
8
]
[
2
9
]
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3
0
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h
i
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e
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s8
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4
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3
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r
d
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r
p
ass
e
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u
t
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ai
n
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s
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ilit
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as
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icate
d
b
y
t
h
e
s
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ilit
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ac
to
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s
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d
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5
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8
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.
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h
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atc
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f
u
r
t
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er
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li
g
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t
s
th
e
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u
p
er
io
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o
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r
d
esig
n
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n
e
o
f
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
s
o
f
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
i
s
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
GaN
HE
MT
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
v
id
es
h
ig
h
er
elec
tr
o
n
m
o
b
ilit
y
a
n
d
s
u
p
er
io
r
th
er
m
a
l
co
n
d
u
c
tiv
it
y
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m
p
ar
ed
t
o
tr
ad
itio
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al
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ilico
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ased
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esi
g
n
s
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w
e
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er
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e
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m
itat
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th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
a
l
s
tab
ilit
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o
b
s
er
v
ed
,
w
h
ic
h
n
ec
es
s
itates
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r
e
f
u
l
d
esi
g
n
o
f
p
ass
iv
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
to
m
ai
n
ta
in
s
tab
ilit
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ac
r
o
s
s
t
h
e
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
an
g
e.
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u
n
e
x
p
ec
ted
r
esu
lt
w
a
s
th
e
h
ig
h
P
A
E
o
f
6
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5
2
7
%,
w
h
ic
h
ex
ce
ed
ed
o
u
r
in
itia
l
ex
p
ec
ta
tio
n
s
a
n
d
in
d
icate
s
h
ig
h
l
y
e
f
f
ic
ien
t p
o
w
er
u
s
a
g
e.
Fin
all
y
,
o
u
r
L
N
A
s
ta
n
d
s
o
u
t
it
s
elf
w
i
th
it
s
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
lo
w
NF
,
an
d
h
i
g
h
g
ai
n
,
estab
lis
h
in
g
i
t
as
a
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
s
u
b
-
6
GHz
5
G.
T
h
is
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
l
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
o
v
er
all
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ti
n
g
th
e
e
f
f
icac
y
o
f
t
h
e
L
N
A
i
n
m
e
etin
g
t
h
e
s
tr
i
n
g
e
n
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
o
f
5
G
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
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t
u
r
e
w
o
r
k
w
ill
f
o
cu
s
o
n
o
p
ti
m
izi
n
g
th
e
ca
s
ca
d
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
an
d
in
te
g
r
atin
g
t
h
e
L
N
A
w
i
th
o
th
er
R
F
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
to
f
u
r
t
h
er
en
h
a
n
ce
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
g
ai
n
,
n
o
is
e,
an
d
lin
ea
r
it
y
.
A
d
d
itio
n
al
l
y
,
w
e
p
lan
to
e
x
p
lo
r
e
its
ad
ap
tatio
n
f
o
r
m
ill
i
m
e
ter
-
w
a
v
e
5
G
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
ese
n
ts
a
L
N
A
o
p
tim
ized
f
o
r
s
u
b
-
6
GHz
5
G
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
u
tili
zi
n
g
G
aN
HE
MT
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
i
m
p
r
e
s
s
iv
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ics.
T
h
e
L
N
A
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
N
F
o
f
1
.
2
3
2
d
B
an
d
a
g
ain
o
f
1
6
.
2
2
5
d
B
at
3
.
5
GHz
,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
cr
itica
l
ch
a
llen
g
e
s
i
n
s
ig
n
a
l
a
m
p
l
if
icatio
n
a
n
d
n
o
is
e
m
i
n
i
m
izatio
n
.
W
it
h
a
P
A
E
o
f
6
0
.
5
2
7
%,
it
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
m
ee
t
s
b
u
t
ex
ce
ed
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
,
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ti
n
g
its
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
in
p
o
w
er
u
s
ag
e.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
ad
d
r
ess
es
k
e
y
i
s
s
u
es
i
n
L
N
A
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
lin
ea
r
it
y
a
n
d
n
o
is
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
m
ak
in
g
it
a
v
alu
ab
le
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
5
G
w
ir
eles
s
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
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p
ite
s
o
m
e
ch
alle
n
g
e
s
w
i
th
p
o
ten
tia
l
in
s
tab
il
it
y
,
th
e
L
N
A
’
s
co
m
p
e
titi
v
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
u
g
g
e
s
ts
t
h
at
it
is
a
s
tr
o
n
g
ca
n
d
id
ate
f
o
r
s
u
b
-
6
G
Hz
5
G
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
F
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
c
h
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
cu
s
o
n
f
u
r
t
h
er
o
p
ti
m
iz
in
g
th
e
d
e
s
ig
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
b
y
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
s
tab
ilit
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
s
a
n
d
in
te
g
r
atio
n
w
it
h
o
t
h
er
R
F
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
to
m
a
x
i
m
ize
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
la
y
s
a
s
o
lid
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
ad
v
an
cin
g
L
N
A
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
ti
n
g
to
th
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
5
G
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
Á
.
R
o
c
h
a
a
n
d
M
.
S
e
r
r
h
i
n
i
,
E
d
s.
,
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
S
y
st
e
m
s
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
t
o
S
u
p
p
o
rt
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
1
.
C
h
a
m:
S
p
r
i
n
g
e
r
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
P
u
b
l
i
s
h
i
n
g
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
2
]
K
.
H
.
K
i
s
h
o
r
e
,
V
.
S
.
R
a
j
a
n
,
R
.
S
a
n
j
a
y
,
a
n
d
B
.
V
e
n
k
a
t
a
r
a
m
a
n
i
,
“
R
e
c
o
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f
i
g
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r
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b
l
e
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o
w
v
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t
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p
o
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a
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b
a
n
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f
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c
a
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u
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t
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q
u
a
s
i
-
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
L
N
A
f
o
r
5
G
,
”
M
i
c
r
o
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l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
J
.
,
v
o
l
.
9
2
,
n
o
.
J
u
n
e
,
p
.
1
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6
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,
d
o
i
:
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0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
m
e
j
o
.
2
0
1
9
.
1
0
4
6
0
2
.
[
3
]
B
.
U
m
a
t
e
a
n
d
S
.
S
.
S
h
r
i
r
a
mw
a
r
,
“
L
o
w
-
N
o
i
se
A
mp
l
i
f
i
e
r
f
o
r
5
G
A
p
p
l
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c
a
t
i
o
n
s,”
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n
t
.
Re
s
.
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.
M
o
d
.
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n
g
.
T
e
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h
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o
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c
i
.
,
v
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l
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o
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,
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p
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2
0
0
–
2
0
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,
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0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
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.
5
6
7
2
6
/
i
r
j
me
t
s4
1
3
7
7
.
[
4
]
M
.
M
.
A
b
b
a
si
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
Jab
b
a
r
,
“
D
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
P
e
r
f
o
r
man
c
e
A
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
Lo
w
-
N
o
i
se
A
mp
l
i
f
i
e
r
w
i
t
h
B
a
n
d
-
P
a
s
s
F
i
l
t
e
r
f
o
r
2
.
4
-
2
.
5
G
H
z
,
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M
.
S
.
t
h
e
si
s
,
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e
p
t.
o
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e
n
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e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
L
i
n
k
ö
p
i
n
g
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
S
w
e
d
e
n
,
2
0
1
2
.
[
5
]
B
.
C
u
i
a
n
d
J
.
R
.
L
o
n
g
,
“
A
1
.
7
-
d
B
M
i
n
i
m
u
m
N
F
,
2
2
–
32
-
G
H
z
L
o
w
-
N
o
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s
e
F
e
e
d
b
a
c
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A
m
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n
d
a
li
a
b
d
e
lh
a
k
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m
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il
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o
m
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te
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i
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st
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n
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b
n
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Un
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rsit
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n
it
ra
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o
ro
c
c
o
.
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o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
is
m
a
s
ter
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d
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g
re
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m
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ic
a
n
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ste
m
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m
u
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ica
ti
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n
f
ro
m
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o
f
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r
sity
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it
ra
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ro
c
c
o
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i
n
2
0
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0
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e
a
rn
e
d
h
is
b
a
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to
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ti
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tri
c
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l
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c
tro
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ics
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ro
m
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ss
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rsit
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in
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7
.
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e
c
a
n
b
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n
tac
ted
a
t
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m
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il
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teh
i.
a
b
d
u
l
lah
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0
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9
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m
a
il
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c
o
m
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B
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n
k
h
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is
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h
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stu
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m
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En
g
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rin
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Un
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rsity
o
f
Ke
n
it
ra
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o
ro
c
c
o
.
S
h
e
re
c
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iv
e
d
h
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r
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a
ste
r
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s
d
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re
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in
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c
h
in
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ra
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m
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f
ro
m
th
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rsity
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f
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n
it
ra
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a
n
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re
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in
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ro
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h
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rsity
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f
Ke
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it
ra
in
2
0
1
1
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e
c
a
n
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o
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tac
ted
a
t
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m
a
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ri
m
a
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b
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n
k
h
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d
d
a
@u
it
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a
c
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m
a
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S
a
n
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H
a
b
i
b
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w
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s
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o
rn
i
n
1
9
9
2
in
Ke
n
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ra
,
M
o
r
o
c
c
o
,
s
h
e
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
e
r
M
a
ste
r
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s
d
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re
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in
e
m
b
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d
d
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d
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tro
n
ics
a
n
d
tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
sy
ste
m
s
a
t
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
P
h
y
sic
s,
Ib
n
T
o
f
a
il
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Ke
n
it
ra
,
M
o
ro
c
c
o
,
i
n
2
0
1
8
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
sh
e
is
p
u
rsu
i
n
g
h
e
r
d
o
c
to
ra
l
stu
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ies
a
t
th
e
L
a
b
o
ra
to
r
y
"
S
E
T
IM
E"
a
t
th
e
sa
m
e
u
n
iv
e
rsit
y
.
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r
re
s
e
a
rc
h
f
o
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se
s
o
n
t
h
e
se
c
u
rit
y
o
f
th
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f
ro
n
t
-
e
n
d
o
f
th
e
tran
sm
issio
n
c
h
a
in
f
o
r
UH
F
R
F
ID
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
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n
a
e
.
h
a
b
i
b
i@u
it
.
a
c
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m
a
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h
r
a
S
a
h
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l
o
b
tain
e
d
h
e
r
M
a
ste
r
’
s
d
e
g
re
e
in
M
icro
e
lec
tro
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ics
f
ro
m
th
e
F
a
c
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lt
y
o
f
S
c
ien
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e
s,
De
p
a
rtm
e
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t
o
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P
h
y
sic
s,
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n
T
o
f
a
il
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Ke
n
it
ra
,
M
o
r
o
c
c
o
,
in
2
0
0
9
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
sh
e
is
p
u
rs
u
in
g
h
e
r
d
o
c
to
ra
l
stu
d
ies
a
t
t
h
e
L
a
b
o
ra
t
o
ry
“
S
ET
IM
E
a
t
th
e
sa
m
e
u
n
iv
e
rsity
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
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f
o
c
u
se
s
o
n
th
e
d
e
sig
n
o
f
th
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f
ro
n
t
-
e
n
d
o
f
th
e
tran
sm
issio
n
c
h
a
in
f
o
r
UH
F
RF
ID
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
,
w
it
h
a
sp
e
c
if
ic
f
o
c
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s
o
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th
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d
e
sig
n
o
f
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rg
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h
a
r
v
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stin
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lo
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k
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S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
z
a
h
ra
.
sa
h
e
l@u
it
.
a
c
.
m
a
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
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6930
T
E
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m
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o
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p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
25
:
48
-
56
56
M
o
u
a
d
El
K
o
b
b
i
o
b
tai
n
e
d
a
m
a
ste
r
’
s
d
e
g
re
e
in
T
e
lec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
M
icro
w
a
v
e
De
v
ice
s
f
ro
m
th
e
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
A
p
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s
o
f
F
e
z
,
M
o
ro
c
c
o
,
i
n
2
0
1
1
.
He
is
P
h
D
a
t
t
h
e
L
a
b
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ra
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ry
o
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o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
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m
s
a
n
d
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g
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g
o
f
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n
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f
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il
Un
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rsit
y
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a
c
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lt
y
o
f
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c
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c
e
,
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
P
h
y
sic
s,
Ke
n
it
ra
,
M
o
ro
c
c
o
,
si
n
c
e
2
0
1
9
.
His
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
f
o
c
u
se
s
o
n
th
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d
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sig
n
o
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m
p
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iers
.
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e
c
a
n
b
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c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
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m
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:
m
o
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a
d
.
e
lk
o
b
b
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it
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a
c
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m
a
.
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k
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d
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d
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u
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r
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f
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tro
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t
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n
To
f
a
il
Un
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e
rsit
y
in
Ke
n
it
ra
.
In
1
9
9
7
He
re
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e
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d
a
P
h
.
D.
in
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icro
e
lec
tro
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f
ro
m
th
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l
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tec
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ic
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stit
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f
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re
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o
b
le
in
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ra
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o
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w
in
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h
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w
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rk
e
d
a
s
a
Co
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su
l
tan
t
i
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De
sig
n
a
n
d
Re
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se
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a
n
d
a
s
a
P
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a
d
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En
g
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r
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t
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m
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l,
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re
n
o
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ra
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f
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y
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a
r
s.
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e
c
a
n
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e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
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m
a
il
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a
b
d
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lk
a
d
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r.
h
a
d
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o
u
d
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u
it
.
a
c
.
m
a
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o
h
a
m
e
d
H
a
b
ib
i
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
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rin
g
a
t
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n
T
o
f
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il
Un
iv
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,
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p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
P
h
y
sic
s
in
Ke
n
it
ra
,
M
o
r
o
c
c
o
.
I
n
1
9
8
5
h
e
o
b
tain
e
d
h
is
T
h
ird
Cy
c
le
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
T
h
e
sis
(El
e
c
tro
n
ics
)
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
s
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
L
il
le
F
lan
d
e
rs
A
rto
is,
F
ra
n
c
e
.
I
n
1
9
9
3
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
S
tate
Do
c
to
ra
te
T
h
e
sis
(El
e
c
tro
n
ics
)
f
ro
m
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
V
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
M
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
ia
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
i
n
Ra
b
a
t,
M
o
ro
c
c
o
.
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h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
L
a
b
o
ra
to
ry
sin
c
e
1
9
8
9
a
t
th
e
M
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
ia
S
c
h
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l
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f
En
g
in
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e
rin
g
,
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b
a
t,
w
h
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re
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h
a
s
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l
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rio
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les
,
in
c
l
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d
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re
sp
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n
si
b
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it
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f
o
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th
e
L
a
b
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ra
to
ry
o
f
A
u
to
m
a
ti
c
s
a
n
d
M
icr
o
w
a
v
e
s
(LA
M
O)
a
n
d
m
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m
b
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rsh
ip
in
th
e
L
a
b
o
ra
to
ry
o
f
T
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lec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
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s
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y
ste
m
s
a
n
d
De
c
isio
n
E
n
g
in
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e
rin
g
(L
A
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ID)
f
ro
m
8
0
5
o
n
w
a
rd
s.
He
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
L
a
b
o
ra
to
ry
"
S
E
T
IM
E"
sin
c
e
Ja
n
u
a
ry
1
4
,
2
0
2
0
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
h
a
b
ib
i
.
m
o
h
a
m
e
d
@u
it
.
a
c
.
m
a
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.