I
nd
o
ne
s
ia
n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
3
7
,
No
.
3
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
5
,
p
p
.
1
7
3
4
~
1
743
I
SS
N:
2
502
-
4
7
52
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijee
cs
.v
3
7
.
i
3
.
pp
1
7
3
4
-
1
7
4
3
1734
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ee
cs
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Clustering
and
ro
uting us
ing
spira
l
ex
plo
ra
tion
mech
a
nism
wit
h
ho
ney
badg
er opt
imiza
tion in w
irel
ess
senso
r net
wo
r
k
Anitha
Chik
k
a
na
y
a
k
a
na
ha
ll
i
L
o
k
esh
K
um
a
r
1
,
Su
bh
a
s
h
K
a
m
ble
2
,
Sa
nja
y
K
um
a
r
N
a
a
zr
e
Vit
t
a
l R
a
o
1
1
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
K
a
l
p
a
t
a
r
u
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
e
o
f
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
T
i
p
t
u
r
,
I
n
d
i
a
2
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
G
l
o
b
a
l
A
c
a
d
e
m
y
o
f
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
B
e
n
g
a
l
u
r
u
,
I
n
d
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
u
n
21
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
Sep
20
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
Oct
7
,
2
0
2
4
Wi
re
les
s
se
n
so
r
n
e
two
rk
(W
S
N)
c
o
n
tain
s
a
h
u
g
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
sp
a
ti
a
ll
y
d
istri
b
u
ted
se
n
so
r
n
o
d
e
s
th
a
t
a
re
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
b
y
wire
les
s
to
m
o
n
it
o
r
a
n
d
re
c
o
rd
in
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
fr
o
m
th
e
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t.
Th
e
W
S
N
n
o
d
e
s
a
re
b
a
tt
e
ry
-
p
o
we
re
d
,
t
h
u
s
re
d
u
c
i
n
g
e
n
e
rg
y
a
fter
a
c
e
rtain
p
e
rio
d
w
h
ich
a
ffe
c
ts
th
e
n
e
two
rk
l
ifetime
.
To
o
v
e
rc
o
m
e
th
is
issu
e
,
t
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
p
ro
p
o
se
d
a
sp
ira
l
e
x
p
lo
ra
ti
o
n
m
e
c
h
a
n
ism
wit
h
h
o
n
e
y
b
a
d
g
e
r
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
(S
E
M
-
HBO
)
fo
r
c
lu
ste
r
h
e
a
d
(CH)
a
n
d
r
o
u
t
e
p
a
t
h
se
lec
ti
o
n
in
WS
N.
T
h
e
o
b
jec
ti
v
e
o
f
t
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
is
to
re
d
u
c
e
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
a
n
d
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
n
e
two
r
k
l
ifes
p
a
n
in
WS
N.
T
h
e
d
istan
c
e
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
c
o
st
,
re
sid
u
a
l
e
n
e
rg
y
a
n
d
c
lu
st
e
r
d
e
n
sity
a
re
c
o
n
sid
e
re
d
a
s
fit
n
e
ss
fu
n
c
ti
o
n
s
fo
r
se
lec
ti
n
g
CH
a
n
d
r
o
u
t
e
p
a
t
h
in
WS
N.
Th
ro
u
g
h
t
h
e
S
E
M
-
HBO
se
a
rc
h
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r,
i
t
e
x
p
lo
re
s
d
iffere
n
t
r
o
u
tes
a
n
d
re
c
o
g
n
ize
s
b
e
st
o
n
e
f
o
r
re
d
u
c
in
g
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
a
n
d
d
e
lay
s
t
h
e
re
b
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
n
e
two
r
k
li
fe
ti
m
e
.
Th
e
S
EM
-
HBO
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
is ca
lcu
late
d
b
a
se
d
o
n
p
a
c
k
e
t
d
e
li
v
e
r
y
ra
ti
o
(
P
D
R),
d
e
lay
,
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
(EC)
,
n
e
tw
o
r
k
li
fe
ti
m
e
(NL)
,
a
n
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
fo
r
1
0
0
-
5
0
0
n
o
d
e
s.
T
h
e
S
EM
-
HBO
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
is
e
fficie
n
t
a
n
d
it
a
c
h
iev
e
s
9
9
.
6
2
%
a
n
d
9
9
.
5
9
%
o
f
P
DR
fo
r
1
0
0
a
n
d
2
0
0
n
o
d
e
s wh
e
n
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
t
o
h
a
rm
o
n
y
se
a
rc
h
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
e
ti
ti
v
e
sw
a
rm
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
(H
S
A
-
CS
O).
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
lu
s
ter
h
ea
d
E
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
Ho
n
ey
b
a
d
g
er
o
p
tim
izatio
n
Netwo
r
k
life
tim
e
Sp
ir
al
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
W
ir
eles
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
San
jay
Ku
m
ar
Naa
zr
e
Vittal Rao
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
C
o
m
p
u
ter
Scie
n
ce
an
d
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Kalp
atar
u
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
T
ip
tu
r
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
s
an
jay
n
v
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
An
ex
ten
s
iv
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
(
SNs
)
with
in
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
ar
ea
est
ab
lis
h
es
a
wir
eless
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
(
W
SN)
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
d
ata
g
ath
er
ed
f
r
o
m
s
en
s
o
r
s
f
o
r
ev
en
t
h
an
d
lin
g
is
W
SN
’
s
p
r
im
ar
y
task
.
T
h
e
d
ata
is
co
llected
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ar
ea
th
r
o
u
g
h
SNs
an
d
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
to
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
(
B
S)
in
W
SN
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
W
SN
ex
ten
d
s
to
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
ilit
ar
y
a
n
d
ci
v
il
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
co
m
b
at
f
ield
s
u
r
v
eillan
ce
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
a
n
d
d
is
aster
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
tim
e
till
th
e
d
esire
d
a
r
ea
o
r
p
o
in
t
wh
ich
ar
e
n
o
lo
n
g
er
co
v
er
ed
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
W
SN
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
[
5
]
.
A
g
e
o
-
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
in
k
p
o
s
itio
n
as
t
h
e
b
asis
,
in
wh
ich
e
v
er
y
clu
s
ter
o
b
tai
n
s
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
g
eo
-
c
l
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
th
at
in
clu
d
e
in
itial
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
(
CH
)
an
d
s
ev
er
al
s
u
b
o
r
d
in
ate
C
Hs
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
SNs
’
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
u
tili
za
tio
n
an
d
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
u
s
ag
e
o
f
en
er
g
y
ar
e
a
m
ai
n
f
ac
t
o
r
in
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
[
8
]
.
T
o
r
esp
o
n
d
to
h
o
ts
p
o
t
co
n
ce
r
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
t
er
-
clu
s
ter
tr
af
f
ic,
clu
s
ter
s
p
lace
d
n
ea
r
to
s
in
k
ar
e
allo
ca
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
lar
g
e
s
et
o
f
g
eo
-
C
Hs
th
an
clu
s
ter
s
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
f
ar
awa
y
f
r
o
m
s
in
k
[
9
]
-
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
h
ier
a
r
ch
y
-
b
ased
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
ar
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
to
l
o
wer
W
SN
en
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
en
ab
l
es
d
ata
to
b
e
g
ath
e
r
e
d
an
d
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
to
B
S
f
r
o
m
n
o
d
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
h
ig
h
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
,
th
ese
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
d
id
n
o
t
en
h
an
ce
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
th
at
m
in
im
izes
n
et
wo
r
k
life
tim
e
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
ass
o
ciate
d
with
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
an
g
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
C
lu
s
ter
in
g
a
n
d
r
o
u
tin
g
u
s
in
g
s
p
ir
a
l e
xp
lo
r
a
tio
n
…
(
A
n
ith
a
C
h
ikka
n
a
y
a
ka
n
a
h
a
lli Lo
ke
s
h
K
u
ma
r
)
1735
p
r
ed
icts
u
n
d
er
h
ig
h
to
p
o
lo
g
y
in
th
at
SNs
d
i
r
ec
tly
tr
a
n
s
m
it
t
o
B
S
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
p
h
y
s
ical
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
t
o
e
n
ab
le
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
[
1
5
]
-
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
es
en
ce
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
s
in
th
is
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
p
r
esen
ts
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
c
o
m
p
le
x
ity
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
if
th
e
n
o
d
e
is
ter
m
in
ated
,
e
v
er
y
n
etwo
r
k
will
b
e
lo
s
t
wh
ich
m
ak
es
it
u
n
d
ep
en
d
ab
le
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
is
an
en
er
g
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
SN
an
d
it
is
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
u
n
ab
le
t
o
b
alan
ce
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
with
i
n
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
av
e
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
lik
e
m
in
im
izin
g
en
er
g
y
af
ter
a
ce
r
tain
p
er
io
d
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
W
SN
n
o
d
es
ar
e
b
atter
y
-
p
o
wer
e
d
t
h
er
eb
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e.
T
o
tack
le
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
SEM
-
HB
O
f
o
r
cl
u
s
ter
in
g
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
in
a
W
SN e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Var
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
h
as
in
tr
o
d
u
c
ed
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
clu
s
ter
in
g
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
d
ata
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
So
m
e
r
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
f
o
r
C
H
an
d
r
o
u
te
p
ath
s
elec
tio
n
ar
e
a
n
aly
ze
d
i
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
in
th
e
W
SN
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Ku
m
ar
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
an
o
p
tim
al
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
h
ar
m
o
n
y
s
ea
r
ch
alg
o
r
ith
m
an
d
co
m
p
etitiv
e
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
HS
A
-
C
SO)
f
o
r
W
SN.
T
h
e
HAS
-
C
S
O
h
as
h
u
g
e
s
ea
r
ch
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
C
SO
ab
ilit
y
wh
ich
ex
ten
d
s
n
o
d
es
’
life
s
p
an
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
e
ad
n
o
d
es,
aliv
e
n
o
d
es,
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
an
d
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e.
T
h
e
HSA
-
C
S
O
wer
e
cir
cu
lated
d
a
ta
p
ac
k
ets
o
v
er
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
p
ath
wh
ich
u
s
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
laten
cy
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
co
n
s
id
er
ed
en
er
g
y
as
f
i
t
n
e
s
s
t
h
a
t
f
a
i
l
s
t
o
u
t
i
l
i
z
e
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
,
t
h
u
s
t
h
e
p
a
t
h
w
i
t
h
h
u
g
e
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
r
e
d
u
c
e
s
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
.
A
s
i
r
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
2
]
im
p
lem
en
ted
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
d
u
ck
an
d
tr
av
eller
o
p
tim
izatio
n
-
e
n
ab
led
clu
s
ter
-
b
ased
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
r
o
u
tin
g
(
I
DT
OM
HR
)
f
o
r
W
SN.
T
h
e
ar
tific
ial
g
o
r
illa
tr
o
o
p
s
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
AT
GO)
alg
o
r
ith
m
was
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
o
p
tim
al
r
o
u
tes
to
t
h
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
u
b
s
et.
B
o
th
tech
n
iq
u
es
d
er
iv
e
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
in
p
u
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
I
DT
OM
HR
was
ef
f
icien
t
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
a
b
etter
b
alan
ce
f
o
r
W
SN.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
c
o
n
s
id
er
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
in
th
e
r
o
u
te
p
ath
wh
ich
lead
s
to
h
ig
h
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
lo
n
g
r
o
u
tes.
Far
o
o
q
et
a
l.
[
2
3
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
weig
h
t
-
b
ased
e
n
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
clu
s
ter
r
o
u
tin
g
(
POW
E
R
)
f
o
r
W
SN.
I
n
itially
,
it
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
a
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
weig
h
ted
m
etr
ic
t
h
at
g
e
n
er
ate
s
an
ef
f
icien
t
wa
y
to
s
elec
t
C
H
d
y
n
am
ically
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
l
ar
g
e
p
r
io
r
ity
weig
h
t.
T
h
e
n
o
d
e
d
eg
r
ee
w
eig
h
t,
d
is
tan
ce
,
h
o
p
weig
h
t
a
n
d
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
weig
h
ts
.
T
h
en
,
it
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
cl
u
s
ter
an
d
r
o
u
ti
n
g
b
y
l
o
ad
b
ala
n
cin
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
eter
m
in
in
g
n
o
d
e
ac
ce
s
s
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilis
tic
weig
h
ted
av
er
ag
e.
T
h
e
weig
h
ted
av
er
a
g
e
-
b
ase
d
C
H
an
d
r
o
u
te
p
ath
s
ele
ctio
n
wer
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
o
b
tain
b
etter
b
ala
n
ce
in
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
h
o
wev
e
r
,
th
is
m
o
d
el
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
r
estricte
d
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
f
o
r
tr
a
n
s
m
itti
n
g
d
ata
th
r
o
u
g
h
n
o
d
es d
u
e
to
b
an
d
wid
th
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
wh
ich
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
th
e
d
elay
.
Mish
r
a
an
d
Ver
m
a
[
2
4
]
p
r
es
e
n
ted
a
r
eliab
le
r
o
u
tin
g
with
o
p
tim
ized
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
f
o
r
W
SN.
T
h
e
Gr
id
C
o
s
in
s
ch
ain
clu
s
ter
in
g
was
u
s
ed
wh
ich
clu
s
ter
s
n
o
d
es
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
its
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
cr
ea
tes
tr
ee
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
ch
ain
in
g
f
o
r
m
in
im
izin
g
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
an
g
e
a
n
d
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
n
etwo
r
k
life
s
p
an
.
T
h
e
tu
r
tle
s
ea
r
ch
alg
o
r
ith
m
-
d
eser
t
ca
t
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
T
SA
-
DC
SO)
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
o
b
tain
d
ata
f
r
o
m
un
-
clu
s
ter
ed
n
etwo
r
k
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
T
SA
-
DC
SO
r
ed
u
ce
d
th
e
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
with
in
a
n
etwo
r
k
h
o
wev
er
,
it
d
id
n
o
t
co
n
s
id
er
clu
s
ter
d
en
s
ity
wh
ich
r
esu
lta
n
t
in
less
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
attac
k
n
o
d
e
as
C
H.
Alm
asri
an
d
Alajlan
[
2
5
]
s
u
g
g
ested
a
m
o
d
if
ied
g
o
ld
e
n
ea
g
le
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(M
-
GE
O)
f
o
r
clu
s
ter
-
b
ased
r
o
u
tin
g
in
W
SN.
T
h
e
M
-
GE
O
s
elec
ts
an
o
p
tim
u
m
C
H
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
r
esid
u
al
en
e
r
g
y
,
n
o
d
e
d
e
g
r
ee
,
d
is
tan
ce
,
an
d
n
o
d
e
ce
n
tr
ality
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
y
ello
w
s
ad
d
le
g
o
a
tf
is
h
(
YSG)
was
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
th
e
o
p
tim
u
m
r
o
u
te
p
at
h
f
r
o
m
C
H
to
B
S.
I
t
d
etec
ts
th
e
s
h
o
r
test
r
o
u
tin
g
p
at
h
th
u
s
r
ed
u
cin
g
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
o
f
M
-
GE
O
we
r
e
a
f
f
ec
ted
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
i
n
ap
p
r
o
p
r
i
ate
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
elec
tio
n
wh
ich
r
ed
u
ce
s
life
s
p
an
b
ec
au
s
e
it
lea
d
s
t
o
in
ef
f
icien
t
r
eso
u
r
ce
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
Fr
o
m
t
h
e
a
b
o
v
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
,
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
te
ch
n
iq
u
es
h
av
e
a
d
v
an
ta
g
es
an
d
s
tr
u
g
g
led
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
ev
er
al
f
law
s
.
E
n
er
g
y
is
p
er
ce
iv
ed
as
f
itn
ess
th
at
d
o
es
n
o
t
u
s
e
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
;
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
p
ath
with
a
h
ig
h
er
d
is
tan
ce
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e.
I
t
d
o
es
n
o
t
c
o
n
s
id
er
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
in
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
p
ath
wh
ich
lea
d
s
to
h
ig
h
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
u
e
to
th
e
l
o
n
g
r
o
u
te
s
ele
ct
io
n
.
R
estricte
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
s
en
d
d
ata
th
r
o
u
g
h
n
o
d
es
wh
ic
h
en
h
an
ce
s
d
ela
y
d
u
e
to
b
an
d
wid
th
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
No
t
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
clu
s
ter
d
en
s
ity
wh
ich
r
es
u
lts
in
p
ac
k
et
d
r
o
p
o
v
er
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
d
u
e
to
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
elec
tin
g
an
attac
k
n
o
d
e
as
C
H.
T
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
is
m
in
im
ized
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
i
n
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
cti
o
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
d
u
e
t
o
in
ef
f
icien
t
r
eso
u
r
ce
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
,
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
SE
M
-
HB
O
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icie
n
t
C
H
an
d
r
o
u
te
p
ath
s
elec
tio
n
i
n
W
SN.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ar
e
m
aj
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
:
−
T
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
co
s
t,
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
an
d
clu
s
ter
d
en
s
ity
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
as
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
f
o
r
s
elec
tin
g
C
H.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
ar
e
tak
en
as
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
f
o
r
s
elec
tin
g
a
r
o
u
te
p
ath
th
at
en
h
a
n
ce
s
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
s
p
an
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
s
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
.
−
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
SEM
-
HB
O
s
ea
r
ch
b
eh
av
io
r
,
it
ex
p
lo
r
es
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
r
o
u
tes
an
d
r
ec
o
g
n
izes
th
e
b
est
o
n
e
f
o
r
r
ed
u
cin
g
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
d
elay
th
er
eb
y
en
h
a
n
cin
g
n
et
wo
r
k
life
tim
e.
T
h
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
th
is
r
es
ea
r
ch
p
ap
e
r
is
g
iv
en
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ec
tio
n
:
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
d
etailed
ex
p
lan
atio
n
is
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
an
d
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
wo
r
k
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
7
,
No
.
3
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
5
:
1
734
-
1
7
4
3
1736
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
t
h
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
p
ir
al
ex
p
l
o
r
atio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
with
h
o
n
ey
b
ad
g
er
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
SEM
-
HB
O)
in
a
W
SN
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
I
t
c
o
m
p
r
is
es
f
o
u
r
v
ar
io
u
s
s
tag
es
lik
e
n
o
d
e
in
itializatio
n
,
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
,
c
lu
s
ter
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
a
n
d
r
o
u
te
p
ath
s
elec
tio
n
.
Her
e,
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
co
s
t,
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
cl
u
s
ter
d
en
s
ity
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
as
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
f
o
r
s
elec
tin
g
C
H.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
as
f
itn
e
s
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
f
o
r
s
elec
tin
g
r
o
u
te
p
ath
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
ig
n
if
ies th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Pro
ce
s
s
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
2
.1
.
No
de
i
nitia
liza
t
i
o
n
I
n
W
SN,
n
o
d
es
ar
e
lo
ca
ted
r
an
d
o
m
ly
an
d
o
p
tim
al
C
H
an
d
r
o
u
te
p
ath
s
ar
e
s
elec
ted
b
y
SEM
-
HB
O.
T
h
e
SEM
-
HB
O
is
ap
p
lied
to
o
b
tain
r
eliab
le
an
d
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
C
H
an
d
r
o
u
te
p
ath
s
ar
e
d
escr
ib
e
d
in
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t sectio
n
.
2
.2
.
CH
s
elec
t
io
n us
ing
SE
M
-
H
B
O
a
lg
o
rit
hm
T
h
e
C
H
f
r
o
m
n
o
d
es
is
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
b
y
SEM
-
HB
O
with
v
ar
io
u
s
f
itn
ess
d
u
e
t
o
it
m
a
n
ag
in
g
h
u
g
e
d
ata
th
at
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ap
p
licatio
n
s
wh
en
SNs
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
b
e
id
en
tifie
d
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
C
H
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
en
er
g
y
an
d
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
d
ata
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
id
es
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Her
e,
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
u
s
ed
to
f
in
d
a
s
u
itab
le
n
o
d
e
t
o
ac
t
as
C
H
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
HB
O
is
a
b
io
-
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
tak
e
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
an
im
al
n
a
m
ed
B
ad
g
er
in
f
in
d
in
g
t
h
e
h
o
n
ey
p
r
ey
.
T
h
e
d
y
n
am
ic
s
ea
r
ch
b
eh
av
io
r
f
o
r
m
in
in
g
a
n
d
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
f
o
r
h
o
n
e
y
is
s
tim
u
lated
to
u
p
d
ate
its
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
eq
u
atio
n
s
.
Du
e
to
th
eir
f
ea
r
less
n
atu
r
e,
h
o
n
ey
b
ad
g
e
r
s
will
n
o
t
h
esit
ate
to
in
v
o
lv
e
h
ig
h
p
r
ed
ato
r
s
wh
en
escap
in
g
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
I
t
em
p
lo
y
s
a
r
at
s
n
if
f
in
g
m
eth
o
d
to
walk
g
r
a
d
u
ally
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
p
r
ey
m
in
in
g
p
er
d
ay
.
T
h
e
HB
O
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
clu
d
es
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
itializatio
n
,
u
p
d
atin
g
s
ea
r
ch
ag
e
n
t
p
o
s
it
io
n
,
p
r
e
y
attr
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
d
e
n
s
ity
f
ac
to
r
.
Po
p
u
latio
n
i
n
itializatio
n
:
it
is
g
en
er
ate
d
r
a
n
d
o
m
ly
in
t
h
e
in
itial
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
h
o
n
e
y
b
a
d
g
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies.
E
v
e
r
y
ca
n
d
i
d
ate
s
o
lu
tio
n
lo
ca
tio
n
is
p
r
esen
ted
as
v
ec
to
r
s
in
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
as
(
1
)
.
W
h
er
e,
1
is
a
r
an
d
o
m
n
u
m
b
er
with
in
[
0
,
1
]
,
an
d
ar
e
u
p
p
er
an
d
l
o
wer
b
o
u
n
d
s
o
f
s
ea
r
c
h
s
p
ac
e.
=
+
1
∙
(
−
)
(
1
)
Up
d
atin
g
s
ea
r
ch
ag
en
t
p
o
s
itio
n
:
it
h
as
d
u
al
s
tag
es
s
u
ch
as
m
in
in
g
a
n
d
e
n
jo
in
in
g
h
o
n
ey
s
tag
es.
B
ef
o
r
e
m
o
v
in
g
to
lo
ca
tio
n
u
p
d
ates
o
f
h
o
n
ey
b
a
d
g
er
s
in
m
in
in
g
an
d
e
n
jo
in
in
g
h
o
n
ey
s
tag
e
s
,
a
f
ew
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
tak
en
s
u
ch
as
p
r
ey
attr
a
ctio
n
an
d
d
en
s
ity
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
d
ef
i
n
i
n
g
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
.
I
t
is
r
elate
d
to
th
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
p
r
ey
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
a
n
d
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
etwe
en
p
r
e
y
an
d
th
h
o
n
ey
b
ad
g
er
.
T
h
e
is
an
o
d
o
r
in
ten
s
ity
th
at
i
s
ex
p
o
s
ed
in
(
2
)
.
=
2
∙
4
2
(
2
)
W
h
er
e,
an
d
ar
e
k
n
o
wn
as so
u
r
ce
in
ten
s
ity
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
am
o
n
g
p
r
ey
an
d
th
h
o
n
ey
b
a
d
g
er
wh
ich
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
3
)
an
d
(
4
)
.
T
h
e
d
e
n
s
ity
f
ac
to
r
m
in
im
izes
s
lo
wly
th
r
o
u
g
h
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
i
ter
atio
n
s
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
m
o
o
th
tr
an
s
latio
n
f
r
o
m
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
to
e
x
p
lo
itatio
n
.
T
h
e
r
ed
u
cin
g
f
ac
t
o
r
is
u
p
d
ate
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
iter
atio
n
s
to
m
in
im
ize
th
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
izatio
n
wh
ich
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
5
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
C
lu
s
ter
in
g
a
n
d
r
o
u
tin
g
u
s
in
g
s
p
ir
a
l e
xp
lo
r
a
tio
n
…
(
A
n
ith
a
C
h
ikka
n
a
y
a
ka
n
a
h
a
lli Lo
ke
s
h
K
u
ma
r
)
1737
=
(
−
+
1
)
2
(
3
)
=
−
(
4
)
=
∙
e
xp
(
−
)
(
5
)
W
h
er
e,
is
a
co
n
s
tan
t
in
a
r
an
g
e
eq
u
al
to
o
r
g
r
ea
te
r
th
an
1
,
an
d
ar
e
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
m
a
x
im
u
m
iter
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
in
in
g
s
tag
e
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
h
o
n
ey
p
r
ey
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
6
)
.
W
h
er
e,
is
th
e
b
est
p
r
ey
lo
ca
tio
n
,
is
eq
u
al
to
o
r
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
1
wh
ic
h
ca
n
ca
p
ab
il
ity
o
f
h
o
n
ey
b
ad
g
e
r
s
to
attain
f
o
o
d
,
is
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
am
o
n
g
p
r
ey
a
n
d
th
h
o
n
ey
b
ad
g
e
r
,
3
,
4
,
an
d
5
ar
e
th
r
ee
v
ar
io
u
s
r
an
d
o
m
n
u
m
b
er
with
in
[
0
,
1
]
,
is
an
o
d
o
r
in
te
n
s
ity
,
is
a
s
ea
r
ch
p
ath
o
f
ag
en
t
to
alter
s
ea
r
ch
p
ath
s
tr
ictly
as
(
7
)
.
T
h
e
h
o
n
e
y
s
tag
e
is
th
e
n
ex
t
p
o
s
itio
n
u
p
d
ate
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
h
o
n
ey
g
u
id
e
as
b
ir
d
s
wh
ich
h
as
ess
en
tial
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
an
d
m
u
t
u
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
T
h
e
u
p
d
ate
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
is
ex
p
o
s
ed
in
(
8
)
.
T
h
e
s
p
ir
al
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
(
SEM
)
is
u
s
ed
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
wh
ich
is
u
s
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
o
p
u
latio
n
to
u
p
d
ate
its
lo
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
u
p
d
ated
f
o
r
m
u
la
i
s
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
9
)
.
=
+
∙
∙
∙
+
∙
3
∙
∙
|
c
os
(
2
4
)
[
1
−
(
2
5
)
]
|
(
6
)
=
{
1
,
6
≤
1
2
−
1
,
6
≤
1
2
(
7
)
=
+
∙
7
∙
∙
(
8
)
=
+
∙
∙
∙
+
∙
8
∙
∙
|
c
os
(
2
)
|
∙
∙
e
xp
(
∙
)
(
9
)
W
h
er
e,
is
a
n
ew
p
o
s
it
io
n
,
is
th
e
b
est
p
r
ey
lo
ca
tio
n
,
,
,
an
d
ar
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
wh
ich
ar
e
esti
m
ated
in
u
p
d
atin
g
h
o
n
ey
b
ad
g
er
s
ea
r
ch
es
at
a
lo
ca
tio
n
n
e
ar
to
lo
ca
tio
n
.
At
th
e
g
lo
b
al
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
s
tag
e
o
f
HB
O,
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
ex
p
lo
r
es
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
u
til
izin
g
th
e
m
o
tio
n
tr
ajec
to
r
y
o
f
a
h
ea
r
t
-
s
h
ap
ed
c
u
r
v
e
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
,
i
n
ea
r
ly
-
s
tag
e
iter
at
io
n
,
th
e
h
ea
r
t
-
s
h
ap
ed
lin
e
o
f
tr
av
er
s
al
r
an
g
e
is
lim
ited
an
d
g
lo
b
al
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
is
in
ad
eq
u
ate.
T
h
e
is
a
r
an
d
o
m
n
u
m
b
er
am
o
n
g
[
−
1
,
1
]
t
h
at
r
ef
lects
th
e
o
p
tim
izati
o
n
tr
ajec
to
r
y
o
f
th
e
h
elix
,
is
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
ea
r
ch
r
an
g
e,
is
a
s
p
ir
al
s
h
ap
e
s
i
ze
,
8
is
a
r
an
d
o
m
n
u
m
b
er
am
o
n
g
[
0
,
1
]
.
Af
ter
co
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
u
p
d
a
tin
g
f
o
r
m
u
la
o
f
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
h
o
n
ey
b
ad
g
er
r
ec
o
g
n
izes th
e
p
r
e
y
p
o
s
itio
n
in
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
tr
ajec
to
r
y
wh
ic
h
en
h
a
n
ce
s
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
ea
r
ch
ab
ilit
y
.
2
.3
.
F
i
t
nes
s
f
un
ct
io
n e
s
t
im
a
t
io
n
T
h
e
C
H
an
d
r
o
u
te
p
at
h
f
itn
e
s
s
en
ab
le
to
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
wh
ich
g
en
er
ates
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
esti
m
atin
g
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
.
Ar
r
an
g
in
g
n
o
d
es
b
y
h
ig
h
en
er
g
y
o
p
tim
izes
an
d
p
r
eser
v
es
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ef
f
icien
tly
f
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
n
etwo
r
k
life
s
p
an
.
T
h
e
r
esid
u
al
en
e
r
g
y
(
1
)
,
d
is
tan
ce
(
2
)
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
c
o
s
t
(
3
)
,
an
d
c
lu
s
ter
d
en
s
ity
(
4
)
ar
e
u
s
ed
t
o
s
elec
t
C
H
b
y
SEM
-
HB
O
wh
i
ch
is
co
n
v
e
r
ted
as
o
n
e
o
b
jecti
v
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
)
as
(
1
0
)
.
W
h
er
e,
is
th
e
o
v
er
all
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
1
,
2
,
3
,
an
d
4
ar
e
weig
h
t
m
etr
ics
o
f
ea
ch
f
itn
ess
.
T
h
e
d
etailed
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
ea
ch
f
i
tn
ess
i
s
g
iv
en
in
t
h
e
u
p
c
o
m
in
g
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
s
:
=
1
×
1
+
2
×
2
+
3
×
3
+
4
×
4
(
1
0
)
2
.
3
.
1
.
Resid
ua
l e
nerg
y
a
nd
d
is
t
a
nce
Her
e,
h
u
g
e
en
e
r
g
y
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
p
r
ep
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
p
ath
s
elec
tio
n
in
C
H
d
u
e
to
th
e
n
o
d
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
h
ig
h
en
e
r
g
y
as
th
e
r
o
u
te
p
ath
.
T
h
e
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
(
1
)
is
ass
ess
ed
b
y
(
1
1
)
.
W
SN
co
n
s
u
m
es
h
ig
h
en
er
g
y
wh
en
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
d
ata
f
r
o
m
C
H
to
B
S,
h
er
e
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
is
lin
ea
r
ly
r
elate
d
to
tr
an
s
m
itted
en
er
g
y
.
Hen
ce
,
it
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
s
elec
t
C
H
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
m
in
i
m
u
m
d
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
B
S.
T
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
(
2
)
is
ass
es
s
ed
b
y
(
1
2
)
.
W
h
er
e,
is
an
th
C
H
s
u
s
tain
en
e
r
g
y
,
(
,
)
is
an
ℎ
C
H
an
d
B
S d
is
tan
ce
.
1
=
∑
1
=
1
(
1
1
)
2
=
∑
(
,
)
=
1
(
1
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
7
,
No
.
3
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
5
:
1
734
-
1
7
4
3
1738
2
.
3
.
2.
Co
mm
un
ica
t
io
n c
o
s
t
a
nd
clus
t
er
de
ns
it
y
T
h
e
d
ata
is
tr
an
s
m
itted
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
o
wer
wh
ich
is
r
elate
d
t
o
its
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
d
is
tan
c
e
b
etwe
en
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
co
s
t
(
3
)
is
ass
ess
ed
b
y
(
1
3
)
.
I
t
is
s
tated
as
a
n
o
d
e
th
at
r
ec
o
g
n
izes
h
o
w
t
o
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t le
s
s
in
a
s
im
p
le
r
o
u
te.
Her
e,
d
en
s
ity
is
lin
ea
r
ly
r
elate
d
to
en
tire
n
o
d
es a
s
(
1
4
)
.
3
=
2
0
2
(
1
3
)
4
=
1
∑
|
|
=
1
(
1
4
)
W
h
er
e,
is
a
n
o
d
e
an
d
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
’
av
er
ag
e
d
is
tan
ce
,
0
is
a
n
o
d
e
cir
cu
latio
n
r
a
d
iu
s
.
an
d
ar
e
n
etwo
r
k
n
o
d
es
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
C
H,
|
|
is
an
ℎ
clu
s
ter
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
f
ailu
r
e
o
f
a
n
o
d
e
is
esti
m
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
en
er
g
y
,
a
n
d
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
d
i
s
tan
ce
is
m
in
im
ized
b
etwe
en
d
u
al
n
o
d
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
clu
s
ter
d
en
s
ity
is
u
s
ed
to
en
h
an
ce
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
wh
en
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
s
ec
u
r
ity
co
n
tr
ar
y
to
attac
k
n
o
d
es.
2
.4
.
Clus
t
er
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
Af
ter
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
C
H
b
y
SEM
-
HB
O,
ev
er
y
ac
tiv
e
n
o
d
e
tr
an
s
f
er
co
n
tr
o
l
p
ac
k
ets
to
its
s
in
k
n
o
d
e.
Du
r
in
g
clu
s
ter
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
SN
s
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
s
elec
t
C
Hs
an
d
th
e
cl
u
s
ter
f
o
r
m
atio
n
h
a
p
p
en
s
b
y
s
elec
tin
g
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
w
h
ich
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
s
en
s
o
r
p
o
ten
tial
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
t
is
n
u
m
e
r
ically
p
r
esen
ted
in
(
1
5
)
.
W
h
er
e,
an
d
(
,
)
ar
e
a
C
H
en
er
g
y
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
am
o
n
g
C
H
an
d
th
s
en
s
o
r
.
(
)
=
(
,
)
(
1
5
)
2
.5
.
Ro
ute
pa
t
h select
io
n
Af
ter
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
clu
s
ter
s
,
th
e
p
ath
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
in
itialized
to
d
eter
m
in
e
o
p
tim
a
l
p
ath
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
d
ata
f
r
o
m
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
d
esti
n
atio
n
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
SEM
-
HB
O,
p
ath
is
s
elec
ted
wit
h
C
H
an
d
B
S
p
ath
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
is
tak
en
as
f
i
n
al
g
ate
way
.
Dis
tan
ce
an
d
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
f
it
n
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
o
r
s
elec
tin
g
r
o
u
te
p
ath
s
th
er
eb
y
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
en
h
an
ce
d
.
I
n
itially
,
r
o
u
te
in
itializatio
n
is
d
iv
er
s
e
an
d
f
lex
ib
le
to
allo
w
SEM
-
HB
O
to
f
in
e
-
tu
n
e
b
y
iter
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
h
elp
f
u
l
f
o
r
d
is
co
v
er
in
g
b
est
r
o
u
te
p
ath
th
at
ad
o
p
ts
to
alter
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
tep
s
f
o
r
r
o
u
te
s
elec
tio
n
ar
e
o
u
tlin
ed
:
−
T
h
e
C
H
an
d
B
S
p
ath
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
p
r
im
ar
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
s
elec
tin
g
r
o
u
te
p
ath
s
,
wh
er
e
ea
ch
r
esu
ltan
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
ar
e
r
elate
d
t
o
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
C
H
in
r
o
u
tes.
−
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
u
p
d
atin
g
p
o
s
itio
n
s
wh
ich
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
(
1
6
)
.
=
1
×
∑
(
,
)
=
1
+
2
×
∑
1
=
1
(
1
6
)
W
h
er
e,
1
,
2
,
an
d
3
ar
e
weig
h
ted
p
a
r
am
eter
s
ass
ig
n
ed
to
e
v
er
y
r
o
u
te
o
b
jectiv
e
g
en
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
h
elp
in
id
e
n
tify
in
g
r
o
u
te
p
ath
s
th
at
m
ax
im
ize
r
es
id
u
al
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
m
in
im
ize
d
i
s
tan
ce
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
en
er
g
y
o
f
n
o
d
es is
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
SEM
-
HB
O
th
er
eb
y
n
etwo
r
k
li
f
esp
an
is
en
h
an
ce
d
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
SEM
-
HB
O
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
s
tim
u
lated
b
y
MA
T
L
AB
2
0
2
0
a
with
th
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
i7
,
R
AM
1
6
GB
,
an
d
OS
W
in
d
o
ws
1
0
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
ev
alu
ated
with
m
etr
ics
lik
e
P
DR
,
d
elay
,
E
C
,
NL
,
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
wh
ich
is
n
u
m
er
i
ca
lly
g
iv
en
in
(
1
7
)
-
(
2
1
)
.
W
h
er
e,
an
d
d
ef
in
e
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
an
d
r
ec
eiv
ed
n
o
d
e
en
er
g
y
;
ac
tu
al
an
d
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
r
em
ain
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
is
d
en
o
ted
as
0
an
d
[
]
;
co
n
s
u
m
ed
en
er
g
y
is
d
en
o
t
ed
as
[
]
,
f
ix
e
d
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
d
e
n
o
ted
as
.
T
h
e
SEM
-
HB
O
co
m
p
r
is
es
1
0
0
-
5
0
0
n
o
d
es
in
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
1
,
0
0
0
m
×1
,
0
0
0
m
.
T
h
e
SEM
-
HB
O
ex
p
lo
r
es
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
o
u
tes
an
d
r
ec
o
g
n
izes
b
est
o
n
e
f
o
r
r
e
d
u
cin
g
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
d
elay
th
er
eb
y
en
h
an
cin
g
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e.
T
ab
le
1
s
ig
n
if
ies s
im
u
latio
n
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Par
am
eter
s
f
o
r
s
im
u
l
atio
n
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
C
l
u
st
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
S
EM
-
H
B
O
A
r
e
a
1
,
0
0
0
m
×
1
,
0
0
0
m
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
i
me
1
0
0
s
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
n
o
d
e
s
1
0
0
,
2
0
0
,
3
0
0
,
4
0
0
,
a
n
d
5
0
0
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
0
.
5
J
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
C
lu
s
ter
in
g
a
n
d
r
o
u
tin
g
u
s
in
g
s
p
ir
a
l e
xp
lo
r
a
tio
n
…
(
A
n
ith
a
C
h
ikka
n
a
y
a
ka
n
a
h
a
lli Lo
ke
s
h
K
u
ma
r
)
1739
=
×
100
(
1
7
)
=
(
1
8
)
=
+
(
1
9
)
=
0
−
[
]
+
#
[
]
(
2
0
)
ℎ
ℎ
=
×
1
×
100
(
2
1
)
3
.
1
.
Q
ua
ntit
a
t
iv
e
a
nd
qu
a
lita
t
iv
e
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
SEM
-
HB
O
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
ev
alu
ated
with
m
etr
ics
lik
e
PDR
,
d
elay
,
E
C
,
NL
,
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
T
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
C
H
an
d
r
o
u
te
p
ath
s
elec
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
lik
e
s
alp
s
war
m
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
SS
A)
,
v
o
r
tex
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
VSO)
,
t
u
n
icat
e
s
war
m
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
T
SA)
an
d
HB
O
ar
e
ev
al
u
ated
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
SEM
-
HB
O.
T
h
e
SEM
-
HB
O
ex
p
lo
r
es
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
r
o
u
tes
an
d
r
ec
o
g
n
izes
b
est
o
n
e
f
o
r
r
ed
u
cin
g
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
d
elay
th
e
r
eb
y
en
h
a
n
cin
g
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e.
Fro
m
T
ab
le
2
,
th
e
SEM
-
HB
O
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
e
v
alu
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
PDR
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
n
o
d
es
in
ter
m
s
o
f
1
0
0
-
5
0
0
.
T
h
e
SS
A,
VSO,
T
SA,
an
d
HB
O
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ar
e
ev
alu
ated
f
o
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
n
o
.
o
f
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
SEM
-
HB
O
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
it
ac
h
iev
es
9
9
.
6
2
%,
9
9
.
5
9
%,
9
9
.
5
1
%,
9
9
.
4
3
%
,
an
d
9
9
.
3
7
%
f
o
r
1
0
0
-
5
0
0
n
o
d
es
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
SS
A,
VSO,
T
SA
,
an
d
HB
O.
Fro
m
T
ab
le
3
,
th
e
SEM
-
HB
O
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
ev
alu
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
d
ela
y
w
ith
d
if
f
er
en
t
n
o
d
es
in
ter
m
s
o
f
1
0
0
-
5
0
0
.
T
h
e
SS
A,
VSO,
T
SA
,
an
d
HB
O
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ar
e
ev
alu
ated
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
n
o
.
o
f
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
S
E
M
-
HB
O
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
it
ac
h
iev
es
0
.
0
1
6
m
s
,
0
.
0
1
8
m
s
,
0
.
0
2
1
m
s
,
0
.
0
2
5
ms
,
an
d
0
.
0
2
7
ms
f
o
r
1
0
0
-
5
0
0
n
o
d
es
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
SS
A,
VSO,
T
SA
,
an
d
HB
O.
Fro
m
T
ab
le
4
,
th
e
SEM
-
HB
O
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
is
ev
alu
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
elay
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
n
o
d
es
in
ter
m
s
o
f
1
0
0
-
5
0
0
.
T
h
e
SS
A,
VSO,
T
S
A
,
an
d
HB
O
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ar
e
ev
alu
ate
d
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
n
o
.
o
f
n
o
d
es
.
T
h
e
SE
M
-
HB
O
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
s
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
it
ac
h
iev
es
0
.
1
3
J
,
0
.
1
5
J
,
0
.
1
8
J
,
0
.
2
1
J
,
an
d
0
,
2
5
J
f
o
r
1
0
0
-
5
0
0
n
o
d
es in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
SS
A,
VSO,
T
SA
,
an
d
HB
O.
T
ab
le
2
.
R
esu
lt e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
PDR
(
%)
M
e
t
h
o
d
s
N
o
.
o
f
n
o
d
e
s
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
SSA
9
3
.
8
2
9
3
.
7
6
9
2
.
6
5
9
2
.
5
0
9
2
.
4
4
V
S
O
9
4
.
3
7
9
4
.
3
3
9
4
.
2
9
9
4
.
2
1
9
4
.
1
4
TSA
9
6
.
6
1
9
6
.
5
4
9
6
.
4
5
9
6
.
3
1
9
6
.
2
8
H
B
O
9
8
.
5
8
9
8
.
4
6
9
8
.
3
9
9
8
.
2
5
9
8
.
1
6
S
EM
-
H
B
O
9
9
.
6
2
9
9
.
5
9
9
9
.
5
1
9
9
.
4
3
9
9
.
3
7
T
ab
le
3
.
R
esu
lt e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
d
elay
(
m
s
)
M
e
t
h
o
d
s
N
o
.
o
f
n
o
d
e
s
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
SSA
0
.
0
2
8
0
.
0
3
1
0
.
0
3
4
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
4
1
V
S
O
0
.
0
2
5
0
.
0
2
7
0
.
0
3
0
0
.
0
3
3
0
.
0
3
7
TSA
0
.
0
2
3
0
.
0
2
6
0
.
0
2
8
0
.
0
3
1
0
.
0
3
4
H
B
O
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
2
2
0
.
0
2
4
0
.
0
2
7
0
.
0
2
9
S
EM
-
H
B
O
0
.
0
1
6
0
.
0
1
8
0
.
0
2
1
0
.
0
2
5
0
.
0
2
7
T
ab
le
4
.
R
esu
lt e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
E
C
(
J
)
M
e
t
h
o
d
s
N
o
.
o
f
n
o
d
e
s
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
SSA
0
.
2
7
0
.
2
8
0
.
3
2
0
.
3
5
0
.
3
9
V
S
O
0
.
2
3
0
.
2
5
0
.
2
9
0
.
3
1
0
.
3
5
TSA
0
.
2
0
0
.
2
3
0
.
2
6
0
.
2
9
0
.
3
2
H
B
O
0
.
1
6
0
.
1
9
0
.
2
2
0
.
2
4
0
.
2
8
S
EM
-
H
B
O
0
.
1
3
0
.
1
5
0
.
1
8
0
.
2
1
0
.
2
5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
7
,
No
.
3
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
5
:
1
734
-
1
7
4
3
1740
Fro
m
F
ig
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
SEM
-
HB
O
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
ev
alu
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
elay
with
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
n
o
d
es
in
ter
m
s
o
f
1
0
0
-
5
0
0
.
T
h
e
SS
A,
VSO,
T
SA
,
an
d
HB
O
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
ar
e
e
v
alu
ated
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
n
o
.
o
f
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
SEM
-
HB
O
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
it
ac
h
iev
e
2
5
6
3
7
s
,
2
7
3
8
2
s
,
2
9
5
2
1
s
,
3
1
4
6
8
s
,
an
d
3
3
2
8
4
s
f
o
r
1
0
0
-
5
0
0
n
o
d
es
in
c
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
with
S
SA,
VSO,
T
SA
,
an
d
HB
O.
Fro
m
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
t
h
e
SEM
-
H
B
O
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
ev
alu
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
with
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
n
o
d
es
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
1
0
0
-
5
0
0
.
T
h
e
SS
A,
VSO,
T
SA
,
an
d
HB
O
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ar
e
ev
alu
ated
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
n
o
.
o
f
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
S
E
M
-
HB
O
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
it
ac
h
iev
es
7
1
.
2
6
Kb
p
s
,
7
9
.
5
2
Kb
p
s
,
8
6
.
6
8
Kb
p
s
,
9
1
.
7
3
Kb
p
s
,
an
d
9
8
.
3
6
K
b
p
s
f
o
r
1
0
0
-
5
0
0
n
o
d
es
i
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
SS
A,
VSO,
T
SA
,
an
d
HB
O.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
R
esu
lt e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
NL
(
s
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
R
esu
lt e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
(
Kb
p
s
)
3
.2
.
Co
m
pa
ra
t
iv
e
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
SEM
-
HB
O
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
ev
alu
ated
co
m
p
ar
ativ
el
y
b
y
ex
is
tin
g
r
esear
ch
lik
e
HSA
-
C
SO
[
2
1
]
,
I
DT
OM
HR
[
2
2
]
,
an
d
POW
E
R
[
2
3
]
with
a
s
im
u
latio
n
ar
ea
o
f
1
0
0
0
m
×1
0
0
0
m
.
T
h
e
SEM
-
HB
O
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
it
ac
h
ie
v
es
9
9
.
6
2
%
an
d
9
9
.
5
9
%
o
f
PD
R
f
o
r
1
0
0
an
d
2
0
0
n
o
d
es
.
T
ab
le
5
s
ig
n
if
ies
th
e
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
o
f
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
s
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
s
.
I
n
T
a
b
l
e
5
,
s
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
1
i
s
f
o
r
H
S
A
-
C
S
O
[
2
1
]
,
s
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
2
i
s
f
o
r
I
D
T
O
M
H
R
[
2
2
]
an
d
s
ce
n
ar
io
3
is
f
o
r
POW
E
R
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
SEM
-
HB
O
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
f
o
r
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
T
ab
le
5
f
o
r
e
v
alu
atin
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
a
b
le
6
s
ig
n
if
ies a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
r
esu
lt.
T
ab
le
5
.
Simu
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t scen
ar
io
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
S
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
1
2
3
S
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
s
5
0
,
1
0
0
,
1
5
0
,
2
0
0
5
0
,
1
0
0
,
1
5
0
,
2
0
0
,
2
5
0
1
0
0
,
2
0
0
,
3
0
0
,
4
0
0
,
5
0
0
A
r
e
a
1
,
000
m
×
1
,
000
m
1
,
000
m
×
1
,
000
m
1
,
000
m
×
1
,
000
m
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
1J
NA
0
.
5
J
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
C
lu
s
ter
in
g
a
n
d
r
o
u
tin
g
u
s
in
g
s
p
ir
a
l e
xp
lo
r
a
tio
n
…
(
A
n
ith
a
C
h
ikka
n
a
y
a
ka
n
a
h
a
lli Lo
ke
s
h
K
u
ma
r
)
1741
T
ab
le
6
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
r
esu
lt
S
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
P
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
m
e
t
r
i
c
s
M
e
t
h
o
d
N
o
.
o
f
n
o
d
e
s
1
0
0
2
0
0
1
P
D
R
(
%)
H
S
A
-
C
S
O
[
21
]
9
4
.
5
97
S
EM
-
H
B
O
9
6
.
6
7
9
8
.
3
1
D
e
l
a
y
(
ms)
H
S
A
-
C
S
O
[
21
]
1
.
1
1
.
4
S
EM
-
H
B
O
0
.
8
1
.
1
EC
(
J)
H
S
A
-
C
S
O
[
21
]
0
.
1
9
0
.
1
6
S
EM
-
H
B
O
0
.
1
4
0
.
1
1
N
L
(
s)
H
S
A
-
C
S
O
[
2
1]
1
9
5
0
1
8
0
0
S
EM
-
H
B
O
2
5
0
0
2
3
0
0
2
P
D
R
(
%)
I
D
TO
M
H
R
[
2
2
]
9
6
.
2
8
9
5
.
9
0
S
EM
-
H
B
O
9
8
.
6
5
9
7
.
5
7
D
e
l
a
y
(
ms)
I
D
TO
M
H
R
[
2
2
]
0
.
0
2
1
0
.
0
2
0
S
EM
-
H
B
O
0
.
0
1
7
0
.
0
1
4
EC
(
J)
I
D
TO
M
H
R
[
2
2]
3
.
3
4
7
.
4
3
S
EM
-
H
B
O
2
.
8
1
3
.
8
6
N
L
(
s)
I
D
TO
M
H
R
[
2
2
]
2
2
8
5
4
2
0
5
9
8
S
EM
-
H
B
O
2
3
9
6
1
2
2
4
9
3
Th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
(
K
b
p
s)
I
D
TO
M
H
R
[
2
2
]
53
63
S
EM
-
H
B
O
68
71
3
P
D
R
(
%)
P
O
W
ER
[
2
3
]
9
9
.
1
9
9
.
4
S
EM
-
H
B
O
9
9
.
5
7
9
9
.
6
5
D
e
l
a
y
(
ms)
P
O
W
ER
[
2
3
]
0
.
0
4
0
.
0
9
S
EM
-
H
B
O
0
.
0
2
0
.
0
5
EC
(
J)
P
O
W
ER
[
2
3
]
2
.
2
6
2
.
4
2
S
EM
-
H
B
O
1
.
6
4
1
.
5
7
N
L
(
s)
P
O
W
ER
[
2
3
]
1
5
4
5
2
1
3
8
S
EM
-
H
B
O
2
9
0
0
3
5
0
0
Th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
(
K
b
p
s)
P
O
W
ER
[
2
3
]
1
9
.
1
7
2
5
.
6
9
S
EM
-
H
B
O
5
4
.
6
7
6
7
.
8
5
3
.
3
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
T
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
clu
s
ter
in
g
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
h
av
e
d
r
awb
a
ck
s
wh
ich
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
.
I
n
HSA
-
C
SO
[
2
1
]
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
en
er
g
y
as
f
itn
ess
th
at
f
ail
to
u
tili
ze
d
is
tan
ce
,
th
u
s
th
e
p
ath
with
h
u
g
e
d
is
tan
ce
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e.
I
DT
OM
HR
[
2
2
]
r
eq
u
i
r
es
an
ex
ten
s
iv
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
c
o
n
tr
o
l
p
ac
k
ets
wh
ich
ar
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
to
th
e
r
o
u
te
s
elec
t
io
n
th
at
h
ig
h
er
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
lo
a
d
.
POW
E
R
[
2
3
]
r
eq
u
ir
ed
r
est
r
icted
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
f
o
r
t
r
an
s
m
itti
n
g
d
ata
th
r
o
u
g
h
n
o
d
es
d
u
e
to
b
an
d
wid
t
h
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
wh
ich
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
d
el
ay
.
T
S
A
-
DC
SO
[
2
4
]
d
id
n
o
t
c
o
n
s
id
er
clu
s
ter
d
en
s
ity
wh
ich
r
esu
ltan
t
in
p
ac
k
et
d
r
o
p
o
v
er
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
at
tack
n
o
d
e
as
C
H.
M
-
GE
O
[
2
5
]
h
as
in
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
p
a
r
am
eter
s
wh
ich
m
in
im
ized
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
d
u
e
to
in
ef
f
icien
t
r
es
o
u
r
ce
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
ese
f
laws,
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
SEM
-
HB
O
wh
ich
ex
p
lo
r
es
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
o
u
tes
an
d
r
ec
o
g
n
izes
b
est
o
n
e
f
o
r
r
e
d
u
cin
g
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
d
elay
th
er
e
b
y
en
h
an
cin
g
n
etwo
r
k
life
ti
m
e.
T
h
e
SEM
-
HB
O
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
alan
cin
g
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
at
C
H
an
d
r
o
u
te
s
elec
tio
n
wh
ich
e
n
h
an
ce
s
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
s
cien
t
if
ic
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
o
n
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
in
W
SN
to
en
h
a
n
ce
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
is
r
es
ea
r
ch
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
as
lim
ited
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
r
an
g
e
wh
ic
h
lead
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
d
elay
d
u
e
to
in
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
SEM
-
HB
O
o
p
tim
izes
r
eso
u
r
ce
u
tili
za
tio
n
an
d
n
et
wo
r
k
life
tim
e
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
e
d
is
tan
ce
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
co
s
t,
clu
s
t
er
d
en
s
ity
,
an
d
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
SEM
-
HB
O
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
C
H
an
d
r
o
u
t
e
p
ath
in
W
SN
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
n
d
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
lif
etim
e.
I
t
ex
p
lo
r
es
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
o
u
tes
an
d
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
b
est
o
n
e
f
o
r
r
ed
u
cin
g
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
d
elay
th
er
eb
y
en
h
an
cin
g
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e.
T
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
co
s
t,
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
an
d
clu
s
ter
d
en
s
ity
ar
e
ta
k
en
as
f
itn
ess
f
o
r
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
;
ad
d
itio
n
al
ly
,
d
is
tan
ce
a
n
d
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
ar
e
ta
k
en
as
f
i
tn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
o
r
s
elec
tin
g
r
o
u
te
p
ath
wh
ic
h
en
h
a
n
ce
s
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
s
p
an
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
SEM
-
HB
O
s
e
ar
ch
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
,
it
ex
p
lo
r
es
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
o
u
tes
an
d
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
b
est
o
n
e
f
o
r
r
ed
u
c
in
g
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
d
elay
th
er
eb
y
en
h
a
n
cin
g
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e.
B
y
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
SEM
-
HB
O
in
W
SN
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
an
d
m
in
im
izes
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
p
tim
izes
C
H
an
d
r
o
u
te
s
elec
tio
n
to
o
f
f
e
r
s
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
o
l
u
tio
n
f
o
r
r
eliab
le
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
t
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
in
W
S
N.
T
h
e
SEM
-
HB
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
eliv
er
s
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
ch
allen
g
es
in
W
SN
wh
ich
s
ig
n
if
ican
tl
y
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
W
SN
in
v
ar
i
o
u
s
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
S
EM
-
HB
O
ef
f
icien
tly
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
an
d
ac
h
iev
ed
9
9
.
6
2
%
an
d
9
9
.
5
9
%
o
f
PDR
f
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
7
,
No
.
3
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
5
:
1
734
-
1
7
4
3
1742
1
0
0
a
n
d
2
0
0
n
o
d
es.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
o
n
SEM
-
HB
O
f
o
r
W
SN
d
is
co
v
er
h
y
b
r
i
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
d
y
n
am
ic
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
d
itio
n
s
a
n
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
k
e
y
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ts
in
clu
d
e
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
l
d
d
ep
l
o
y
m
en
ts
,
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
is
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
al
y
s
is
with
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
tech
n
iq
u
es.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
SEM
-
HB
O
with
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
an
d
test
in
g
f
au
lt to
ler
an
ce
p
r
o
v
i
d
es p
r
ac
ti
ca
l a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
Z.
W
a
n
g
,
H
.
D
i
n
g
,
B
.
Li
,
L.
B
a
o
,
Z.
Y
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
Q
.
Li
u
,
“
En
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
c
l
u
st
e
r
b
a
se
d
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
W
S
N
u
si
n
g
f
i
r
e
f
l
y
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
a
n
d
a
n
t
c
o
l
o
n
y
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
Wi
rel
e
ss
P
e
rso
n
a
l
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
1
6
7
–
2
2
0
0
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
1
2
7
7
-
022
-
0
9
6
5
1
-
9.
[
2
]
D
.
R
a
j
e
sh
a
n
d
T
.
J
a
y
a
,
“
E
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
mp
e
t
e
n
t
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
-
b
a
se
d
se
c
u
r
e
d
C
H
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
E
C
2
S
R
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
m
o
b
i
l
e
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
,
”
C
o
n
c
u
rre
n
c
y
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
:
Pra
c
t
i
c
e
a
n
d
Ex
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
3
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
c
p
e
.
6
5
2
5
.
[
3
]
G
.
N
a
t
e
s
a
n
,
S
.
K
o
n
d
a
,
R
.
P
.
d
e
P
r
a
d
o
,
a
n
d
M
.
W
o
z
n
i
a
k
,
“
A
h
y
b
r
i
d
m
a
y
f
l
y
-
a
q
u
i
l
a
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
b
a
se
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
-
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
c
l
u
st
e
r
i
n
g
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
se
n
s
o
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s,”
S
e
n
s
o
rs
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
1
7
,
p
.
6
4
0
5
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
s
2
2
1
7
6
4
0
5
.
[
4
]
R
.
A
b
r
a
h
a
m
a
n
d
M
.
V
a
d
i
v
e
l
,
“
A
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
s
e
n
so
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
w
i
t
h
f
l
a
mi
n
g
o
se
a
r
c
h
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
b
a
se
d
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
h
e
a
d
sel
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
”
Wi
r
e
l
e
ss
P
e
rso
n
a
l
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
5
0
3
–
1
5
2
5
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
1
2
7
7
-
023
-
1
0
3
4
2
-
2.
[
5
]
B
.
B
e
n
G
o
u
i
ssem,
R
.
G
a
n
t
a
ssi
,
a
n
d
S
.
H
a
sn
a
o
u
i
,
“
En
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
g
r
i
d
b
a
s
e
d
k
-
me
a
n
s
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
i
n
g
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
f
o
r
l
a
r
g
e
s
c
a
l
e
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
se
n
s
o
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s,”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
5
,
n
o
.
1
4
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
d
a
c
.
5
2
5
5
.
[
6
]
N
.
M
a
l
i
se
t
t
i
a
n
d
V
.
K
.
P
a
m
u
l
a
,
“
E
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
b
a
se
d
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
f
o
r
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
s
e
n
so
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
u
si
n
g
m
o
t
h
l
e
v
y
a
d
o
p
t
e
d
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
a
n
d
c
u
s
t
o
m
i
z
e
d
g
r
e
y
w
o
l
f
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m,
”
M
i
c
r
o
p
ro
c
e
ss
o
rs
a
n
d
Mi
c
r
o
sys
t
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
3
,
p
.
1
0
4
5
9
3
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
mi
c
p
r
o
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
4
5
9
3
.
[
7
]
R
.
M
i
s
h
r
a
a
n
d
R
.
K
.
Y
a
d
a
v
,
“
E
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
-
b
a
se
d
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
W
S
N
u
si
n
g
n
a
t
u
r
e
i
n
s
p
i
r
e
d
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
,
”
W
i
re
l
e
ss
Pe
rso
n
a
l
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
4
0
7
–
2
4
4
0
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
1
2
7
7
-
0
2
3
-
1
0
3
8
5
-
5.
[
8
]
A
.
D
.
G
u
p
t
a
a
n
d
R
.
K
.
R
o
u
t
,
“
R
O
TE
E:
r
e
m
o
r
a
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
u
n
i
c
a
t
e
sw
a
r
m
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
-
b
a
s
e
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
-
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
c
l
u
st
e
r
-
b
a
s
e
d
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
f
o
r
EH
-
e
n
a
b
l
e
d
h
e
t
e
r
o
g
e
n
e
o
u
s
W
S
N
s,”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
S
y
st
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
d
a
c
.
5
3
7
2
.
[
9
]
J.
A
mu
t
h
a
,
S
.
S
h
a
r
ma
,
a
n
d
S
.
K
.
S
h
a
r
ma,
“
A
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
b
a
s
e
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
w
i
t
h
st
a
t
i
c
si
n
k
a
n
d
mo
b
i
l
e
si
n
k
n
o
d
e
f
o
r
W
i
r
e
l
e
ss
S
e
n
so
r
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
s,
”
Ex
p
e
rt
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
w
i
t
h
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
3
,
p
.
1
1
7
3
3
4
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
sw
a
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
1
7
3
3
4
.
[
1
0
]
B
.
H
a
n
,
F
.
R
a
n
,
J.
Li
,
L.
Y
a
n
,
H
.
S
h
e
n
,
a
n
d
A
.
L
i
,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
b
a
s
e
d
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
-
h
a
r
v
e
st
i
n
g
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
sen
s
o
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s,”
S
e
n
s
o
rs
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
.
1
5
6
4
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
s
2
2
0
4
1
5
6
4
.
[
1
1
]
R
e
k
h
a
a
n
d
R
.
G
a
r
g
,
“
K
-
L
i
o
n
E
R
:
met
a
-
h
e
u
r
i
s
t
i
c
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
f
o
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
b
a
s
e
d
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
f
o
r
W
S
N
-
a
ssi
st
e
d
I
o
T
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s,”
C
l
u
s
t
e
r
C
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
2
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
2
0
7
–
4
2
2
1
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
0
5
8
6
-
0
2
4
-
0
4
2
8
0
-
2.
[
1
2
]
K
.
S
u
r
e
s
h
,
S
.
S
.
S
.
M
o
l
e
,
a
n
d
A
.
J.
S
.
K
u
mar
,
“
F
2
S
O
:
a
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
c
l
u
st
e
r
b
a
se
d
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
u
s
i
n
g
f
u
z
z
y
f
i
r
e
b
u
g
sw
a
r
m
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
i
n
W
S
N
,
”
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
6
6
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
1
2
6
–
1
1
3
8
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
9
3
/
c
o
mj
n
l
/
b
x
a
c
0
0
2
.
[
1
3
]
S
.
K
.
S
h
a
r
ma
a
n
d
M
.
C
h
a
w
l
a
,
“
P
R
ESEP
:
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
b
a
se
d
m
e
t
a
h
e
u
r
i
st
i
c
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
f
o
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
-
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
se
n
s
o
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
i
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
o
f
t
h
i
n
g
s
,
”
W
i
re
l
e
ss
Pe
rs
o
n
a
l
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
4
3
–
1
2
6
3
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
1
2
7
7
-
023
-
1
0
8
1
4
-
5.
[
1
4
]
U
.
E.
Z
a
c
h
a
r
i
a
h
a
n
d
L
.
K
u
p
p
u
sam
y
,
“
A
h
y
b
r
i
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
o
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
i
n
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s,”
Ev
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
a
r
y
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
9
3
–
6
0
5
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s1
2
0
6
5
-
020
-
0
0
5
3
5
-
0.
[
1
5
]
M
.
A
b
d
o
u
,
H
.
M
.
A
mer
,
M
.
M
.
A
b
d
e
l
sa
l
a
m
,
a
n
d
A
.
T
.
K
h
a
l
i
l
,
“
EV
R
P
:
a
n
o
v
e
l
g
e
o
me
t
r
i
c
a
l
b
a
se
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
e
y
e
v
i
s
i
o
n
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
se
n
so
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
k
-
m
e
a
n
s
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m,
”
Ad
H
o
c
N
e
t
w
o
rks
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
0
,
p
.
1
0
3
5
2
8
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
d
h
o
c
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
0
3
5
2
8
.
[
1
6
]
G
.
S
.
P
r
a
s
h
a
n
t
h
a
n
d
P
.
M
a
n
j
u
n
a
t
h
a
,
“
C
l
u
st
e
r
b
a
se
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
h
e
t
e
r
o
g
e
n
e
o
u
s
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
,
”
C
o
n
c
u
rre
n
c
y
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
:
Pra
c
t
i
c
e
a
n
d
E
x
p
e
ri
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
3
5
,
n
o
.
2
1
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
c
p
e
.
7
6
9
3
.
[
1
7
]
E.
G
h
o
r
b
a
n
i
D
e
h
k
o
r
d
i
a
n
d
H
.
B
a
r
a
t
i
,
“
C
l
u
s
t
e
r
b
a
se
d
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
me
t
h
o
d
u
s
i
n
g
mo
b
i
l
e
si
n
k
s i
n
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
se
n
s
o
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
6
0
–
3
7
2
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
0
2
0
7
2
1
7
.
2
0
2
1
.
2
0
2
5
4
5
1
.
[
1
8
]
T.
S
h
a
n
mu
g
a
p
r
i
y
a
a
n
d
K
.
K
o
u
sal
y
a
,
“
C
l
u
s
t
e
r
h
e
a
d
se
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
m
u
l
t
i
p
a
t
h
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
b
a
se
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
,
”
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
A
u
t
o
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
S
o
f
t
C
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
3
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
7
9
–
8
9
4
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
2
6
0
4
/
i
a
s
c
.
2
0
2
3
.
0
3
2
0
7
4
.
[
1
9
]
T.
R
.
M
u
r
g
o
d
,
S
.
M
.
S
u
n
d
a
r
a
m,
S
.
M
a
n
c
h
a
i
a
h
,
a
n
d
S
.
K
u
m
a
r
,
“
P
r
i
o
r
i
t
y
b
a
sed
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
h
y
b
r
i
d
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
u
n
d
e
r
w
a
t
e
r
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
1
6
1
–
3
1
6
9
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
e
c
e
.
v
1
3
i
3
.
p
p
3
1
6
1
-
3
1
6
9
.
[
2
0
]
G
.
S
r
i
n
i
v
a
s
a
l
u
a
n
d
H
.
U
ma
d
e
v
i
,
“
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
c
l
u
st
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
f
o
r
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
(
I
J
EC
E)
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
.
4
1
2
7
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
e
c
e
.
v
1
3
i
4
.
p
p
4
1
2
7
-
4
1
3
5
.
[
2
1
]
A
.
K
u
mar
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
O
p
t
i
mal
c
l
u
st
e
r
h
e
a
d
se
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
se
n
s
o
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
u
si
n
g
h
y
b
r
i
d
c
o
mp
e
t
i
t
i
v
e
sw
a
r
m
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
h
a
r
mo
n
y
se
a
r
c
h
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
,
”
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
a
n
d
Assessm
e
n
t
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
2
,
p
.
1
0
2
2
4
3
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
s
e
t
a
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
2
2
4
3
.
[
2
2
]
M
.
M
.
A
si
r
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
e
t
a
h
e
u
r
i
st
i
c
s
e
n
a
b
l
e
d
c
l
u
st
e
r
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
s
c
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
,
”
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
rs
,
M
a
t
e
ri
a
l
s
a
n
d
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
a
,
v
o
l
.
7
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
4
9
1
–
5
5
0
7
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
2
6
0
4
/
c
mc
.
2
0
2
2
.
0
3
1
3
4
5
.
[
2
3
]
M
.
U
.
F
a
r
o
o
q
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
O
W
E
R
:
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
st
i
c
w
e
i
g
h
t
-
b
a
se
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
-
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
f
o
r
l
a
r
g
e
-
s
c
a
l
e
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
u
p
e
rc
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
7
8
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
2
7
6
5
–
1
2
7
9
1
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s1
1
2
2
7
-
022
-
0
4
3
7
2
-
z.
[
2
4
]
S
.
D
.
M
i
s
h
r
a
a
n
d
D
.
V
e
r
ma
,
“
En
e
r
g
y
-
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
a
n
d
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
o
p
t
i
mi
z
e
d
sc
h
e
d
u
l
i
n
g
a
n
d
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
f
o
r
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
se
n
so
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s,”
Mu
l
t
i
m
e
d
i
a
T
o
o
l
s
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
3
,
n
o
.
2
6
,
p
p
.
6
8
1
0
7
–
6
8
1
3
3
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
1
0
4
2
-
024
-
1
8
6
2
3
-
z.
[
2
5
]
M
.
M
.
A
l
masr
i
a
n
d
A
.
M
.
A
l
a
j
l
a
n
,
“
M
o
d
i
f
i
e
d
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
-
b
a
se
d
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
i
n
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
,
”
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
A
u
t
o
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
S
o
f
t
C
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
3
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
6
8
7
–
1
7
1
0
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
2
6
0
4
/
i
a
sc
.
2
0
2
2
.
0
2
3
2
4
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
C
lu
s
ter
in
g
a
n
d
r
o
u
tin
g
u
s
in
g
s
p
ir
a
l e
xp
lo
r
a
tio
n
…
(
A
n
ith
a
C
h
ikka
n
a
y
a
ka
n
a
h
a
lli Lo
ke
s
h
K
u
ma
r
)
1743
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
R
Ani
th
a
Chi
k
k
a
n
a
y
a
k
a
n
a
h
a
ll
i
L
o
k
e
sh
K
u
m
a
r
is
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
i
n
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
,
Ka
l
p
a
taru
In
st
it
u
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Ti
p
tu
r.
S
h
e
P
u
rsu
e
d
h
e
r
P
h
.
D
.
De
g
re
e
in
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
t
V
isv
e
sv
a
ra
y
a
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ica
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Be
lag
a
v
i,
Ka
rn
a
tak
a
,
In
d
ia.
S
h
e
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
se
v
e
ra
l
re
se
a
rc
h
p
a
p
e
rs,
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fe
re
n
c
e
p
a
p
e
rs
sin
c
e
2
0
1
1
,
S
h
e
is
a
n
a
c
ti
v
e
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
IS
TE
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
c
lan
it
h
a
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
o
r
k
it
a
n
it
h
a
1
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
S
u
b
h
a
sh
K
a
m
b
le
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
B.
E.
De
g
re
e
in
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Visv
e
s
v
a
ra
y
a
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ica
l
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Ka
rn
a
t
a
k
a
,
In
d
ia,
i
n
2
0
0
6
a
n
d
t
h
e
M
.
E.
De
g
re
e
in
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ie
n
c
e
a
n
d
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
fro
m
UV
CE,
Be
n
g
a
lu
ru
,
Ba
n
g
a
lo
re
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Be
n
g
a
lu
r
u
,
Ka
rn
a
tak
a
,
in
2
0
0
9
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
p
u
rsu
in
g
a
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ie
n
c
e
a
n
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
t
Ba
n
g
a
lo
re
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Be
n
g
a
lu
r
u
,
In
d
ia.
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
5
a
rti
c
les
in
re
fe
re
e
d
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
ls
a
n
d
Co
n
fe
r
e
n
c
e
s.
His
re
s
e
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
d
a
ta
m
in
in
g
,
m
a
c
h
in
e
lea
rn
in
g
,
a
n
d
b
ig
d
a
ta
a
n
a
ly
ti
c
s
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
su
b
h
a
sh
k
a
m
b
le@
g
a
t.
a
c
.
in
.
S
a
n
j
a
y
K
u
m
a
r
Na
a
z
r
e
Vitta
l
Ra
o
is
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
in
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Ka
lp
a
t
a
ru
In
sti
tu
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Ti
p
tu
r.
He
P
u
rs
u
e
d
h
is
P
h
.
D
.
De
g
re
e
in
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
t
Visv
e
sv
a
ra
y
a
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ica
l
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Be
lag
a
v
i,
Ka
rn
a
tak
a
,
In
d
ia.
He
Ho
ld
s
a
M
.
Tec
h
.
a
n
d
B.
E
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
C
o
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
t
VTU,
Be
lag
a
v
i.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
a
r
e
a
s
a
re
:
b
ig
d
a
ta,
sto
ra
g
e
sy
ste
m
b
e
n
c
h
m
a
rk
in
g
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
s
in
c
lu
d
e
sto
ra
g
e
sy
ste
m
s,
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
ly
sis,
a
n
a
ly
ti
c
s,
a
n
d
d
istri
b
u
ted
s
y
st
e
m
s.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
sa
n
jay
n
v
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.