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ut
i
l
i
z
i
ng
dua
l
l
a
gr
a
n
g
i
a
n
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
l
a
gr
a
n
g
i
a
n
r
e
l
a
x
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
s
ugge
s
t
e
d
f
o
r
s
o
l
vi
ng
t
h
e
pr
o
bl
e
m
.
P
a
pa
ge
o
r
gi
o
u
a
n
d
F
r
a
ga
[
2]
,
a
m
i
xe
d
i
n
t
e
ge
r
qua
dr
a
t
i
c
pr
o
gr
a
m
mi
ng
m
e
t
h
o
d
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
pr
o
po
s
e
d
by
P
a
pa
ge
o
r
gi
o
u
e
t
al.
to
s
o
l
ve
E
L
D
pr
o
bl
e
m
w
i
t
h
pr
o
hi
bi
t
e
d
o
pe
r
a
t
i
o
n
z
o
ne
s
.
Ab
de
l
a
z
i
z
e
t
al.
[
3]
h
a
ve
i
n
t
r
o
duc
e
d
a
hy
b
r
i
d
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
to
h
a
n
d
l
e
t
h
e
E
L
D
pr
o
bl
e
m
s
t
ha
t
c
o
m
bi
ne
qua
dr
a
t
i
c
pr
o
gr
a
m
mi
n
g
a
n
d
a
Ho
pf
i
e
l
d
n
e
ur
a
l
n
e
t
wo
r
k
.
T
h
e
hy
b
r
i
d
t
e
c
hni
que
ut
i
li
z
e
d
t
h
e
f
o
r
wa
r
d
-
l
o
o
ki
n
g
c
a
pa
bil
i
t
y
t
o
e
n
s
ur
e
t
h
e
gl
o
ba
l
o
p
t
i
m
a
li
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
ugge
s
t
e
d
m
e
t
h
o
d
’
s
v
a
li
d
i
t
y
wa
s
c
o
nf
i
r
m
e
d
by
e
x
pe
r
im
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
.
B
a
s
i
c
a
ll
y
,
t
h
e
s
e
t
e
c
h
ni
que
s
pe
r
f
o
r
m
we
l
l
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
o
bj
e
c
t
i
ve
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
i
s
l
i
ne
a
r
a
n
d
c
o
n
v
e
x
.
Ho
we
v
e
r
,
i
n
r
e
a
l
-
wo
r
l
d
e
n
g
i
ne
e
r
i
ng
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
t
h
e
v
a
l
ve
-
po
i
n
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
(
VPE
)
[
4]
,
[
5
]
a
n
d
pr
o
s
c
r
i
b
e
d
f
e
a
s
i
b
l
e
a
r
e
a
(
P
F
A)
[
6
]
c
a
n
c
a
us
e
t
h
e
o
bj
e
c
t
i
v
e
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
t
o
b
e
c
o
m
e
n
o
nli
ne
a
r
a
n
d
h
e
t
e
r
o
ge
n
e
o
us
.
B
e
c
a
us
e
o
f
t
hi
s
,
i
t
i
s
e
a
s
y
t
o
a
c
hi
e
v
e
l
o
c
a
l
o
pt
i
m
a
li
t
y
,
a
n
d
a
pp
lyi
ng
t
h
e
pr
i
o
r
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
a
l
pr
o
gr
a
m
m
i
ng
m
a
y
n
o
t
y
i
e
l
d
t
h
e
b
e
s
t
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n
.
T
ur
ni
n
g
t
h
e
t
hi
r
d
gr
o
up
,
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
m
e
t
h
o
ds
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
uti
li
z
e
d
e
x
t
e
n
s
i
ve
ly
t
o
de
a
l
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
E
L
D
pr
o
bl
e
m
s
i
nc
e
t
h
e
y
h
a
v
e
a
s
t
r
o
n
g
a
bi
li
t
y
t
o
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
g
l
o
b
a
ll
y
a
n
d
do
n
ot
h
a
ve
s
t
r
i
c
t
r
e
s
t
r
i
c
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
r
o
bj
e
c
t
i
v
e
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
.
S
o
f
a
r
,
di
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
e
v
o
l
ut
i
o
n
(
DE
)
by
No
m
a
n
a
n
d
I
b
a
[
7]
,
pa
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
wa
r
m
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
(
P
S
O)
b
y
S
e
l
v
a
ku
m
a
r
a
n
d
T
h
a
n
u
s
h
ko
d
i
[
8]
,
s
e
l
f
-
o
r
ga
ni
z
i
ng
hi
e
r
a
r
c
hi
c
a
l
pa
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
wa
r
m
o
pt
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
(
S
OH
-
P
S
O)
by
C
ha
t
ur
v
e
d
i
e
t
al.
[
9
]
,
n
e
w
pa
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
wa
r
m
o
pt
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
(
NPS
O)
by
N
i
k
n
a
m
e
t
al.
[
10]
,
o
pp
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
-
b
a
s
e
d
kr
i
ll
h
e
r
d
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
(
O
K
H
A
)
by
B
u
l
bu
l
e
t
al.
[
11]
,
i
m
pr
o
v
e
d
f
i
r
e
f
ly
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
(
I
F
A
)
by
Ngu
y
e
n
e
t
al.
[
12]
,
e
x
c
ha
n
ge
m
a
r
ke
t
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
(
E
M
A
)
by
G
h
o
r
b
a
ni
a
n
d
B
a
b
a
e
i
[
13]
,
c
uc
koo
s
e
a
r
c
h
m
e
t
h
o
d
(
C
S
M
)
by
Vo
,
S
c
h
e
g
n
e
r
a
n
d
O
n
gs
a
ku
l
[
14]
,
o
n
e
r
a
n
k
c
uc
ko
o
s
e
a
r
c
h
m
e
t
h
o
d
(
OR
C
S
M
)
by
Ngu
y
e
n
a
n
d
Vo
[
15]
,
kr
i
l
l
h
e
r
d
m
e
t
h
o
d
(
K
H
M
)
by
M
a
n
da
l
e
t
al.
[
16]
,
n
o
v
e
l
s
o
c
i
a
l
s
p
i
de
r
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
m
e
t
h
o
d
(
I
S
S
M
)
by
Ki
e
n
e
t
al.
[
17
]
,
m
o
d
i
f
i
e
d
m
o
t
h
s
wa
r
m
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
(
M
S
A
)
by
H
a
e
t
al.
[
18]
,
hy
b
r
i
d
Ha
r
r
i
s
H
a
wk
s
o
p
t
i
mi
z
e
r
(
HH
HO
)
b
y
Al
-
B
e
t
a
r
e
t
al
.
[
19
]
,
c
h
a
m
e
l
e
o
n
s
wa
r
m
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
(
C
HSA
)
by
B
r
a
i
k
e
t
al.
[
20]
,
m
a
n
t
a
r
a
y
f
o
r
a
g
i
n
g
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
(
M
R
F
O)
by
Z
h
a
n
g
e
t
al.
[
21]
,
g
r
a
di
e
n
t
-
b
a
s
e
d
o
p
t
i
mi
z
e
r
(
GB
)
by
De
b
e
t
al.
[
22]
a
n
d
ot
h
e
r
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
s
w
i
t
h
e
x
c
e
l
l
e
n
t
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
us
e
d
i
n
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
d
i
s
pa
t
c
hi
n
g,
o
n
e
a
f
t
e
r
t
h
e
ot
h
e
r
.
T
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
pp
li
e
s
a
n
o
v
e
l
po
pu
l
a
t
i
o
n
-
b
a
s
e
d
a
lgo
r
i
t
hm
w
hi
c
h
i
s
c
a
l
l
e
d
wa
r
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
(
W
S
O)
by
Ayy
a
r
a
o
e
t
al.
[2
3
]
to
r
e
a
c
h
t
h
e
b
e
s
t
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
E
L
D
pr
o
bl
e
m
.
B
e
s
i
de
s
,
P
F
As
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
po
we
r
pl
a
n
t
s
(
T
P
s
)
a
r
e
c
o
n
s
i
de
r
e
d
to
f
o
r
m
m
o
r
e
d
i
f
i
c
u
l
t
t
a
s
ks
f
o
r
W
S
O
.
I
n
a
ddi
t
i
o
n
,
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
l
o
a
d
l
e
v
e
l
s
f
r
o
m
m
i
n
im
u
m
t
o
m
a
xim
u
m
lo
a
d
de
m
a
n
ds
i
s
i
nv
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
e
d.
T
h
e
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
s
f
r
o
m
W
S
O
a
r
e
c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t
e
d
wi
t
h
t
h
o
s
e
o
f
t
uni
c
a
t
e
s
wa
r
m
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
(
T
S
A
)
by
K
a
ur
e
t
al.
[
24
]
a
n
d
ot
h
e
r
pr
e
vi
o
us
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
hm
s
.
T
h
e
s
t
ud
y
’
s
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
ut
i
o
n
s
c
a
n
be
s
u
m
m
e
d
up
a
s
f
o
l
l
o
ws
:
R
e
a
c
h
t
h
e
b
e
s
t
s
o
l
ut
i
o
ns
f
o
r
E
L
D
w
i
t
h
PFA
a
n
d
ot
h
e
r
c
o
n
s
t
r
a
i
n
t
s
by
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
u
ll
y
im
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
g
a
r
e
v
o
l
ut
i
o
n
a
r
y
m
e
t
a
-
h
e
ur
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
i
n
e
a
r
l
y
2022
a
n
d
T
S
A
.
Us
e
s
pe
c
if
i
c
n
u
m
be
r
s
to
s
h
o
w
h
o
w
W
S
O
i
s
s
u
pe
r
i
o
r
to
pr
e
vi
o
us
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
s
.
I
n
a
dd
i
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
W
S
O
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
pe
r
f
o
r
m
s
b
e
t
t
e
r
t
h
a
n
T
S
A
r
e
ga
r
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
be
r
o
f
hi
g
h
-
qua
li
t
y
a
n
d
b
e
s
t
-
f
o
un
d
s
o
l
ut
i
o
ns
.
P
r
o
vi
d
e
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n
da
t
a
f
o
r
o
pe
r
a
to
r
s
a
n
d
m
a
n
a
g
e
r
s
i
n
po
we
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
f
o
r
t
e
s
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
w
i
t
h
l
o
a
d
de
m
a
n
d
c
h
a
n
g
i
ng
f
r
o
m
m
i
n
im
u
m
t
o
m
a
xim
u
m
l
e
v
e
l
s
o
f
tot
a
l
ge
n
e
r
a
t
e
d
p
o
we
r
o
f
a
l
l
u
ni
t
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
m
a
i
nde
r
o
f
t
h
e
pa
pe
r
i
s
o
r
ga
ni
z
e
d
a
s
f
o
l
l
o
ws
,
a
pa
r
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
i
n
t
r
o
duc
t
i
o
n
:
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
2
pr
e
s
e
n
ts
t
h
e
pr
o
bl
e
m
m
o
de
l
;
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
3
i
n
t
r
o
duc
e
s
t
h
e
a
ppl
i
e
d
m
e
t
h
o
d;
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
4
s
h
o
ws
a
n
d
di
s
c
us
s
e
s
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
ts
o
f
t
h
e
a
pp
l
i
e
d
m
e
t
h
o
d;
a
n
d
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
5
pr
e
s
e
n
t
s
t
h
e
c
o
n
c
l
us
i
o
n
s
.
2.
P
ROB
L
E
M
M
ODE
L
2
.
1.
T
h
e
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l.
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l.
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.
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1292
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1296,
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r
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3]
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.
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O
c
t.
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e
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[
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[
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on P
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l.
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–
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, F
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