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ly
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s
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d
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m
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th
a
t
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p
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,
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it
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r
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es
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th
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tim
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s
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th
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r
eq
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m
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aster
th
an
th
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d
y
n
am
ic
m
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ce
ll.
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n
ca
ch
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m
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g
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p
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is
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eq
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s
tatic
R
AM
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lls
ar
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u
s
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.
Static
r
an
d
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m
-
ac
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s
s
m
em
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(
SR
AM
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,
o
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s
tatic
r
an
d
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m
-
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s
s
m
em
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r
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w
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r
eq
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ir
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en
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f
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ev
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s
y
s
tem
-
on
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a
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ch
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(
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C
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d
esig
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.
SR
AM
is
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
u
s
ed
in
m
o
d
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h
ig
h
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r
m
a
n
ce
s
y
s
tem
s
d
u
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to
its
ex
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tio
n
al
f
lex
i
b
ilit
y
with
lo
g
ical
cir
cu
it
d
esig
n
s
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
b
ec
au
s
e
b
atter
y
-
p
o
wer
e
d
d
ev
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h
av
e
lim
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y
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th
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h
as
b
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a
g
r
ea
t d
ea
l
o
f
atten
tio
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p
aid
to
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
l
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w
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p
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m
em
o
r
y
cir
cu
its
in
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
er
a
[
1
]
.
Nu
m
e
r
o
u
s
a
d
v
an
tag
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o
f
d
ev
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in
clu
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2088
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Desig
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V
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1425
s
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d
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cir
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[
3
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,
[
4
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.
T
h
e
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
s
tatic,
d
y
n
am
ic,
a
v
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d
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te
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o
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ex
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o
f
t
h
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SR
AM
ce
ll's
o
v
er
all
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
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n
.
Static
p
o
wer
h
as
r
ec
eiv
ed
th
e
m
o
s
t
atten
tio
n
th
u
s
f
ar
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
in
th
e
b
it
an
d
d
ata
lin
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o
f
SR
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in
cr
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s
es
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tan
d
em
with
its
b
it
wid
th
.
Po
wer
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is
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ip
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n
is
th
er
ef
o
r
e
a
cr
u
cial
f
ac
to
r
t
o
co
n
s
id
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in
d
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s
.
Hig
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p
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a
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d
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d
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d
a
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d
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a
n
d
with
th
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d
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f
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m
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a
n
in
cr
e
ase
in
b
atter
y
-
o
p
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ate
d
d
e
v
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es
[
6
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
it
is
cr
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to
d
if
f
er
en
tiate
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etwe
en
th
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d
if
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t
p
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co
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p
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d
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s
o
m
e
with
o
u
t
r
aisi
n
g
o
th
e
r
s
[
7
]
.
Fo
r
m
an
y
y
ea
r
s
,
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
p
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,
wh
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its
till
1
0
0
n
m
,
d
o
m
in
ated
th
e
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
eq
u
atio
n
in
t
h
ese
cir
cu
its
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
o
th
e
r
f
ac
t
o
r
s
.
r
ed
u
c
tio
n
is
a
u
s
ef
u
l
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
l
o
wer
b
o
th
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
a
n
d
to
tal
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
b
ec
a
u
s
e,
th
e
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
o
f
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
SR
AM
ce
ll
d
esig
n
is
ch
allen
g
ed
b
y
ag
g
r
ess
iv
e
s
ize
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
f
o
r
th
b
y
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
s
ca
lin
g
,
wh
ich
a
f
f
ec
t
ce
ll
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
m
e
m
o
r
y
leak
ag
e
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
On
l
y
s
u
p
e
r
c
o
m
p
u
t
er
s
h
ad
ac
c
ess
t
o
t
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
p
o
we
r
b
ef
o
r
e
,
b
u
t
i
n
i
n
e
x
p
e
n
s
i
v
e
ce
l
l
p
h
o
n
es
n
o
w
we
ca
n
h
a
v
e
t
h
at
f
ea
tu
r
e
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
l
o
w
p
o
w
er
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
ati
o
n
o
f
S
R
AM
,
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
m
e
m
o
r
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
c
o
m
p
u
t
er
p
r
o
c
ess
o
r
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
le
r
s
,
as
w
ell
as
m
o
b
il
e
ap
p
s
,
p
r
ese
n
ts
a
c
h
all
en
g
e
f
o
r
l
o
n
g
er
b
at
te
r
y
l
if
e
[
1
3
]
.
s
ca
li
n
g
h
as
n
ewl
y
s
tr
et
ch
ed
t
o
s
u
b
th
r
esh
o
l
d
ci
r
c
u
it
a
cti
o
n
s
t
o
e
x
t
r
em
el
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
t
h
e
to
tal
p
o
w
e
r
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
As
an
ef
f
e
ct,
a
h
ea
v
y
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
o
w
er
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
h
as
b
ee
n
s
a
v
e
d
w
h
ic
h
m
ay
af
f
e
ct
s
p
e
ed
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
L
o
w
p
o
w
er
SR
AM
ce
ll
is
c
r
u
c
ial
p
a
r
t
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
el
ec
t
r
o
n
ic
g
a
d
g
ets
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
i
n
c
r
e
ase
d
lif
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
a
tte
r
y
,
le
ad
s
l
o
we
r
d
is
s
i
p
a
ti
o
n
o
f
h
ea
t
wh
ic
h
ca
n
r
ed
u
c
e
t
h
e
c
o
s
t
a
n
d
s
iz
e
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
o
li
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
,
a
n
d
b
o
o
s
t
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
b
y
r
e
d
u
cin
g
t
h
e
p
o
we
r
r
e
lat
ed
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
l
ik
e
ti
m
i
n
g
v
a
r
ia
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
n
o
is
e
.
6
T
C
MO
S SR
AM
ce
ll is
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
C
MO
S SR
AM
ce
ll.
I
n
th
e
8
T
C
MO
S SR
AM
ce
ll th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
T
7
g
ate
ter
m
in
al
is
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
to
th
e
n
o
d
e
Q
a
n
d
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
is
t
o
r
T
8
g
ate
ter
m
in
al
is
co
n
n
ec
t
ed
to
th
e
n
o
d
e
Q_
B
d
u
e
th
ese
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
th
e
lo
g
i
c
will
b
e
p
u
lled
eith
er
h
ig
h
o
r
lo
w
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
in
th
e
m
e
m
o
r
y
.
T
h
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
r
ate
at
th
e
n
o
d
es Q
an
d
Q
_
B
d
ec
r
e
ases
wh
ich
s
av
es th
e
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Sh
o
r
ter
in
ter
c
o
n
n
ec
ts
b
etwe
en
lay
er
s
o
r
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
ar
e
m
a
d
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
with
th
e
s
tack
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
.
I
n
s
tack
ed
in
teg
r
ate
d
cir
c
u
its
(
I
C
s
)
d
u
e
to
with
s
h
o
r
ter
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ts
a
n
d
o
p
tim
ized
d
esig
n
cir
cu
its
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
at
lo
wer
v
o
ltag
es.
Dy
n
am
ic
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
o
f
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e.
So
,
s
tack
ed
d
esig
n
s
also
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
u
e
to
less
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
h
y
b
r
id
m
o
d
el
SR
AM
ce
ll
is
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
b
o
th
8
T
C
MO
S
S
R
AM
c
el
l
an
d
s
ta
ck
ed
C
MO
S
SR
A
M
ce
ll.
So
,
in
t
h
is
we
g
o
t
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
o
f
b
o
th
8
T
C
MO
S
SR
AM
c
ell
an
d
s
tack
ed
C
MO
S
SR
AM
ce
ll
with
o
u
t
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
in
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
2.
CM
O
S 6
T
SR
AM
C
E
L
L
I
n
th
e
b
el
o
w
cir
cu
it
T
1
a
n
d
T
3
f
o
r
m
s
o
n
e
in
v
er
ter
an
d
T
2
an
d
T
4
f
o
r
m
s
an
o
th
er
i
n
v
er
te
r
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
T
1
T
3
in
v
er
te
r
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
as
in
p
u
t
f
o
r
in
v
er
ter
T
2
T
4
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
T
2
T
4
in
v
er
ter
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
as
in
p
u
t
f
o
r
th
e
T
1
T
3
in
v
er
ter
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
1
an
d
T
2
ar
e
ca
lled
a
s
d
r
iv
er
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
,
T
3
an
d
T
4
ar
e
ter
m
e
d
as
lo
ad
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
an
d
T
5
an
d
T
6
a
r
e
th
e
ac
ce
s
s
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
T
5
an
d
T
6
ca
n
ac
ce
s
s
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
SR
AM
ce
ll
s
o
th
o
s
e
ar
e
ca
lle
d
ac
ce
s
s
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
.
T
h
is
SR
AM
cir
cu
it
is
d
esig
n
ed
with
two
P
-
C
h
an
n
el
MO
S
(
PMOS
)
an
d
f
o
u
r
N
-
C
h
an
n
el
MO
S
(
NM
OS
)
s
o
th
is
is
ca
lled
as
6
T
S
R
AM
ce
ll.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
6
T
SR
AM
ce
ll
is
ex
p
lain
ed
in
t
h
r
ee
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
o
d
es
th
o
s
e
ar
e
H
o
ld
m
o
d
e,
R
e
ad
m
o
d
e,
an
d
W
r
ite
m
o
d
e
[
1
0
]
.
Fo
r
m
ain
tain
in
g
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
win
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
T
3
an
d
T
4
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
l
o
win
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
T
5
an
d
T
6
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
6
T
SR
AM
ce
ll
i
s
h
i
g
h
s
en
s
itiv
ity
to
p
o
wer
,
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
f
l
u
ctu
atio
n
s
as
an
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
ex
p
o
n
e
n
tial r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
d
r
ain
c
u
r
r
e
n
t a
n
d
in
ad
d
ed
to
in
s
u
b
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
itu
atio
n
s
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
Ho
ld
m
o
d
e
th
e
SR
AM
ce
ll
h
o
ld
s
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
d
ata,
f
u
r
th
er
in
th
is
m
o
d
e
R
ea
d
a
n
d
W
r
ite
o
p
er
atio
n
s
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
.
I
n
Ho
ld
m
o
d
e
th
e
wo
r
d
li
n
e
(
W
L
)
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
lo
w.
I
n
R
ea
d
o
p
e
r
atio
n
wo
r
d
lin
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
eq
u
al
to
lo
g
ic
-
1
s
o
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
T
5
a
n
d
T
6
t
r
an
s
is
to
r
s
ar
e
in
ON
co
n
d
itio
n
B
L
an
d
B
L
_
B
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
SR
AM
ce
ll
an
d
r
ea
d
th
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
SR
AM
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
R
ea
d
-
0
o
p
e
r
atio
n
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
T
2
is
in
ON
co
n
d
itio
n
an
d
T
4
is
in
OFF
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
T
2
T
4
is
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
wh
ich
is
ap
p
ea
r
ed
at
o
u
t
p
u
t lin
e
B
L
_
B
s
o
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t a
t BL_
B
i
s
eq
u
al
to
lo
g
ic
-
1
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
th
e
in
v
er
t
er
T
2
T
4
co
n
n
ec
ted
as
in
p
u
t
f
o
r
th
e
in
v
er
ter
T
1
T
3
s
o
th
e
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
T
3
is
in
O
N
co
n
d
itio
n
an
d
T
1
is
in
OF
F
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
T
1
T
3
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
wh
i
ch
is
ap
p
ea
r
ed
at
o
u
tp
u
t
lin
e
B
L
s
o
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
at
B
L
is
eq
u
al
to
lo
g
ic
-
0
[
3
]
,
[
2
0
]
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
n
R
ea
d
-
1
o
p
e
r
atio
n
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
T
2
is
in
OFF
co
n
d
itio
n
an
d
T
4
is
in
ON
c
o
n
d
itio
n
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
T
2
T
4
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
wh
ich
is
ap
p
ea
r
e
d
at
o
u
tp
u
t
lin
e
B
L
_
B
s
o
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
at
B
L
_
B
is
eq
u
al
to
lo
g
ic
-
0
.
Ou
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
T
2
T
4
co
n
n
ec
ted
as
in
p
u
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
in
v
er
ter
T
1
T
3
s
o
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
T
3
is
in
OFF
co
n
d
itio
n
an
d
T
1
is
i
n
ON
co
n
d
itio
n
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
T
1
T
3
in
v
er
ter
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
wh
ich
is
ap
p
ea
r
ed
at
o
u
tp
u
t lin
e
B
L
s
o
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t a
t BL
is
eq
u
al
to
l
o
g
ic
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t T
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t
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e
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o
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ld
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th
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t
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e
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h
e
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p
u
ll
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p
r
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(
PR
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r
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is
to
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(
T
1
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3
)
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th
e
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s
s
tr
an
s
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s
to
r
(
T
5
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r
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6
)
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
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ll
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atio
(
C
R
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is
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e
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atio
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f
th
e
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l
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ad
tr
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s
is
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(
T
2
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r
T
4
)
to
th
e
ac
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s
s
tr
an
s
is
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r
(
T
5
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r
T
6
)
.
3.
8
T
CM
O
S SR
AM
C
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L
L
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u
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e
4
s
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o
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e
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at
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i
a
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a
m
o
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r
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Sh
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[
2
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]
,
s
in
ce
in
th
at
co
n
d
itio
n
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n
l
y
b
o
th
PMOS
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d
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s
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itio
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wh
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ir
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[
8
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.
I
n
t
h
is
8
T
SR
AM
ce
ll
to
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o
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s
h
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t
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it
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m
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tio
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also
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ea
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s
in
ce
ex
tr
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tr
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s
is
to
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is
ad
d
ed
wh
ich
ca
u
s
e
in
cr
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s
es
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esis
tan
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etwe
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u
p
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ly
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d
g
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o
u
n
d
,
s
o
th
e
s
h
o
r
t c
ir
cu
it c
u
r
r
en
t w
ill d
ec
r
e
ase
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d
s
h
o
r
t c
ir
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u
it p
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o
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m
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also
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ea
s
es
[
1
3
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.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Sch
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atic
d
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am
o
f
8
T
C
MO
S SR
AM
ce
ll
4.
ST
ACK
E
D
C
M
O
S
SRA
M
C
E
L
L
Stack
in
g
m
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n
s
co
n
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tin
g
t
wo
ar
e
m
o
r
e
tr
a
n
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is
to
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s
in
s
e
r
ies.
T
h
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leak
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e
p
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p
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esen
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e
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th
e
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e
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e
[
2
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
r
ep
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th
e
s
ch
em
atic
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am
o
f
Stack
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C
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S
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A
M
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ll
in
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ch
tr
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s
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in
b
o
th
th
e
in
v
er
ter
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
1
4
2
4
-
1
4
3
3
1428
ar
e
r
ep
lace
d
with
two
tr
an
s
is
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s
with
h
alf
o
f
th
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th
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h
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s
leep
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an
s
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T
1
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T
3
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u
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ly
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lled
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h
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p
p
ly
v
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ltag
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e
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r
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n
d
[
6
]
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h
e
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leep
tr
a
n
s
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s
T
6
an
d
T
8
wh
ich
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e
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n
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p
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ly
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lled
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ter
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h
e
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o
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witch
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th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
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u
r
r
en
t
f
lo
win
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
in
g
le
N
MO
S
tr
an
s
is
to
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as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
=
0
(
−
Ø
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C
u
r
r
en
t f
lo
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t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
t
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NM
OS stack
ed
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an
s
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s
as d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
2
=
0
(
−
Ø
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(1
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(
−
Ø
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1
=
0
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−
−
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(1
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(
−
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>
>
⌀
1
=
0
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−
−
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1
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2
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(
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−
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=
0
(
−
Ø
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(1
-
(
−
Ø
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)
=
⌀
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.