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1322
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Dec
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a
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in
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riate
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g
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s
p
o
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P
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t
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se
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e
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sy
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s
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u
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d
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t
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h
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y
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o
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r.
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e
m
o
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e
ll
i
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g
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f
wire
les
s
p
h
o
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v
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lt
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ic
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o
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r
tran
sfe
r
(W
P
VP
T)
with
a
5
0
Hz
sy
ste
m
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
is
p
re
se
n
ted
i
n
t
h
is
w
o
rk
.
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h
e
fo
u
r
m
o
d
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ll
in
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m
p
o
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e
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ts
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a
t
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te
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ircu
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ti
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re
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n
d
th
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re
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iv
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r
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h
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g
s
in
d
ica
te
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a
t
t
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e
e
fficie
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o
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ro
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m
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g
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e
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th
a
t
t
h
e
u
se
o
f
m
a
g
n
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ti
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re
lay
c
a
n
imp
ro
v
e
th
e
WP
VP
T
sy
ste
m
'
s
e
fficie
n
c
y
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
f
f
icien
cy
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
Ma
g
n
etic
r
elay
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
So
lar
r
ad
iatio
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W
ir
eles
s
p
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wer
tr
an
s
f
er
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
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a
c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
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r
:
Mu
h
am
m
ad
I
r
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to
C
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t
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x
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e
ll
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al
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B
a
s
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d
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a
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Sc
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n
i
v
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r
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a
I
n
d
o
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es
i
a
Me
d
an
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: m
u
h
am
m
a
d
ir
wan
to
@
u
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p
r
im
d
n
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
m
o
d
u
les,
it
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
g
lo
b
al
u
s
e
o
f
elec
tr
ical
e
n
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
in
ab
ilit
y
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
m
e
et
th
e
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
elec
tr
icity
is
to
b
lam
e
th
at
it
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
o
l
v
ed
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
i
t
is
cr
u
cial
to
tr
ea
t
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
le
as
a
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
DC
)
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
[
1
]
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
q
u
an
tity
o
f
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
o
l
ar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
,
it
is
tied
to
a
g
e
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ar
ea
.
I
t
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
ar
ts
o
f
t
h
e
wo
r
ld
r
ec
eiv
e
v
ar
y
in
g
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
[
2
]
.
I
t
also
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
an
g
le
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
a
p
o
in
t'
s
lat
itu
d
e
an
d
lo
n
g
i
tu
d
e
o
n
th
e
ea
r
th
'
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ef
f
ec
t,
wh
ich
is
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
m
ater
ials
in
th
e
an
o
d
e
an
d
ca
th
o
d
e
wh
en
s
u
n
lig
h
t
s
tr
ik
es
th
eir
s
u
r
f
ac
es,
a
PV
m
o
d
u
le
is
a
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
ev
ice
th
at
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
s
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
i
n
to
e
lectr
ical
en
er
g
y
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
Am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
ilico
n
(
a
-
Si),
s
ilico
n
(
Si),
o
r
g
er
m
an
iu
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
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&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
E
fficien
cy
imp
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o
ve
men
t o
f 5
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Hz w
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p
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er tr
a
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s
fer
…
(
Mu
h
a
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d
I
r
w
a
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to
)
1323
(
Ge)
ca
n
all
b
e
u
s
ed
as sem
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n
d
u
cto
r
m
ater
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.
T
h
e
s
em
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n
d
u
cto
r
m
ater
ial,
wh
ich
p
o
s
s
ess
es
p
h
o
to
n
en
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g
y
to
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
th
e
elec
tr
o
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f
r
o
m
its
ato
m
ic
s
tr
u
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r
e,
o
b
s
er
v
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th
e
s
u
n
lig
h
t
as
it
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
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s
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f
ac
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A
s
em
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d
u
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r
'
s
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-
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p
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p
-
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p
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r
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s
,
r
esp
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tiv
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,
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o
s
e
c
o
n
tain
in
g
f
r
ee
elec
tr
o
n
s
an
d
h
o
les.
T
h
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
m
ater
ial'
s
n
-
ty
p
e
an
d
p
-
ty
p
e
ju
n
ctio
n
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
n
ew
lo
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
ele
ctr
o
n
.
I
t
m
a
k
es
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le'
s
n
-
ty
p
e
an
d
p
-
ty
p
e
ter
m
in
als
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
ter
m
in
als.
I
f
a
lo
ad
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
b
o
th
ter
m
in
als,
cu
r
r
en
t w
ill f
lo
w
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
ter
m
in
al
o
f
th
e
PV m
o
d
u
le
to
t
h
e
n
eg
ativ
e
ter
m
in
al
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
DC
)
an
d
a
lter
n
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
(
AC
)
elec
tr
i
ca
l
p
o
wer
h
a
v
e
b
o
t
h
b
ee
n
u
s
e
d
with
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le.
Usi
n
g
a
s
o
lar
ch
a
r
g
er
,
a
b
atter
y
m
ay
s
to
r
e
t
h
e
DC
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
o
f
a
PV
m
o
d
u
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
d
ay
s
o
th
at
it
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
p
o
wer
DC
lo
ad
s
.
Ma
s
s
aq
et
a
l.
[
6
]
d
is
cu
s
s
es
a
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
el
o
f
a
PV
m
o
d
u
le
th
at
p
o
wer
s
a
DC
p
u
m
p
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
id
ea
o
f
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
s
o
th
at
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
ca
n
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
we
r
.
T
o
r
eg
u
l
ate
th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
th
e
DC
p
u
m
p
,
a
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
in
teg
r
ates
m
o
d
ellin
g
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
ellin
g
h
el
p
s
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
DC
p
u
m
p
s
y
s
tem
'
s
tr
an
s
ien
t r
esp
o
n
s
e.
A
PV
m
o
d
u
le'
s
DC
p
o
wer
m
u
s
t
b
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ted
t
o
AC
p
o
we
r
u
s
in
g
an
in
v
e
r
ter
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
AC
lo
ad
s
.
[
7
]
–
[
1
0
]
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
PV
m
o
d
u
le
to
p
o
wer
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
.
I
t
is
a
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
ase
m
u
lti
-
lev
el
in
v
er
ter
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
PV
m
o
d
u
le
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
v
o
ltag
e
wav
e
f
o
r
m
with
m
u
ltip
le
lev
els.
T
o
cr
e
ate
th
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
,
a
ca
s
ca
d
ed
f
u
ll
b
r
id
g
e
in
v
er
ter
cir
cu
it
is
u
s
ed
.
T
o
co
n
n
ec
t
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
in
v
e
r
ter
to
th
e
AC
lo
ad
s
,
wir
e
is
s
til
l
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
i
n
v
er
t
er
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
wir
eless
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
(
W
PT)
,
wh
ich
elim
in
ates
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
wir
es wh
en
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
p
o
we
r
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
il to
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
c
o
il.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
i
d
ea
o
f
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
d
u
ctio
n
,
th
e
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
u
s
es
two
co
ils
s
ep
ar
ated
b
y
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
p
ac
e
an
d
an
air
g
a
p
to
wo
r
k
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
il
will
g
en
er
ate
an
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
f
ir
s
t
co
il
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
an
AC
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
;
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
th
is
f
iel
d
r
elies
o
n
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
win
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
co
il.
T
h
ey
ar
e
in
v
e
r
s
ely
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
i
f
a
lo
t
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
p
a
s
s
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
co
il,
a
lo
t
o
f
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
e
n
er
g
y
will
lik
ewise
b
e
g
en
er
ated
o
n
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
il.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
f
lu
x
th
at
ar
r
iv
es
at
th
e
r
ec
eiv
in
g
co
il
ca
n
tr
av
el
a
d
is
tan
ce
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
el
ec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
'
s
s
tr
en
g
th
.
Du
e
to
th
e
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
f
lu
x
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
e
r
ec
eiv
in
g
c
o
il,
a
v
o
ltag
e
will
b
e
in
d
u
ce
d
o
n
th
e
r
ec
eiv
in
g
c
o
il.
T
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
co
ils
will
af
f
ec
t
th
e
m
u
tu
al
i
n
d
u
ctan
ce
,
,
th
at
is
cr
ea
ted
b
etwe
en
t
h
em
[
1
1
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
e
x
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
en
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
atin
g
co
n
ce
p
t,
th
e
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
m
ay
b
e
d
iv
id
e
d
in
to
two
ca
te
g
o
r
ies
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
m
ag
n
etic
r
eso
n
an
t
co
u
p
lin
g
w
ir
eless
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
(
MRC
-
W
PT)
,
wh
ich
o
p
er
ates
o
n
th
e
p
r
in
cip
le
th
at
a
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
p
o
we
r
s
u
p
p
ly
g
en
er
ates
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
h
i
g
h
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
cy
alter
n
atin
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
il,
an
d
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
d
u
ce
d
wir
eless
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
(
E
I
-
W
PT)
,
wh
ich
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
id
e
a
th
at
wh
e
n
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
lo
ws
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
il,
a
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
is
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
t
r
an
s
m
itter
co
il
an
d
it
in
d
u
ce
s
an
elec
tr
o
m
o
tiv
e
f
o
r
ce
o
r
an
in
d
u
ce
d
v
o
ltag
e
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
B
atter
ies
o
r
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
f
u
el
ce
ll,
win
d
p
o
w
er
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic)
ca
n
s
er
v
e
as
th
e
DC
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
f
o
r
W
PT.
T
em
p
er
atu
r
e
a
n
d
s
o
lar
r
a
d
iatio
n
b
o
t
h
af
f
ec
t
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
s
in
cr
ea
s
es
alo
n
g
with
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
,
b
u
t
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
is
in
v
er
s
ely
co
r
r
elate
d
with
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
(
a
r
is
e
in
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
will
r
esu
lt
in
a
f
all
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
)
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
T
o
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
eth
er
a
lo
ca
tio
n
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
d
e
v
elo
p
i
n
g
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
o
r
n
o
t,
it is
cr
u
cial
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
(
2
5
0
W
/m
2
o
r
3
0
0
0
W
h
/m
2
ab
o
v
e
)
[
1
8
]
.
Ok
o
y
eig
b
o
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
r
ev
iew
s
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
in
ter
m
o
f
its
o
p
er
atio
n
p
r
in
cip
le
an
d
a
p
p
lic
atio
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
in
d
u
ctiv
e
co
u
p
lin
g
an
d
r
eso
n
an
t
co
u
p
lin
g
with
a
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
5
.
8
GHz
wh
ich
it
is
ap
p
lied
in
th
e
elec
tr
ical
v
eh
icle.
A
m
eth
o
d
o
f
m
u
lti
-
in
p
u
t
m
u
lti
-
o
u
tp
u
t
(
MI
MO
)
is
ap
p
lied
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
p
o
wer
o
f
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
is
s
till
in
n
ea
r
f
ar
a
n
d
lo
w
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
p
ir
al
co
il
o
f
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
GA)
is
ap
p
lied
b
y
Ko
n
g
h
ir
u
n
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
to
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
len
g
th
o
f
c
o
il
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
tem
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
8
5
k
Hz.
T
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il a
r
e
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
in
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
8
0
m
m
.
A
tech
n
iq
u
e
o
f
h
ex
ag
o
n
al
co
i
l
o
n
th
e
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
is
ap
p
li
ed
in
th
e
elec
tr
ical
v
eh
icle
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
its
ef
f
icien
cy
f
o
r
m
i
s
alig
n
m
en
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
t
u
s
e
s
a
5
5
5
tim
er
to
g
e
n
er
ate
th
e
p
u
ls
e
wav
e
an
d
to
d
r
iv
e
th
e
s
witch
in
g
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
n
th
e
in
v
er
ter
o
f
W
PT
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
t
is
d
u
e
to
th
at
it
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
b
y
co
ils
with
d
iam
eter
o
f
1
5
cm
,
t
h
u
s
th
is
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
h
as
a
n
ea
r
d
is
tan
ce
to
tr
an
s
m
it
th
e
elec
tr
ic
al
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
r
co
ils
,
also
it c
an
o
n
ly
in
c
r
ea
s
e
its
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
1
0
%.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
o
f
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
is
s
ti
ll
in
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
s
y
s
tem
o
f
h
u
n
d
r
ed
,
k
ilo
,
m
eg
a
o
r
g
ig
ah
er
tz,
t
h
u
s
it
ca
n
o
n
ly
b
e
ap
p
lied
o
n
DC
lo
ad
a
f
ter
r
ec
ti
f
y
in
g
it,
b
u
t
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
a
p
p
lie
d
f
o
r
a
n
o
r
m
al
AC
lo
ad
.
Als
o
,
its
ef
f
icien
cy
is
lo
w
an
d
h
as
a
n
ea
r
t
r
an
s
f
er
r
in
g
d
is
tan
ce
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
ir
ec
tly
o
p
er
ate
5
0
Hz
AC
lo
ad
s
,
a
wir
eless
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
(
W
PVPT)
with
a
s
y
s
tem
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
5
0
Hz
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
is
p
ap
er
.
MA
T
L
AB
Simu
lin
k
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
its
d
esig
n
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
.
A
m
ag
n
etic
r
elay
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
th
e
W
PVP
T
s
y
s
tem
is
s
u
g
g
ested
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
AC
p
o
wer
o
n
th
e
r
ec
eiv
in
g
c
o
il a
n
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
its
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
1
3
2
2
-
1
3
3
1
1324
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
ex
p
lain
s
a
wa
y
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
ar
in
g
a
W
PVPT
s
y
s
te
m
with
a
n
d
with
o
u
t
a
m
a
g
n
eti
c
r
elay
f
o
r
co
il
d
is
tan
ce
s
th
at
ar
e
th
e
s
am
e.
Utilizin
g
MA
T
L
AB
Simu
li
n
k
an
d
a
m
ath
em
atica
l
f
o
r
m
u
l
atio
n
,
th
e
W
PVPT
is
m
o
d
elled
.
T
h
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le,
tr
an
s
m
itter
cir
cu
it,
m
ag
n
etic
r
elay
,
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
cir
c
u
it
ar
e
th
e
f
o
u
r
m
o
d
els
th
at
cr
ea
te
th
is
s
y
s
tem
.
T
o
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
p
o
wer
ef
f
icien
cy
th
at
is
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
p
a
r
t
to
th
e
o
th
er
,
ea
c
h
co
m
p
o
n
en
t o
f
th
e
m
o
d
ellin
g
is
ex
am
in
ed
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
ea
c
h
p
o
wer
.
2
.
1
.
M
o
d
el
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
W
P
V
P
T
s
y
s
t
e
m'
s
P
V
mo
d
u
l
e
,
t
r
a
ns
mi
t
t
er
,
a
n
d
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
ci
r
c
ui
t
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
a
ma
g
n
e
t
i
c
r
e
l
a
y
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
with
its
d
ata
s
h
ee
t
in
T
ab
le
1
is
m
o
d
elled
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
2
4
0
V
o
f
DC
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
ce
n
ter
tap
s
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
il
an
d
th
e
h
alf
b
r
id
g
e
cir
cu
it,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
ar
e
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e
ter
m
in
als
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
an
d
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
d
ata
s
h
ee
t
v
er
if
y
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
v
er
s
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
cu
r
v
e
an
d
th
e
p
o
wer
v
er
s
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
cu
r
v
e.
T
h
e
v
alid
atio
n
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
at
a
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
i
atio
n
o
f
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
an
d
a
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
2
5
°
C
,
an
d
it
is
b
ased
o
n
an
er
r
o
r
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e,
wh
er
e
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lt
is
leg
itima
te
if
th
e
er
r
o
r
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
is
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
1
0
%
[
2
3
]
.
T
ab
l
e
1
.
Data
s
h
ee
t f
o
r
PV m
o
d
u
le
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
i
n
w
a
t
t
(
W
)
7
5
.
0
8
O
p
e
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
i
n
v
o
l
t
(
V
)
2
1
.
5
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
t
ma
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
i
n
v
o
l
t
(
V
)
1
7
.
5
S
h
o
r
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
i
n
a
m
p
e
r
e
(
A
)
4
.
9
1
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
t
ma
x
i
mu
m
p
o
w
e
r
i
n
a
mp
e
r
e
(
A
)
4
.
2
9
T
h
e
W
PVPT
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
s
y
s
tem
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
5
0
Hz;
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
m
atch
i
n
g
th
at
is
f
o
r
m
ed
o
n
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
co
i
l
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tak
e
n
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
o
f
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
C
,
is
co
u
p
led
with
th
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
,
m
ag
n
etic
r
elay
,
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
co
ils
,
L
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
eq
u
atio
n
,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
f
,
th
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
o
f
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
C
,
an
d
th
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
,
m
ag
n
etic
r
elay
,
a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il,
L
,
ar
e
all
r
ela
ted
(
1
)
.
Sin
ce
th
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
o
f
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
C
,
is
ch
o
s
en
f
ir
s
t in
th
is
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
,
L
,
m
ay
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
(
1
)
.
=
1
4
2
2
(
1
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
a
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
cu
it
an
d
m
o
d
ellin
g
o
f
W
PVPT
s
y
s
tem
with
o
u
t
a
m
ag
n
etic
r
elay
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
d
ep
icts
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
cir
c
u
it.
A
h
alf
b
r
i
d
g
e
cir
cu
it
a
n
d
a
p
u
ls
e
d
r
iv
er
cir
cu
it
m
ak
e
u
p
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
ci
r
cu
it.
T
wo
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
s
witch
in
g
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
S1
an
d
S2
,
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
b
u
ild
th
e
h
alf
b
r
id
g
e
cir
c
u
it
o
n
MA
T
L
AB
Simu
lin
k
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
.
T
h
ese
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
h
av
e
a
h
ig
h
ca
p
ac
ity
t
o
ap
p
ly
DC
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
v
o
ltag
e
.
Pu
ls
e
wav
es
with
a
s
y
s
tem
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
5
0
Hz
ar
e
g
en
er
ate
d
b
y
th
e
p
u
ls
e
d
r
iv
e
r
cir
c
u
it
o
r
p
u
ls
e
g
e
n
er
ato
r
o
n
MA
T
L
A
B
Simu
lin
k
an
d
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
d
r
iv
e
th
e
two
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
s
witch
in
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
A
r
ec
eiv
er
c
o
il
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
m
ak
e
u
p
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
cir
c
u
it.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
o
f
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
C
,
an
d
th
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
o
f
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il,
L
,
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
et
at
v
alu
es
th
a
t
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
th
e
5
0
Hz
s
y
s
tem
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
d
ep
icts
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
m
o
d
ellin
g
o
f
th
e
W
PVPT
s
y
s
tem
with
o
u
t
a
m
a
g
n
etic
r
elay
.
I
t
in
clu
d
es
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
s
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
c
o
il,
an
d
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
d
is
p
lay
in
g
t
h
eir
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
a
r
e
(
r
m
s
)
v
alu
es
an
d
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
v
alu
es
f
o
r
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
ep
tio
n
co
ils
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
(
2
)
an
d
(
3
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
1
=
2
=
0
.
5
(
2
)
wh
er
e
1
=
in
d
u
ctan
ce
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
il f
o
r
p
ar
t
1
an
d
2
=
in
d
u
ctan
ce
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
il
f
o
r
p
ar
t 2
.
T
h
e
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
o
f
r
ec
eiv
er
c
o
i
l,
L
r
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
3
)
.
=
(
3
)
T
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
,
,
b
etwe
en
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
co
ils
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
m
u
tu
al
i
n
d
u
ctan
ce
,
.
I
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
co
ils
ar
e
s
ep
ar
ated
b
y
air
with
a
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
o
f
µ
0
=
4
×
10
-
7
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m
-
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an
d
th
e
t
u
r
n
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I
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&
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p
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8
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0
8
E
fficien
cy
imp
r
o
ve
men
t o
f 5
0
Hz w
i
r
eles
s
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
p
o
w
er tr
a
n
s
fer
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
I
r
w
a
n
to
)
1325
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
il
,
,
th
e
tu
r
n
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
th
e
r
ec
e
iv
er
co
il,
,
th
e
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
il,
r
t
,
an
d
th
e
r
a
d
iu
s
o
f
th
e
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ec
eiv
er
co
il,
,
th
e
m
u
tu
al
in
d
u
ctan
c
e,
,
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
4
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.
T
h
e
m
u
t
u
al
in
d
u
ctan
ce
v
alu
e
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
a
n
d
is
in
v
er
s
ely
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
t
o
th
e
d
is
tan
c
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
co
ils
s
in
ce
th
e
v
alu
es o
f
t
u
r
n
n
u
m
b
e
r
an
d
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
co
ils
ar
e
f
ix
e
d
.
=
0
2
2
1
0
−
2
√
(
2
+
2
)
3
(
4
)
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ov
e
r
all
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
ellin
g
o
f
W
PVPT
s
y
s
tem
wi
th
o
u
t a
m
a
g
n
etic
r
elay
(
a)
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
cu
it a
n
d
(
b
)
MA
T
L
AB
Simu
lin
k
2
.
2
.
P
ro
po
s
ed
m
o
dellin
g
o
f
ma
g
n
et
ic
re
la
y
A
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
c
u
it
an
d
m
o
d
el
lin
g
o
f
W
PVPT
s
y
s
tem
with
a
m
ag
n
etic
r
elay
is
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
(
a
)
an
d
2
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
,
,
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
,
m
ag
n
etic
r
ela
y
,
an
d
r
ec
ei
v
er
c
o
il
is
th
e
s
am
e.
T
h
e
ce
n
ter
ta
p
o
f
th
e
d
iv
is
io
n
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
two
id
en
tical
h
alv
es
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
co
il
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
d
iv
is
io
n
ter
m
in
al
p
o
in
t,
an
d
it
is
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
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ter
m
in
al
o
f
t
h
e
PV
m
o
d
u
l
e.
On
t
h
e
r
ig
h
t
an
d
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t
s
id
es
o
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th
e
ca
p
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ito
r
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th
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
,
,
ar
e
d
iv
id
e
d
i
n
to
eq
u
al
h
alv
es.
I
t h
o
ld
s
tr
u
e
f
o
r
ev
e
r
y
co
il
o
f
a
m
a
g
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etic
r
e
lay
.
T
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
,
m
ag
n
etic
r
el
ay
,
an
d
r
ec
ei
v
er
c
o
il
ar
e
i
d
en
tical.
T
h
e
,
,
an
d
tu
r
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
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m
ag
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etic
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d
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ec
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er
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a
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e
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th
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ac
h
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d
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o
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tr
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etic
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elay
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ly
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ce
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th
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tr
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itter
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elay
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il
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ce
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il
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5
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il,
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e
m
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tu
al
in
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u
cta
n
ce
b
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en
th
e
two
co
ils
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an
d
g
iv
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y
(
6
)
.
=
0
2
2
8
√
(
2
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3
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
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n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
1
3
2
2
-
1
3
3
1
1326
=
0
2
2
8
√
(
2
+
2
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3
(
6
)
(
a)
(
b
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Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Ov
e
r
all
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
ellin
g
o
f
W
PVPT
s
y
s
tem
wi
th
a
m
ag
n
etic
r
ela
y
(
a)
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
cu
it a
n
d
(
b
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MA
T
L
AB
Simu
lin
k
3.
RE
SU
L
T
AND
DI
SCUS
SI
O
N
On
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
,
m
ag
n
etic
r
elay
,
an
d
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ec
ei
v
er
c
o
il,
a
5
0
Hz
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
m
atch
in
g
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
s
y
s
tem
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
5
0
Hz,
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
ca
p
a
citan
ce
o
f
6
0
µF
is
co
u
p
led
t
o
ea
ch
tr
an
s
m
itter
,
m
ag
n
etic
r
elay
,
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
r
co
il
with
ea
ch
co
il
in
d
u
ctan
c
e
o
f
0
.
1
7
H
(
s
ee
to
(
1
)
)
.
T
o
a
ch
iev
e
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
s
y
s
tem
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
5
0
Hz,
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
o
f
6
0
µF
an
d
th
e
c
o
il
in
d
u
ctan
ce
o
f
0
.
1
7
H
f
o
r
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
,
m
ag
n
etic
r
elay
,
a
n
d
r
ec
ei
v
er
c
o
il
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
.
On
th
e
W
PVPT
s
y
s
tem
's
tr
an
s
m
itter
,
m
ag
n
etic
r
elay
,
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il,
a
5
0
Hz
AC
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
.
I
t
is
th
e
en
d
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
cir
cu
it
co
n
v
er
tin
g
th
e
DC
v
o
ltag
e
wa
v
ef
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
PV m
o
d
u
le
t
o
a
n
AC
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
.
3
.
1
.
P
er
f
o
rma
nce
o
f
P
V
m
o
du
le
T
h
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
is
s
im
u
lated
f
o
r
a
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
s
o
lar
i
r
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
2
5
°
C
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
(
th
e
s
e
v
alu
es
ar
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
test
co
n
d
itio
n
(
STC)
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le'
s
f
ac
to
r
y
f
ab
r
icatio
n
f
o
r
lis
tin
g
th
e
d
ata
s
h
ee
t
in
T
a
b
le
1
)
.
T
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
v
o
ltag
e,
cu
r
r
en
t,
a
n
d
p
o
wer
ar
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
°
C
an
d
th
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
in
W
/m
2
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
W
ith
r
is
in
g
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
co
n
s
t
an
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
th
e
PV m
o
d
u
le
v
o
ltag
e
r
is
es.
T
h
e
PV m
o
d
u
le
v
o
ltag
e
will
f
all
in
th
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
d
ir
ec
tio
n
with
r
is
in
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
an
d
co
n
s
tan
t
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
o
f
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
2
5
°
C
r
esu
lt
in
th
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
PV
m
o
d
u
le
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
2
3
3
.
6
V,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a)
.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
o
f
1
0
0
W
/m
2
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
4
0
°
C
r
esu
lt
in
th
e
lo
west
PV
m
o
d
u
le
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
2
0
0
V,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
,
a
g
r
ea
ter
PV
m
o
d
u
le
v
o
ltag
e
also
in
cr
e
ases
th
e
AC
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
W
PVPT
s
y
s
tem
'
s
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
r
co
ils
.
A
lo
wer
PV
m
o
d
u
le
v
o
ltag
e,
o
n
t
h
e
o
th
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
will
r
esu
lt
in
a
lo
wer
PV
m
o
d
u
le
p
o
wer
,
as
well
as
a
lo
wer
AC
p
o
wer
o
n
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
co
ils
o
f
th
e
W
PVPT
s
y
s
tem
.
I
t
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
in
v
er
ter
ci
r
cu
it
T
o
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
l
o
f
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
T
o
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
T
o
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
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n
t
T
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A
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a
d
s
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A
C
l
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a
d
s
M
a
g
n
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t
i
c
r
e
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T
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m
i
t
t
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R
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C
C
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m
1
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m
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L
m
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m
d
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r
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t
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p
v
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t
V
r
I
r
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=
½
d
t
r
=
½
d
t
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
E
fficien
cy
imp
r
o
ve
men
t o
f 5
0
Hz w
i
r
eles
s
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
p
o
w
er tr
a
n
s
fer
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
I
r
w
a
n
to
)
1327
d
ir
ec
tly
co
n
v
e
r
ts
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
l
ev
el
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
in
to
th
e
AC
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
o
n
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
il,
an
d
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
cu
r
r
en
t
f
l
o
ws
v
ia
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
il
an
d
th
ey
h
av
e
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
it
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
th
e
e
lectr
o
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
c
o
il
in
cr
ea
s
es
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t f
lo
win
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
it
[
2
6
]
.
Fo
r
th
e
f
ix
ed
d
is
t
an
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
a
n
d
r
e
ce
iv
er
co
ils
o
f
th
e
W
PVPT
s
y
s
tem
,
a
h
ig
h
er
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
will
r
esu
lt
in
a
lo
n
g
er
r
an
g
e
o
f
th
e
el
ec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
a
g
r
ea
ter
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
f
lu
x
will
b
e
ca
p
tu
r
e
d
b
y
th
e
r
ec
ei
v
er
co
il
a
n
d
it
will
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
h
ig
h
er
in
d
u
ce
d
v
o
ltag
e,
cu
r
r
en
t,
a
n
d
p
o
wer
o
n
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
i
atio
n
o
f
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
an
d
a
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
2
5
°
C
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
PV
m
o
d
u
le
p
o
wer
o
f
1
0
0
4
W
,
as
in
d
ica
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
,
an
d
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
PV
m
o
d
u
le
p
o
wer
o
f
7
3
6
W
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
,
at
a
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
i
an
ce
o
f
1
0
0
W
/m
2
an
d
a
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
o
f
4
0
°
C.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
PV m
o
d
u
le
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
p
o
we
r
as f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
i
r
r
ad
ian
ce
a
n
d
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
(
a)
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
(
b
)
p
o
we
r
3
.
2
.
WP
VP
T
s
y
s
t
em
's
po
wer
a
nd
ef
f
iciency
wit
ho
ut
a
m
a
g
net
i
c
re
la
y
Fo
r
a
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il
o
f
1
0
m
eter
s
,
th
e
AC
p
o
w
er
o
n
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
il
is
tr
an
s
m
itted
to
th
e
r
ec
eiv
in
g
c
o
il.
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a)
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
AC
p
o
wer
o
n
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il
f
o
r
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
s
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
to
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
an
d
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
f
r
o
m
2
5
°C
to
4
0
°C
.
T
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
c
o
il'
s
m
ax
im
u
m
AC
p
o
wer
is
5
9
6
.
8
W
,
wh
ich
h
a
p
p
en
s
at
a
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
iatio
n
o
f
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
an
d
a
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
2
5
°
C
.
A
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
o
f
4
0
0
W
/m
2
an
d
a
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
2
5
°
C
r
esu
lt
in
a
m
in
im
u
m
AC
p
o
wer
o
f
4
3
4
.
7
W
o
n
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
co
il.
T
h
er
e
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
AC
p
o
wer
o
n
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
r
co
il,
it
is
th
at
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
o
f
AC
p
o
wer
o
n
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
il
ca
u
s
es
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
o
f
AC
p
o
wer
o
n
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il,
in
v
er
s
ely
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
o
f
AC
p
o
wer
o
n
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
il
ca
u
s
es th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
o
f
AC
p
o
wer
o
n
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il.
T
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
co
il
tr
a
n
s
f
er
s
AC
p
o
wer
,
h
o
wev
er
th
e
r
e
ar
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
o
n
th
e
air
m
ater
ial
alo
n
g
th
e
en
tire
=
1
0
m
d
is
tan
ce
b
et
wee
n
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
AC
p
o
wer
th
at
r
ea
ch
es
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il
is
less
th
an
th
at
r
ea
ch
es
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
il.
T
h
e
W
PVPT
s
y
s
tem
's
ca
p
ac
ity
to
tr
an
s
f
er
p
o
wer
is
its
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
r
a
n
g
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
,
wh
ich
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
AC
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
il.
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
i
llu
s
tr
ates
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
W
PV
PT
s
y
s
tem
as
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
an
d
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
il
f
o
r
a
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
iatio
n
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
to
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
an
d
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
f
r
o
m
2
5
°
C
to
4
0
°
C
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
ef
f
icien
cy
is
7
1
.
6
9
%
wh
en
th
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
is
2
5
°
C
an
d
th
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
is
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
,
an
d
t
h
e
m
in
im
u
m
ef
f
icien
cy
i
s
7
1
.
1
1
%
wh
e
n
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
is
4
0
°
C
an
d
th
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
is
1
0
0
W
/m
2
.
I
t
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at,
wh
en
c
o
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
r
ec
e
iv
er
an
d
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
co
ils
,
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
W
PV
PT
s
y
s
tem
ten
d
s
to
r
an
g
e
b
etwe
en
7
1
.
1
1
%
an
d
7
1
.
6
9
%,
o
r
its
av
e
r
ag
e
ef
f
icien
cy
is
7
1
.
2
7
%.
T
h
e
W
PVPT
s
y
s
tem
'
s
ef
f
icien
cies
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
a
s
tr
o
n
g
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
th
at
is
ar
r
iv
in
g
at
th
e
r
ec
eiv
e
r
c
o
il
ca
u
s
ed
a
v
o
ltag
e
to
b
e
i
n
d
u
ce
d
ac
r
o
s
s
it
at
a
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
1
0
m
eter
s
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
e
p
tio
n
co
il.
3
.
3
.
P
o
wer
a
nd
ef
f
iciency
im
pro
v
em
ent
o
f
WP
VP
T
s
y
s
t
em
us
ing
a
ma
g
net
ic
re
la
y
T
h
e
m
ag
n
etic
r
elay
is
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
in
th
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
co
ils
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
p
o
wer
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a)
,
wh
ich
also
d
ep
icts
th
e
A
C
p
o
w
er
o
n
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il
o
f
th
e
W
PV
PT
s
y
s
tem
.
Simu
lated
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
clu
d
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
to
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
,
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
1
3
2
2
-
1
3
3
1
1328
25
°
C
to
4
0
°
C
,
an
d
a
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
c
o
il
o
f
1
0
m
.
T
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il
with
m
ag
n
etic
r
elay
m
a
y
g
en
e
r
ate
u
p
to
6
0
9
.
2
W
o
f
AC
p
o
wer
at
a
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
o
f
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
an
d
a
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
2
5
°
C
,
an
d
it
ca
n
g
en
e
r
ate
as
litt
le
as
4
4
3
.
9
W
o
f
AC
p
o
wer
with
a
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
o
f
1
0
0
W
/m
2
an
d
a
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
4
0
°
C
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
an
d
m
in
im
u
m
AC
p
o
wer
o
n
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il
with
a
m
ag
n
etic
r
elay
;
th
ese
v
alu
es
ar
e
lar
g
er
th
an
th
o
s
e
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a)
f
o
r
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il
with
o
u
t
a
m
ag
n
etic
r
elay
.
I
t
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
m
a
g
n
etic
r
e
lay
s
itu
ated
in
th
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
q
u
an
tity
o
f
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
f
i
eld
s
r
ea
ch
in
g
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il
,
lead
in
g
to
a
h
ig
h
er
in
d
u
ce
d
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il
as
well
as
a
h
ig
h
er
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
co
il
an
d
,
f
in
ally
,
a
h
ig
h
er
AC
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
co
il.
T
h
e
W
PVPT
s
y
s
tem
i
s
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
g
en
er
atin
g
AC
p
o
wer
o
n
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il.
F
ig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
co
m
p
ar
es
th
e
AC
p
o
wer
o
f
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
an
d
tr
an
s
m
itter
c
o
ils
f
o
r
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
iatio
n
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
t
o
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
an
d
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
f
r
o
m
2
5
°
C
to
4
0
°
C
with
a
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
co
ils
o
f
1
0
m
.
T
h
e
W
PV
PT
s
y
s
tem
with
a
m
ag
n
etic
r
elay
h
as
a
m
ax
im
u
m
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
7
3
.
0
7
%,
wh
ich
o
cc
u
r
s
at
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
s
o
f
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
o
f
2
5
°
C
,
an
d
a
m
in
i
m
u
m
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
7
2
.
6
6
%,
wh
ich
o
cc
u
r
s
at
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
s
o
f
1
0
0
W
/m
2
an
d
tem
p
er
at
u
r
es
o
f
3
5
.
5
°
C
.
I
t
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
s
tate
th
at
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
a
W
PVPT
s
y
s
tem
with
a
m
ag
n
etic
r
elay
ten
d
s
to
b
e
b
etwe
en
7
2
.
6
6
%
an
d
7
3
.
0
7
%,
o
r
th
at
its
av
er
ag
e
ef
f
icien
cy
is
7
2
.
8
2
%,
f
o
r
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
s
r
a
n
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
to
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
an
d
tem
p
er
at
u
r
es
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
2
5
°C
to
4
0
°C
with
a
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
r
co
il
o
f
1
0
m
.
As
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
,
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
W
PVPT
s
y
s
tem
with
a
m
ag
n
etic
r
elay
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
W
PVPT
s
y
s
t
em
with
o
u
t a
m
a
g
n
etic
r
elay
a
s
in
d
icate
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
AC
p
o
wer
o
n
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il a
n
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
W
PVPT
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
r
co
il,
=
1
0
m
with
o
u
t a
m
ag
n
etic
r
ela
y
(
a)
AC
p
o
wer
an
d
(
b
)
ef
f
icien
c
y
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
AC
p
o
wer
o
n
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il a
n
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
W
PVPT
s
y
s
tem
with
m
ag
n
etic
r
elay
(
a)
AC
p
o
wer
an
d
(
b
)
ef
f
icien
c
y
T
h
e
AC
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
it
ter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il
at
v
ar
io
u
s
d
is
tan
ce
s
b
etwe
en
1
0
an
d
5
0
m
eter
s
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a
)
.
B
ec
au
s
e
it
is
p
o
wer
ed
b
y
t
h
e
s
am
e
DC
p
o
wer
o
f
a
PV
m
o
d
u
le
with
th
e
s
am
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
o
f
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
an
d
th
e
s
am
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
2
5
°
C
,
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
il
g
en
er
at
es
an
AC
p
o
wer
o
f
8
3
2
.
9
W
o
v
er
v
ar
y
in
g
d
is
tan
c
es
o
f
1
0
to
5
0
m
.
T
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il
r
ec
eiv
es
th
e
8
3
2
.
9
W
o
f
AC
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
E
fficien
cy
imp
r
o
ve
men
t o
f 5
0
Hz w
i
r
eles
s
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
p
o
w
er tr
a
n
s
fer
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
I
r
w
a
n
to
)
1329
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
il.
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a)
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
in
a
W
P
V
PT
s
y
s
tem
w
ith
o
u
t
a
m
ag
n
etic
r
elay
,
a
lo
n
g
e
r
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
ei
v
er
c
o
il
r
esu
lts
in
a
lo
wer
AC
p
o
wer
b
ein
g
r
ec
ei
v
ed
b
y
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
lo
n
g
er
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il
also
r
esu
lts
in
a
lo
wer
m
u
tu
al
in
d
u
ctan
ce
an
d
a
lo
we
r
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
r
ea
ch
i
n
g
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
th
e
AC
p
o
wer
o
n
th
e
r
ec
eiv
in
g
c
o
il
m
ay
b
e
en
h
an
ce
d
at
ea
ch
d
is
tan
ce
b
y
p
lacin
g
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
r
elay
in
th
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
r
co
il.
W
h
en
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
AC
p
o
wer
o
n
th
e
r
ec
eiv
e
r
an
d
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
co
ils
,
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
c
o
ils
h
as
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
W
PVPT
s
y
s
tem
's
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
co
m
p
ar
es
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
W
PVPT
s
y
s
t
em
with
AC
p
o
wer
o
n
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
an
d
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
ils
at
v
ar
io
u
s
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
d
is
tan
ce
s
b
etwe
en
1
0
an
d
5
0
m
.
T
h
e
W
PVPT
s
y
s
tem
h
as
a
p
o
o
r
er
ef
f
icien
cy
o
v
e
r
a
lo
n
g
er
d
is
tan
ce
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
AC
p
o
wer
o
n
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
it
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
b
ig
g
e
r
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
o
cc
u
r
o
n
air
-
b
ased
m
at
er
ials
o
v
er
l
o
n
g
er
d
is
tan
ce
s
.
H
o
wev
er
,
p
lacin
g
th
e
m
a
g
n
etic
r
elay
in
th
e
m
i
d
d
le
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
r
co
il
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
t
h
e
W
PV
PT
s
y
s
tem
'
s
ef
f
icien
cy
m
ay
b
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
an
d
th
at
it h
as a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial im
p
ac
t o
v
er
a
l
o
n
g
e
r
d
is
tan
ce
,
as illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Po
wer
a
n
d
e
f
f
icien
c
y
o
f
W
PVPT
s
y
s
tem
with
v
ar
io
u
s
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
r
co
il
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
t is su
g
g
ested
th
at
th
e
5
0
Hz
W
PV
PT
s
y
s
tem
u
s
e
a
m
ag
n
etic
r
elay
th
at
is
p
lace
d
in
th
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
co
ils
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
its
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
ellin
g
o
f
th
e
W
PVPT
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
r
is
es
o
f
m
o
d
ellin
g
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le,
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
cir
cu
it,
th
e
m
a
g
n
e
tic
r
elay
,
an
d
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
cir
c
u
it,
all
o
f
wh
ich
a
r
e
b
ased
o
n
m
ath
em
atica
l
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
le,
W
PV
PT
s
y
s
te
m
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
m
ag
n
etic
r
elay
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
to
p
r
o
v
e
th
at
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
W
PVPT
s
y
s
tem
wi
th
m
ag
n
etic
r
elay
is
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
W
PVPT
s
y
s
tem
with
o
u
t m
ag
n
etic
r
ela
y
.
So
m
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
ca
n
b
e
ju
s
tifie
d
as f
o
llo
ws.
T
h
e
W
PVPT
s
y
s
tem
u
s
es
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
as
its
p
r
im
a
r
y
DC
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
,
w
h
ich
is
th
en
co
n
v
e
r
ted
to
AC
p
o
wer
o
n
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itte
r
co
il
an
d
d
eliv
er
ed
to
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lts
o
f
th
e
cu
r
v
es
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
v
er
s
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
p
o
wer
v
er
s
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
les
ar
e
v
alid
ated
to
th
e
d
at
a
s
h
ee
t
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
ar
d
test
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
STC),
wh
ich
ar
e
2
5
°
C
an
d
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
er
r
o
r
,
t
h
e
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
o
p
en
ci
r
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e,
a
n
d
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
ar
e
co
r
r
ec
t.
T
h
ey
s
u
g
g
est th
at
th
e
W
PVPT
s
y
s
tem
m
ay
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
u
s
e
th
e
PV m
o
d
u
le
m
o
d
ellin
g
.
W
ith
a
1
0
m
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
r
co
ils
,
th
e
p
o
wer
s
an
d
ef
f
icie
n
cies
o
f
a
W
PV
PT
s
y
s
tem
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
a
m
ag
n
etic
r
elay
ar
e
e
x
am
in
ed
f
o
r
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
s
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
W
/m
2
to
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
2
5
°
C
to
4
0
°
C
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
r
elay
,
th
e
AC
p
o
wer
o
n
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
,
wh
ich
also
in
cr
ea
s
es
its
ef
f
icien
cy
.
W
ith
o
u
t
a
m
ag
n
etic
r
elay
,
th
eir
ef
f
icien
cy
is
7
1
.
2
7
%,
an
d
with
o
n
e,
th
e
y
ar
e
7
2
.
8
2
%.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
lo
r
ed
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
ef
f
icien
cy
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
W
PVPT
s
y
s
tem
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
a
m
ag
n
etic
r
elay
.
T
h
e
e
f
f
icien
c
y
o
f
W
PVPT
s
y
s
tem
with
a
m
ag
n
etic
r
elay
is
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
th
at
o
f
W
PVPT
s
y
s
tem
with
o
u
t
a
m
ag
n
etic
r
el
ay
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
f
u
r
t
h
er
a
n
d
in
-
d
ep
th
s
tu
d
ies
m
a
y
b
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
co
n
f
ir
m
its
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
r
in
g
,
esp
ec
ially
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
th
e
m
u
tu
al
in
d
u
ctan
ce
b
et
wee
n
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
e
iv
er
co
il
th
at
h
as
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
v
alu
e
to
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
ar
r
iv
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
r
ec
e
iv
er
co
il.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
1
3
2
2
-
1
3
3
1
1330
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
T
h
an
k
y
o
u
v
er
y
m
u
ch
f
o
r
th
e
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Su
p
er
io
r
B
asic
R
esear
ch
g
r
an
t
with
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awa
r
d
n
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m
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er
0
7
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2
.
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0
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PL/2
0
2
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f
r
o
m
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
C
u
ltu
r
e,
R
esear
ch
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
Als
o
,
th
an
k
y
o
u
v
e
r
y
m
u
c
h
f
o
r
Un
iv
er
s
iti
Ma
lay
s
ia
Per
l
is
(
Un
iMAP)
,
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
C
en
t
er
o
f
E
x
ce
llen
ce
f
o
r
R
en
ewa
b
le
E
n
er
g
y
(
C
E
R
E
)
th
at
h
as a
g
o
o
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
wi
th
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Prim
a
I
n
d
o
n
esia (
UNPR
I
)
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
L.
L
i
u
a
n
d
L.
W
u
,
“
F
o
r
e
c
a
s
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
su
mp
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
Eu
r
o
p
e
a
n
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
b
y
a
n
a
d
j
a
c
e
n
t
n
o
n
-
h
o
mo
g
e
n
e
o
u
s
g
r
e
y
m
o
d
e
l
,
”
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
Ma
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
a
l
Mo
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
8
9
,
p
p
.
1
9
3
2
–
1
9
4
8
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
p
m.
2
0
2
0
.
0
8
.
0
8
0
.
[
2
]
A
.
M
e
f
l
a
h
,
I
.
A
o
u
c
h
i
c
h
e
,
S
.
B
e
r
k
a
n
e
,
a
n
d
F
.
C
h
e
k
i
r
e
d
,
“
Es
t
i
mat
i
o
n
m
o
d
e
l
s
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
m
o
d
u
l
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
t
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
u
n
d
e
r
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
c
l
i
ma
t
i
c
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s,
”
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
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to
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1331
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Mu
h
a
m
m
a
d
Ir
wa
n
t
o
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
P
h
.
D
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
sy
ste
m
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
M
a
lay
sia
P
e
rli
s
(
Un
iM
AP),
M
a
lay
sia
i
n
2
0
1
2
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
in
th
e
Ce
n
ter
o
f
E
x
c
e
ll
e
n
c
e
fo
r
H
e
a
lt
h
Ba
se
d
o
n
Io
T
a
n
d
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
En
e
r
g
y
,
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
i
v
e
rsit
a
s
P
rima
In
d
o
n
e
sia
(UN
P
RI).
He
is
a
lso
fe
ll
o
w
o
f
Ce
n
tre
o
f
Ex
c
e
ll
e
n
c
e
fo
r
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
y
(CERE
),
F
a
c
u
l
ty
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
M
a
lay
sia
P
e
rli
s
(Un
iM
AP).
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ic
,
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
sta
b
il
it
y
,
so
lar
e
n
e
rg
y
a
n
d
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
u
h
a
m
m
a
d
ir
wa
n
to
@u
n
p
rimd
n
.
a
c
.
i
d
o
r
irwa
n
t
o
@u
n
ima
p
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
No
r
H
a
n
is
a
h
Ba
h
a
r
u
d
i
n
h
o
ld
s
a
P
h
.
D
.
i
n
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
sy
ste
m
e
n
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
M
a
lay
sia
P
e
rli
s,
2
0
1
8
.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
s
a
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
in
F
a
c
u
l
ty
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
M
a
lay
sia
P
e
rli
s.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
e
sp
e
c
ially
in
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
a
n
d
wi
n
d
e
n
e
rg
y
a
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
,
h
y
b
r
id
e
n
e
rg
y
sto
ra
g
e
sy
ste
m
,
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
sta
ti
c
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
to
r
(DST
ATCOM)
sy
ste
m
.
S
h
e
is
v
e
ry
a
c
ti
v
e
i
n
re
se
a
rc
h
p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
sh
e
h
a
s
5
2
a
n
d
3
8
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
ts
in
G
o
o
g
le
S
c
h
o
lar
a
n
d
S
COPUS
d
a
ta
b
a
se
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
te
d
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
n
o
rh
a
n
isa
h
@u
n
ima
p
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
Yo
g
a
Tr
i
Nu
g
r
a
h
a
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
m
a
ste
r
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
fr
o
m
Un
iv
e
rsitas
M
u
h
a
m
m
a
d
iy
a
h
S
u
m
a
tera
Uta
ra
(UMS
U),
In
d
o
n
e
sia
in
2
0
1
9
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
in
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
i
v
e
rsitas
Al
-
Az
h
a
r
M
e
d
a
n
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
in
tern
e
t
o
f
th
i
n
g
s,
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
e
n
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
,
m
e
c
h
a
tro
n
ics
,
a
rti
ficia
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
y
o
g
a
tr
in
u
g
ra
h
a
@a
laz
h
a
r
-
u
n
iv
e
rsi
ty
.
c
o
m
o
r
y
o
g
a
tri
n
u
g
ra
h
a
1
6
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Ind
r
a
Nisja
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
P
h
.
D
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsit
i
S
a
in
M
a
lay
sia
,
2
0
1
4
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
s
a
lec
tu
re
r
i
n
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsitas
Bu
n
g
Ha
tt
a
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
l
u
d
e
s
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
,
e
sp
e
c
ially
in
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
li
t
y
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
n
ic
d
ri
v
e
.
He
is
v
e
ry
a
c
ti
v
e
in
re
se
a
rc
h
p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
h
e
h
a
s
5
7
a
n
d
1
5
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
ts
i
n
G
o
o
g
le
S
c
h
o
lar
a
n
d
S
COPUS
d
a
ta
b
a
se
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
d
rin
d
ra
7
6
5
@b
u
n
g
h
a
tt
a
.
a
c
.
id
.
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