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s
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m
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li
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C
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Dep
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lace
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d
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r
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r
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in
f
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b
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r
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d
f
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h
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s
p
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d
d
a
ta
s
er
v
ices
h
as
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cr
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ed
ex
p
o
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en
tially
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n
o
r
d
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to
m
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r
eq
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em
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ts
o
f
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O
is
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v
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t
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to
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p
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s
o
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tio
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.
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q
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ir
es
alig
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m
en
t
b
etwe
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t
r
an
s
m
itter
an
d
th
e
r
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.
Hig
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wir
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etwo
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k
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co
m
m
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ly
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s
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s
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o
f
its
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r
ea
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e
f
f
icien
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f
o
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tin
u
o
u
s
h
ig
h
-
th
r
o
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g
h
p
u
t
an
d
l
o
w
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ter
f
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e
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ce
.
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n
co
m
p
a
r
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o
n
to
R
F
s
y
s
tem
s
,
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
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e
b
an
d
wid
th
an
d
lo
w
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ter
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,
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s
tem
s
h
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e
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
an
d
m
o
r
e
p
o
p
u
lar
[
1
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
e
n
ab
l
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
r
an
g
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f
if
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(
5G
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wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
,
d
ir
ec
tiv
ity
,
p
o
wer
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
i
n
s
tallatio
n
s
im
p
licity
,
an
d
m
u
lti
-
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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I
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C
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m
p
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n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
1
7
4
5
-
1
7
5
3
1746
g
ig
ab
y
te
ap
p
licatio
n
s
a
r
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f
f
er
ed
b
y
f
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s
p
ac
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o
p
tical
co
m
m
u
n
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n
ca
b
les
[
2
]
.
W
ir
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o
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co
m
m
u
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lin
es
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n
f
r
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s
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o
lv
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co
n
n
ec
tio
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p
r
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lem
s
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u
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ed
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y
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al
tech
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o
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u
m
er
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u
s
b
en
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m
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tech
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y
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tr
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r
a
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io
f
r
e
q
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ased
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m
m
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tio
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s
h
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ad
d
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wid
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3
]
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I
n
cr
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s
in
g
ly
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ig
h
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ata
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ates
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r
eq
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k
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k
h
au
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s
ev
e
r
al
k
i
lo
m
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s
.
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h
r
o
u
g
h
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
id
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R
(
I
n
f
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a
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6
μ
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s
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n
lim
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s
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Sev
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m
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ar
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s
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to
in
cr
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s
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r
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F
tech
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d
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e
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s
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itter
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f
th
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m
eth
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d
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th
at
ar
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,
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p
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f
ib
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ca
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les
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e
s
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al
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en
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its
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r
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n
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m
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er
o
f
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r
s
[
4
]
.
T
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ld
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n
ly
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th
e
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k
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h
in
g
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o
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ed
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
s
s
u
ch
as
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
s
.
FS
O
i
s
a
wir
eles
s
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
th
at
c
an
b
e
m
a
d
e
with
o
u
t
d
ig
g
in
g
.
W
h
en
an
o
th
e
r
n
etwo
r
k
f
ails
,
it
o
f
f
er
s
ea
s
y
s
etu
p
d
u
r
in
g
d
is
aster
r
ec
o
v
er
y
[
5
]
.
T
h
ese
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
lim
itatio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
m
o
u
n
tain
s
,
r
iv
er
s
,
a
n
d
o
th
er
o
b
s
tacle
s
,
h
av
e
b
ee
n
o
v
er
co
m
e
b
y
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
FS
O
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ch
an
n
el
s
,
allo
win
g
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
o
p
tical
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
s
ig
n
als.
FS
O
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
a
tech
n
iq
u
e
th
at
s
en
d
s
d
ata
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e
o
r
t
h
e
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e
u
s
in
g
lig
h
t
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
cr
itical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
FS
O
ar
e
co
lo
s
s
al
b
an
d
wid
th
,
en
h
a
n
ce
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
lo
w
in
s
tallatio
n
co
s
ts
.
Fo
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
FS
O
-
b
ased
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
is
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
u
s
ed
in
d
ee
p
s
p
ac
e
an
d
ter
r
estrial
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
an
o
p
tical
n
etwo
r
k
is
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
FS
O;
th
ese
in
p
u
ts
ar
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
at
th
e
p
h
o
to
d
io
d
e
-
b
ased
r
ec
eiv
er
f
r
o
m
laser
-
b
ased
tr
an
s
m
itter
s
[
7
]
.
A
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
ca
lled
FS
O
s
en
d
s
an
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
-
ca
r
r
y
in
g
s
ig
n
als
th
r
o
u
g
h
em
p
ty
s
p
ac
e.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
o
p
tical
m
o
d
u
lated
s
ig
n
al
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
it
is
ex
tr
em
ely
n
ea
r
to
o
p
tical
f
i
b
er
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
(
OFC
)
tech
n
o
lo
g
ically
.
I
n
FS
O,
th
e
s
en
d
in
g
an
d
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
en
d
s
o
f
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
ig
n
al
ar
e
co
n
n
e
cted
b
y
a
d
ir
ec
t
L
OS
lin
k
,
th
is
is
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
o
p
tical
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
(
OW
C
)
in
g
e
n
er
al.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ch
an
n
el
o
r
th
e
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e,
th
e
s
ig
n
al
is
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
.
Sin
ce
it
u
tili
ze
s
lig
h
t,
it
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
u
n
licen
s
ed
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
h
ig
h
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
an
d
v
er
y
s
ec
u
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
th
at
it
ca
n
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
is
an
o
th
er
ad
v
an
tag
e
i
n
ar
ea
s
wh
er
e
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
lay
o
u
t m
a
k
es o
p
tical
f
ib
er
in
s
tallatio
n
ch
allen
g
i
n
g
[
8
]
.
Sin
ce
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
lin
k
s
an
d
FS
O
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
h
ar
e
m
an
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
s
im
ilar
ities
,
th
e
two
h
av
e
m
a
n
y
s
im
ilar
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
T
r
an
s
m
i
ttin
g
o
p
tically
m
o
d
u
lated
s
i
g
n
als,
ca
n
h
av
e
a
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ee
d
o
f
u
p
t
o
ter
ab
its
p
er
s
ec
o
n
d
(
T
b
p
s
)
,
is
o
n
e
s
u
ch
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
in
clu
d
e
im
p
ec
ca
b
le
s
ig
n
al
s
e
cu
r
ity
,
p
lu
g
-
an
d
-
p
lay
in
s
talla
tio
n
f
ea
tu
r
es,
an
d
lice
n
s
e
-
f
r
e
e
o
p
tical
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
f
u
r
th
er
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
attr
ac
tio
n
o
f
FS
O
in
its
q
u
est
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
an
d
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
last
-
m
ile
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
.
FS
O
is
an
in
ter
est
in
g
o
p
tio
n
f
o
r
cr
ea
tin
g
an
e
x
te
n
s
iv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
s
in
ce
p
lacin
g
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
in
u
r
b
a
n
lo
ca
tio
n
s
is
v
er
y
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
an
d
R
F b
an
d
wid
th
is
b
ec
o
m
in
g
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
lim
ited
[
9
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
er
e
a
r
e
s
till
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
if
f
icu
lties
with
FS
O
s
y
s
tem
s
.
B
ea
m
wan
d
er
in
g
a
n
d
s
cin
till
atio
n
ar
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic
tu
r
b
u
len
ce
,
wh
ich
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
g
r
ea
test
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
ese
ef
f
ec
ts
h
av
e
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
to
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
FS
O
s
ig
n
al
'
s
q
u
ali
ty
,
th
is
lead
s
to
b
it
-
er
r
o
r
r
ates
th
at
ar
e
to
o
h
ig
h
to
tr
an
s
m
it
d
ata
p
r
o
p
er
ly
.
R
ain
,
f
o
g
,
a
n
d
h
az
e
ar
e
o
n
ly
a
f
e
w
o
f
th
e
wea
th
er
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
th
at
af
f
ec
t
th
e
FS
O
n
etwo
r
k
.
W
h
ile
FS
O
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
h
as
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
a
d
v
an
tag
es,
its
ef
f
icien
cy
is
s
o
m
et
im
es
im
p
ac
ted
b
y
ex
ter
n
al
ch
allen
g
es
lik
e
wea
th
er
[
1
0
]
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
ig
n
al
g
ets
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
v
ar
y
in
g
wea
th
e
r
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
wh
ich
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
b
it
er
r
o
r
r
ate
(
B
E
R
)
.
R
ain
,
h
az
e,
an
d
f
o
g
ar
e
ex
am
p
les
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
th
at
ca
n
ch
an
g
e
q
u
ick
ly
a
n
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
o
p
tical
s
ig
n
als
d
u
r
in
g
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
b
y
s
ca
tter
in
g
a
n
d
ab
s
o
r
b
in
g
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
th
,
w
h
ich
lo
wer
s
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al
th
at
is
r
ec
eiv
ed
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
atten
u
atio
n
v
al
u
e
v
ar
ies
ac
co
r
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
clim
ate;
in
clea
r
wea
th
er
,
it
is
les
s
th
an
1
d
B
/k
m
,
wh
ile
d
u
r
in
g
h
ea
v
y
d
u
s
t
(
HD)
s
to
r
m
s
,
it
ca
n
r
ea
ch
h
u
n
d
r
e
d
s
o
f
d
B
/k
m
.
T
h
e
air
atten
u
a
tio
n
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
m
o
lecu
lar
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
,
s
ca
tter
in
g
,
an
d
th
e
s
cin
till
atio
n
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
,
wh
ich
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
k
,
ar
e
th
e
m
ain
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
o
p
tical
s
ig
n
als
u
s
in
g
o
p
en
s
p
ac
e
ch
an
n
els.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
h
ig
h
-
s
p
e
ed
FS
O
lin
k
d
u
r
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
atm
o
s
p
h
er
ic
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
h
as
b
ee
n
e
x
am
in
ed
b
y
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
o
r
g
an
izat
io
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
h
ea
v
y
r
ai
n
,
s
m
o
k
e,
s
n
o
w,
f
o
g
,
an
d
d
u
s
t.
I
n
th
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
ly
d
escr
ib
ed
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
s
ev
er
al
tech
n
iq
u
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
FS
O
lin
k
'
s
d
ata
r
ate
.
[
1
2
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
s
till
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
FS
O
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
u
r
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
wea
th
e
r
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
FS
O
ch
an
n
e
l's
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
allo
w
m
u
ltip
le
u
s
er
s
to
s
en
d
d
ata
s
im
u
l
tan
eo
u
s
ly
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
n
o
w
em
p
lo
y
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
x
in
g
tech
n
i
q
u
es.
W
av
elen
g
th
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
(
W
DM
)
,
p
o
lar
izatio
n
d
i
v
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
le
x
in
g
(
PDM)
[
1
3
]
,
a
n
d
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
l
ex
in
g
(
OFDM)
[
1
4
]
ar
e
a
f
ew
o
f
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
W
DM
s
y
s
tem
s
tr
an
s
f
er
lar
g
e
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
d
ata,
th
e
f
ib
er
ac
ce
s
s
n
etwo
r
k
'
s
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
ar
e
ess
en
tial.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
,
if
th
e
lin
k
ed
f
ib
er
lin
e
is
d
e
s
tr
o
y
ed
wh
ile
h
i
g
h
-
s
p
ee
d
an
d
wid
e
-
ca
p
ac
ity
s
ig
n
al
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
is
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
in
s
u
ch
p
ass
iv
e
o
p
tical
n
etwo
r
k
(
PON
)
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
it
will im
p
ac
t th
e
ass
o
ciate
d
en
d
-
u
s
er
s
'
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
[
1
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Hig
h
s
p
ee
d
s
p
a
ce
d
ivis
io
n
mu
ltip
lexin
g
b
a
s
ed
in
teg
r
a
te
d
fib
er
…
(
K
a
ka
r
la
P
h
a
n
ee
n
d
r
a
K
u
ma
r
)
1747
A
p
o
s
s
i
b
le
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
ti
v
ely
s
en
d
i
n
g
as
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
d
ata
s
i
g
n
als
f
r
o
m
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
u
s
e
r
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
et
wo
r
k
is
o
p
t
ica
l
c
o
d
e
d
iv
is
i
o
n
m
u
lti
p
l
e
a
cc
ess
(
OC
DM
A
)
.
Data
f
r
o
m
ea
c
h
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
al
u
s
e
r
is
c
o
d
e
d
u
n
iq
u
e
l
y
,
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
u
s
e
r
s
ec
u
r
it
y
an
d
p
r
i
v
a
cy
,
all
d
ata
f
r
o
m
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
u
s
e
r
s
is
m
u
lti
p
l
e
x
e
d
an
d
tr
an
s
f
e
r
r
e
d
s
im
u
lt
an
eo
u
s
l
y
.
Va
r
i
o
u
s
c
o
d
es
c
a
n
b
e
u
s
e
d
,
s
u
ch
d
y
n
a
m
ic
c
y
clic
s
h
i
f
t
(
DC
S
)
,
r
an
d
o
m
d
i
a
g
o
n
al
(
R
D
)
,
d
i
ag
o
n
a
l
p
e
r
m
u
t
ati
o
n
s
h
i
f
t
(
DPS
)
,
a
n
d
e
n
h
a
n
c
ed
d
o
u
b
le
w
ei
g
h
t
(
E
DW
)
.
T
h
e
u
s
a
g
e
o
f
t
h
es
e
c
o
d
es
is
co
m
p
lic
at
ed
b
y
t
h
e
ex
is
te
n
c
e
o
f
p
h
ase
-
i
n
d
u
ce
d
i
n
t
en
s
i
ty
n
o
is
e
(
P
I
I
N
)
ca
u
s
e
d
b
y
m
u
lti
p
l
e
a
cc
ess
i
n
t
er
f
e
r
e
n
ce
(
MA
I
)
,
e
v
e
n
th
o
u
g
h
th
es
e
c
o
d
es
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
e
n
c
r
y
p
ti
o
n
,
w
h
i
ch
n
e
ed
s
t
o
b
e
i
ll
u
m
i
n
at
e
d
b
y
s
u
i
ta
b
le
d
et
ec
ti
o
n
t
ec
h
n
i
q
u
es
[
1
6
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
e
s
p
atial
in
te
n
s
ity
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
r
o
p
er
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
o
p
tical
ca
r
r
ier
s
ig
n
al
was
u
s
ed
b
y
s
p
ac
e
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
(
SDM)
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
tr
a
n
s
m
itti
n
g
m
u
ltip
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
ig
n
als
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
ca
p
ac
ity
,
v
a
r
io
u
s
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
ess
ag
es
ca
n
n
o
w
b
e
co
m
m
u
n
icate
d
u
tili
zin
g
two
o
r
m
o
r
e
o
v
er
lap
p
i
n
g
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
a
l
m
o
d
es
d
u
e
t
o
a
tech
n
iq
u
e
ca
lled
Mo
d
e
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
,
o
r
m
o
d
e
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
(
MD
M
)
.
A
m
o
r
e
m
o
d
e
r
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
s
p
atial
d
iv
er
s
ity
is
ca
lled
SDM,
it
u
s
e
s
m
an
y
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
eig
en
m
o
d
es
as
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
ch
an
n
els
to
g
en
er
ate
m
u
lti
p
le
-
in
p
u
t
m
u
ltip
le
-
o
u
tp
u
t
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
th
e
ev
en
t
th
at
o
n
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
f
ails
d
u
r
i
n
g
h
ar
s
h
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
SDM
m
ak
es
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
u
ltip
le
lin
k
s
an
d
ex
t
en
d
s
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
lin
k
d
is
tan
ce
[
1
8
]
.
A
f
r
ee
-
s
p
ac
e
o
p
tical
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
W
DM
an
d
f
ast
h
y
b
r
id
s
ig
n
al
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
T
h
is
p
ap
e
r
p
r
esen
t
s
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
f
ast
h
y
b
r
id
s
ig
n
al
in
a
FSO
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
W
DM
.
Fo
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
tim
e,
a
s
in
g
le
b
ea
m
is
u
s
ed
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
to
s
en
d
a
f
ast
h
y
b
r
id
s
ig
n
al
with
r
ates
o
f
1
0
,
2
5
,
2
8
,
an
d
3
2
Gb
/s
th
at
m
ix
es
f
o
u
r
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
wa
v
elen
g
th
s
th
a
t
ar
e
m
o
d
u
lated
s
ep
ar
ately
.
S
elec
tin
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
af
ter
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
m
ix
ed
lig
h
t
c
h
an
n
els,
th
e
ch
an
n
el
s
p
ac
in
g
,
clea
r
ey
e
m
ap
p
in
g
s
ar
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
b
it
er
r
o
r
r
ate
(
B
E
R
)
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
a
t
u
n
a
b
le
o
p
tical
b
an
d
p
ass
f
ilter
b
a
n
d
wid
th
o
n
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
is
s
y
s
tem
is
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
[
1
9
]
.
An
o
p
tical
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
is
d
escr
ib
ed
wh
ich
is
o
p
er
atin
g
in
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e
with
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic
lo
s
s
es.
W
ith
s
p
atial
d
iv
er
s
it
y
,
W
DM
i
s
u
s
ed
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
atm
o
s
p
h
er
ic
tu
r
b
u
le
n
ce
lev
els.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
th
e
FS
O
g
am
m
a
tu
r
b
u
len
t
m
o
d
el
with
n
on
-
r
etu
r
n
to
ze
r
o
(
NR
Z
)
m
o
d
u
latio
n
f
o
r
m
at
an
d
m
u
ltip
le
in
p
u
t
m
u
ltip
le
o
u
tp
u
t
(
MI
MO
)
(
8
×8
)
.
O
v
er
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
2
-
4
k
m
,
it
ac
h
iev
ed
atten
u
atio
n
lo
s
s
o
f
1
0
d
B
/k
m
.
W
ith
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
air
tu
r
b
u
len
ce
an
d
1
0
d
B
/k
m
atm
o
s
p
h
e
r
ic
atten
u
atio
n
,
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
m
o
d
el
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
lin
k
d
is
tan
ce
b
y
u
p
to
4
k
m
[
2
0
]
.
B
y
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
o
p
tical
b
an
d
s
,
a
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e
o
p
tics
an
d
o
p
tical
n
etwo
r
k
s
was
cr
ea
ted
to
en
ab
le
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
d
i
f
f
ic
u
lt
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Usi
n
g
o
p
tical
b
an
d
s
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
(
C
)
s
h
o
r
t
(
S
)
an
d
o
r
ig
in
al
(
O
)
to
co
m
b
in
e
o
p
tical
an
d
FS
O
lin
es,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
an
d
wir
eless
n
etwo
r
k
co
v
er
ag
e
u
n
d
er
d
i
f
f
i
cu
lt
co
n
d
itio
n
s
a
r
e
th
e
o
b
ject
iv
es.
W
h
en
th
e
Kim
m
o
d
el
was
u
s
ed
to
an
aly
ze
B
E
R
v
alu
es
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
w
ea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
S
an
d
C
b
an
d
s
wer
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
u
n
d
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
th
e
O
b
an
d
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
q
u
ality
was
ass
es
s
ed
u
s
in
g
e
y
e
d
iag
r
am
s
,
an
d
ev
e
n
i
n
ad
v
er
s
e
w
ea
th
er
,
th
e
O
b
an
d
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
ed
t
h
e
o
th
e
r
two
b
an
d
s
.
All
th
in
g
s
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
,
u
s
in
g
th
e
O
b
an
d
in
p
a
r
ticu
lar
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
FS
O
is
an
attr
ac
t
iv
e
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
q
u
ick
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
f
r
ee
-
s
p
ac
e
v
ec
to
r
-
m
o
d
e
-
d
iv
is
io
n
-
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
s
ig
n
al
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
2
2
8
Gb
/s
b
ased
o
n
o
p
tical
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
co
m
b
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
d
escr
ib
ed
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
s
h
o
wn
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tally
an
d
cr
e
ates
a
v
ec
to
r
-
m
o
d
e
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
(
VM
D
M)
o
v
e
r
a
n
8
0
-
cm
FS
O
co
n
n
e
ctio
n
u
s
in
g
an
o
p
tical
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
co
m
b
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
2
2
8
Gb
it/s
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ate,
two
b
asic
v
ec
to
r
m
o
d
es
with
a
d
ir
ec
t
d
etec
tio
n
O
FDM
(
DD
-
OFD
M)
s
ig
n
al
s
p
an
n
in
g
2
0
wav
elen
g
t
h
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
r
esu
lt,
th
is
VM
DM
s
y
s
tem
o
u
g
h
t
to
b
e
a
v
iab
le
o
p
tio
n
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
ca
p
ac
it
y
s
h
o
r
t
-
r
ea
c
h
o
p
tical
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
2
2
]
.
Fo
r
f
r
ee
-
s
p
ac
e
o
p
tical
ch
a
o
tic
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
at
2
0
Gb
p
s
,
o
r
b
ital
an
g
u
lar
m
o
m
en
tu
m
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
is
u
s
ed
.
An
o
r
b
ital
a
n
g
u
lar
m
o
m
en
tu
m
(
OAM
)
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
f
r
ee
-
s
p
ac
e
all
-
o
p
tical
ch
a
o
tic
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
es
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
h
as
b
ee
n
ex
p
er
im
en
tally
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
.
Op
tical
ch
ao
tic
s
ig
n
als
a
r
e
u
s
ed
to
d
is
cr
etely
tr
an
s
m
it
tw
o
d
is
tin
ct
OAM
wav
e
f
o
r
m
s
co
n
tain
in
g
2
0
Gb
p
s
ON
-
OFF
k
ey
in
g
s
ig
n
als
o
v
er
a
2
m
f
r
ee
-
s
p
ac
e
lin
k
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
m
ay
o
p
e
n
u
p
n
ew
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ies
f
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
lig
h
t
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
o
p
tical
ch
ao
s
an
d
lead
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
af
e,
h
ig
h
-
ca
p
ac
ity
f
r
ee
-
s
p
ac
e
ch
ao
tic
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
[
2
3
]
.
Fre
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-
s
p
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p
tical
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m
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k
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in
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d
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[
2
4
]
.
R
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m
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s
in
r
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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id
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[
2
5
]
.
I
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[
2
6
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.
Per
f
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m
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m
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to
1
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m
[
2
7
]
.
An
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is
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M
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e
tr
ad
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al
ap
p
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ac
h
[
2
8
]
.
Hen
ce
,
th
is
wo
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k
p
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h
s
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ly
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lated
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p
r
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s
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×
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2
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+
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(
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b.
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ain
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lin
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t is ex
p
r
ess
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in
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2
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as
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(
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
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Hig
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m
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in
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3
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as:
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wh
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ize
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r
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th
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m
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wh
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r
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e
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ex
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in
(
8
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ase
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ex
p
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in
(
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.
=
(
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2
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+
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(
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wh
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e
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t n
o
is
e
f
o
r
m
u
la.
ℎ
=
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<
>
(
1
0
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
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&
C
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g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
2
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Ap
r
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20
25
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1
1
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tated
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(
1
2
)
.
=
(
)
2
ℎ
+
+
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(
1
2
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T
h
e
b
it
er
r
o
r
r
ate
(
B
E
R
)
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
Q
-
f
ac
to
r
an
d
SNR
as in
(
1
3
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an
d
(
1
4
)
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
=
1
2
(
√
2
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(
1
3
)
=
1
2
(
√
2
√
2
)
(
1
4
)
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
er
r
o
r
c
o
m
p
le
m
en
tar
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
in
d
icate
d
b
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
s
p
ac
e
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
b
ased
in
teg
r
ated
f
ib
er
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
s
p
ac
e
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
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ased
i
n
teg
r
ated
f
ib
e
r
/FS
O
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
an
d
its
im
p
ac
t
o
n
atm
o
s
p
h
er
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
.
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u
r
wea
th
er
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n
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itio
n
s
ar
e
ca
t
eg
o
r
ized
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
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lts
.
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
y
s
tem
r
esu
lts
u
n
d
er
clea
r
s
k
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
C
A
co
n
d
itio
n
r
esu
lts
ar
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
f
o
r
l
og
(
B
E
R
)
an
d
R
OP in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
an
d
2
(
b
)
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
W
ith
clea
r
wea
th
er
,
th
is
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
h
as
ac
h
iev
e
d
a
v
er
y
lo
w
atten
u
atio
n
o
f
0
.
1
3
8
d
B
/
k
m
,
wh
ich
is
an
ex
tr
e
m
ely
less
v
a
lu
e
wh
en
th
e
s
k
y
is
clea
r
.
Sh
o
r
ter
FS
O
lin
es
o
p
er
ate
b
etter
th
an
lo
n
g
er
o
n
es,
with
lo
w
lo
g
(
B
E
R
)
an
d
g
o
o
d
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
al
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u
ality
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
h
as
a
lo
g
(
B
E
R
)
o
f
-
7
.
9
an
d
a
m
ax
im
u
m
FS
O
r
an
g
e
o
f
6
k
m
.
Fr
o
m
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
th
at
r
an
g
e
h
as
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
R
OP.
T
h
e
s
h
o
r
ter
r
a
n
g
es
h
av
e
h
ig
h
R
OP c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
lo
n
g
er
r
an
g
es.
At
6
k
m
FS
O
r
an
g
e,
th
e
R
OP i
s
-
0
.
0
2
d
B
an
d
-
1
2
d
B
wh
en
th
e
d
is
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ce
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etwe
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tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
is
1
8
km
.
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
FS
O
m
o
d
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
v
e
r
s
u
s
FS
O
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
r
an
g
e
u
n
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er
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n
o
wy
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n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a)
an
d
3
(
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s
h
o
ws
lo
g
(
B
E
R
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u
n
d
e
r
d
r
y
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d
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d
3
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d
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h
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ws R
OP u
n
d
er
d
r
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a
n
d
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th
er
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n
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itio
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s
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t
t
e
n
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a
ti
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n
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r
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h
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f
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t
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t
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at
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n
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e
d
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u
e
t
o
WS
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3
.
7
8
d
B
/
k
m
.
T
h
i
s
FS
O
s
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t
e
m
p
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p
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g
a
t
es
m
ax
i
m
u
m
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p
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t
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r
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e
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f
1
0
0
0
m
u
n
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r
WS
wit
h
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1
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d
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m
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n
d
u
n
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e
r
d
r
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n
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(
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S
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t
p
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p
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g
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t
e
s
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2
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m
w
i
t
h
0
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5
1
d
B
m
a
n
d
t
h
e
l
o
g
(
B
E
R
)
o
f
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3
.
2
f
o
r
DS
an
d
-
3
.
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f
o
r
WS
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T
h
e
T
a
b
l
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
F
S
O
r
a
n
g
e
a
n
d
R
OP
a
t
s
n
o
w
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
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Hig
h
s
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s
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la
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h
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n
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n
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r
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u
ma
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)
1751
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
's
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
ev
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e
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r
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ch
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h
e
Fig
u
r
e
4
d
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th
e
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n
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er
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4
d
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ates
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ets
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h
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m
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g
ates
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6
0
m
with
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g
(
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E
R
)
o
f
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2
.
2
u
n
d
er
wea
k
tu
r
b
u
len
ce
.
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r
th
e
s
am
e
r
an
g
e,
th
e
lo
g
(
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E
R
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f
o
r
MT
an
d
ST
ar
e
0
.
5
an
d
-
2
.
1
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
u
n
d
e
r
cle
ar
air
f
o
r
2
(
a
)
L
o
g
(
B
E
R
)
an
d
2
(
b
)
R
OP (
d
B
m
)
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
FS
O
m
o
d
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
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n
d
er
s
n
o
wy
v
er
s
u
s
FS
O
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
r
an
g
e
(
a)
L
o
g
(
B
E
R
)
o
f
DS
,
(
b
)
L
o
g
(
B
E
R
)
o
f
WS
,
(
c)
R
OP o
f
DS
,
an
d
(
d
)
R
OP o
f
WS
T
ab
le
1
.
s
h
o
ws th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
F
SO
'
s
F
SO r
an
g
e
an
d
m
atch
in
g
R
OP f
o
r
s
n
o
w
co
n
d
itio
n
s
at
B
E
R
-
3
Sn
o
w
co
n
d
itio
n
FS
O
r
an
g
e
(m)
R
OP (
d
B
m
)
WS
1000
-
0
.
1
3
DS
220
0
.
5
1
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1
0
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
L
o
g
(
B
E
R)
Ra
ng
e
(
k
m
)
L
og (
B
E
R
)
-
1
5
-
1
0
-5
0
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
RO
P
(
dB
m
)
Ra
ng
e
(
k
m
)
R
O
P
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
2
0
0
2
2
0
2
4
0
2
6
0
2
8
0
3
0
0
L
o
g
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B
E
R)
Ra
ng
e
(
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)
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og (B
E
R
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Dr
y
S
n
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w
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0
1
0
0
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1
1
0
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1
2
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0
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1
5
0
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ng
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3
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0
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1
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(
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Ra
ng
e
(
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(
dB
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W
e
t
S
n
o
w
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
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m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
1
7
4
5
-
1
7
5
3
1752
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Pre
s
en
ted
FS
O
m
o
d
el
u
n
d
er
t
u
r
b
u
len
ce
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Hig
h
s
p
ee
d
s
p
ac
e
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
b
ased
i
n
teg
r
ate
d
f
ib
er
/FS
O
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
an
d
its
im
p
ac
t
o
n
atm
o
s
p
h
er
ic
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
is
wo
r
k
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
an
d
i
n
v
esti
g
ates
th
e
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
L
P
m
o
d
es
-
b
ased
SDM
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
in
th
e
FS
O
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
lin
k
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
atm
o
s
p
h
e
r
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
tu
r
b
u
len
ce
an
d
s
n
o
w.
I
n
a
1
0
.
5
k
m
M
MF
lin
k
,
two
1
0
Gb
p
s
s
ig
n
als ar
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
ted
o
v
e
r
two
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
L
P
m
o
d
es
(
L
P0
1
an
d
L
P1
1
)
,
with
th
e
FS
O
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
an
g
es
b
ei
n
g
im
p
a
cted
b
y
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
atm
o
s
p
h
er
ic
wea
th
er
.
W
h
en
it
is
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
th
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
R
OP
an
d
lo
g
(
B
E
R
)
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
ex
p
r
ess
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
is
FS
O
ca
n
g
o
u
p
t
o
6
k
m
in
C
S
co
n
d
iti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
in
im
u
m
r
an
g
e
is
2
2
0
m
eter
s
in
DS
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
tu
r
b
u
len
ce
ty
p
es,
u
n
d
er
W
T
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
u
p
to
8
6
0
m
eter
s
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
p
a
g
ated
b
y
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
FS
O
m
o
d
el.
C
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
ea
r
lier
m
o
d
els,
th
is
m
o
d
el
h
as
ac
h
iev
ed
b
ette
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
m
et
r
o
p
o
litan
ar
ea
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ca
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ail:
m
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8
6
@
y
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co
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in
.
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