Inter
national
J
our
nal
of
Electrical
and
Computer
Engineering
(IJECE)
V
ol.
15,
No.
2,
April
2025,
pp.
2211
∼
2223
ISSN:
2088-8708,
DOI:
10.11591/ijece.v15i2.pp2211-2223
❒
2211
The
r
ole
of
disrupti
v
e
technologies
in
the
meta
v
erse
w
orlds:
state
of
the
art
sur
v
ey
J
amal
N.
Al-Karaki
1,2
,
Amjad
Gawanmeh
3
,
Ahmed
A
wad
4
,
Natnael
Zerai
1
1
Colle
ge
of
Colle
ge
of
Interdisciplinary
Studies,
Zayed
Uni
v
ersity
,
Ab
u
Dhabi,
United
Arab
Emirates
2
Computer
Engineering
Department,
The
Hashemite
Uni
v
ersity
,
Zarqa,
Jordan
3
Colle
ge
of
Engineering
and
IT
,
Uni
v
ersity
of
Dubai,
Dubai,
United
Arab
Emirates
4
Department
of
IT
,
F
aculty
of
Engineering
and
IT
,
British
Uni
v
ersity
of
Dubai,
Dubai,
United
Arab
Emirates
Article
Inf
o
Article
history:
Recei
v
ed
Mar
11,
2024
Re
vised
No
v
25,
2024
Accepted
Dec
14,
2024
K
eyw
ords:
Big
data
Big
data
analytics
Healthcare
Internet
of
things
Personalised
healthcare
Point-of-care
de
vices
ABSTRA
CT
The
meta
v
erse
has
emer
ged
as
an
immersi
v
e
and
interacti
v
e
virtual
w
orld
that
has
the
potential
to
re
v
olutionize
v
arious
industries.
The
use
of
disrupti
v
e
tech-
nologies,
such
as
blockchain,
articial
intelligence
(AI),
digital
twin,
internet
of
things
(IoT),
cloud,
big
data,
and
c
ybersecurity
,
has
and
will
play
a
signicant
role
in
enhancing
the
capabilities
of
t
he
meta
v
erse.
This
paper
pro
vides
a
state-
of-the-art
surv
e
y
on
the
role
of
disrupti
v
e
technologies
in
the
meta
v
erse.
The
paper
presents
a
taxonomy
of
the
use
of
disrupti
v
e
technologies
in
the
meta
v
erse
and
a
comprehens
i
v
e
literature
re
vie
w
on
the
application
areas
of
the
meta
v
erse
in
education,
healthcare,
tourism,
g
aming,
and
smart
cities.
The
paper
com-
pares
the
adoption
of
technologi
es
in
the
meta
v
erse
and
identies
current
and
future
research
directions.
The
paper
contrib
utes
to
understanding
disrupti
v
e
technologies’
potential
in
the
meta
v
erse.
It
pro
vides
insights
for
researchers,
practitioners,
and
polic
ymak
ers
to
e
xplore
t
he
opportunities
and
challenges
of
the
meta
v
erse.
This
is
an
open
access
article
under
the
CC
BY
-SA
license
.
Corresponding
A
uthor:
Jamal
N.
Al-Karaki
Colle
ge
of
Colle
ge
of
Interdisciplinary
Studies,
Zayed
Uni
v
ersity
Ab
u
Dhabi,
United
Arab
Emirates
Computer
Engineering
Department,
The
Hashemite
Uni
v
ersity
Zarqa,
Jordan
Email:
Jamal.Al-Karaki@zu.ac.ae
1.
INTR
ODUCTION
Coined
by
Neal
Stephenson
in
his
1992
no
v
el
“Sno
w
Crash,
”
the
meta
v
erse
is
a
term
describing
a
virtual
uni
v
erse
without
ph
ysical
limitations,
of
fering
an
immersi
v
e
escape
from
real-life
[1].
Recent
techno-
logical
adv
ancements,
particularly
in
virtual
reality
(VR),
augmented
reality
(AR),
Blockchain,
and
articial
intelligence
(AI),
ha
v
e
propelled
the
meta
v
erse
concept
into
popularity
.
Rooted
in
early
virtual
w
orlds
lik
e
Sec-
ond
Life
and
W
orld
of
W
arcraft,
the
meta
v
erse
has
e
v
olv
ed
be
yond
these
limited
platforms.
T
oday
,
it
en
visions
a
fully
immersi
v
e
uni
v
erse
across
v
arious
de
vices,
allo
wing
seamless
transitions
bet
ween
ph
ysical
and
virtual
realms.
Anticipated
functi
onalities
include
socializing,
b
usiness
transactions,
g
aming,
attending
e
v
ents,
and
earning
a
li
v
elihood.
meta
v
erse’
s
e
v
olution
has
been
dri
v
en
by
se
v
eral
f
actors:
adv
ances
in
technology
,
chang-
ing
social
norms,
and
the
need
for
ne
w
forms
of
human
interaction
and
collaboration.
T
echnological
adv
ances
As
society
increasingly
digitizes,
the
meta
v
erse
is
seen
as
a
natural
e
xtension
of
our
online
li
v
es,
of
fering
ne
w
opportunities
for
self-e
xpression,
community
b
uilding,
and
economic
gro
wth.
J
ournal
homepage:
http://ijece
.iaescor
e
.com
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
2212
❒
ISSN:
2088-8708
The
ambitious
meta
v
erse
concept
necessitates
the
inte
gration
of
di
v
erse
technologies
to
craft
a
lif
elik
e
virtual
w
orld
seamlessly
.
Achie
ving
this
objecti
v
e
entails
meta
v
erse
de
v
elopers
embracing
disrupti
v
e
technolo-
gies
lik
e
blockchain,
articial
intelligence,
virtual
and
augmented
reality
,
5G
netw
orks,
and
cloud
computing.
The
primary
rationale
for
incorporating
these
technologies
is
to
ensure
scalability
and
interoperability
.
The
e
xtensi
v
e
computing
po
wer
required
for
real-time
interactions,
comple
x
simulations,
and
other
functionali-
ties
in
a
fully
operational
meta
v
erse
is
address
ed
through
technologies
lik
e
blockchain,
ensuring
security
and
transparenc
y
in
digital
assets
and
transactions.
V
irtual
and
augmented
reality
enhance
user
e
xperience,
while
articial
intelligence
and
machine
learning
contrib
ute
to
the
meta
v
erse’
s
adapti
v
e
intelligence
based
on
user
beha
vior
.
The
speed
and
lo
w
latenc
y
of
5G
netw
orks
guarantee
a
smooth
user
e
xperience
,
and
cloud
computing
pro
vides
the
requisite
infrastructure
for
the
meta
v
erse’
s
gro
wth.
Adopting
disrupti
v
e
technologies
is
pi
v
otal
for
the
meta
v
erse’
s
success,
f
acilitating
the
creati
on
of
a
functional
and
capti
v
ating
virtual
w
orld.
Figure
1
sho
ws
e
xpected
gro
wth
in
the
meta
v
erse
mark
et
v
alue.
Figure
1.
The
e
xpected
meta
v
erse
mark
et
v
alue
in
billion
USD
[2]
The
paper
contrib
utions
include
a
comprehensi
v
e
surv
e
y
of
the
role
of
disrupti
v
e
technologies,
namely
,
blockchain,
digital
twin,
IoT
,
cloud,
big
data,
c
ybersecuri
ty
,
and
ai
in
the
upcoming
meta
v
erse
w
orld
presented
where
the
use
cases/applications,
benets,
and
challenges
of
each
technology
are
discussed.
A
taxonomy
of
the
use
of
disrupti
v
e
technologies
is
created
and
analyzed,
where
the
impact
of
each
disrupti
v
e
technology
is
described,
and
related
literature
is
summarized.
The
paper
also
presents
a
detailed
c
omparison
of
the
adoption
of
technologies
in
the
meta
v
erse.
Finally
,
the
current
and
future
research
directions
in
adopting
disrupti
v
e
technologies
are
also
discussed
and
insights
are
presented.
The
rest
of
the
paper
is
or
g
anized
as
follo
ws.
Section
2
presents
a
state-of-the-art
literature
re
vie
w
of
the
role
of
disrupti
v
e
technologies
in
the
upcoming
meta
v
erse
w
orld
is
presented.
A
taxonomy
of
the
use
of
disrupti
v
e
technologies
is
de
v
eloped
and
anal
yzed
in
section
3,
where
the
impact
of
each
disrupti
v
e
tech-
nology
is
described.
Section
4
presents
a
detailed
comparison
of
technologies
adoption
in
the
meta
v
erse.
The
current
and
future
research
directions
in
adopting
disrupti
v
e
technologies
are
discussed
in
section
5.
The
paper
concludes
with
insights
on
the
role
of
disrupti
v
e
technologies
in
section
6.
2.
LITERA
TURE
REVIEW
In
this
section,
we
surv
e
y
related
w
ork
including
some
of
the
surv
e
y
papers
compiled
in
this
area.
Furthermore,
we
will
elaborate
on
implementing
dif
ferent
disrupti
v
e
technologies
and
their
role
in
b
uilding
meta
v
erse.
There
are
man
y
elds
and
areas
in
which
meta
v
erse
will
play
a
great
role,
b
ut
f
o
r
this
paper
,
we
will
focus
on
some
of
the
follo
wing
areas.
2.1.
Meta
v
erse
in
education
The
meta
v
erse
can
redene
education
by
pro
viding
ne
w
and
immersi
v
e
w
ays
of
learning.
F
or
instance,
virtual
classrooms
where
students
can
e
xplore
comple
x
topics
and
collaborate
with
their
peers
and
teachers,
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng,
V
ol.
15,
No.
2,
April
2025:
2211-2223
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng
ISSN:
2088-8708
❒
2213
and
immersi
v
e
educational
e
xperiences
that
are
dif
cult
to
replicate
in
the
real
w
orld.
The
meta
v
erse
can
also
o
v
ercome
geographical
barriers
and
pro
vide
personalized
learning
e
xperiences
that
cater
to
indi
vidual
needs
and
preferences
[3].
K
ye
et
al.
[4]
e
xplore
using
the
meta
v
erse
for
education
wit
h
e
xamples
of
using
augmented
reality
in
medical
education.
The
y
highlight
benets,
e
.g
.,
ne
w
social
communication
and
immersi
v
e
e
xperiences,
b
ut
also
point
out
limitations
lik
e
weak
er
social
connections
and
potential
maladaptation.
Shu
and
Gu
[5]
in
v
estig
ates
the
ef
fecti
v
eness
of
a
smart
education
model
enabled
by
the
edu-meta
v
erse
in
enhancing
English
language
learning
outcomes.
Results
sho
w
that
the
eng
aged
students
demonstrated
better
performance
than
those
in
traditional
instruction.
The
study
suggests
impro
ving
teaching
scenarios,
focusing
on
core
literac
y-
based
assessment,
and
enhancing
teachers’
kno
wledge
of
the
edu-meta
v
erse
to
f
acilitate
smart
learning.
Lee
and
Hw
ang
[6]
e
xplore
ho
w
pre-service
English
teacher
s
can
use
VR-making
(VRM)
and
a
meta
v
erse
platform
to
design
technology-enhanced
learning
en
vironments.
It
nds
that
eng
agement
with
VRM
can
impro
v
e
tech-
nological
readiness
a
n
d
digital
citizenship
and
lead
to
percei
v
ed
pedagogical
benets,
promoting
sustainable
education.
The
use
of
the
meta
v
erse
as
a
frame
w
ork
for
e-lea
rning
en
vironments
is
proposed
in
[7],
where
a
vi
rtual
learning
en
vironment
called
e-learning
en
vironment
(ELEM)
is
introduced.
The
authors
discuss
the
challenges
f
aced
by
current
e-learning
systems
bas
ed
on
the
meta
v
erse
and
suggest
a
frame
w
ork
for
the
meta
v
erse
specif-
ically
for
e-learning.
Lee
et
al.
[8]
proposes
a
VR
meta
v
erse
system
for
practical
classes
in
remote
education
due
to
CO
VID-19.
The
results
sho
w
that
the
proposed
system
is
more
ef
fecti
v
e
in
acquiring
kno
wledge
than
a
video
training
method
[9].
2.2.
Meta
v
erse
in
healthcar
e
By
creating
virtual
en
vironments
that
simulate
real-w
orld
medical
situations
in
the
meta
v
erse,
healt
h-
care
professionals
can
be
trained
and
educated
in
a
safe
and
immersi
v
e
w
ay
.
P
atients
can
benet
from
remote
consultations
and
treatments.
Moreo
v
er
,
the
meta
v
erse
can
f
acilitate
medical
research
and
drug
de
v
elopment
by
pro
viding
a
platform
for
simulating
and
testing
ne
w
treatments.
The
current
applications
of
the
meta
v
erse
in
the
healthcare
industry
is
re
vie
wed
in
[10].
The
re-
vie
w
co
v
ers
sub-domains
of:
telemedicine,
clinical
care,
education,
mental
health,
ph
ysical
tness,
v
eterinary
,
and
pharmaceuticals,
highlighting
technical
issues
and
solutions
in
each
domain.
The
authors
discuss
research
challen
ges
that
hinder
the
widespread
adoption
of
meta
v
erse
technology
in
healthcare.
Petrigna
and
Musumeci
[11]
presents
a
literature
re
vie
w
on
the
use
of
the
meta
v
erse
in
healthcare.
This
indicates
the
limited
research
on
the
topic
and
discusses
potential
applications
in
health
promotion,
education
and
training,
and
research.
Gondal
[12]
e
xplores
ho
w
the
meta
v
erse,
enabled
by
B
lockchain
and
W
eb3
technologies,
can
re
v
olutionize
healthcare
by
creati
ng
a
virtual
space
for
pre
v
enti
v
e-,
personalized-healthcare,
and
collaborati
v
e
treatment
programs.
Sim-
ilarly
,
Chengoden
et
al.
[13]
re
vie
ws
the
potential
applications
of
the
meta
v
erse
in
healthcare,
including
medical
diagnosis,
patient
monitoring,
training,
sur
geries,
and
therapeutics.
The
authors
also
identify
challenges
and
pro
vide
recommendations
for
future
research
directions.
Risks
and
benets
from
the
meta
v
erse
for
healthcare
are
discus
sed
in
[14].
The
discussion
includes
the
use
of
AI-enabled
technology
to
transform
clinica
l
w
orko
ws
and
the
risks
for
pri
v
ac
y
and
discriminatory
outcomes.
The
authors
recommend
the
de
v
elopment
of
re
gulatory
frame
w
orks
to
ensure
ethical
standards
are
upheld.
2.3.
Meta
v
erse
in
tourism
V
irtual
tourism
is
being
re
v
olutionized
by
the
meta
v
erse,
pro
viding
immersi
v
e
and
interacti
v
e
e
xperi-
ences
for
tra
v
elers.
This
allo
ws
people
to
e
xplore
destinations
that
may
be
inaccessible
in
real
life,
enhancing
their
understanding
and
appreciation
of
cultural
landm
arks
and
heritage
sites.
In
addition,
personalized
tra
v
el
recommendations
and
customized
itineraries
can
also
be
generated
to
meet
indi
vidual
preferences
and
needs.
Monaco
and
Sacchi
[15]
discuss
the
potential
benets
and
challenges
of
the
meta
v
erse
in
the
touri
sm
food
and
wine
sectors.
The
authors
highlight
the
impact
of
the
meta
v
erse
on
tourism
sectors.
Other
re-
search
[16]
also
e
xplores
the
potential
impact
of
the
meta
v
erse
on
the
hospitality
and
tourism
industry
.
The
authors
propose
a
conceptual
frame
w
ork
for
creating
meta
v
erse
e
xperiences
and
identify
research
g
aps
and
po-
tential
agenda
items
that
could
benet
industry
players.
The
w
ork
in
[17]
reports
on
their
e
xperiments
on
ho
w
mix
ed
reality
(MR)
can
be
used
to
enhance
cultural
heritage
tourism
e
xperiences
for
Generation
Z
tra
v
elers.
The
y
intervie
wed
18
Gen
Z
guests.
Results
sho
w
that
MR
technology
can
support
the
co-creation
of
e
xperi-
ences
between
de
v
elopers,
service
pro
viders,
destination
mark
eting
or
g
anizations
(DMOs),
and
consumers.
The
r
ole
of
disruptive
tec
hnolo
gies
in
the
metaver
se
worlds:
state
of
the
...
(J
amal
N.
Al-Kar
aki)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
2214
❒
ISSN:
2088-8708
2.4.
Meta
v
erse
in
gaming
The
meta
v
erse
has
transformed
the
g
aming
industry
by
pro
viding
a
highly
immersi
v
e
and
interacti
v
e
virtual
w
orld
for
g
amers.
Players
can
create
and
customize
their
o
wn
a
v
atars
and
e
xplore
v
ast
virtual
land-
scapes,
interacting
with
other
players
and
digital
objects.
The
meta
v
erse
of
fers
ne
w
and
e
xciting
g
ameplay
possibilities,
including
virtual
sports
and
e
v
ents,
li
v
e
concerts,
and
interacti
v
e
storytelling
e
xperiences.
The
w
ork
in
[18]
discusses
the
potential
challenges
and
considerations
for
the
g
aming
industry
as
it
mo
v
es
to
w
ards
a
meta
v
erse
model.
It
highlights
the
importance
of
ecological
responsibility
and
suggests
mea-
sures
that
need
to
be
implemented
to
protect
minors
and
limit
harmful
content.
P
ark
and
Kim
[19]
discusses
the
potential
of
the
meta
v
erse
as
a
medium
for
sustainable
education
and
identies
v
e
w
orld
types
that
can
be
used
for
creating
g
ameful
e
xperiences
to
enhance
learning
moti
v
ation.
The
study
suggests
that
these
w
orld
types
can
be
utilized
in
educational
design
created
using
the
meta
v
erse
to
pro
vide
inno
v
ati
v
e
educational
en
vironments
and
achie
v
e
sustainable
de
v
elopment
goals.
2.5.
Meta
v
erse
in
smart
city
The
meta
v
erse
virtual
representation
of
cities
enables
li
v
e
tracking
and
control
of
urban
services,
in-
cluding
transport
netw
orks,
utility
systems,
and
security
operations.
Residents
benet
from
tailored
services
that
deli
v
er
personalized
route
suggestions
and
timely
alerts
about
community
e
v
ents.
Allam
et
al.
[20]
dis-
cusses
the
potential
opportunities
and
challenges
of
the
meta
v
erse
in
smart
cities,
emphasizing
en
vironmental,
economic,
and
social
sustainability
.
Suanpang
et
al.
[21]
presents
a
ne
w
open
meta
v
erse
platform
called
the
”e
xtensible
meta
v
erse”
that
promotes
the
concept
of
a
smart
tra
v
el
destination
as
a
ne
w
approach
t
o
using
in-
no
v
ati
v
e
information
technology
to
support
the
hospitality
and
destination
tourism
industries.
Allam
et
al.
[22]
e
xplore
the
potential
contrib
utions
of
the
meta
v
erse
to
en
vironmental,
economic,
and
social
sustainability
goals
in
the
conte
xt
of
smart
cities.
The
y
ackno
wledge
the
ethical,
human,
social,
and
cultural
concerns
that
need
to
be
addressed
and
of
fer
insights
for
urban
polic
ymak
ers.
3.
T
AXONOMY
OF
USE
OF
DISR
UPTIVE
TECHNOLOGIES
IN
MET
A
VERSE
In
this
section,
we
discuss
se
v
en
disrupti
v
e
technologies
that
we
belie
v
e
are
foundational
for
the
success
and
the
adoption
of
the
meta
v
erse.
These
technologies
are
further
e
xplored
in
T
able
1
brief
e
xplanation
of
each
and
a
comparison
of
the
cate
gories.
T
able
2
sho
ws
the
taxonomy
of
the
disrupti
v
e
technologies
in
relation
meta
v
erse
along
with
referenced
papers.
It
demonstrates
the
main
focuses
of
the
cited
papers.
T
able
1.
Disrupti
v
e
technologies
and
their
relation
to
the
meta
v
erse
Disrupti
v
e
technology
Explanation
in
relation
with
meta
v
erse
meta
v
erse
and
blockchain
Blockchain
technology
is
used
in
the
meta
v
ers
e
to
create
secure
and
decentralized
applications
and
transactions.
meta
v
erse
and
AI
AI
is
used
in
the
meta
v
erse
to
enable
natural
langua
ge
processing,
computer
vision,
and
other
intelligent
features.
meta
v
erse
and
digital
twin
Digital
T
win
technology
are
used
in
the
meta
v
erse
to
enable
realistic
simulations
and
interactions
with
virtual
objects.
meta
v
erse
and
IoT
IoT
is
used
in
the
meta
v
erse
to
enable
real-tim
e
monitoring
and
control
of
ph
ysical
systems
and
objects.
meta
v
erse
and
cloud
Cloud
can
be
used
to
host
and
deli
v
er
the
infrastructure,
applications,
and
services
that
po
wer
the
virtual
w
orld.
F
or
e
xample,
cloud-based
services
can
be
used
to
support
the
de
v
elopment
and
deplo
yment
of
meta
v
erse
applications
and
g
ames.
meta
v
erse
and
big
data
Big
data
systems
can
be
used
to
analyze
the
v
ast
amount
of
data
generated
in
the
meta
v
erse
to
help
identify
patterns,
trends,
and
insights
to
inform
the
design,
de
v
elopment,
and
deplo
yment
of
meta
v
erse
applications
and
services.
meta
v
erse
and
c
ybersecurity
Cybersecurity
is
essential
to
protect
the
virtual
w
orld
and
its
users
from
c
yber
threats.
This
includes
securing
user
data
and
personal
information,
protecting
virtual
assets,
and
pre
v
enting
unauthorized
access
to
the
virtual
w
orld.
meta
v
erse
and
non-fungible
tok
en
(NFT)
Ownership
of
digital
content
such
as
digital
art,
virtual
real
estate,
and
in-g
ame
items.
NFTs
enable
creators
to
monetize
their
creations,
pro
v
e
o
wnership,
and
establish
a
history
of
o
wnership,
thereby
increasing
their
v
alue
and
enabling
their
trading.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng,
V
ol.
15,
No.
2,
April
2025:
2211-2223
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng
ISSN:
2088-8708
❒
2215
T
able
2.
The
meta
v
erse
applications
taxonomy
Reference
Blockchain
AI
Digital
T
win
IoT
Cloud
Big
Data
Cybersecurity
NFT
[23]–[25]
X
[26]–[28]
X
X
[29]
X
X
X
X
X
[30]–[32]
X
X
[33]
X
X
[34]–[36]
X
[37]
X
X
X
X
[38],
[39]
X
[40]
X
X
[41],
[42]
X
[43],
[44]
X
X
[45]
X
X
X
[46]–[48]
X
[49]
X
X
[50],
[51]
X
X
X
[52]
[53]
X
[54]–[56]
X
3.1.
The
r
ole
of
blockchain
in
meta
v
erse
MetaChain
[23]
is
a
ne
wly
proposed
blockchain-based
frame
w
ork
that
addresses
the
challenges
m
eta-
v
erse
applications
f
ace.
The
frame
w
ork
uses
smart
contracts
to
manage
interactions
between
meta
v
erse
service
pro
viders
and
meta
v
erse
users
and
includes
a
sharing
scheme
to
impro
v
e
scalability
.
Using
Stack
elber
g’
s
g
ame
theory
,
an
incenti
v
e
mechanism
is
also
de
v
eloped
to
re
w
ard
users
for
their
contrib
utions
to
the
meta
v
erse,
at-
tracting
more
resources
and
users.
W
ei
[26]
propose
gemi
v
erse,
a
blockchain-based
platform
for
professional
certication
and
tourism
services
that
aims
to
address
challenges
in
the
traditional
tourism
industry
.
Gemi
v
erse
of
fers
specialized
solutions
and
focuses
on
b
uilding
immersi
v
e
e
xperiences
for
users.
The
platform
aims
to
become
the
rst
edutainment
platform
where
players
can
turn
their
passion
for
career
learning
into
real
assets.
It
combines
car
eer
simulations
and
socially-focused
g
ames
to
eng
age
players,
and
players
can
earn
NFT
and
tok
ens
while
learning.
A
blockchain-based
signature
e
xchange
protocol
for
the
f
air
e
xchange
of
digital
signatures
in
the
meta
v
erse
is
proposed
in
[24].
The
authors
introduce
a
staking
and
time-out
mechanism
to
ensure
the
protocol
is
decentralized,
v
eriable,
ef
cient,
and
autonomous.
The
authors
conduct
e
xperiments
on
the
li
v
e
test
netw
ork
of
Ethereum
and
demonstrate
that
DFSE
is
feasible
and
ef
cient.
Gadekallu
et
al.
[29]
pro
vide
a
comprehensi
v
e
surv
e
y
of
the
applications
of
Blockchain
technology
in
the
meta
v
erse,
discussing
ho
w
Blockchain
can
help
address
challenges
in
v
arious
aspects,
including
data
acquisition,
storage,
sharing,
interoperability
,
and
pri
v
ac
y
preserv
ation.
The
paper
in
v
estig
ates
the
impact
of
blockchain
on
k
e
y-enabling
technologies
in
the
meta
v
erse,
such
as
Internet-of-Things,
digital
twins,
multi-sensory
and
immersi
v
e
applications,
articial
intelligence,
and
big
data.
Y
ang
et
al.
[30]
pro
vide
a
comprehensi
v
e
o
v
ervie
w
of
the
inte
gration
of
blockchain
and
articial
intelligence
(AI)
in
the
meta
v
erse,
discussing
the
current
state-of-the-art
studies
in
the
areas
of
digital
creation,
digital
assets,
digital
currenc
y
,
and
digital
mark
et,
as
well
as
the
use
of
AI
algorithms
in
the
creation
of
a
v
atars,
non-player
characters,
and
AI-based
acti
vit
ies
within
the
meta
v
erse.
Additionally
,
the
paper
e
xplores
the
role
of
Blockchain
in
the
meta
v
erse
and
its
use
in
cryptocurrenc
y
,
transaction
characteristics,
Blockchain-empo
wered
mark
ets
and
authentication,
and
go
v
ernance.
A
surv
e
y
of
the
role
of
blockchain
and
intelligent
netw
orking
technologies
in
the
de
v
elopment
of
the
meta
v
erse
is
presented
in
[25].
The
surv
e
y
discusses
the
de
v
elopment
trend,
characteristics,
and
architecture
of
the
meta
v
erse,
follo
wed
by
a
re
vie
w
of
e
xisting
w
ork
on
blockchain,
netw
orking,
and
the
combination
of
the
tw
o
technologies,
including
o
v
ervie
ws,
applications,
and
challenges.
Maksymyuk
et
al.
[27]
propose
a
no
v
el
frame
w
ork
for
managing
decentralized
service
pro
vision
in
the
meta
v
erse
of
things
(MoT),
which
in
v
olv
es
synchronized
data
o
ws
from
operators
and
wearable
de
vices.
The
method
is
based
on
dynamic
ne-grained
data
o
w
allocation
and
service
selection
using
NFTs,
which
can
be
traded
o
v
er
the
blockchain
among
users
and
operators
in
a
decentralized
mobile
netw
ork
en
vironment.
3.2.
The
r
ole
of
AI
in
meta
v
erse
MetaAID
is
proposed
in
[33]
as
a
e
xible
meta
v
erse
AI
technology
fr
ame
w
ork,
which
supports
the
de
v
elopment
of
digital
twins
and
virtual
humans
using
v
arious
AI
technologies.
The
frame
w
ork
includes
com-
The
r
ole
of
disruptive
tec
hnolo
gies
in
the
metaver
se
worlds:
state
of
the
...
(J
amal
N.
Al-Kar
aki)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
2216
❒
ISSN:
2088-8708
mon
functional
modules
and
interf
aces
for
dif
ferent
industries,
and
the
e
xperimental
results
demonstrate
that
it
can
support
AI
technologies
in
de
v
eloping
meta
v
erse
applications
in
dif
ferent
industries.
Ali
et
al.
[31]
propose
using
the
meta
v
erse,
articial
intelligence,
and
Blockchain
technology
t
o
create
a
secure
and
immersi
v
e
health-
care
system
where
patient
data
is
stored
on
the
Blockchain
and
analyzed
by
e
xplainable
AI
models
for
disease
diagnosis
and
prediction.
Chang
et
al.
[34]
discuss
the
potential
of
inte
grating
6G-enabled
edge
AI
into
the
meta
v
erse
and
propose
three
ne
w
edge-meta
v
erse
architectures
that
le
v
erage
6G-enabled
edge
AI
to
o
v
ercome
resource
and
computing
constraints.
The
paper
also
highlights
the
technical
challenges
f
acing
the
inte
gration
of
6G-enabled
edge
AI
into
the
meta
v
erse
and
pro
vides
a
comprehensi
v
e
introduction
to
adv
anced
methods
for
addressing
these
challenges.
Huynh-The
et
al.
[32]
e
xplore
AI’
s
role
in
the
meta
v
erse’
s
de
v
elopment
and
foundation.
The
authors
pro
vide
a
preliminary
o
v
ervie
w
of
AI
and
its
role
in
the
meta
v
erse,
follo
wed
by
an
in-
v
estig
ation
of
AI-based
methods
related
to
six
technical
aspects
(natural
language
processing,
machine
vision,
blockchain,
netw
orking,
digital
twin,
and
neural
interf
ace)
and
their
potential
for
the
meta
v
erse.
The
authors
also
e
xplore
se
v
eral
AI-aided
applications,
such
as
healthcare,
manuf
acturing,
smart
cities,
and
g
aming,
and
ho
w
the
y
can
be
deplo
yed
in
virtual
w
orlds.
Ali
et
al.
[36]
e
xplores
the
role
of
articial
intelligence
(AI
)
in
the
de
v
elopment
and
foundation
of
the
meta
v
erse
and
in
v
estig
ates
AI-based
methods
for
the
meta
v
erse.
The
paper
also
e
xplores
se
v
eral
AI-aided
applications
and
ho
w
the
y
can
be
deplo
yed
in
virtual
w
orlds.
The
w
ork
in
[35]
e
xplores
the
use
of
simulation
and
virtualization
technologies,
articial
intelligence
diagnostic
tools,
and
meta-
v
erse
healthcare
systems
in
3D
immersi
v
e
en
vironments,
which
is
instrumental
in
diagnostic
and
therapeutic
services,
enabling
remote
patient
monitoring
in
decentralized
3D
VR
en
vironments.
3.3.
The
r
ole
of
digital
twin
in
meta
v
erse
Banaeian
and
Rad
[37]
e
xplore
the
digital
twins
use
in
the
meta
v
erse
and
propose
a
three-layer
archi-
tecture
for
linking
the
ph
ysical
w
orld
to
the
meta
v
erse.
Security
and
pri
v
ac
y
challenges
of
using
digital
twins
in
the
meta
v
erse
are
discussed,
focusing
on
using
Blockchain
and
non-fungible
tok
ens.
Lv
et
al.
[38]
discuss
using
digital
twins
to
map
tangible
and
intangible
real-w
orld
objects
to
the
meta
v
erse,
including
social
relations
models.
The
paper
highlights
the
pot
ential
of
digital
twins
to
reshape
the
ph
ysical
w
orld
into
a
virtual
digital
space
and
pro
vides
technical
support
for
constructing
the
m
eta
v
erse.
The
application
of
digital
twins
technol-
ogy
and
the
meta
v
erse
in
uid
machinery
is
discussed
in
[39].
The
w
ork
in
[40]
proposes
using
digital
twins
to
assess
and
monitor
personal
health
based
on
f
actors
such
as
beha
vioral,
vital
signs,
or
observ
ed
symptoms.
3.4.
The
r
ole
of
IoT
in
meta
v
erse
Zhang
et
al.
[41]
propose
a
frame
w
ork
that
inte
grates
meta
v
erse
and
intelligent
transportation
systems
to
impro
v
e
dri
ving
safety
and
decrease
traf
c
accidents.
Hancock
[43]
discusses
using
virtual
and
augmented
reality
technologies,
medical
imaging
de
vices,
wearable
biometric
sensors,
and
AI-enabled
healthcare
deli
v-
ery
in
immersi
v
e
3D
virtual
w
orlds
and
multisensory
en
vironments.
The
y
highlight
the
potential
benets
of
using
these
technologies
in
healthcare,e.g.,
remote
patient
monitoring.
The
w
ork
in
[44]
discusses
wearable
healthcare
monitoring
de
vices,
3D
medical
imaging
data,
and
virtualized
care
systems
in
the
decentralized
and
interconnected
meta
v
erse.
The
potential
of
using
virtual
reality
technology
and
wearable
de
vices
to
diagnose
and
treat
health
issues
remotely
in
the
meta
v
erse
is
re
vie
wed
in
[42].
An
approach
for
con
v
er
ging
ph
ysical
and
c
yber
w
orlds
through
the
IoT
-inspired
meta
v
erse
is
presented
in
[45].
The
authors
present
six
typical
IoT
applications
in
the
meta
v
erse
and
four
pillar
technologies,
including
responsible
AI,
high-speed
data
commu-
nications,
cost-ef
fecti
v
e
mobile
edge
computing,
and
digit
al
twins.
The
y
highlight
requirements
for
b
uilding
IoT
-inspired
meta
v
erse
and
discuss
the
open
issues
and
challenges.
3.5.
The
r
ole
of
cloud
in
meta
v
erse
A
h
ybrid
fog-edge
computing
archite
cture
for
meta
v
erse
applications
is
proposed
in
[46]
that
le
v
er
-
ages
edge
de
vices
to
reduce
latenc
y
and
impro
v
e
visualization
quality
and
can
ef
fecti
v
ely
solv
e
is
sues
associated
with
centralized
meta
v
erse
architectures.
In
the
same
line,
Cai
et
al.
[47]
discusses
ho
w
meta
v
erse
applications
will
accelerate
the
mer
ging
of
the
cloud
into
the
netw
ork,
leading
to
highly
distrib
uted
compute-
and
data-
intensi
v
e
netw
orks
becoming
uni
v
ersal
compute
platforms.
The
w
ork
describes
the
requirements
of
meta
v
erse
applications
and
outlines
a
comprehensi
v
e
cloud
netw
ork
o
w
mathematical
frame
w
ork
for
end-to-end
opti-
mization
and
control.
A
comprehensi
v
e
o
v
ervie
w
of
the
meta
v
erse,
co
v
ering
its
de
v
elopment
status,
technical
frame
w
ork,
social
frame
w
ork,
h
yperspace,
social
and
temporal-spatial
characteristics,
rst
application
areas,
challenges,
and
problems,
is
presented
in
[48].
Allison
et
al.
[49]
discuss
scalability
challenges
in
using
im-
mersi
v
e
3D
virtual
w
orlds
for
education
and
e
xplore
the
possibility
of
using
cloud
computi
ng
to
support
high,
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng,
V
ol.
15,
No.
2,
April
2025:
2211-2223
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng
ISSN:
2088-8708
❒
2217
short-li
v
ed
peak
demand.
It
presents
performance
results
of
cloud-based
virtual
w
orld
hosting
and
de
v
elops
a
conte
xt
for
deplo
ying
immersi
v
e
education
en
vironments
to
meet
scalability
challenges.
3.6.
The
r
ole
of
big
data
in
meta
v
erse
The
w
ork
in
[57]
e
xplores
the
potential
of
big
data
and
meta
v
erse
technology
in
impro
ving
b
usiness
operations,
particularly
in
Indonesia.
The
authors
suggest
that
these
technologies
can
help
b
usinesses
under
-
stand
consumer
beha
vior
,
needs,
and
w
ants,
impro
ving
ef
cienc
y
and
reducing
costs.
Ho
we
v
er
,
there
are
still
challenges
to
adoption,
including
a
lack
of
a
v
ailable
talent
and
infrastructure.
The
recent
de
v
elopments
in
big
data
technologies
and
their
applications
to
the
meta
v
erse
are
surv
e
yed
in
[50].
The
surv
e
y
in
v
estig
ates
k
e
y
ar
-
eas
of
application
and
technologies
adopted
in
the
virtual
w
orld
sector
,
suggesting
that
big
data
and
meta
v
erse
technology
will
mer
ge
and
become
the
most
inuential
areas
in
the
follo
wing
decades.
3.7.
The
r
ole
of
cyber
security
in
meta
v
erse
Poo
yandeh
et
al.
[51]
discuss
the
importance
of
c
ybersecurity
in
an
AI-based
meta
v
erse,
highlighting
vulnerabilities
and
attack
types.
Biometric
data
is
the
most
vulnerable
aspect
of
the
netw
ork.
The
paper
sug-
gests
inte
grating
blockchain
to
reduce
risks
associated
with
biometric
authentication.
The
w
ork
in
[52]
surv
e
ys
e
xisting
security
and
pri
v
ac
y
countermeasures
and
outlines
open
research
directions
for
b
uilding
future
secure
and
pri
v
ac
y-preserving
meta
v
erse
systems.
Figure
2
sho
ws
inte
grating
the
meta
v
erse
layered
architecture
with
disrupti
v
e
technologies.
A
secure
and
ef
cient
data-sharing
scheme
for
meta
v
erse
healthcare
systems
using
attrib
ute-based
encryption
(ABE)
is
proposed
in
[53],
which
supports
constant
encryption
computation
o
v
er
-
head
through
a
multi-serv
er
structure
and
pro
vides
cipher
te
xt
v
alidity
and
equi
v
alence
detection
for
secure
deduplication.
The
proposed
scheme
ensures
the
freshness
of
healthcare
data
while
increasing
the
utilization
of
the
medical
center’
s
pri
v
ate
serv
er
.
D
i
sr
up
ti
v
e
T
e
c
hn
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
I
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
e
a
nd
C
o
n
tr
o
l
So
c
i
al
p
r
o
f
i
l
i
n
g
M
e
t
a
L
a
y
e
r
s
M
e
t
a
v
e
r
se
In
fr
as
t
ru
ct
u
r
e
D
ep
l
o
y
m
en
t
Qu
al
i
t
y
o
f
S
er
v
i
c
e
G
o
v
er
n
an
c
e
N
ew
B
u
s
i
n
es
s
M
o
d
els
S
ec
u
r
i
t
y
a
n
d
Pr
i
v
a
c
y
Vi
r
t
u
al
I
d
en
t
i
t
y
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
T
w
i
n
VR
/
A
R
/
U
I
/
3
D
G
eo
s
p
a
t
i
a
l
/
M
u
l
t
i
t
a
s
k
i
n
g
N
F
T
s
/
B
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
/
E
d
g
e
/
C
l
o
u
d
AI/
M
i
c
r
o
s
er
v
i
c
es
U
s
er
G
en
er
a
t
ed
Co
n
t
en
t
s
A
v
a
t
ar
s
I
n
t
erf
a
c
e
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
G
a
m
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
I
m
m
er
s
i
v
e
u
s
er
e
xp
eri
en
c
e
H
u
m
an
In
t
erf
ac
e
Dece
n
t
r
ali
z
at
io
n
Sp
at
ial
C
o
m
p
u
t
in
g
C
r
eat
o
r
eco
n
o
m
y
Di
s
co
v
e
ry
E
x
p
erien
ce
Ca
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
i
es
E
n
er
g
y
eff
i
c
i
en
c
y
Leg
acy
&
g
o
v
er
n
an
c
e
I
n
t
er
o
p
er
ab
i
l
i
t
y
&
C
o
mp
l
e
x
i
t
y
Figure
2.
The
inte
gration
of
the
meta
v
erse
layered
architecture
with
disrupti
v
e
technologies
3.8.
The
r
ole
of
NFT
in
meta
v
erse
Hw
ang
[54]
e
xamines
the
ef
fecti
v
eness
of
incorporating
a
met
a
v
ers
e
in
mak
er
education,
specical
ly
creating
NFTs
and
a
virtual
e
xhibition.
The
study
found
that
participants
who
recei
v
ed
the
meta
v
erse
treatment
sho
wed
impro
v
ement
in
creati
v
e
cognition,
a
se
nse
of
achie
v
ement,
and
o
wnership
of
their
products.
The
paper
suggests
e
xpanding
the
thinking,
making,
sharing,
impro
ving
(TMSI)
model
to
thinking,
making,
impro
ving,
o
wning,
and
sharing
(TMIOS)
to
include
o
wnership
as
a
k
e
y
aspect
of
mak
er
education.
The
w
ork
in
[55]
discusses
ho
w
mone
y
,
possessions,
and
o
wnership
change
as
consumption
shifts
to
the
digital
and
virtual
realm.
The
paper
e
xamines
the
role
of
cryptocurrencies,
algorithmic
collectibles,
and
NFTs
in
this
shift
and
their
implications
for
arti
sts,
art
institutions,
b
uyers,
and
in
v
estors.
Ne
w
forms
of
o
wnership,
such
as
fractional
o
wnership
and
fractionalized
property
rights
are
aslo
e
xplored.
The
challenges
and
prospects
for
intellectual
property
(IP)
la
wyers
in
the
digitalized
w
orld
of
NFTs
and
the
meta
v
erse
are
discussed
in
[56].
The
paper
e
xamines
the
role
of
IP
la
ws
in
protecting
these
assets.
The
w
ork
ar
gues
that
this
technological
adv
ancement
presents
both
promise
and
peril
for
content
creators
and
consumers
and
that
IP
la
wyers
ha
v
e
an
important
role
in
na
vig
ating
the
le
g
al
challenges
that
arise.
In
addition,
Kahramann
[28]
e
xplores
the
de
v
elopment
of
virtual
life
and
the
positi
v
e
and
ne
g
ati
v
e
ef
fects
of
the
meta
v
erse
The
r
ole
of
disruptive
tec
hnolo
gies
in
the
metaver
se
worlds:
state
of
the
...
(J
amal
N.
Al-Kar
aki)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
2218
❒
ISSN:
2088-8708
on
people
and
real
life.
T
echnologies
such
as
blockchain,
deepf
ak
e,
cryptocurrenc
y
,
a
v
atar
,
and
NFT
are
co
v
ered.
4.
COMP
ARISON
OF
THE
ADOPTION
OF
TECHNOLOGIES
IN
MET
A
VERSE
In
this
section,
we
will
compare
meta
v
erse’
s
disrupti
v
e
technologies.
When
comparing
and
cont
rasting
these
cate
gories,
there
are
a
fe
w
k
e
y
dimensions
to
consider:
i)
denition
and
scope,
ii)
application,
and
iii)
challenges.
T
able
3
sho
ws
a
briey
e
xplained
comparison.
The
disrupti
v
e
technologies
discussed
abo
v
e
ha
v
e
se
v
eral
applications
in
dif
ferent
areas.
T
able
4
sho
ws
ho
w
much
impact
or
application
those
technologies
ha
v
e
on
some
areas.
Figure
3
sho
ws
the
challenges
and
opportunities
that
arise
for
v
arious
disrupti
v
e
technologies
when
used
in
the
meta
v
erse
conte
xt.
T
able
3.
Compare
and
contrast
meta
v
erse
disrupti
v
e
technologies
Description
and
scope
Application
Challenges
Meta
v
erse
and
blockchain
The
inte
gration
of
blockchain
technology
with
the
meta
v
erse
for
secure
and
scalable
decentralized
transactions.
Secure
and
decentralized
transactions,
o
wnership
of
virtual
assets,
digital
identity
,
and
reputation
systems.
Scalability
,
interoperability
,
and
re
gulatory
issues.
Meta
v
erse
and
AI
The
use
of
AI
to
speed
up
the
creation
of
lifelik
e
virtual
en
vironments.
Enhancing
user
e
xperience,
intelligent
agents,
and
generating
realistic
virtual
en
vironments
for
dif
ferent
domains.
Pri
v
ac
y
,
trustw
orthiness,
and
security
.
Meta
v
erse
and
digital
twin
Creating
and
managing
virtual
replicas
of
ph
ysical
objects
and
en
vironments
in
the
meta
v
erse.
Remote
monitoring,
simulation,
and
analysis
of
ph
ysical
objects
and
en
vironments,
as
well
as
virtual
prototyping
and
testing.
Data
inte
gration
and
synchronization
between
ph
ysical
and
virtual
w
orlds,
ensuring
the
accurac
y
and
reliability
of
digital
twins.
Meta
v
erse
and
IoT
Enabling
seamless
interaction
between
the
ph
ysical
and
virtual
w
orlds.
Seamless
interaction
between
ph
ysical
and
virtual
w
orlds,
as
well
as
ne
w
applications
in
healthcare,
transportation,
and
entertainment.
Interoperability
and
compatibility
between
IoT
de
vices
and
platforms,
pri
v
ac
y
and
security
.
Meta
v
erse
and
cloud
Enable
users
to
access
virtual
en
vironments
from
an
ywhere
in
the
w
orld.
Gaming,
social
netw
orking,
e-commerce,
education,
and
healthcare.
Data
v
olumes,
scalability
,
and
a
v
ailability
.
Meta
v
erse
and
big
data
Collection,
analysis,
and
visualization
of
data
within
virtual
en
vironments.
V
irtual
mark
et
research,
personalized
adv
ertising,
predicti
v
e
analytics,
insights
g
aining,
and
informed
decisions.
Data
v
olume,
v
elocity
,
v
ariety
,
v
eracity
,
and
v
alue.
Meta
v
erse
and
c
ybersecurity
Secure
virtual
transactions,
communication,
and
protection
ag
ainst
virtual
threats.
Secure
virtual
transactions,
communication,
collaboration,
and
protection
ag
ainst
virtual
threats
lik
e
mal
w
are
and
c
yberattacks.
Identication
and
protection
ag
ainst
virtual
threats,
compliance
with
rele
v
ant
data
protection
and
pri
v
ac
y
la
ws.
Meta
v
erse
and
NFT
Ownership
of
virtual
assets,
authenticity
,
pro
v
enance,
and
their
monetization
within
the
meta
v
erse.
Digital
arts,
virtual
g
ames,
virtual
mark
etplaces.
Cross-en
vironment
asset
tracking
and
o
wnership
history
,
scalability
of
transactions,
as
the
y
rely
on
blockchains.
T
able
4.
Inno
v
ati
v
e
applications
of
disrupti
v
e
technologies
No.
Inno
v
ati
v
e
application
Cloud
IoT
Digital
twin
Cyber
Sec
Big
data
AI
Block
chain
1
Retail
po
werhouse
platform
Lo
w
High
High
Medium
High
High
Medium
2
Service
mark
eting
Medium
Lo
w
Medium
High
High
High
Medium
3
Customer
support
and
eng
agement
Medium
Lo
w
Medium
High
High
High
Medium
4
Smart
cities
Medium
High
High
Medium
High
High
High
5
Health
and
safety
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
6
Digi
tal
3D
printing
Lo
w
High
High
High
Medium
High
Lo
w
7
Critical
f
acility
monitoring
Lo
w
High
High
High
Medium
High
Medium
8
Supply
chain
Medium
High
High
High
Medium
High
High
9
Digital
currenc
y
Lo
w
Lo
w
Medium
Medium
High
Medium
High
10
Autonomous
dri
ving
Medium
High
High
High
High
High
Medium
11
Electric
cars
char
ging
Lo
w
Medium
High
Medium
High
High
Medium
12
V
irtual
augmented
reality
Medium
High
High
High
High
High
Medium
13
Cro
wd
monitoring
Medium
High
High
High
High
High
Medium
14
Genomics
applications
Lo
w
Lo
w
High
High
Medium
High
Medium
15
P
andemic
response
Medium
High
High
High
High
High
Medium
16
Mass
v
accination
Medium
High
High
High
High
Medium
Medium
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng,
V
ol.
15,
No.
2,
April
2025:
2211-2223
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng
ISSN:
2088-8708
❒
2219
Int
er
n
e
t
of
Thi
n
gs
Big
Da
t
a
Cl
oud
Cyb
er
s
ecu
r
it
y
Art
ifici
al
Int
el
lig
e
n
ce
Sma
rt
obj
ects,
Se
ns
or
s,
Ac
tua
t
or
s
St
or
ag
e, Sear
c
h,
Analy
sis
SaaS
,
P
aaS, Iaa
S, Sens
or
c
l
oud,
C
l
oud
ana
l
y
sis
Di
git
al
Ide
n
ti
ty
,
P
ri
v
ac
y
,
Vi
rt
ual
As
set
s
K
no
wl
ed
g
e
disc
o
v
er
y
,
Deep
l
earning
,
ML
Vi
su
ali
z
a
ti
on
Cons
en
su
s
,
P
oW
,
Cr
yp
t
oc
urr
ency
,
Ledg
er
s
Block
chai
n
T
en
ancy an
d
r
es
our
c
es
man
ag
eme
n
t
Ener
gy
e
f
fic
i
en
c
y
Securi
ty
and
P
ri
v
acy Ass
ur
ance
Leg
acy
and
g
o
v
ernan
c
e
Soci
al
pr
ofil
i
ng
Vi
rt
ual
As
set
s,,
Mone
ti
zi
ng
,
Ga
mifi
c
a
ti
on
Vi
rt
ual
s
har
ed
s
pace,
Imm
er
siv
e
e
xpe
ri
en
c
e
Id
en
ti
ty
,
A
v
a
t
ar
,
Vi
rt
ual
R
ep
r
es
en
t
a
ti
on
Digi
t
al
T
w
in
Vi
rt
ual
Id
en
ti
ty and
P
ri
v
acy
As
su
r
ance
Figure
3.
Disrupti
v
e
technologies
opportunities
and
challenges
in
the
meta
v
erse
5.
CURRENT
AND
FUTURE
RESEARCH
DIRECTIONS
A
crucial
research
g
ap
in
the
meta
v
erse
eld
is
de
v
eloping
a
fully
functional
v
ersion.
Existing
v
ers
ions
ha
v
e
limited
scope,
necessitating
further
research
for
infrastructure,
standards,
and
protocols
to
ensure
seamless
inte
gration
of
virtual
w
orlds.
Disrupti
v
e
technologies
lik
e
AI
and
Blockchain
contrib
ute
to
features
such
as
intelligent
agents
and
decentralized
virtual
economies.
Y
et,
challenges
arise
from
the
virtual
w
orld’
s
scale,
comple
xity
,
and
decentralization.
In
the
follo
wing,
we
discuss
in
more
detail
the
research
g
aps.
a.
T
echnical
infrastructure:
meta
v
erse
research
focuses
on
scalable
and
secure
technical
infrastructure,
em-
phasizing
the
challenge
of
a
decentralized
system
for
digital
asset
creation.
T
echnologies
lik
e
Blockchain
are
e
xplored.
Ef
cient
protocols
for
communication,
data
e
xchange,
and
resource
management
within
the
meta
v
erse
are
also
crucial
areas
of
in
v
estig
ation.
b
.
User
e
xperience:
the
meta
v
erse’
s
success
relies
on
a
user
-friendly
e
xperience
with
an
immersi
v
e
inter
-
f
ace.
Designing
for
accessibility
,
including
users
with
disabilities,
is
a
challenge.
Researcher
s
e
xplore
technologies
lik
e
virtual
reality
,
augmented
reality
,
and
natural
language
processing
for
more
intuiti
v
e
user
e
xperiences.
c.
Social
dynamics:
in
the
meta
v
erse,
understanding
social
dynamics
in
v
olv
es
researching
identity
systems
for
pri
v
ac
y
,
trust
mechani
sms
for
safety
,
and
the
impact
of
social
norms
and
cultural
dif
ferences
on
user
beha
vior
.
d.
Accessibility:
the
meta
v
erse
should
be
accessible
to
e
v
eryone,
re
g
ardless
of
their
abilities.
Researchers
could
e
xplore
w
ays
to
create
virtual
en
vironments
that
are
accessible
to
people
with
disabilities,
and
de
v
elop
assisti
v
e
technologies
that
can
enhance
the
user
e
xperience
for
e
v
eryone.
e.
Go
v
ernance:
in
t
he
decentralized
meta
v
erse,
ef
fecti
v
e
go
v
ernance
is
cruci
al.
This
includes
standards
for
in-
teroperability
,
dispute
resolution
protocols,
and
community
go
v
ernance
mechanisms.
Researchers
e
xplore
models
lik
e
decentralized
autonomous
or
g
anizations
(D
A
Os)
for
transparent
and
democratic
meta
v
erse
go
v-
ernance.
f.
Economic
models:
the
meta
v
erse
is
e
xpected
to
generate
ne
w
economic
opportunities,
and
there
is
a
need
to
de
v
elop
sustainable
and
equitable
economic
models
that
can
benet
all
s
tak
eholders.
This
includes
the
de
v
elopment
of
mechanisms
for
creating
and
e
xchanging
digital
assets,
protocols
for
micropayments,
and
models
for
re
v
enue
sharing.
Researchers
are
e
xploring
ne
w
economic
models,
such
as
tok
enization
and
NFTs,
to
create
ne
w
economic
opportunities
in
the
meta
v
erse.
g.
Le
g
al
and
re
gulatory
frame
w
orks:
as
the
meta
v
erse
gro
ws,
le
g
al
frame
w
orks
are
needed
to
co
v
er
intellec-
tual
property
,
liability
,
and
jurisdiction.
This
includes
re
gulations
for
di
gital
assets,
virtual
currencies,
and
dispute
resolution.
Researchers
e
xplore
inno
v
ati
v
e
le
g
al
structures
lik
e
smart
contracts
and
decentralized
arbitration
for
a
transparent
meta
v
erse.
h.
Ethical
cons
iderations:
The
meta
v
erse
prompts
ethical
considerations
on
beha
vior
,
pri
v
ac
y
,
and
security
,
requiring
guidelines.
This
in
v
olv
es
ethical
virtual
and
augmented
reality
standards,
responsible
data
us
e,
and
user
treatment.
Researchers
e
xplore
digital
ethics
and
ethical
AI
frame
w
orks
for
a
responsible
meta
v
erse.
The
r
ole
of
disruptive
tec
hnolo
gies
in
the
metaver
se
worlds:
state
of
the
...
(J
amal
N.
Al-Kar
aki)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
2220
❒
ISSN:
2088-8708
6.
CONCLUSION
The
meta
v
erse,
a
transformati
v
e
digital
frontier
,
has
the
potential
to
re
v
olutionize
interactions
across
v
arious
industries.
It
creates
an
immersi
v
e
virtual
w
orld
by
combining
disrupti
v
e
technologies
such
as
blockchain,
AI,
IoT
,
digital
twin,
c
ybersecurity
,
cloud,
and
big
dat
a.
Blockchain
enabl
es
secure
peer
-to-peer
transactions
and
virtual
asset
o
wnership,
while
AI
enhances
realism
in
the
meta
v
erse.
IoT
connects
ph
ysical
objects
to
the
virtual
w
orld,
and
digital
t
win
technology
creates
replicas
for
training
and
simulation.
Cybersecu-
rity
safe
guards
user
data,
and
cloud
and
bi
g
dat
a
handl
e
v
as
t
amounts
of
information.
Ho
we
v
er
,
the
meta
v
erse
poses
challenges,
particularly
in
c
ybersecurity
and
data
pri
v
ac
y
.
Rob
ust
measures
are
needed
to
address
hacking
and
fraud;
clear
guidelines
are
essential
for
user
data
protection.
The
meta
v
erse
is
a
dynamic
and
transforma-
ti
v
e
realm,
requiring
careful
consideration
of
disrupti
v
e
technologies
and
challenges
to
ensure
a
secure
and
inclusi
v
e
future.
The
meta
v
erse
will
play
a
v
ery
important
role
in
re
v
olutionizing
dif
ferent
industry
areas
lik
e
real
estate,
healthcare,
education,
entertainment,
retail,
g
aming,
smart
cities,
tourism,
banking
systems,
and
communication,
and
more
research
and
de
v
elopment
are
needed
to
utilize
and
maximize
the
potentials
of
the
meta
v
erse.
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