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e
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th
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K
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s
:
E
n
g
in
ee
r
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ca
tio
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m
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ar
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a
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I
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RO
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UCT
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O
N
T
h
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teg
r
atio
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o
f
em
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r
g
in
g
tech
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ies
in
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g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
as
r
e
v
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lu
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ize
d
th
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way
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o
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m
atio
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tr
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s
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itted
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d
h
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ar
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s
s
m
o
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ag
in
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an
d
en
jo
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ab
le
[
1
]
.
A
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
r
iv
e
r
f
o
r
an
al
y
zin
g
th
ese
tech
n
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lo
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ies
is
th
eir
p
o
te
n
tial
b
en
ef
it
t
o
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
Ho
wev
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,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
ei
r
f
u
ll
im
p
ac
t
is
h
in
d
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b
y
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e
r
ap
id
p
r
o
life
r
atio
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o
f
d
iv
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e
tech
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lo
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ies,
th
e
s
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o
f
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ev
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o
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u
ca
tio
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a
l
co
n
tex
ts
in
wh
ich
th
ey
ar
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ap
p
lied
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n
cr
ea
s
ed
in
v
estme
n
t
in
ed
u
ca
tio
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al
tec
h
n
o
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cial,
b
u
t
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k
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ac
to
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o
t
m
er
ely
th
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u
s
ag
e
o
f
tech
n
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lo
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y
,
b
u
t
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ath
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h
o
w
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f
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tiv
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it
s
u
p
p
o
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ts
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h
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g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
.
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o
th
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
teac
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er
s
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ee
d
a
d
ee
p
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n
d
er
s
tan
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n
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o
f
th
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ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
ten
tial o
f
th
ese
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
g
ai
n
in
g
p
r
o
m
in
e
n
ce
,
v
ir
tu
al
r
ea
lity
(
VR
)
an
d
ass
o
ciate
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
h
av
e
ex
p
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ce
d
a
n
o
tab
le
s
u
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s
in
ce
2
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m
ar
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u
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tio
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o
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ls
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d
m
eth
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d
o
lo
g
ies.
VR
is
an
im
m
er
s
iv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
th
at
r
e
cr
ea
tes
ar
tific
ial
th
r
ee
-
d
im
en
s
io
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al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
o
f
ten
in
te
r
ac
tiv
e,
to
s
im
u
late
r
ea
lis
tic
s
en
s
o
r
y
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
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y
u
s
in
g
d
ev
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s
u
ch
as
VR
h
ea
d
s
ets
an
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
u
s
e
r
s
ar
e
im
m
er
s
ed
in
v
ir
tu
al
wo
r
ld
s
wh
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e
t
h
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ca
n
in
ter
ac
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with
o
b
jects
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
m
u
c
h
lik
e
in
r
e
ality
.
VR
h
ar
n
ess
es
ad
v
an
ce
d
g
r
ap
h
ics,
tr
ac
k
in
g
m
o
v
em
en
ts
,
an
d
s
o
m
etim
es
s
o
u
n
d
elem
en
ts
to
cr
ea
te
an
im
m
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s
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ex
p
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c
e
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
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o
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v
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s
d
o
m
ain
s
,
f
r
o
m
tr
ai
n
in
g
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
to
m
ed
icin
e,
en
ter
tain
m
en
t,
an
d
d
esig
n
.
I
t
o
f
f
er
s
u
n
i
q
u
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
life
lik
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s
im
u
l
atio
n
s
,
s
ec
u
r
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tatio
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,
an
d
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ter
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tiv
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
1
8
8
9
-
1
8
9
9
1890
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
,
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
h
o
w
we
in
ter
ac
t
with
th
e
d
ig
ital
r
ea
lm
an
d
ex
p
an
d
i
n
g
th
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
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f
u
s
e
r
ex
p
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ien
ce
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
k
ey
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ad
d
r
ess
ed
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
ar
e:
a.
Ho
w
f
ea
s
ib
le
is
th
e
in
teg
r
ati
o
n
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
r
ea
lity
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
d
o
es
th
is
in
teg
r
atio
n
p
o
s
itiv
ely
im
p
ac
t t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es o
f
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
?
b.
Ho
w
h
as
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
ir
t
u
al
r
ea
lity
an
d
its
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
ev
o
lv
ed
o
v
e
r
th
e
p
ast
d
ec
ad
e?
c.
W
h
at
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ad
o
p
ted
f
o
r
in
teg
r
atin
g
v
ir
tu
al
r
ea
lity
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
?
VR
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
h
av
e
u
n
d
e
r
g
o
n
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
o
v
er
th
e
y
ea
r
s
,
m
ar
k
ed
b
y
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
in
f
o
r
m
f
ac
to
r
wh
e
r
e
it
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
s
tr
ea
m
lin
ed
an
d
s
u
it
ab
le
alo
n
g
s
id
e
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
f
ea
tu
r
es
an
d
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
W
h
ile
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
'
s
wid
esp
r
ea
d
p
o
p
u
lar
ity
i
n
g
am
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
is
well
-
estab
lis
h
ed
to
d
ay
,
its
ap
p
ea
l
is
ex
p
an
d
in
g
to
en
co
m
p
ass
d
o
m
ain
s
lik
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
tr
ain
in
g
,
a
n
d
lear
n
i
n
g
.
T
h
i
s
s
u
r
g
e
o
f
in
ter
est
is
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
im
m
er
s
iv
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
it
o
f
f
er
s
,
c
r
ea
tin
g
a
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
s
en
s
e
o
f
p
r
es
en
ce
,
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tin
g
in
d
iv
id
u
als in
to
v
ir
tu
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
an
d
m
o
m
en
ta
r
ily
d
is
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
em
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
wo
r
ld
[
5
]
–
[
8
]
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
g
ap
s
,
th
is
p
ap
er
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
as:
th
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
s
ec
tio
n
will
d
etail
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
ed
to
r
ev
iew
an
d
an
aly
ze
th
e
r
elev
an
t
liter
atu
r
e
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
ec
tio
n
will
p
r
esen
t
th
e
k
ey
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
o
u
r
r
ev
i
ew,
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
m
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies an
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
t
h
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Fin
all
y
,
th
e
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
will
s
u
m
m
a
r
ize
th
e
m
ain
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
VR
in
en
g
in
e
er
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
s
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
c
r
itically
an
aly
ze
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
r
ea
lity
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
in
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
aim
i
s
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
h
o
w
VR
h
as
b
ee
n
in
teg
r
ate
d
in
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices
o
v
er
t
h
e
p
ast
d
ec
ad
e
an
d
ass
ess
its
im
p
ac
t
o
n
b
o
th
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
m
eth
o
d
en
s
u
r
es
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
an
aly
s
is
o
f
tr
en
d
s
,
ch
allen
g
es,
an
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
in
th
e
f
ield
.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
ateg
y
em
p
lo
y
e
d
in
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
an
d
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
d
atab
ases
u
tili
ze
d
s
p
ec
if
i
c
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
s
u
ch
as
"e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
,
"
"i
m
m
er
s
iv
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
lea
r
n
i
n
g
,
"
"VR
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
"
"a
u
g
m
en
ted
r
ea
lity
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
"
an
d
"3
D.
"
T
h
e
q
u
er
y
was
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
as
:
v
ir
tu
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
or
3
D
or
au
g
m
en
ted
r
ea
lity
or
v
ir
tu
a
l
r
ea
lity
an
d
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
or
teac
h
in
g
or
lear
n
i
n
g
or
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
f
o
ll
o
win
g
th
r
ee
d
is
tin
ct
s
tag
es.
I
n
itially
,
a
liter
atu
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
wa
s
u
n
d
er
tak
e
n
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
v
ir
t
u
al
r
ea
lity
r
esear
ch
an
d
its
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
all
r
etr
iev
ed
ar
ticles
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
in
ter
m
s
o
f
em
p
lo
y
ed
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
ar
ea
s
,
an
d
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
we
r
e
s
u
cc
in
ctly
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
d
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
n
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
f
o
r
VR
r
esear
ch
an
d
its
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
2
.
1
.
P
a
per
r
et
riev
a
l
T
h
e
p
ap
er
r
et
r
iev
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
was
g
u
id
ed
b
y
th
r
ee
estab
lis
h
ed
s
ea
r
ch
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
at
ic
r
ev
iew,
ce
n
ter
ed
o
n
VR
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
e
lectiv
ely
in
clu
d
ed
o
n
ly
ac
ad
e
m
ic
jo
u
r
n
al
ar
ticles
g
iv
en
th
eir
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
.
E
x
clu
d
ed
f
r
o
m
th
is
r
ev
iew
w
er
e
ar
ticles,
b
o
o
k
ch
a
p
ter
s
,
an
d
co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
p
ap
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
eith
er
less
p
r
o
m
in
en
t
j
o
u
r
n
als.
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
[
9
]
an
d
Sco
p
u
s
[
1
0
]
,
wh
ich
ar
e
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
ac
a
d
em
ic
d
atab
ases
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
k
ey
w
o
r
d
s
s
u
ch
as
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
I
m
m
er
s
iv
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
lear
n
in
g
,
VR
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
au
g
m
en
ted
r
ea
lity
i
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
a
n
d
3
D
wer
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
r
etr
ie
v
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
q
u
er
y
f
o
llo
wed
th
is
r
u
le:
(
v
ir
tu
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
OR
3
D
OR
au
g
m
en
ted
r
ea
lity
OR
v
ir
tu
al
r
ea
l
ity
)
AND
(
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
OR
teac
h
in
g
OR
lear
n
in
g
OR
ed
u
ca
tio
n
)
.
Pu
b
li
ca
tio
n
s
co
n
tain
in
g
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ie
d
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
in
t
h
eir
titl
e,
a
b
s
tr
ac
t,
o
r
k
e
y
wo
r
d
lis
t
wer
e
p
in
p
o
in
ted
.
T
h
is
s
ea
r
ch
y
ield
ed
1
3
8
ar
ticles
s
p
an
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
5
to
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
4
,
th
e
d
ate
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
y
ea
r
2
0
1
5
was
s
elec
ted
as
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
b
ec
au
s
e
it
m
ar
k
s
a
p
iv
o
tal
m
o
m
e
n
t
wh
en
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
r
e
ality
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
c
eler
ated
with
th
e
lau
n
c
h
o
f
s
ev
er
al
ad
v
an
ce
d
d
ev
ices
f
r
o
m
m
ajo
r
c
o
m
p
an
ies,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tl
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
to
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
is
,
a
m
eticu
lo
u
s
m
an
u
al
s
elec
tio
n
was
u
n
d
er
tak
en
to
v
er
if
y
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
ea
ch
ar
t
icle
to
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
.
T
h
is
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
e
d
a
ca
r
ef
u
l
an
d
d
etailed
r
ea
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
a
r
ticles,
co
m
b
in
ed
with
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
eir
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies,
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
a
n
d
r
elev
an
ce
to
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
VR
in
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
C
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ies
wer
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
ea
ch
ar
ticle,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
b
ef
o
r
e
in
cl
u
s
io
n
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
r
esu
lted
in
th
e
id
e
n
tific
atio
n
o
f
4
9
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
clo
s
er
a
n
aly
s
is
[
4
]
,
[
1
1
]
-
[
5
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
virt
u
a
l
r
ea
lity:
a
s
ystema
tic
s
tu
d
y
…
(
Ta
r
ek
R
ia
ji
)
1891
2
.
2
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
th
e
4
9
s
elec
te
d
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
d
es.
T
h
ese
co
d
es
wer
e
d
er
iv
e
d
f
r
o
m
s
im
ilar
s
tu
d
ies
in
v
o
lv
i
n
g
c
o
n
ten
t
an
aly
s
i
s
.
T
h
e
c
o
d
es
em
p
lo
y
e
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
p
r
esen
te
d
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
d
es
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
co
n
ten
t a
n
aly
s
is
C
o
d
e
D
e
sc
r
i
p
t
i
o
n
A
u
t
o
r
A
u
t
h
o
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
C
o
u
n
t
r
y
C
o
u
n
t
r
y
o
f
o
r
i
g
i
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
se
l
e
c
t
e
d
Y
e
a
r
P
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
y
e
a
r
,
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
5
t
o
F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y
2024
V
e
n
u
e
T
h
e
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
s
h
o
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t
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g
t
h
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
p
u
b
l
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c
a
t
i
o
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s
T
e
c
h
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o
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T
y
p
e
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e
m
p
l
o
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d
V
R
t
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l
o
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e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
2
0
1
5
-
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
-
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
-
F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y
2
0
2
4
3
D
m
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
e
si
g
n
so
f
t
w
a
r
e
4
2
3
9
1
8
.
4
%
I
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
o
r
s
1
3
3
7
1
4
.
3
%
H
M
D
1
10
10
21
4
2
.
8
%
A
u
g
m
e
n
t
e
d
r
e
a
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
mi
x
e
d
r
e
a
l
i
t
y
sy
st
e
ms
1
2
5
8
1
6
.
3
%
3
6
0
-
d
e
g
r
e
e
c
a
m
e
r
a
s
a
n
d
v
i
d
e
o
s
1
2
1
4
8
.
2
%
To
t
a
l
8
19
22
49
1
0
0
%
3
.
2
.
1
.
3
D
m
o
delin
g
a
nd
des
ig
n so
f
t
wa
re
I
n
th
e
in
itial
s
tag
es,
3
D
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
d
esig
n
s
o
f
twar
e
em
er
g
ed
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ev
alen
t
V
R
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
ab
le
3
in
d
icate
s
th
at,
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
5
to
2
0
1
7
,
h
alf
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
(
4
o
u
t
o
f
8
)
in
v
o
lv
ed
3
D
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
d
esig
n
s
o
f
twar
e
.
T
h
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
p
er
ates
u
s
in
g
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
co
m
p
u
ter
m
o
n
ito
r
as
th
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
f
o
r
v
ir
tu
al
ac
tiv
ities
,
r
en
d
er
in
g
a
t
h
r
ee
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
v
ir
t
u
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
o
n
a
d
esk
to
p
s
cr
ee
n
with
o
u
t
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
p
ec
ialized
tr
ac
k
in
g
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t.
I
t
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
u
s
er
'
s
s
p
atial
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
p
er
ce
p
tu
al
s
k
ills
to
n
av
ig
ate
an
d
in
ter
ac
t
with
in
th
e
v
ir
tu
al
s
p
ac
e.
Mo
s
t
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
ar
e
f
ac
ilit
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
m
o
u
s
e
an
d
a
k
ey
b
o
a
r
d
.
Giv
e
n
its
r
elian
ce
s
o
lely
o
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
th
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
as
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
e
r
VR
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies.
I
n
2
0
1
7
,
Hu
an
g
a
n
d
L
in
co
n
d
u
cted
a
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
at
in
te
g
r
atin
g
th
e
c
o
n
ce
iv
e,
d
esig
n
,
im
p
lem
en
t,
o
p
er
ate
(
C
DI
O)
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
with
tan
g
ib
le
3
D
m
o
d
elin
g
teac
h
i
n
g
m
ate
r
ials
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
was
ce
n
ter
ed
o
n
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
d
iv
er
s
e
teac
h
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
s
p
e
cif
ically
th
r
ee
-
v
iew
d
iag
r
am
s
an
d
3
D
p
r
in
ted
s
o
li
d
m
o
d
els,
o
n
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
p
atial
ab
il
ities
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
in
s
ig
h
ts
,
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
ater
ials
lead
s
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
v
ar
ied
s
p
atial
s
k
ills
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
m
e
n
tal
r
o
tatio
n
an
d
s
p
atial
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
ese
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
m
ater
ials
wer
e
also
r
ef
lecte
d
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
a
d
ir
ec
t
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
teac
h
in
g
aid
s
an
d
t
h
e
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
g
n
itiv
e
s
k
ills
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
le
v
er
ag
e
t
h
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
o
f
co
n
tex
tu
alize
d
lear
n
in
g
an
d
a
d
d
r
ess
s
o
cially
p
er
ti
n
en
t
is
s
u
es
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
l
d
co
n
tex
ts
,
th
e
p
r
in
t
3
D
p
r
o
ject,
a
s
er
v
ice
-
lear
n
in
g
i
n
itiativ
e
in
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
,
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
virt
u
a
l
r
ea
lity:
a
s
ystema
tic
s
tu
d
y
…
(
Ta
r
ek
R
ia
ji
)
1893
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
L
o
za
n
o
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ject
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
f
o
s
ter
in
g
em
p
at
h
y
to
war
d
s
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
v
is
u
al
im
p
air
m
en
ts
,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
eir
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
n
ee
d
s
,
an
d
d
ev
is
in
g
a
n
d
p
r
o
to
ty
p
in
g
v
iab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
As
a
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
ef
f
o
r
t,
t
h
e
p
r
o
ject
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
3
D
d
esig
n
an
d
3
D
p
r
i
n
tin
g
o
f
v
ar
i
o
u
s
o
b
jects.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
s
u
b
way
lin
e
m
ap
s
,
f
ac
ilit
y
lay
o
u
ts
,
s
ig
n
ag
e,
an
d
ar
tis
tic
cr
ea
tio
n
s
,
all
tailo
r
ed
to
b
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
to
th
o
s
e
with
v
is
u
al
im
p
air
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
p
r
in
t
3
D
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
n
o
ta
b
ly
p
o
s
itiv
e,
lead
in
g
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
h
eig
h
ten
e
d
s
o
cia
l
awa
r
en
ess
,
an
d
e
n
h
an
ce
d
tech
n
ical
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
im
p
ac
t
was
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
am
o
n
g
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
a
h
ig
h
e
r
r
is
k
o
f
d
is
co
n
tin
u
in
g
th
eir
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
ject'
s
r
o
le
in
en
g
ag
in
g
an
d
r
etain
in
g
th
ese
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l,
a
p
p
lied
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
3
.
2
.
2
.
I
nte
ra
ct
iv
e
s
im
ula
t
o
rs
Mo
u
s
s
a
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
co
n
d
u
cte
d
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
r
e
v
iew
o
f
7
3
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
VR
an
d
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
d
i
g
ital
s
im
u
latio
n
s
in
d
en
tal
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
t
tr
ain
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
u
n
co
v
e
r
ed
th
at
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
7
1
%
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
ex
am
in
ed
s
h
o
wed
a
m
ar
k
ed
e
n
h
an
ce
m
en
t
in
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
r
esu
lts
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
all
p
ar
t
icip
an
ts
in
v
o
lv
ed
u
n
an
im
o
u
s
ly
v
iewe
d
v
ir
tu
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
f
av
o
r
ab
ly
.
T
h
is
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
is
m
ad
e
with
in
t
h
e
co
n
f
i
n
es
an
d
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
o
f
th
is
an
aly
s
is
,
it
b
ec
o
m
es
ev
id
en
t
th
at
v
ir
t
u
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
o
ld
s
s
u
b
s
tan
tial p
o
ten
tial in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es f
o
r
d
e
n
tal
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
At
th
e
2
0
2
3
ASEE
An
n
u
al
C
o
n
f
er
en
ce
an
d
E
x
p
o
s
itio
n
,
C
o
n
f
er
en
ce
Pro
ce
e
d
in
g
s
,
Fid
an
I
s
m
ail
p
r
esen
ted
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
ts
im
p
l
em
en
ted
in
an
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
co
u
r
s
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
er
v
ice
-
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
is
co
u
r
s
e
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
in
s
tr
u
ctin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
co
m
p
le
x
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
in
t
r
icate
m
ac
h
in
ed
p
ar
ts
u
s
in
g
G
-
co
d
e
s
im
u
lato
r
s
.
Stu
d
e
n
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
t
h
is
p
r
o
ject
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
ed
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
th
e
Acc
r
ed
itatio
n
B
o
ar
d
f
o
r
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
AB
E
T
)
s
tu
d
en
t
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
ese
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
p
r
ac
tical,
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
ex
p
er
ien
ce
with
th
eo
r
etica
l
k
n
o
wled
g
e
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
ex
em
p
lifie
s
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
en
g
i
n
e
er
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
wh
er
ein
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
i
es
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
b
ein
g
ad
o
p
ted
t
o
en
h
a
n
ce
s
tu
d
en
t le
ar
n
in
g
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
eten
c
y
.
3
.
2
.
3
.
H
M
D
HM
D
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
o
g
n
izab
l
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
VR
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
y
p
r
o
v
id
e
im
m
er
s
iv
e
v
is
u
al
a
n
d
au
d
ito
r
y
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
o
f
ten
u
s
ed
in
g
am
in
g
,
tr
ain
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
s
im
u
lat
io
n
.
T
o
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
ce
o
f
a
d
o
p
tin
g
d
is
r
u
p
tiv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
esp
e
cially
v
ir
tu
al
r
ea
lity
VR
v
ia
HM
D,
an
d
to
e
v
alu
ate
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
ag
ain
s
t
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
teac
h
in
g
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
es,
a
s
tu
d
y
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
Al
-
Kh
iam
i
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
e
x
am
in
e
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
VR
HM
D
o
n
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
d
wo
r
k
lo
ad
r
elativ
e
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
2
D
d
r
awin
g
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
d
icate
th
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
VR
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
VR
HM
D,
in
to
an
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
co
n
cr
ete
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
co
u
r
s
e,
m
ar
k
e
d
ly
im
p
r
o
v
es
s
tu
d
en
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
it
was
n
o
ted
th
a
t
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
u
s
er
-
f
r
ie
n
d
lin
ess
o
f
th
e
em
p
l
o
y
ed
m
eth
o
d
s
co
u
ld
f
u
r
th
er
b
o
o
s
t
b
o
th
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
m
o
tiv
at
io
n
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
VR
an
d
im
m
er
s
iv
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
in
to
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
in
itiativ
es
p
r
esen
ts
a
co
m
p
ellin
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
f
o
r
th
e
ev
o
lu
ti
o
n
o
f
jo
in
t
n
ar
r
ativ
es.
T
h
is
is
e
x
em
p
lifie
d
b
y
th
e
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
s
er
v
ice
-
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
in
v
o
lv
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
f
ac
u
lty
f
r
o
m
E
cu
ad
o
r
an
d
Oh
io
,
Un
ited
States
.
T
h
ey
in
ter
ac
ted
with
l
o
ca
l
co
m
m
u
n
ities
in
th
e
v
ar
ie
d
s
ettin
g
s
o
f
Ma
n
ab
í’
s
co
astal
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
an
d
th
e
An
d
ea
n
h
ig
h
lan
d
s
o
f
C
h
u
g
c
h
ilán
,
th
ese
p
r
o
jects
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ap
p
licat
io
n
o
f
s
tate
-
of
-
th
e
-
ar
t
VR
v
ia
HM
D
an
d
im
m
er
s
iv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
ese
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
s
y
n
e
r
g
is
tic
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
co
m
b
in
in
g
s
er
v
i
ce
-
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
jects
with
VR
an
d
th
eir
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
in
en
er
g
izin
g
th
e
n
o
n
f
ictio
n
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
a
b
ilit
ies
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
p
r
ac
tical
s
ettin
g
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
im
m
er
s
iv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
a
l
s
er
v
ice
-
lear
n
in
g
p
ar
tn
e
r
s
h
ip
s
r
ev
ea
ls
a
co
m
p
lex
ar
r
a
y
o
f
c
h
allen
g
es
,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
o
n
to
lo
g
ical,
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical,
n
ar
r
ativ
e
,
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
[
2
0
]
.
3
.
2
.
4
.
Aug
m
ent
ed
re
a
lity
a
n
d m
ix
ed
re
a
lity
s
y
s
t
em
s
AR
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
ac
k
n
o
wle
d
g
ed
as
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
i
n
ter
a
ctiv
e
in
ter
f
ac
e,
tr
an
s
ce
n
d
in
g
tr
ad
itio
n
al
d
ev
ice
s
cr
ee
n
s
lik
e
th
o
s
e
o
f
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es,
tab
lets
,
an
d
lap
to
p
s
.
I
t
o
f
f
er
s
a
m
o
r
e
in
tu
itiv
e
i
n
ter
f
ac
e,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
with
in
a
VR
th
a
t
s
ea
m
less
ly
b
len
d
s
with
th
e
r
ea
l
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
AR
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
th
e
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
s
ettin
g
with
co
m
p
u
ter
-
g
e
n
er
ated
g
r
ap
h
ics
an
d
d
ig
ital
o
b
jects.
On
e
o
f
its
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
es
is
t
o
r
e
d
u
c
e
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
s
o
cial
is
o
latio
n
a
n
d
th
e
er
o
s
io
n
o
f
s
o
cial
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
its
u
s
er
s
.
M
R
,
wh
ich
en
co
m
p
ass
es
A
R
,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
an
in
ter
m
ed
iar
y
r
ea
lm
th
at
m
er
g
e
s
r
ea
l
an
d
v
ir
tu
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
cr
ea
tin
g
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
p
ac
e
wh
er
e
d
i
g
ital a
n
d
p
h
y
s
ical
elem
en
ts
co
ex
is
t a
n
d
in
ter
ac
t
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
s
t
u
d
y
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
i
n
th
e
ea
s
t
er
n
p
ar
t
o
f
I
n
d
ia
[
6
3
]
,
3
9
2
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
s
t
u
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
a
p
r
o
m
i
n
e
n
t
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
c
o
ll
e
g
e
wer
e
s
e
le
cte
d
f
o
r
a
c
o
m
p
a
r
at
iv
e
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
ex
p
er
im
en
t.
T
h
es
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
w
er
e
s
p
li
t e
v
e
n
l
y
i
n
t
o
tw
o
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
g
r
o
u
p
,
c
o
n
s
is
ti
n
g
o
f
1
9
6
s
t
u
d
en
ts
,
en
g
a
g
ed
i
n
l
ea
r
n
i
n
g
te
ch
n
i
ca
l d
r
aw
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
tr
ad
iti
o
n
al
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast
,
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
,
a
ls
o
c
o
m
p
r
is
in
g
1
9
6
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
u
t
ili
ze
d
a
n
AR
-
b
ase
d
te
c
h
n
ica
l
d
r
aw
in
g
ap
p
li
ca
ti
o
n
n
a
m
e
d
E
D
I
NAR
to
f
ac
i
lit
ate
t
h
e
ir
l
ea
r
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
ess
.
A
o
n
e
-
wa
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
1
8
8
9
-
1
8
9
9
1894
ANOV
A
was
u
ti
liz
ed
t
o
a
n
a
ly
ze
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
r
as
t t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
u
t
co
m
es
o
f
t
h
e
tw
o
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
w
e
r
e
q
u
i
te
r
e
v
e
ali
n
g
.
St
u
d
e
n
ts
w
h
o
u
s
e
d
t
h
e
E
DI
NAR
a
p
p
li
ca
t
io
n
t
o
s
t
u
d
y
te
ch
n
i
ca
l
d
r
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in
g
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ig
n
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f
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a
n
tl
y
o
u
t
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
t
h
o
s
e
wh
o
a
d
h
er
e
d
t
o
c
o
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
lea
r
n
i
n
g
t
ec
h
n
i
q
u
es.
Ad
d
i
ti
o
n
all
y
,
t
h
e
ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
al
g
r
o
u
p
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
f
a
v
o
r
a
b
le
f
e
e
d
b
ac
k
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
AR
a
p
p
lic
ati
o
n
,
p
ar
tic
u
l
ar
ly
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
ti
n
g
t
h
e
en
h
a
n
ce
d
l
ea
r
n
in
g
e
x
p
er
ie
n
c
e
i
t o
f
f
e
r
e
d
.
B
ase
d
o
n
t
h
ese
co
m
p
elli
n
g
r
es
u
lts
,
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
r
e
co
m
m
e
n
d
s
t
h
e
in
t
eg
r
ati
o
n
o
f
AR
te
ch
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
t
o
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
c
u
r
r
ic
u
l
a.
T
h
is
i
n
t
eg
r
a
ti
o
n
a
im
s
t
o
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
im
p
r
o
v
e
lea
r
n
i
n
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
b
u
t
als
o
to
e
n
r
ic
h
th
e
o
v
e
r
a
ll
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
ex
p
er
ie
n
c
e
o
f
en
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
[
1
1
]
.
At
th
e
Ho
n
g
Ko
n
g
B
ap
tis
t
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
with
in
th
e
g
lo
b
al
an
d
C
h
in
ese
s
tu
d
ies
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
,
a
g
r
o
u
p
in
itiated
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
v
ir
tu
al
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
in
itiativ
e,
"
m
etav
er
s
e
s
o
jo
u
r
n
"
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
is
in
itiativ
e
s
o
u
g
h
t
to
f
u
r
n
is
h
s
t
u
d
en
ts
at
th
e
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
o
f
H
o
n
g
Ko
n
g
with
v
i
r
tu
al
ex
cu
r
s
io
n
s
in
C
h
in
a
an
d
E
u
r
o
p
e
,
u
tili
zin
g
cu
ttin
g
-
e
d
g
e
m
etav
er
s
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
th
e
n
o
tio
n
o
f
a
"m
etav
er
s
e
s
o
jo
u
r
n
"
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
tu
d
en
t
s
with
a
n
o
v
el
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
in
au
g
m
en
ted
r
ea
lity
(
AR
)
an
d
also
h
as
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
p
r
o
m
is
e
f
o
r
f
o
s
t
er
in
g
in
ter
ac
tiv
e,
lear
n
i
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ac
tiv
ities
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
an
d
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
o
n
th
e
m
eta
v
er
s
e
p
latf
o
r
m
.
3
.
2
.
5
.
3
6
0
-
deg
re
e
ca
m
er
a
s
a
n
d v
ideo
s
3
6
0
°
m
o
d
els
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
u
n
i
q
u
e
asp
ec
t
o
f
VR
an
d
ar
e
g
e
n
er
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
f
twar
e
f
r
o
m
m
u
ltip
le
p
ictu
r
es
o
f
a
s
p
ac
e
tak
en
b
y
3
6
0
-
d
e
g
r
ee
ca
m
er
as.
th
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
en
a
b
les
v
iewe
r
s
to
ex
am
in
e
an
d
n
av
ig
ate
a
p
h
o
to
r
ea
lis
tic
o
b
ject
f
r
o
m
v
ar
i
o
u
s
lo
ca
tio
n
s
with
in
th
e
m
o
d
e
l.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
ese
m
o
d
els
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
v
e
r
s
atile
m
ea
n
s
to
c
o
n
d
u
ct
v
ir
t
u
al
f
ield
tr
ip
s
(
VFT)
,
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
th
e
a
d
v
an
tag
e
o
f
b
ei
n
g
i
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
o
f
tim
e
an
d
lo
ca
ti
o
n
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
I
n
a
r
esear
c
h
p
r
o
ject
at
th
e
U
n
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Au
c
k
lan
d
,
New
Z
e
alan
d
,
Kav
an
a
g
h
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
u
n
d
er
to
o
k
a
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
to
ex
am
i
n
e
an
alte
r
n
ativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
c
o
n
ten
t
in
VR
.
Dev
iatin
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
r
elian
ce
o
n
c
o
m
p
u
ter
g
r
a
p
h
ics
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
i
n
g
f
o
r
VR
co
n
ten
t
cr
ea
tio
n
,
th
e
team
ex
p
lo
r
ed
th
e
p
r
ac
ticality
o
f
em
p
lo
y
in
g
a
3
6
0
°
ca
m
er
a
to
d
ev
elo
p
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
u
r
s
es
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
HM
D.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
n
o
tab
ly
r
ed
u
ce
s
b
o
th
th
e
co
s
t
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
ass
o
ciate
d
with
u
tili
zin
g
VR
HM
D
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
an
d
in
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
ater
ials
.
Desp
ite
f
ac
in
g
s
ev
er
al
ch
allen
g
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
r
esear
c
h
,
th
e
y
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
n
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
m
ea
n
s
o
f
g
e
n
er
ati
n
g
VR
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
ten
t,
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
lo
wer
in
g
th
e
e
n
tr
y
b
ar
r
ie
r
s
.
W
h
ile
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
en
c
o
u
n
ter
e
d
is
s
u
es,
s
o
m
e
u
n
r
eso
lv
ed
ch
all
en
g
es,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
q
u
ality
o
f
3
6
0
°
ca
m
er
as
an
d
th
e
d
is
p
lay
q
u
ality
o
f
HM
D,
ar
e
an
ticip
ated
to
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
with
th
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
t
an
d
r
elea
s
e
o
f
f
u
tu
r
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies.
I
n
th
e
B
au
h
au
s
-
I
n
s
titu
te
f
o
r
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
at
B
au
h
au
s
-
Un
iv
er
s
ität
W
eim
ar
,
a
r
esear
ch
in
itiativ
e
was
u
n
d
er
tak
en
to
estab
lis
h
th
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
3
6
0
-
d
e
g
r
ee
m
o
d
els
as
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
to
o
ls
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
is
ex
p
l
o
r
ato
r
y
s
tu
d
y
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
th
e
3
6
0
-
d
e
g
r
ee
m
o
d
el
o
f
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
p
r
o
ject
n
am
ed
P
-
B
an
k
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
wastewate
r
tr
ea
tm
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Me
th
o
d
o
lo
g
ically
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
ed
a
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
1
7
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wh
o
i
n
ter
ac
ted
with
th
e
P
-
B
an
k
360
-
d
eg
r
ee
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
a
n
e
v
alu
ativ
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
wer
e
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
:
th
e
3
6
0
-
d
e
g
r
ee
m
o
d
el'
s
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
an
d
u
s
ab
ilit
y
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
wer
e
r
ated
as
g
o
o
d
,
wh
ile
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
an
d
e
m
o
tio
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
ev
a
lu
ated
as
ex
ce
llen
t.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
lear
n
in
g
o
u
t
co
m
es
ac
h
iev
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
m
o
d
el
wer
e
p
o
s
itiv
e.
T
h
e
o
b
t
ain
ed
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
ter
v
iews
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
an
d
v
alid
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
r
th
er
e
n
h
an
ce
m
en
t a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
3
6
0
-
d
eg
r
ee
m
o
d
el'
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
.
Ov
er
all,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
to
th
e
s
cien
tific
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
o
n
th
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
3
6
0
-
d
eg
r
ee
m
o
d
els in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
c
atio
n
[
2
3
]
.
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
Ca
t
eg
o
ries o
f
VR
a
pp
lica
t
io
ns
in eng
ineer
ing
educa
t
io
n
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
b
r
o
ad
en
th
is
r
ev
ie
w
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
VR
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
m
et
h
o
d
ically
class
if
ied
in
to
t
h
r
ee
k
ey
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
ea
c
h
em
p
h
asizin
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
asp
ec
ts
o
f
im
m
er
s
i
v
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
with
in
t
h
e
d
o
m
ain
o
f
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
asp
ec
ts
ar
e:
a.
I
n
teg
r
atio
n
an
d
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
p
o
ten
tial:
a
s
s
ess
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
s
co
p
e
an
d
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
im
m
er
s
iv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ca
n
b
e
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
to
th
e
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
o
f
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
,
ev
a
lu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
im
m
er
s
iv
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
to
ac
t
as
a
s
u
b
s
titu
te
f
o
r
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
ed
ag
o
g
i
ca
l
m
eth
o
d
s
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
its
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
.
b.
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
im
p
ac
t:
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
im
m
er
s
iv
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
o
n
th
e
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
f
o
cu
s
o
n
h
o
w
it sh
ap
es a
n
d
e
n
h
an
ce
s
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
c.
Ped
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
s
y
n
er
g
y
:
i
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
o
f
em
b
ed
d
in
g
im
m
er
s
iv
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
with
in
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
lear
n
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
its
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
b
o
th
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es
an
d
th
e
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
virt
u
a
l
r
ea
lity:
a
s
ystema
tic
s
tu
d
y
…
(
Ta
r
ek
R
ia
ji
)
1895
T
ab
le
4
p
r
esen
ts
a
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
o
f
p
ap
e
r
s
class
if
ied
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
ca
teg
o
r
ies
o
f
V
R
ap
p
licatio
n
s
th
ey
ad
d
r
ess
ed
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
n
o
te
th
at
s
ev
er
al
ar
ticles
h
a
v
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
m
o
r
e
th
an
o
n
e
o
f
th
ese
ca
teg
o
r
ies,
r
ef
lectin
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
an
d
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
VR
with
in
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
ab
le
4
.
B
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
b
y
ca
teg
o
r
ies o
f
VR
ap
p
licatio
n
s
th
ey
ad
d
r
ess
ed
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
i
e
s
o
f
V
R
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
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T
o
t
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l
P
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r
c
e
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t
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g
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g
r
a
t
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o
n
a
n
d
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b
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
p
o
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e
n
t
i
a
l
17
3
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Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
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mp
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c
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P
e
d
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r
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19
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9
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4
.
1
.
1
.
I
nte
g
ra
t
io
n a
nd
s
ub
s
t
it
utio
n po
t
ent
ia
l
T
h
e
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
r
e
v
iewe
d
p
ap
er
s
is
th
at
in
te
g
r
atin
g
im
m
er
s
iv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
h
ig
h
l
y
f
ea
s
ib
le.
Ho
wev
er
,
o
n
l
y
5
p
a
p
er
s
,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
1
0
%
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ies,
c
o
n
f
ir
m
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
im
m
er
s
iv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
f
u
lly
r
ep
lace
tr
ad
itio
n
al
teac
h
in
g
-
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
6
2
%
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
u
g
g
est
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at
s
u
ch
tech
n
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lo
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s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
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ed
as
s
u
p
p
lem
en
tar
y
to
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ls
,
s
er
v
in
g
as
alter
n
ativ
es
in
s
itu
atio
n
s
wh
er
e
p
h
y
s
ical
atten
d
an
ce
is
i
m
p
r
ac
tical
o
r
im
p
o
s
s
ib
le,
s
u
ch
as
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u
r
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2
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1
9
(
C
OVI
D
-
19
)
p
an
d
em
ic.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
a
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
o
f
th
e
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
o
f
im
m
er
s
iv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
alb
eit
with
v
a
r
y
in
g
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
n
th
ei
r
ca
p
ac
ity
to
s
er
v
e
as a
co
m
p
let
e
s
u
b
s
titu
te
f
o
r
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
in
g
p
a
p
er
s
d
id
n
o
t
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
it
as
a
f
o
r
eg
o
n
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
.
I
n
s
tead
,
th
ey
d
ir
e
ctly
ex
p
lo
r
ed
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
i
m
m
er
s
iv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
o
n
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
m
ed
iate
b
en
e
f
its
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
im
m
er
s
iv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
th
eir
r
o
le
in
en
r
ich
in
g
th
e
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
lan
d
s
ca
p
e.
B
y
b
y
p
ass
in
g
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
n
in
teg
r
atio
n
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
,
th
ese
p
ap
er
s
im
p
licitly
en
d
o
r
s
e
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
s
u
ch
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
as
a
v
al
u
ab
le
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
ei
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
en
g
a
g
in
g
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
3
]
–
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
7
]
,
[
3
8
]
,
[
4
2
]
,
[
4
5
]
,
[
5
5
]
.
4
.
1
.
2
.
E
du
ca
t
io
na
l im
pa
ct
All
r
esear
ch
an
d
s
tu
d
ies
r
ev
iewe
d
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
lear
n
i
n
g
o
b
jectiv
es
wer
e
ac
h
iev
ed
d
esp
ite
v
ar
io
u
s
ch
allen
g
es,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
th
e
u
n
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
r
h
ig
h
c
o
s
t
o
f
VR
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
th
e
ab
s
en
c
e
o
f
a
n
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
c
u
s
to
m
ized
f
o
r
ea
ch
p
r
o
ject,
lim
ited
f
am
iliar
ity
with
th
is
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
am
o
n
g
s
o
m
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
r
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
,
an
d
t
h
e
lack
o
f
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
em
p
l
o
y
in
g
im
m
er
s
iv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
es
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
p
o
te
n
tial
o
f
im
m
er
s
iv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
,
u
n
d
er
s
c
o
r
in
g
th
eir
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
in
m
ee
tin
g
lear
n
in
g
g
o
als
ev
en
wh
en
f
ac
ed
with
s
ig
n
if
ican
t o
b
s
tacle
s
.
I
n
a
d
d
it
io
n
t
o
ac
h
ie
v
i
n
g
le
ar
n
i
n
g
o
b
je
cti
v
es
,
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
s
t
u
d
ie
s
wit
h
i
n
t
h
is
r
e
v
i
ew
,
ex
p
l
ici
tl
y
(
9
p
a
p
e
r
s
)
o
r
im
p
lici
tl
y
(
2
6
p
ap
er
s
)
,
s
ta
t
ed
th
at
im
m
e
r
s
i
v
e
te
ch
n
o
l
o
g
y
f
a
cil
itat
es
t
h
e
e
n
g
i
n
e
er
i
n
g
ed
u
c
ati
o
n
p
r
o
c
ess
b
y
s
tim
u
l
ati
n
g
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
'
s
e
n
s
es
an
d
i
m
m
er
s
in
g
th
em
i
n
e
x
p
e
r
i
en
ce
s
t
h
a
t
m
im
ic
r
e
ali
ty
,
p
a
r
ti
c
u
l
ar
l
y
wh
en
u
s
in
g
VR
o
r
a
u
g
m
e
n
te
d
a
n
d
m
i
x
e
d
r
e
al
ity
(
AR
/MR
)
H
MD
.
T
h
is
i
m
m
e
r
s
i
v
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
es
th
e
lea
r
n
i
n
g
ex
p
e
r
i
en
ce
b
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
a
r
ea
l
is
tic
c
o
n
te
x
t
b
u
t
als
o
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
tl
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
t
h
e
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
ta
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
c
o
m
p
le
x
en
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
c
o
n
c
ep
ts
.
T
h
e
i
n
te
g
r
at
io
n
o
f
im
m
e
r
s
i
v
e
te
ch
n
o
l
o
g
ies
i
n
t
o
en
g
i
n
e
er
in
g
e
d
u
ca
t
i
o
n
r
e
p
r
ese
n
ts
a
f
o
r
wa
r
d
-
th
in
k
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
t
o
b
r
id
g
e
th
e
g
a
p
b
etw
ee
n
t
h
e
o
r
et
ica
l
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
an
d
p
r
ac
tic
al
ap
p
li
ca
ti
o
n
,
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
a
n
u
n
p
ar
all
ele
d
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
it
y
t
o
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
a
n
d
i
n
te
r
ac
t
wit
h
e
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
p
r
i
n
ci
p
les i
n
a
v
ir
tu
al
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
t
h
at
cl
o
s
ely
r
ese
m
b
les
r
e
al
-
w
o
r
ld
s
ce
n
a
r
i
o
s
.
T
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
i
n
n
o
v
ati
o
n
a
d
o
p
ti
o
n
,
it is
cr
u
cia
l
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
i
n
-
h
o
u
s
e
c
o
n
t
en
t
cr
ea
ti
o
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
.
De
v
el
o
p
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
e
li
v
e
r
i
n
g
VR
t
r
ai
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
ed
u
c
ati
o
n
al
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
s
wi
ll
e
n
s
u
r
e
t
h
at
h
i
g
h
-
q
u
alit
y
c
o
n
te
n
t
is
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
an
d
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
u
t
i
lize
d
[
6
4
]
.
4
.
1
.
3
.
P
eda
g
o
g
ica
l a
pp
ro
a
ch
es sy
nerg
y
A
to
tal
o
f
1
9
p
ap
er
s
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
im
m
er
s
iv
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
wer
e
r
ev
iewe
d
.
Ou
t
o
f
th
ese,
1
8
em
p
h
asized
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
atis
f
ac
ti
o
n
with
en
g
ag
in
g
in
im
m
er
s
iv
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
t
h
e
im
m
e
r
s
iv
e
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
d
id
n
o
t
r
eso
n
ate
well
w
ith
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
th
e
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Au
c
k
lan
d
i
n
Ne
w
Z
ea
lan
d
.
Kav
a
n
ag
h
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
at
alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
ey
ac
h
iev
e
d
th
eir
g
o
al
o
f
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
an
alter
n
ativ
e
m
ea
n
s
o
f
cr
ea
tin
g
VR
co
n
ten
t
f
o
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
th
ey
en
c
o
u
n
ter
ed
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
ch
allen
g
es
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
3
6
0
-
d
e
g
r
ee
v
id
e
o
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
v
ia
HM
D,
s
u
ch
as
d
if
f
icu
lty
i
n
s
elec
tin
g
ca
m
er
a
p
o
s
itio
n
to
ac
h
iev
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
p
atial
v
is
io
n
an
d
th
e
p
o
o
r
q
u
ality
o
f
o
b
tain
ed
v
i
d
eo
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
1
8
8
9
-
1
8
9
9
1896
All
1
9
p
ap
er
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
ad
o
p
tin
g
im
m
er
s
iv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
co
n
ju
n
ctio
n
with
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
an
d
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
em
co
n
s
id
er
ed
im
m
er
s
iv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
im
u
lated
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
p
lace
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
th
e
ce
n
ter
o
f
th
e
lear
n
in
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
it
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
r
i
s
k
s
an
d
co
s
ts
ass
o
ciate
d
with
tr
av
elin
g
to
an
d
f
r
o
m
p
r
o
ject
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
ly
test
ed
u
n
d
er
r
ea
lis
tic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
g
u
ar
an
tees satis
f
ac
tio
n
with
th
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
lts
.
B
ased
o
n
th
ese
1
9
r
ev
iewe
d
p
ap
er
s
,
it
is
ev
id
en
t
th
at
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
teac
h
in
g
-
lear
n
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
in
teg
r
atin
g
v
ir
tu
al
r
ea
lity
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
is
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
s
er
v
ice
-
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
wh
ich
co
m
b
in
es
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
i
n
g
with
co
m
m
u
n
ity
s
er
v
ice,
s
tan
d
s
o
u
t.
Ad
o
p
tin
g
th
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
o
f
b
etter
,
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e,
b
en
e
f
icial,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
o
u
tco
m
es.
4
.
2
.
L
im
it
a
t
io
ns
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
lim
ited
b
y
its
s
co
p
e,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
ly
o
n
p
u
b
lic
atio
n
s
av
ailab
le
b
etwe
en
2
0
1
5
,
th
e
y
ea
r
th
at
s
aw
a
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
in
VR
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
2
0
2
4
.
I
t
tar
g
ets
ar
ticles
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
jo
u
r
n
als
o
r
co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
d
ex
e
d
in
Sco
p
u
s
o
r
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
,
o
r
b
o
th
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
i
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
,
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
,
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
wh
ich
wer
e
n
o
t
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
ely
ad
d
r
ess
ed
,
m
ay
af
f
ec
t
th
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
r
a
p
id
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
VR
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
r
eq
u
ir
es
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
u
p
d
ates
to
th
e
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
s
d
r
awn
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
i
n
clu
d
e
em
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies
to
v
a
lid
ate
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
en
ef
its
an
d
id
e
n
tify
b
est p
r
ac
tices f
o
r
VR
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
is
r
ev
iew,
wh
ile
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e,
p
r
esen
ts
ce
r
tain
lim
itat
io
n
s
.
I
ts
s
co
p
e
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
co
n
f
in
ed
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
p
er
tin
en
t
to
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
en
co
m
p
ass
th
e
en
tire
b
r
ea
d
th
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
th
is
f
ield
.
T
h
e
r
e
v
iew
f
u
r
th
e
r
d
elin
ea
tes
p
o
ten
tial
av
en
u
es
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
.
No
tab
ly
,
th
e
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
ese
VR
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
h
av
e
n
o
t
b
ee
n
ex
h
a
u
s
tiv
ely
ev
alu
ated
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
p
ar
ad
ig
m
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
f
lip
p
ed
class
r
o
o
m
m
o
d
el.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
e
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
o
f
th
ese
VR
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
with
o
th
er
n
ascen
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
to
o
ls
in
VR
an
d
alter
n
ativ
e
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es wa
r
r
a
n
ts
f
u
r
th
er
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
,
a
n
ex
te
n
s
i
v
e
ex
a
m
i
n
at
io
n
o
f
VR
i
n
e
n
g
i
n
e
er
in
g
e
d
u
c
ati
o
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
l
ea
r
n
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
es
an
d
m
et
h
o
d
s
was
u
n
d
er
ta
k
e
n
,
i
d
e
n
t
if
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
t
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
,
ap
p
li
ca
ti
o
n
ar
ea
s
,
a
n
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
esea
r
c
h
d
i
r
e
cti
o
n
s
.
Dr
a
wi
n
g
f
r
o
m
a
n
a
n
al
y
s
is
o
f
4
9
r
ese
ar
c
h
p
a
p
e
r
s
,
t
h
e
VR
te
ch
n
o
l
o
g
ies
im
p
l
em
en
te
d
i
n
e
n
g
i
n
e
er
in
g
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
en
co
m
p
ass
HM
D,
3
6
0
-
d
e
g
r
ee
ca
m
e
r
as
a
n
d
v
i
d
e
o
s
,
a
u
g
m
e
n
t
e
d
r
ea
li
ty
an
d
m
ix
e
d
r
e
ali
ty
s
y
s
tem
s
,
3
D
m
o
d
eli
n
g
an
d
d
esi
g
n
s
o
f
t
wa
r
e
,
a
n
d
i
n
te
r
ac
ti
v
e
s
im
u
l
at
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
VR
te
ch
n
o
l
o
g
ies
is
tr
a
n
s
it
io
n
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
3
D
Mo
d
el
i
n
g
a
n
d
Desi
g
n
S
o
f
tw
ar
e
t
o
m
o
b
il
e
o
n
es
wit
h
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
im
m
e
r
s
i
o
n
an
d
i
n
te
r
a
cti
o
n
a
b
il
ities
.
VR
p
lay
s
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
in
en
h
an
cin
g
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
b
y
e
n
ab
lin
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
d
ev
elo
p
v
is
u
al
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
p
r
o
jects
th
at
clo
s
ely
s
im
u
late
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
ac
ilit
ates
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
an
d
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
v
ir
tu
al
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
On
e
o
f
th
e
k
ey
a
d
v
an
tag
es
o
f
VR
in
th
is
co
n
tex
t
is
its
ab
ilit
y
to
m
itig
ate
th
e
h
ig
h
c
o
s
ts
ass
o
ciat
ed
with
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
p
r
o
jects.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
VR
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
af
e,
r
is
k
-
f
r
ee
p
latf
o
r
m
w
h
er
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
c
an
ex
p
er
im
en
t
an
d
lear
n
with
o
u
t
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
h
az
ar
d
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
p
h
y
s
i
ca
l
p
r
o
ject
ex
ec
u
tio
n
.
C
o
n
s
e
q
u
en
tly
,
VR
o
f
f
er
s
im
m
er
s
iv
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
th
at
b
r
id
g
e
th
e
g
ap
b
etwe
en
th
e
o
r
etica
l
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
.
I
n
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies,
th
e
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
o
f
VR
-
b
ased
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
tr
ateg
ies
is
an
ticip
ated
to
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
lear
n
in
g
p
ar
ad
i
g
m
s
f
r
o
m
a
tr
ad
itio
n
al,
teac
h
er
-
ce
n
ter
ed
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
to
a
m
o
r
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic,
s
tu
d
en
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
m
o
d
el
with
i
n
v
ir
tu
al
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
v
ir
t
u
al
-
r
ea
lity
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
VR
s
er
v
es
as
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
f
o
r
ex
p
l
o
r
in
g
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
u
n
d
er
s
tu
d
y
,
elim
in
atin
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
p
h
y
s
ical
tr
av
el.
T
h
is
asp
ec
t
o
f
VR
allo
ws
lear
n
er
s
to
s
im
u
lt
an
eo
u
s
ly
e
n
g
ag
e
with
m
u
ltip
l
e
is
s
u
es
o
r
p
r
o
jects,
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
s
co
p
e
a
n
d
e
f
f
ic
ien
cy
o
f
th
eir
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
VR
o
f
f
e
r
s
th
e
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
to
d
ev
is
e,
test
,
an
d
r
ef
in
e
p
r
ac
ti
ca
l
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
in
a
v
ir
tu
al
s
ettin
g
b
e
f
o
r
e
th
eir
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
n
o
t
o
n
ly
e
n
s
u
r
es
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
b
u
t
also
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
r
is
k
s
an
d
co
s
ts
ass
o
ciate
d
with
tr
ial
-
an
d
-
er
r
o
r
in
ac
tu
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
VR
em
er
g
es
as
a
v
alu
ab
le
to
o
l
i
n
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
lear
n
in
g
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
a
r
ea
lis
tic
y
et
co
n
tr
o
lled
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
en
g
a
g
em
en
t.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
teac
h
in
g
-
lear
n
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
in
te
g
r
atin
g
v
ir
t
u
al
r
ea
lity
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
.
Sp
ec
if
ic
ally
,
th
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
er
v
ice
-
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
s
tan
d
s
o
u
t.
Ad
o
p
tin
g
th
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
o
f
b
etter
,
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e,
b
en
e
f
icial,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
o
u
tco
m
es
.
T
h
e
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
HM
D
an
d
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
s
m
ar
t
cities
ar
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
as
v
alu
ab
le
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(
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r
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)
1897
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
ta
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le
elem
en
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at
f
ac
ilit
ate
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d
esig
n
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f
v
ir
tu
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ir
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e
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r
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ased
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h
e
i
n
s
ig
h
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g
ar
n
er
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f
r
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m
th
is
s
t
u
d
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e
p
o
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to
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ig
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ican
tl
y
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n
tr
ib
u
te
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b
o
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ch
o
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q
u
ir
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an
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p
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ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
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s
in
im
p
lem
en
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VR
with
in
th
e
s
p
h
er
es
o
f
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
th
e
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
an
d
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ir
tu
al
r
ea
lity
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
in
co
n
ju
n
cti
o
n
with
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies ty
p
ically
ad
o
p
ted
f
o
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
p
a
p
er
r
ec
o
g
n
izes
an
u
n
ad
d
r
ess
ed
ar
ea
f
o
u
n
d
v
ia
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
i
es.
I
t
co
n
clu
d
es
th
at
wh
e
n
d
esig
n
in
g
VR
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
le
ar
n
in
g
th
eo
r
ies
ar
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
o
v
e
r
lo
o
k
e
d
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
it
ar
g
u
es
th
at
VR
p
r
esen
ts
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
to
o
l
f
o
r
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
wh
en
ap
p
lied
with
in
a
s
er
v
ice
-
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
wh
ich
co
m
b
in
es
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
s
er
v
ice.
Hen
ce
,
f
o
cu
s
ed
ef
f
o
r
ts
an
d
r
esear
ch
a
r
e
ess
en
tial
to
ass
ess
VR
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
h
ar
m
o
n
y
with
ev
o
lv
in
g
teac
h
in
g
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
g
ar
n
er
ed
f
r
o
m
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
ar
e
p
o
is
ed
t
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
b
o
th
f
u
tu
r
e
s
ch
o
lar
l
y
in
q
u
ir
ies
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
VR
with
in
th
e
s
p
h
er
es o
f
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
th
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
R
.
K
l
a
a
sse
n
,
P
.
d
e
V
r
i
e
s
,
a
n
d
A
.
K
a
m
p
,
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g
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Pro
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7
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p
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1
–
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2
.
[
2
]
T.
R
i
a
j
i
,
S
.
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l
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i
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a
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M
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A
l
a
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h
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l
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2
5
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8
0
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0
9
.
[
3
]
T
.
R
i
a
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i
,
S
.
E
l
H
a
s
s
a
n
i
,
Y
.
B
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o
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a
n
d
F
.
E
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h
a
m
d
.
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l
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i
,
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m
p
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m
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t
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
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o
u
r
n
a
l
o
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E
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d
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.
v
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.
2
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6
4
.
[
4
]
J.
R
a
d
i
a
n
t
i
,
T.
A
.
M
a
j
c
h
r
z
a
k
,
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.
F
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o
mm
,
a
n
d
I
.
W
o
h
l
g
e
n
a
n
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t
,
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s
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m
a
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f
i
mm
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p
p
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o
n
s
f
o
r
h
i
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h
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r
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d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
d
e
s
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g
n
e
l
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m
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n
t
s,
l
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ss
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n
s
l
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r
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d
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n
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sea
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,
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o
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.
c
o
mp
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d
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2
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9
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7
8
.
[
5
]
W
.
W
i
r
t
h
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
p
r
o
c
e
ss
m
o
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e
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t
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e
f
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r
m
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f
s
p
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p
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se
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c
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x
p
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r
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s,”
Me
d
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a
Psy
c
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v
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l
.
9
,
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o
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6
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9
.
[
6
]
A
.
M
a
r
o
u
g
k
a
s,
C
.
Tr
o
u
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s,
A
.
K
r
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a
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n
d
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.
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g
o
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p
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u
a
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r
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a
l
i
t
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n
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d
u
c
a
t
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o
n
:
a
r
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v
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w
o
f
l
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r
n
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g
t
h
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s,
a
p
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,
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l
e
c
t
r
o
n
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c
s
(
S
w
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l
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n
d
)
,
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l
e
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t
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c
s
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3
2
8
3
2
.
[
7
]
T.
R
i
a
j
i
,
S
.
El
H
a
s
sa
n
i
,
a
n
d
F
.
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M
.
H
.
A
l
a
o
u
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,
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n
g
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n
e
e
r
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n
g
ser
v
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c
e
-
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
:
C
o
n
c
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p
t
,
o
b
j
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c
t
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v
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s,
a
n
d
i
mp
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
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s
,
”
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n
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
-
2
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t
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.
[
8
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.
P
h
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p
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t
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.
,
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y
:
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w
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y
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[
9
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W
o
S
,
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s:
/
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)
.
[
1
0
]
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c
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,
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:
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)
.
[
1
1
]
A
.
S
.
T
i
w
a
r
i
,
K
.
K
.
B
h
a
g
a
t
,
a
n
d
G
.
La
mp
r
o
p
o
u
l
o
s,
“
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e
si
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m
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n
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ro
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s
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[
1
2
]
K
.
S
i
u
,
T.
C
.
La
i
,
C
.
W
.
A
.
La
i
,
a
n
d
H
.
T.
W
o
n
g
,
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M
e
t
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S
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