I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
E
ng
ineering
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il
20
25
,
p
p
.
1
9
6
8
~
1
9
7
7
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijece.
v
15
i
2
.
pp
1
9
6
8
-
1
9
7
7
1968
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ec
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Andro
id
-
ba
sed s
ma
rt
dig
ital ma
rk
etplace ap
plica
tion o
n
a
g
ricultural co
m
mo
dities using
a
new va
ria
nt
re
co
mm
enda
tion
sy
stem
Su
biy
a
nto
1
,
Su
ciha
t
ini
ng
s
ih
Dia
n Wis
ik
a
P
ra
j
a
nti
2
,
Nur
Azis Sa
lim
1
,
Set
y
a
B
ud
i A
rif
P
ra
bo
wo
1
,
Dey
nd
ra
wa
n
Su
t
ris
no
1
,
And
ik
a
Ana
nty
o
1
,
Dew
i A
ng
g
ria
ni
1
1
D
e
p
a
r
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o
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El
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c
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a
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R
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v
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4
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4
Acc
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No
v
2
0
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2
0
2
4
In
t
h
e
m
a
rk
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ti
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g
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l
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ra
l
p
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c
ts,
a
d
d
re
ss
in
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e
c
h
a
ll
e
n
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e
s
a
ss
o
c
iate
d
with
e
x
ten
siv
e
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
c
h
a
in
s
is
e
ss
e
n
ti
a
l,
a
s
th
e
se
d
irec
tl
y
a
ffe
c
t
se
ll
e
rs.
Ad
d
i
ti
o
n
a
ll
y
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t
h
e
v
a
st
a
rra
y
o
f
a
v
a
il
a
b
le
p
ro
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u
c
t
o
p
t
io
n
s
o
fte
n
o
v
e
rwh
e
lms
c
u
st
o
m
e
rs,
c
o
m
p
li
c
a
ti
n
g
t
h
e
ir
e
ffo
r
ts
t
o
id
e
n
t
ify
a
n
d
p
u
rc
h
a
se
it
e
m
s
th
a
t
a
li
g
n
wi
th
th
e
ir
p
re
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
Th
is
w
o
rk
a
ims
to
d
e
v
e
lo
p
a
sm
a
r
t
e
-
c
o
m
m
e
rc
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
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f
o
r
a
g
rib
u
si
n
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ss
,
sp
e
c
ifi
c
a
ll
y
d
e
si
g
n
e
d
fo
r
a
g
ricu
lt
u
ra
l
p
ro
d
u
c
ts
o
n
t
h
e
An
d
ro
id
p
latfo
rm
.
T
h
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
i
n
teg
ra
tes
a
re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
t
h
a
t
u
ti
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z
e
s
g
e
o
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c
a
ti
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-
a
wa
re
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e
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ra
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g
ra
p
h
c
o
ll
a
b
o
ra
ti
v
e
fil
terin
g
(G
A
-
N
G
C
F
),
wh
ich
fa
c
il
i
tate
s
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
m
a
rk
e
ti
n
g
f
o
r
fa
rm
e
rs
a
n
d
stre
a
m
li
n
e
s
t
h
e
p
ro
d
u
c
t
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
se
lec
ti
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
ss
fo
r
u
se
rs
b
a
se
d
o
n
p
e
rso
n
a
li
z
e
d
p
re
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
Th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
p
ro
c
e
ss
e
n
c
o
m
p
a
ss
e
d
v
a
rio
u
s
sta
g
e
s,
fro
m
p
lan
n
in
g
to
r
ig
o
ro
u
s
tes
ti
n
g
.
T
h
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
’s
re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
,
wh
ich
i
m
p
lem
e
n
ts
GA
-
N
G
CF
,
o
p
e
ra
tes
b
a
se
d
o
n
th
re
e
p
rima
ry
e
lem
e
n
ts:
th
e
c
re
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
g
e
o
l
o
c
a
ti
o
n
g
ra
p
h
o
f
u
se
r
-
it
e
m
d
a
ta,
th
e
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
b
e
twe
e
n
n
e
ig
h
b
o
ri
n
g
n
o
d
e
s,
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
re
d
ictio
n
o
f
u
se
r
p
re
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
T
h
e
re
su
lt
i
n
g
sm
a
rt
a
g
rib
u
sin
e
ss
e
-
c
o
m
m
e
rc
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
b
y
G
A
-
NG
CF
,
d
e
m
o
n
stra
ted
m
a
rk
e
d
imp
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
ts
in
re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
ti
o
n
a
c
c
u
ra
c
y
a
n
d
o
v
e
ra
ll
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
d
u
ri
n
g
tes
ti
n
g
.
Emp
iri
c
a
l
re
su
lt
s
i
n
d
ica
ted
s
u
b
sta
n
t
ial
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
ts
in
re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
ti
o
n
m
e
tri
c
s,
with
G
A
-
N
GCF
a
c
h
iev
in
g
a
re
c
a
ll
o
f
0
.
3
4
,
a
p
re
c
isio
n
o
f
0
.
3
6
,
a
n
d
n
o
rm
a
li
z
e
d
d
isc
o
u
n
ted
c
u
m
u
lati
v
e
g
a
in
o
f
0
.
3
7
,
th
e
re
b
y
o
u
t
p
e
rfo
rm
i
n
g
e
x
isti
n
g
m
o
d
e
ls.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
p
r
o
d
u
cts
An
d
r
o
id
a
p
p
licatio
n
Geo
lo
ca
tio
n
Per
s
o
n
alize
d
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
Sm
ar
t d
ig
ital m
ar
k
et
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Nu
r
Azis Salim
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
Facu
lty
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Neg
er
i Sem
ar
an
g
Sem
ar
an
g
5
0
2
2
9
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail:
n
u
r
az
is
s
alim
@
m
ail.
u
n
n
es.a
c.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Ag
r
ib
u
s
in
ess
h
o
ld
s
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
v
ital
r
o
le
in
th
e
g
lo
b
al
ec
o
n
o
m
y
,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
b
u
t
also
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
s
ec
to
r
s
th
at
s
u
p
p
l
y
ess
en
tial
g
o
o
d
s
an
d
d
r
iv
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
1
]
–
[
3
]
.
W
ith
th
e
g
lo
b
aliza
tio
n
o
f
m
ar
k
ets,
th
is
s
ec
to
r
h
as
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
in
to
a
c
o
m
p
lex
n
etwo
r
k
th
at
alig
n
s
with
m
o
d
er
n
m
ar
k
etin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
tr
an
s
itio
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
to
b
etter
f
u
lf
ill
cu
s
to
m
er
d
em
a
n
d
s
[
4
]
–
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
a
d
v
en
t
o
f
e
-
co
m
m
e
r
ce
h
as
n
o
t
ab
ly
r
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
ized
th
e
ag
r
ib
u
s
in
ess
s
ec
to
r
b
y
ex
p
an
d
in
g
m
ar
k
et
ac
ce
s
s
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
ts
,
en
h
an
ci
n
g
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
,
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
eq
u
ity
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ir
ec
t c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
et
wee
n
f
ar
m
er
s
an
d
cu
s
to
m
er
s
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
A
n
d
r
o
id
-
b
a
s
ed
s
ma
r
t d
ig
ita
l
ma
r
ke
tp
la
ce
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
o
n
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
a
l
…
(
S
u
b
iya
n
t
o
)
1969
Ad
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
s
u
ch
as
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
in
e
-
c
o
m
m
er
ce
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
h
av
e
f
u
r
th
e
r
en
h
an
ce
d
c
u
s
to
m
er
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
b
y
o
f
f
er
in
g
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
p
r
o
d
u
ct
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
b
ased
o
n
u
s
er
b
eh
av
io
r
,
th
u
s
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
cu
s
to
m
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
d
r
iv
in
g
s
ales
[
9
]
–
[
1
2
]
.
Mo
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
An
d
r
o
i
d
-
b
ased
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
h
av
e
also
f
ac
ilit
ated
th
is
tr
an
s
itio
n
b
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
,
en
ab
lin
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
,
an
d
m
ee
tin
g
th
e
r
ap
id
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
n
ee
d
s
in
ag
r
ib
u
s
in
ess
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ex
ten
d
th
e
m
ar
k
et
r
ea
ch
o
f
ag
r
ib
u
s
in
ess
es
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
g
r
o
wth
b
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
ac
co
m
m
o
d
atin
g
ev
o
lv
in
g
cu
s
to
m
e
r
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
.
R
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
in
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
en
h
an
ce
th
e
o
n
lin
e
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
tailo
r
ed
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
s
,
wh
ich
im
p
r
o
v
e
cu
s
t
o
m
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
d
r
i
v
e
s
ales.
R
e
s
ea
r
ch
b
y
W
an
g
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
a
n
d
Sh
o
k
r
za
d
eh
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
co
lla
b
o
r
ativ
e
f
ilter
in
g
(
C
F)
m
o
d
els,
wh
ich
o
p
er
ate
o
n
th
e
p
r
e
m
is
e
th
at
u
s
er
s
with
s
im
ilar
b
eh
av
io
r
al
h
is
to
r
ies
ar
e
lik
ely
to
s
h
ar
e
s
im
ilar
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
.
T
h
ese
m
o
d
els
f
u
n
ctio
n
b
y
le
ar
n
in
g
v
ec
to
r
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
o
f
b
o
th
u
s
er
s
an
d
item
s
b
ase
d
o
n
th
eir
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
.
On
e
wid
ely
u
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
m
atr
ix
f
ac
to
r
iz
atio
n
(
MF)
,
as
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
L
iu
et
a
l
.
[
1
7
]
a
n
d
R
en
d
le
et
a
l
.
[
1
8
]
,
wh
ich
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
es
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
m
atr
ix
b
etwe
en
u
s
er
s
an
d
item
s
to
d
er
iv
e
v
ec
to
r
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
th
at
p
r
ed
ict
u
s
er
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ec
t
o
r
s
im
ilar
ity
.
R
ec
en
tly
,
C
F
m
o
d
els
h
av
e
ev
o
lv
ed
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
g
r
a
p
h
n
eu
r
al
n
etw
o
r
k
(
GNN)
tech
n
iq
u
es,
wh
ich
en
ab
le
m
o
r
e
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
u
s
er
-
item
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
,
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
L
y
u
et
a
l
.
[
1
9
]
.
An
ex
am
p
l
e
o
f
th
is
is
th
e
n
eu
r
al
g
r
ap
h
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
f
ilter
in
g
(
NGCF
)
m
o
d
el,
wh
ich
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
tly
en
h
a
n
ce
s
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ati
o
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
[
2
0
]
.
Desp
ite
th
e
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
tr
ad
itio
n
al
C
F
m
o
d
els
o
f
ten
o
v
er
lo
o
k
t
h
e
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
ca
n
in
f
lu
en
ce
u
s
er
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
,
l
ea
d
in
g
to
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
th
at
m
ay
n
o
t
f
u
lly
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
g
e
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
item
s
.
T
h
is
li
m
itatio
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
an
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
en
h
a
n
ce
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
g
eo
lo
ca
tio
n
d
ata,
th
er
eb
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
cu
s
t
o
m
er
s
with
m
o
r
e
co
n
tex
tu
ally
ac
cu
r
ate
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
th
is
wo
r
k
aim
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
an
An
d
r
o
id
-
b
ased
ag
r
ib
u
s
in
ess
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
ap
p
l
icatio
n
f
o
r
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
p
r
o
d
u
c
ts
th
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
th
e
g
e
o
lo
c
atio
n
-
awa
r
e
n
e
u
r
al
g
r
ap
h
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
f
ilter
in
g
(
GA
-
NGCF
)
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
b
ased
o
n
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
wo
r
k
b
y
L
i
et
a
l
.
[
2
1
]
,
le
v
er
ag
es
g
e
o
lo
c
atio
n
d
ata
an
d
u
s
er
p
r
ef
e
r
en
c
es
in
th
r
ee
d
is
tin
ct
p
h
ases
.
First,
th
e
m
o
d
el
e
x
am
in
es
s
p
atial
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
item
s
,
u
s
er
s
,
an
d
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
r
eg
io
n
s
.
Seco
n
d
,
it
em
p
lo
y
s
a
GNN
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
r
eg
io
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
f
ea
tu
r
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
n
o
d
es.
Fin
ally
,
it
p
r
ed
icts
u
s
er
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
b
y
c
o
m
b
in
in
g
v
ec
to
r
s
f
o
r
r
eg
io
n
s
an
d
item
s
.
T
h
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
t
h
en
ap
p
lied
with
in
th
is
wo
r
k
an
d
i
n
teg
r
ated
i
n
to
a
n
An
d
r
o
id
-
b
ased
d
ig
ital m
ar
k
e
tp
lace
ap
p
licatio
n
,
as illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
s
t
r
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c
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u
r
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p
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d
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f
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:
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et
h
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d
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p
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t
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n
d
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c
l
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s
t
h
e
u
s
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a
c
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p
t
an
c
e
t
e
s
t
.
Fi
n
a
l
l
y
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t
h
e
c
o
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c
l
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i
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t
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m
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s
d
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aw
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f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fra
m
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r
k
f
o
r
a
d
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ar
k
etp
lace
s
y
s
tem
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p
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2.
P
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NDA
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SYS
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2
.
1
.
E
x
perim
ent
a
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nd
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s
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em
co
nfig
ura
t
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T
h
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ef
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e
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p
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ed
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1
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7
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F
p
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s
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DDR4
R
AM
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DI
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r
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r
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tr
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a
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d
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ata
p
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.
On
th
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ess
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tial
lib
r
ar
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m
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im
p
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s
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2
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2
.
G
A
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del w
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h
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ar
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m
e
n
d
ati
o
n
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y
s
tem
.
As
illu
s
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in
Fig
u
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e
2
,
th
e
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r
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f
lo
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m
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I
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s
s
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On
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At
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e,
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e
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-
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F
m
o
d
el
is
ap
p
lied
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n
co
r
p
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atin
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th
r
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im
ar
y
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o
m
p
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n
en
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
p
r
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d
u
ct
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
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n
p
r
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ce
s
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
GA
-
NGCF
2
.
2
.
1
.
B
uil
din
g
t
he
u
s
er
-
it
em
-
g
eo
lo
ca
t
io
n g
ra
ph
T
h
e
in
itial
s
tep
in
th
e
GA
-
NGCF
m
o
d
el
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
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n
s
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u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
u
s
er
-
item
-
g
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lo
ca
tio
n
g
r
ap
h
.
T
h
is
g
r
ap
h
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
ca
p
t
u
r
in
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
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s
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s
,
item
s
,
an
d
th
eir
g
e
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
lo
ca
tio
n
s
.
Geo
g
r
ap
h
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tio
n
s
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n
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e
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u
s
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ased
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s
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ad
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is
tr
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e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies
(
e.
g
.
,
zi
p
co
d
es).
Gr
id
-
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ased
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io
n
s
p
ar
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e
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ea
in
to
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f
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m
s
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wh
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ac
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aly
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is
.
Ho
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ies
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te
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e
r
a
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e
r
ef
le
ctio
n
o
f
s
o
cial
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
with
in
a
r
eg
io
n
.
On
ce
th
e
g
e
o
lo
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
ea
ch
item
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
,
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
u
s
er
s
,
item
s
,
an
d
g
e
o
lo
ca
tio
n
s
ar
e
m
ap
p
e
d
.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
th
ese
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
with
in
a
g
r
ap
h
in
wh
ich
u
s
er
s
,
item
s
,
an
d
g
eo
lo
ca
tio
n
s
ap
p
ea
r
as
th
r
ee
d
is
tin
ct
ty
p
es
o
f
n
o
d
es,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
[
2
1
]
.
L
oa
d
Agr
icu
lt
ur
a
l
P
r
oduc
t
Da
taba
s
e
Da
tas
e
t
P
r
e
pa
r
a
ti
on
P
r
ovi
de
R
e
c
omm
e
nda
ti
ons
GA
-
N
G
C
F
M
e
thod
P
r
e
dicti
ng
Us
e
r
P
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
Aggr
e
ga
ti
n
g
Node
I
nf
o
r
m
ati
o
n
B
uil
ding
us
e
r
-
it
e
m
-
ge
oloca
ti
on
G
r
a
p
h
Star
t
E
va
luati
on
En
d
C
onve
r
ge
nc
e
?
Yes
No
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
A
n
d
r
o
id
-
b
a
s
ed
s
ma
r
t d
ig
ita
l
ma
r
ke
tp
la
ce
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
o
n
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
a
l
…
(
S
u
b
iya
n
t
o
)
1971
I
n
th
e
GA
-
NGCF
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
a
g
r
ib
u
s
in
ess
p
r
o
d
u
ct
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
b
o
t
h
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
s
tatu
s
v
ar
iab
les
ar
e
v
ital
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
an
d
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
.
C
o
n
tr
o
l
v
ar
ia
b
les
g
o
v
er
n
th
e
m
o
d
el'
s
tr
ain
in
g
,
in
clu
d
in
g
an
e
m
b
ed
d
in
g
s
ize
o
f
6
4
f
o
r
u
s
er
an
d
item
r
ep
r
es
en
tatio
n
,
a
lear
n
in
g
r
ate
o
f
0
.
0
0
1
,
an
d
a
b
atch
s
ize
o
f
2
5
6
,
with
tr
ain
in
g
lim
ited
to
5
0
iter
atio
n
s
.
R
eg
u
lar
izatio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
also
u
s
ed
to
r
e
d
u
ce
o
v
er
f
itti
n
g
b
y
p
en
alizin
g
c
o
m
p
lex
m
o
d
els,
w
ith
v
alu
es
ad
ju
s
ted
b
ased
o
n
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
ts
.
Statu
s
v
ar
iab
les
en
h
an
ce
th
e
m
o
d
el
’
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
,
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
u
s
er
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
in
u
s
er
v
ec
to
r
s
b
ased
o
n
p
ast
item
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
a
n
d
r
ef
in
in
g
t
h
ese
v
ec
to
r
s
b
y
ag
g
r
eg
atin
g
d
ata
f
r
o
m
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
o
d
es,
s
u
ch
as
item
s
an
d
g
eo
lo
ca
tio
n
s
.
I
tem
v
ec
to
r
s
r
ef
lect
item
attr
ib
u
tes
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
u
s
er
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
g
eo
lo
ca
tio
n
d
ata,
wh
ile
g
eo
lo
ca
tio
n
v
ec
to
r
s
d
escr
ib
e
g
e
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
a
r
ac
t
er
is
tics
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
b
o
th
in
tr
in
s
ic
attr
ib
u
tes
an
d
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
f
r
o
m
u
s
er
s
'
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
with
item
s
in
th
e
ar
ea
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
u
s
er
-
item
-
g
eo
lo
ca
tio
n
g
r
ap
h
illu
s
tr
ates c
r
ea
tin
g
ed
g
es b
etwe
en
item
s
an
d
u
s
er
s
o
n
th
e
lef
t a
n
d
ed
g
es b
etwe
en
item
s
an
d
g
eo
l
o
ca
tio
n
s
o
n
th
e
r
ig
h
t
2
.
2
.
2
.
Ag
g
re
g
a
t
ing
no
de
info
rm
a
t
io
n
Ag
g
r
eg
atin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
o
d
es
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
t
h
e
f
ea
tu
r
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
o
f
u
s
er
s
,
item
s
,
an
d
g
eo
l
o
ca
tio
n
s
with
in
th
e
g
r
a
p
h
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
em
p
l
o
y
s
th
r
ee
ag
g
r
eg
ato
r
s
:
th
e
item
,
u
s
er
,
an
d
g
eo
l
o
ca
tio
n
ag
g
r
eg
ato
r
s
,
ea
ch
u
p
d
atin
g
n
o
d
e
v
ec
to
r
s
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
d
ata
f
r
o
m
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
item
ag
g
r
e
g
ato
r
c
o
m
b
in
es
d
ata
f
r
o
m
u
s
er
an
d
g
eo
lo
ca
tio
n
n
o
d
es,
m
er
g
i
n
g
u
s
er
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
an
d
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ic
attr
ib
u
tes
in
to
th
e
item
’
s
f
ea
tu
r
e
v
ec
to
r
,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
item
f
ea
tu
r
es
r
ef
lect
b
o
th
u
s
er
b
e
h
av
io
r
an
d
s
p
atial
co
n
tex
t.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
u
s
er
ag
g
r
eg
ato
r
e
n
r
ich
es
u
s
er
v
ec
to
r
s
b
y
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
at
in
g
f
ea
tu
r
es
f
r
o
m
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
item
n
o
d
es,
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
d
etailed
v
iew
o
f
u
s
er
in
ter
ests
an
d
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
.
L
astl
y
,
th
e
g
eo
lo
ca
tio
n
ag
g
r
eg
ato
r
f
o
cu
s
e
s
o
n
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
attr
ib
u
tes,
g
ath
er
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
item
n
o
d
es
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
g
eo
lo
ca
tio
n
v
ec
to
r
s
r
ep
r
esen
t
b
o
th
in
t
r
in
s
ic
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
ex
ter
n
al
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
f
r
o
m
u
s
er
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
s
with
in
t
h
e
ar
ea
[
2
1
]
.
2
.
2
.
3
.
P
re
dict
ing
us
er
pref
er
ence
s
T
h
e
f
in
al
p
h
ase
o
f
th
e
GA
-
NG
C
F
m
o
d
el
in
v
o
lv
es
p
r
e
d
ictin
g
u
s
er
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
an
d
o
p
tim
izi
n
g
o
v
e
r
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
item
v
ec
to
r
s
with
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
g
eo
lo
ca
tio
n
v
ec
to
r
s
,
cr
ea
tin
g
en
r
ich
ed
ite
m
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
th
at
r
ef
lect
b
o
th
item
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
attr
ib
u
tes
an
d
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ical
co
n
te
x
t.
User
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
ar
e
th
e
n
p
r
ed
icted
b
y
ca
lcu
latin
g
s
im
i
lar
ity
s
co
r
es
b
etwe
en
u
s
er
v
ec
to
r
s
an
d
co
m
b
in
ed
item
-
g
e
o
lo
ca
tio
n
v
ec
to
r
s
,
wh
ich
r
an
k
item
s
b
ased
o
n
r
el
ev
an
ce
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el’
s
ef
f
e
ctiv
en
ess
is
ev
alu
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
R
ec
all,
Pre
cisi
o
n
,
an
d
n
o
r
m
alize
d
d
is
co
u
n
ted
c
u
m
u
lativ
e
g
ain
(
NDCG).
I
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
h
as
n
o
t
y
et
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
ed
,
it
lo
o
p
s
b
ac
k
to
f
u
r
th
er
GA
-
NGCF
tr
ain
in
g
.
Up
o
n
co
n
v
e
r
g
en
ce
,
th
e
r
ef
in
e
d
an
d
v
alid
ated
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
at
io
n
s
ar
e
th
en
m
ad
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
to
u
s
er
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
1
9
6
8
-
1
9
7
7
1972
2
.
3
.
I
nte
rf
a
ce
t
esting
a
nd
us
er
a
cc
ept
a
nce
ev
a
lua
t
i
o
n
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
m
o
d
el,
in
ter
f
ac
e
test
in
g
was
co
n
d
u
cted
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
a
s
m
o
o
th
u
s
er
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
.
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
th
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
a
h
o
m
ep
ag
e
d
is
p
lay
in
g
p
r
o
d
u
ct
ca
teg
o
r
ies
an
d
p
e
r
s
o
n
alize
d
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
s
,
al
o
n
g
with
a
p
r
o
d
u
ct
p
a
g
e
th
a
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
d
etailed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
ea
ch
item
.
User
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
test
in
g
(
UAT
)
was
co
n
d
u
cted
o
v
er
a
two
-
w
ee
k
p
er
io
d
with
1
7
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
in
s
tr
u
cted
to
n
av
ig
ate
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
,
u
tili
ze
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
f
ea
tu
r
es,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
o
n
o
v
er
all
u
s
ab
ilit
y
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
Otad
u
y
a
n
d
Diaz
[
2
2
]
,
UAT
is
a
cr
itical
p
h
ase
in
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
en
ab
li
n
g
en
d
u
s
er
s
to
ass
ess
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
'
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
an
d
u
s
ab
ilit
y
to
en
s
u
r
e
it
alig
n
s
with
th
eir
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
.
Similar
ly
,
Mo
h
d
a
n
d
Sh
a
h
b
o
d
in
[
2
3
]
em
p
h
asize
th
at
UAT
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
v
alu
ab
l
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
l
d
u
s
ag
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
m
ee
ts
u
s
er
n
ee
d
s
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
a
s
ea
m
less
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Dig
it
a
l a
g
ricult
ura
l ma
rk
e
t
pla
ce
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
f
ea
tu
r
es
a
u
s
e
r
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
in
ter
f
ac
e
f
o
r
b
o
th
f
a
r
m
er
s
an
d
cu
s
to
m
er
s
,
m
a
k
in
g
th
e
b
u
y
i
n
g
an
d
s
ellin
g
o
f
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
p
r
o
d
u
cts
ea
s
ier
.
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
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[
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4
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,
[
2
5
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,
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[
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atin
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im
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d
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[
2
9
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ates
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ip
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r
e
co
m
m
e
n
d
ati
o
n
s
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
m
o
d
el’
s
co
m
p
u
t
atio
n
al
co
m
p
lex
ity
an
d
ch
alle
n
g
es
with
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
ata
ar
e
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
lim
itatio
n
s
.
De
s
p
ite
th
ese
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
GA
-
N
GC
F
's
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
g
eo
lo
ca
ti
o
n
d
ata
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
t
in
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
d
is
tin
ct
co
m
p
etitiv
e
ed
g
e
o
v
e
r
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
o
d
els.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
1
9
6
8
-
1
9
7
7
1974
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Min
-
m
ax
n
o
r
m
alize
:
(
a)
r
atin
g
d
ata
an
d
(
b
)
lo
ca
tio
n
d
ata
(
latitu
d
e
a
n
d
lo
n
g
itu
d
e
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
GA
-
NGCF
alg
o
r
ith
m
test
in
g
r
esu
lt:
r
ec
all,
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
an
d
NDCG
3
.
4
.
User
a
cc
ept
a
nce
t
est
User
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
test
in
g
(
UAT
)
was
co
n
d
u
cted
with
a
d
iv
er
s
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
f
ar
m
e
r
s
an
d
cu
s
to
m
er
s
ag
ed
2
5
to
4
5
,
with
a
b
alan
ce
in
g
e
n
d
er
an
d
m
ar
ital
s
tatu
s
,
s
elec
ted
r
an
d
o
m
ly
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
b
ias
a
n
d
en
s
u
r
e
n
o
p
r
io
r
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
ap
p
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
Par
ticip
an
ts
ev
alu
ated
v
ar
io
u
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
alities
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
r
o
d
u
ct
s
ea
r
ch
,
p
u
r
ch
ase
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
,
s
u
r
v
ey
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
u
s
er
s
wer
e
h
ig
h
l
y
s
atis
f
ied
with
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
(
Q2
)
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
f
ea
tu
r
e
u
tili
ty
(
Q5
)
,
with
o
v
er
8
0
%
e
x
p
r
ess
in
g
s
tr
o
n
g
a
g
r
ee
m
en
t.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
er
e
was
s
o
m
e
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
in
r
esp
o
n
s
es
0
0.0
5
0.1
0.1
5
0.2
0.2
5
0.3
0.3
5
0.4
R
e
c
al
l
P
r
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
N
D
CG
S
c
o
re
s
E
valu
ati
o
n
Me
tr
i
c
s
G
C
-
M
C
N
G
C
F
G
A
-
N
G
C
F
CF
N
C
G
C
F
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
A
n
d
r
o
id
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a
s
ed
s
ma
r
t d
ig
ita
l
ma
r
ke
tp
la
ce
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
o
n
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
a
l
…
(
S
u
b
iya
n
t
o
)
1975
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ct
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
(
Q3
)
,
wh
er
e
1
1
.
7
7
%
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
n
eu
tr
al,
th
e
m
aj
o
r
it
y
r
em
ain
ed
p
o
s
itiv
e,
with
5
2
.
9
4
%
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
in
g
an
d
3
5
.
2
9
%
ag
r
ee
in
g
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
a
n
e
ed
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e
d
etails.
Op
er
atio
n
al
c
o
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
(
Q4
)
also
r
ec
eiv
ed
f
av
o
r
ab
le
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
as
5
2
.
9
4
%
s
t
r
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
d
a
n
d
4
7
.
0
6
%
ag
r
ee
d
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
lo
ca
tio
n
-
b
ased
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
(
Q6
)
wer
e
well
-
r
ec
eiv
ed
,
with
5
8
.
8
2
%
o
f
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
in
g
an
d
4
1
.
1
8
%
ag
r
ee
in
g
,
r
ef
lectin
g
h
ig
h
o
v
er
all
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
th
is
f
ea
tu
r
e.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
User
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
test
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
wo
r
k
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
i
n
ag
r
ib
u
s
in
ess
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
r
o
u
g
h
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
lik
e
th
e
GA
-
NGCF
m
o
d
el.
I
n
teg
r
ated
in
t
o
an
An
d
r
o
id
-
b
ased
d
ig
ital
m
ar
k
etp
lace
,
GA
-
NGCF
o
f
f
er
s
u
s
er
s
a
p
e
r
s
o
n
alize
d
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
th
a
t
alig
n
s
with
th
ei
r
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
an
d
g
e
o
g
r
ap
h
ical
co
n
tex
t,
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
f
o
r
cu
s
to
m
e
r
s
wh
ile
ex
p
an
d
in
g
m
ar
k
et
ac
ce
s
s
f
o
r
f
ar
m
er
s
to
cr
ea
te
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
in
clu
s
iv
e
ag
r
ib
u
s
in
ess
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el'
s
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
b
y
r
e
ca
ll,
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
an
d
NDCG,
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
o
d
e
ls
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
g
eo
lo
ca
tio
n
d
ata
in
r
ef
in
in
g
p
r
o
d
u
ct
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
.
Hig
h
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
lev
els
f
r
o
m
UAT
f
u
r
th
e
r
v
alid
ate
its
ac
ce
s
s
ib
il
ity
,
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
a
tio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
an
d
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e.
Ov
er
all,
th
is
wo
r
k
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
ag
r
ib
u
s
in
ess
d
ig
italizatio
n
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
s
ca
lab
le,
u
s
er
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
p
latf
o
r
m
th
at
d
ir
ec
tly
co
n
n
ec
ts
f
ar
m
er
s
with
cu
s
to
m
er
s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
co
u
ld
i
n
clu
d
e
e
n
h
an
cin
g
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
e
x
p
an
d
in
g
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ic
r
ea
ch
,
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
th
e
d
ig
ital
in
f
r
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
ag
r
ib
u
s
in
ess
,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
g
r
o
wth
,
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
m
a
r
k
et
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
with
in
t
h
e
ag
r
ic
u
ltu
r
al
s
ec
to
r
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
wo
r
k
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
UNNE
S
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
Stu
d
en
ts
R
esear
ch
Gr
o
u
p
(
UE
E
SR
G
)
,
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Neg
er
i
Sem
ar
an
g
,
in
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
f
u
n
d
in
g
f
o
r
th
is
r
esear
ch
wa
s
s
p
o
n
s
o
r
ed
b
y
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
R
esear
ch
an
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ity
Ser
v
ice
in
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Neg
er
i Sem
ar
an
g
,
u
n
d
er
g
r
an
t
n
o
.
2
2
7
.
1
2
.
4
/UN3
7
/PP
K.
1
0
/2
0
2
3
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
H
.
A
.
M
a
h
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i
r
a
j
i
,
M
.
B
e
h
e
s
h
t
i
,
S
.
H
.
R
.
H
a
j
i
a
g
h
a
,
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.
A
.
K
a
n
d
i
,
a
n
d
H
.
B
o
u
d
l
a
i
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,
“
A
p
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b
a
se
d
g
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h
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a
g
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f
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se
c
t
o
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o
f
a
n
e
merg
i
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my
:
a
mu
l
t
i
-
l
a
y
e
r
d
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c
i
s
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o
n
-
ma
k
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n
g
a
p
p
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o
a
c
h
,
”
Br
i
t
i
s
h
Fo
o
d
J
o
u
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n
a
l
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v
o
l
.
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2
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o
.
7
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/
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F
J
-
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8
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6
.
[
2
]
A
.
B
.
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.
S
a
b
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r
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e
,
A
.
N
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N
a
v
i
d
a
d
,
D
.
S
.
To
r
b
e
l
a
,
a
n
d
J.
J.
A
d
t
o
o
n
,
“
D
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p
me
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f
d
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A
n
d
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d
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,
”
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n
t
e
r
n
a
t
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o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
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t
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a
l
a
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C
o
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p
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,
v
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l
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1
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.
6
,
p
p
.
4
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v
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6
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p
p
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.
[
3
]
A
.
M
e
h
m
o
o
d
,
S
.
A
h
m
e
d
,
E.
V
i
z
a
,
A
.
B
o
g
u
s
h
,
a
n
d
R
.
M
.
A
y
y
u
b
,
“
D
r
i
v
e
r
s
a
n
d
b
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
c
i
r
c
u
l
a
r
e
c
o
n
o
my
i
n
a
g
r
i
-
f
o
o
d
su
p
p
l
y
c
h
a
i
n
:
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
Bu
s
i
n
e
ss
S
t
r
a
t
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