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[
1
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.
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m
ar
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id
s
[
2
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–
[
6
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th
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ati
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p
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v
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[
7
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–
[
1
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[
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1
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1
5
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wh
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[
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[
1
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f
as
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e
ca
n
b
e
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
to
tal
p
r
ice
o
f
all
th
e
s
witch
es
th
e
p
o
wer
cir
cu
it
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
,
esp
ec
ially
,
wh
en
s
im
p
le
s
ilico
n
-
b
ased
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
will
p
lay
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
p
r
ice
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
te
r
if
o
n
e
ca
n
d
o
with
o
u
t
th
e
v
o
l
tag
e
s
en
s
o
r
an
d
b
ein
g
b
ac
k
t
o
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
ze
r
o
c
r
o
s
s
in
g
u
s
in
g
s
im
p
ly
a
lo
w
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
[
2
0
]
.
T
o
d
a
y
,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
ca
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
p
r
etty
well
th
an
k
s
to
th
e
g
o
o
d
s
am
p
lin
g
tim
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
t
h
e
r
ec
en
t
m
icr
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
ller
s
,
lik
e
th
e
o
n
e
u
s
ed
in
th
is
p
ap
er
h
elp
in
g
t
o
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
n
ee
d
ed
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
th
e
o
v
er
all
c
o
s
t o
f
th
e
d
e
v
ice.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
i
n
[
2
]
p
r
esen
ts
a
v
er
y
c
o
n
cr
ete
ap
p
licatio
n
in
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
s
m
ar
t
-
g
r
id
s
,
it
p
r
esen
ts
a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
/AC
co
n
v
er
ter
wh
ich
m
ak
es
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
a
b
atter
y
o
u
ts
id
e
p
e
ak
h
o
u
r
s
an
d
r
eu
s
e
th
is
elec
tr
icity
wi
th
in
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
,
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
m
o
d
e
an
d
t
h
e
p
o
wer
am
o
u
n
t
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
e
d
to
b
e
im
p
o
s
ed
b
y
th
e
elec
tr
icity
s
u
p
p
lier
.
I
n
[
2
1
]
,
th
e
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
PLL
-
l
ess
v
ec
to
r
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
a
s
in
g
le
p
h
ase
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
ted
,
h
o
wev
er
,
it
r
e
q
u
ir
es
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
,
t
h
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
test
s
wer
e
a
p
p
lied
o
n
a
2
2
0
V
n
etwo
r
k
f
o
r
a
p
o
wer
o
f
1
5
0
W
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
m
ath
e
m
atica
l
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
ar
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
m
eth
o
d
s
with
PLL
b
u
t sti
ll r
e
m
ain
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
an
d
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
a
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
g
r
id
tied
in
v
er
ter
i
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
p
o
we
r
in
jecte
d
in
to
th
e
g
r
id
f
r
o
m
a
d
ir
ec
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
wh
ich
is
u
s
u
ally
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
a
DC
/DC
co
n
v
er
ter
in
s
u
c
h
ap
p
licatio
n
s
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
o
u
r
ce
ca
n
b
e
a
b
atter
y
o
r
an
y
o
t
h
er
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
e
r
ea
d
er
will
f
in
d
in
th
is
p
ap
er
th
e
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
d
etails
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
p
r
in
ci
p
le
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
p
h
ase
g
r
i
d
tied
v
o
ltag
e
in
v
e
r
ter
allo
win
g
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
t
h
e
in
jecte
d
cu
r
r
en
t,
th
e
g
o
o
d
p
r
ac
tice
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
r
esu
lts
,
as
well
as
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
tep
s
o
f
th
e
r
ea
l
tim
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
an
d
th
e
p
o
wer
co
n
tr
o
l
u
s
in
g
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s
im
p
le
h
y
s
ter
esis
clo
s
ed
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o
p
cu
r
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en
t
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
e
ass
em
b
ly
was
test
ed
with
a
1
1
0
V/5
0
Hz
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ctr
ical
n
etwo
r
k
an
d
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
r
esu
lts
clea
r
ly
s
h
o
w
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
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f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
th
at
allo
ws
to
in
ject
a
cu
r
r
en
t
with
a
g
o
o
d
q
u
ality
th
at
m
ee
ts
p
r
o
p
er
ly
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
co
n
tr
o
l
p
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in
cip
le
an
d
d
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cu
s
s
es
th
e
ch
o
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f
t
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p
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tr
u
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h
e
s
ec
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d
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
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ts
th
e
g
r
id
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izat
io
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
es
its
ad
v
an
tag
es.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
clo
s
ed
lo
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
m
a
k
in
g
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
as
well
as
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
s
ev
er
al
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
to
b
e
ab
le
to
s
ele
ct
th
e
b
est
o
n
e.
T
h
e
last
p
ar
t,
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
o
wer
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l c
ir
cu
its
in
ac
co
r
d
a
n
ce
with
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l stu
d
y
,
th
en
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
ad
o
p
ted
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
ar
e
p
r
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ted
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
a
t
o
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
(
T
HD)
o
f
1
.
6
%
an
d
a
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
9
7
%.
At
th
e
en
d
,
th
e
r
ea
d
er
will
f
in
d
a
co
n
clu
s
io
n
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
in
ts
an
d
th
e
p
o
in
ts
to
im
p
r
o
v
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Gr
id
co
n
n
ec
ted
co
n
v
er
ter
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Sin
g
le
ph
a
s
e
i
nv
er
t
er
T
h
e
class
ic
s
in
g
le
p
h
ase
in
v
e
r
ter
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
two
ar
m
s
with
to
w
r
e
v
er
s
ib
le
cu
r
r
en
t
s
witch
es
ea
ch
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
o
th
er
m
o
r
e
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
cir
cu
its
r
ef
er
r
e
d
as
m
u
lt
ilev
el
in
v
er
ter
s
[
2
2
]
,
wh
e
r
e
ea
ch
ar
m
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
m
o
r
e
th
an
two
s
witch
es
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
o
r
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
wh
ich
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
k
n
o
win
g
th
at
it
s
h
o
u
ld
g
en
e
r
ally
b
e
as
clo
s
e
as
p
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s
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le
to
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s
in
u
s
o
id
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wav
ef
o
r
m
.
I
n
th
is
p
a
p
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,
we
ar
e
in
ter
ested
in
th
e
class
ic
s
i
n
g
le
p
h
ase
in
v
er
ter
,
w
h
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e
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
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ca
n
o
n
ly
b
e
b
ip
o
lar
o
r
u
n
ip
o
lar
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
co
m
m
an
d
ty
p
e.
E
a
c
h
s
wi
t
c
h
i
s
m
a
d
e
u
p
o
f
o
n
e
t
r
a
n
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is
t
o
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n
d
o
n
e
a
n
ti
-
p
a
r
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l
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l
d
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.
F
ig
u
r
e
2
p
r
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ts
th
e
cir
cu
it o
f
s
u
c
h
co
n
v
er
ter
.
On
l
y
a
co
il is
u
s
ed
as
a
f
ilter
to
s
im
p
lify
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
.
DC
D
C
DC
AC
d
c
/
d
c
c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r
S
i
n
g
l
e
p
h
ase
i
n
v
e
r
te
r
LCL Fi
l
te
r
Fi
g
ur
e
.
1
DC/AC
con
v
e
r
ter
g
r
i
d
Pr
i
me
sou
r
c
e
s
(
PV
,
Wi
n
d
)
Batter
i
e
s p
ac
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
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2
0
8
8
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8
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I
n
t J E
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&
C
o
m
p
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n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
1
3
7
2
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1
3
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4
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Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Po
wer
ci
r
cu
it o
f
a
g
r
id
tied
in
v
er
ter
2
.
1
.
1
.
Co
ntr
o
l principle
I
n
b
i
p
o
l
a
r
c
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n
t
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o
l
,
a
t
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t
w
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r
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r
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t
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n
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ti
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1
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n
d
T
4
(
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e
s
p
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v
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2
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n
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3
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3
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3
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d
p
h
a
s
e
a
s
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
.
I
n
h
ig
h
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
an
d
lo
w
p
o
wer
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
,
t
h
e
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
ar
e
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
t,
s
o
,
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
s
u
ch
d
ev
ices
d
ep
en
d
s
m
ain
ly
o
n
th
em
.
L
e
t’
s
ass
u
m
e
to
b
e
th
e
av
er
ag
e
o
f
th
e
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
in
s
tead
y
s
tate
o
p
er
atio
n
,
(
1
)
g
iv
es th
e
s
witch
in
g
l
o
s
s
es.
=
2
.
_
+
2
.
_
=
2
.
.
+
2
.
.
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
_
:
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
witch
in
g
p
o
wer
l
o
s
s
es
;
_
:
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
d
io
d
es
r
ev
e
r
s
e
r
ec
o
v
er
y
cu
r
r
en
t
;
:
s
w
itch
in
g
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
o
f
a
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
,
eq
u
al
to
:
0
.
5
.
.
.
(
+
+
)
;
an
d
:
th
e
d
io
d
e
r
e
v
er
s
e
r
ec
o
v
er
y
c
h
ar
g
e.
Usi
n
g
m
etal‐
o
x
id
e
‐
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
f
ield
‐
e
f
f
ec
t
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
(
M
OSFET
)
as
s
witch
es,
wh
ich
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
u
s
ed
r
ec
en
tly
in
lo
w
an
d
m
ed
i
u
m
p
o
wer
r
a
n
g
es,
esp
ec
ially
,
with
th
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
wid
e
b
an
d
g
ap
MO
SF
E
T
s
[
2
3
]
,
we
ca
n
g
et
r
i
d
o
f
th
e
an
ti
-
p
ar
allel
d
io
d
es
an
d
m
ak
e
d
o
wit
h
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
’
s
b
o
d
y
d
io
d
e
s
.
Giv
en
th
at
th
ese
o
n
es
ar
e
s
lo
w
d
io
d
es,
we
ca
n
ad
o
p
t
a
co
m
p
lim
en
tar
y
co
m
m
an
d
o
f
ea
ch
ar
m
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lim
en
tar
y
co
m
m
an
d
m
a
k
es
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
s
im
p
lify
th
e
d
r
iv
er
’
s
cir
cu
its
b
y
u
s
in
g
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
s
to
d
r
iv
e
th
e
h
ig
h
s
id
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
,
h
o
wev
er
,
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
d
ea
d
tim
e
to
av
o
id
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
c
u
itin
g
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
,
wh
ich
is
d
if
f
icu
lt to
im
p
lem
en
t w
h
en
d
ig
ital o
u
tp
u
ts
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
s
tead
o
f
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
l
atio
n
(
PW
M)
b
lo
cs
as in
o
u
r
ca
s
e.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
u
n
i
p
o
lar
co
m
m
an
d
is
ad
o
p
ted
th
a
n
k
s
to
its
s
u
p
er
io
r
ity
o
v
er
th
e
b
ip
o
lar
o
n
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
an
d
r
ip
p
le
am
p
litu
d
e.
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
t
h
a
t
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
h
er
e
is
d
o
n
e
in
an
alg
eb
r
aic
s
en
s
e
an
d
we
r
ec
all
th
at
th
e
g
o
al
is
to
f
o
r
ce
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
to
f
o
llo
w
a
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
r
ef
er
en
c
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
th
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
p
r
e
s
en
ted
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
s
witch
in
g
’
s
d
ep
e
n
d
o
n
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
h
al
f
wav
e.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
h
alf
-
wa
v
e
(
>
0
)
:
T
4
r
em
ain
s
ON,
an
d
th
e
s
witch
in
g
o
f
T
1
is
u
s
ed
t
o
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t,
s
o
we
h
av
e
two
ca
s
es:
a.
T
1
is
ON:
T
1
an
d
T
4
co
n
d
u
ct,
th
e
eq
u
i
v
alen
t
cir
cu
it
is
g
iv
en
b
y
Fig
u
r
e
3
an
d
th
is
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
is
u
s
ed
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t w
h
en
<
,
(
2
)
.
.
=
=
−
>
0
(
2
)
b.
If
ex
ce
ed
s
,
T
1
is
tu
r
n
ed
OFF
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
(
3
)
,
s
o
,
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tin
u
ity
is
en
s
u
r
ed
b
y
T
4
tu
r
n
ed
ON
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
f
ir
s
t
h
alf
-
wav
e
an
d
th
e
an
ti
-
p
ar
allel
d
io
d
e
o
f
K2
.
T
h
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
cu
it is
g
iv
en
b
y
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
.
=
=
−
<
0
(
3
)
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
h
alf
-
wav
e
(
<
0
)
:
T
3
r
em
ai
n
s
ON
an
d
T
2
is
s
witc
h
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
s
o
,
we
en
d
u
p
with
two
ca
s
es:
a.
T
2
is
ON:
T
2
a
n
d
T
3
co
n
d
u
ct,
th
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
c
u
it
is
g
iv
en
b
y
Fig
u
r
e
5
a
n
d
allo
ws
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t a
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
(
4
)
wh
e
n
|
|
<
|
|
.
+
−
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Desig
n
a
n
d
ex
p
erimen
ta
l v
a
li
d
a
tio
n
o
f a
s
in
g
le
p
h
a
s
e
g
r
id
ti
ed
in
ve
r
ter fo
r
…
(
A
li Mo
u
s
mi
)
1375
.
=
=
−
−
<
0
(
4
)
b.
If
|
|
g
ets
o
v
er
|
|
,
T
2
is
tu
r
n
e
d
O
FF
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
it,
an
d
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
co
n
tin
u
ity
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
T
3
all
tim
e
ON
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
h
a
lf
-
wav
e
an
d
th
e
an
ti
-
p
a
r
allel
d
io
d
e
D1
,
as sh
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
6
an
d
(
5
)
.
.
=
=
−
>
0
(5
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
q
u
iv
alen
t c
ir
c
u
it to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t in
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
alter
n
atio
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
E
q
u
iv
alen
t c
ir
c
u
it to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t in
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
alter
n
atio
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
E
q
u
iv
alen
t c
ir
c
u
it to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t in
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
alter
n
atio
n
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
E
q
u
iv
alen
t c
ir
c
u
it to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t in
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
alter
n
atio
n
+
−
+
−
+
−
−
+
−
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
1
3
7
2
-
1
3
8
4
1376
T
h
is
co
n
tr
o
l m
eth
o
d
r
e
d
u
ce
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
th
e
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es si
n
ce
o
n
ly
o
n
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
w
itch
es a
t a
tim
e
(
T
1
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t
h
alf
-
wav
e
an
d
T
2
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
o
n
e)
.
Gen
er
ally
,
th
e
l
o
s
s
es
ar
e
h
alf
th
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
b
ip
o
lar
c
o
n
tr
o
l.
I
f
n
o
Sch
o
ttk
y
d
io
d
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
,
a
c
o
m
p
lim
en
tar
y
c
o
m
m
an
d
o
f
ea
c
h
a
r
m
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
to
av
o
id
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
s
lo
w
b
o
d
y
d
io
d
es.
B
esid
es,
it
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
th
e
t
wo
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
u
s
ed
ea
ch
alter
n
atio
n
ca
n
ch
a
n
g
e
r
o
le,
s
o
,
d
if
f
er
e
n
t c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
s
will b
e
test
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
b
est co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
p
r
esen
ts
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
p
o
wer
cir
c
u
its
.
I
t
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
f
o
u
r
s
ilico
n
b
ased
MO
SF
E
T
s
an
d
two
Sch
o
ttk
y
d
io
d
es
ad
d
ed
in
an
ti
-
p
ar
allel
to
T
1
an
d
T
2
.
A
s
ex
p
lain
ed
ab
o
v
e,
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
r
e
g
u
lated
b
y
T
1
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
h
alf
-
wav
e
(
T
2
in
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
h
alf
-
wav
e
)
k
n
o
wi
n
g
th
at
T
4
r
em
ain
s
ON
d
u
r
in
g
th
is
h
alf
-
wav
e
(
T
3
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
h
alf
-
wa
v
e)
an
d
th
e
f
r
ee
wh
ee
lin
g
is
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
b
y
T
4
an
d
D2
(
T
3
an
d
D4
i
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
h
al
f
-
wav
e)
.
T
h
e
m
ain
b
en
e
f
it
o
f
th
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
is
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
th
e
b
o
d
y
d
io
d
e
s
f
r
o
m
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
,
an
d
c
o
n
s
e
q
u
en
tly
,
to
m
in
im
ize
t
h
e
d
io
d
es
r
ev
e
r
s
e
r
ec
o
v
er
y
cu
r
r
en
t
th
at
d
e
g
r
ad
es
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
ac
ce
n
tu
ates
th
e
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
ter
f
e
r
en
c
e
(
E
MI
)
is
s
u
es.
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
r
iv
e
r
cir
c
u
it
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
t
o
d
r
iv
e
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
MO
SF
E
T
s
,
it
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
co
m
m
er
cial
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
g
ate
d
r
iv
er
an
d
a
g
alv
an
ic
is
o
lated
DC
/DC
co
n
v
er
ter
to
s
u
p
p
l
y
p
r
o
p
er
ly
th
e
g
a
te
d
r
iv
er
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Ad
o
p
ted
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
wer
cir
c
u
it
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
MO
SF
E
T
’
s
d
r
iv
er
cir
cu
it
2
.
1
.
2
.
Clo
s
ed
lo
o
p
co
ntr
o
l
Fig
u
r
e
9
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
n
tr
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[
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2
5
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PLL
[
2
6
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,
[
2
7
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g
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atch
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I
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I
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t J E
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C
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p
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n
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I
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2088
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m
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m
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th
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.