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l
u
m
f
o
r
b
asic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
aim
i
n
g
to
d
ev
elo
p
cr
itical
an
d
r
ef
lectiv
e
co
m
p
eten
cies
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Al
th
o
u
g
h
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
f
ac
es
ch
allen
g
es,
s
u
ch
as
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
s
p
ec
if
ic
tr
ain
in
g
f
o
r
s
o
m
e
teac
h
er
s
an
d
a
d
is
co
n
n
ec
t
with
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
cu
r
r
icu
l
a,
it
is
es
s
en
tial
f
o
r
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
ac
tiv
e
an
d
p
a
r
ticip
ato
r
y
lea
r
n
in
g
.
Stra
teg
ies
lik
e
p
r
o
b
lem
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
v
e
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
s
tr
en
g
th
en
i
n
g
th
ese
co
m
p
et
en
cies a
t th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
lev
el
[
4
]
.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
th
er
e
is
n
o
ev
id
en
ce
o
f
m
o
d
els
an
d
/o
r
d
id
ac
tic
s
tr
ateg
ies
at
th
e
u
p
p
er
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
lev
el
th
at
ar
e
alig
n
ed
to
f
o
r
m
r
esear
ch
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
an
d
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
d
ev
elo
p
r
esear
ch
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
s
cien
tific
ar
ticles
with
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
n
o
teac
h
er
s
with
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
i
n
teac
h
in
g
t
h
e
s
u
b
ject
an
d
wh
o
h
a
v
e
c
o
n
s
o
lid
ated
a
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
in
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
h
in
g
e
b
a
s
e
f
o
r
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
at
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
lev
el.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
la
tf
o
r
m
s
o
f
a
n
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
m
o
d
el
will
allo
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
teac
h
er
s
to
in
ter
ac
t
o
p
tim
ally
in
all
p
h
ases
o
f
r
ese
ar
ch
f
r
o
m
f
ir
s
t
g
r
ad
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
f
if
th
g
r
ad
e
.
I
n
th
is
way
,
it
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
m
itig
ate
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
g
ap
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
ar
t.
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
k
n
o
win
g
h
o
w
to
u
s
e
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
to
o
l
in
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
lev
els
o
f
s
tu
d
y
allo
ws
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
o
f
th
eir
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
.
I
n
th
is
way
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
m
o
r
e
cr
ea
tiv
e,
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
an
d
cr
iti
ca
l;
an
d
th
u
s
,
th
ey
ca
n
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
eir
s
o
ciety
[
7
]
.
Fo
r
m
ativ
e
r
esear
c
h
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
r
ef
e
r
s
to
a
ty
p
e
o
f
r
esear
ch
w
h
o
s
e
m
ain
o
b
je
ctiv
e
is
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
ti
ce
s
.
Pro
g
r
am
s
o
r
p
o
licies
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
an
aly
s
is
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
U
n
lik
e
p
u
r
e
ac
a
d
e
m
ic
r
esear
ch
th
at
s
ee
k
s
to
g
en
er
ate
n
ew
th
eo
r
etica
l
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
r
esear
ch
is
o
r
ien
ted
to
war
d
s
ac
tio
n
an
d
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
t
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
t
[
8
]
.
I
t
also
in
v
o
lv
es
d
if
f
er
en
t
ac
to
r
s
with
in
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
s
u
ch
as
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
teac
h
er
s
,
p
r
in
ci
p
als,
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
an
d
p
ar
en
ts
.
Feed
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
th
ese
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
is
cr
itical
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
f
r
o
m
d
iv
er
s
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
an
d
f
in
d
in
g
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
s
ch
o
o
ls
m
u
s
t
im
p
lem
en
t
a
cu
r
r
icu
lar
p
r
o
g
r
am
th
at
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
s
h
o
r
t
en
in
g
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
al,
s
p
ec
if
ically
in
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
r
esear
ch
.
I
n
th
is
s
en
s
e,
th
e
B
er
to
lt
B
r
ec
h
t
S
c
h
o
o
l
u
n
d
er
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
m
o
tes
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
th
at
ex
ten
d
t
o
all
lev
els
o
f
r
e
g
u
lar
b
asic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
titu
tes
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
a
x
is
o
f
its
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
p
o
s
al.
T
h
e
c
u
r
r
icu
lar
ar
ea
s
th
at
c
o
n
s
id
er
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
esear
c
h
s
k
ills
ar
e
s
cien
ce
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
,
m
ath
em
atics
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
s
k
il
ls
at
th
e
B
er
to
lt
B
r
ec
h
t
S
ch
o
o
l,
we
ca
n
p
o
in
t
o
u
t
th
at,
at
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
lev
el,
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
s
h
o
w
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
th
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
b
as
ic
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
wh
ich
co
u
ld
b
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
t
h
e
cu
r
r
ic
u
lar
ar
ticu
latio
n
p
r
o
c
ess
es.
Ab
o
u
t
th
e
lear
n
in
g
r
esu
lts
o
f
4
th
a
n
d
5
t
h
g
r
ad
e
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
an
ev
alu
atio
n
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t,
it
is
s
h
o
wn
th
at
in
th
e
co
m
p
eten
cy
“
I
n
v
esti
g
ates
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
cien
tific
m
eth
o
d
s
”
(
p
r
o
b
le
m
atize
s
,
r
ec
o
r
d
s
a
n
d
an
aly
ze
s
d
ata,
co
m
m
u
n
icate
s
th
eir
f
in
d
in
g
s
)
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
o
n
o
t
ac
h
iev
e
3
5
%
o
f
th
e
s
k
ills
th
at
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
b
asic
ab
ilit
ies
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
co
m
p
eten
cies.
I
n
t
h
e
co
m
p
eten
cy
“
R
ea
d
s
d
iv
er
s
e
ty
p
es
o
f
tex
ts
”
(
o
b
tain
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
tex
t,
in
f
er
s
an
d
i
n
ter
p
r
ets,
r
ef
lects
an
d
ev
alu
ates
th
e
tex
t)
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
o
n
o
t
ac
h
iev
e
3
1
%
o
f
th
e
ca
p
ac
ities
.
L
ik
ewise,
i
t
is
p
er
ce
iv
ed
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
h
o
w
g
r
ea
ter
d
if
f
ic
u
lty
in
th
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
s
cien
tific
tex
ts
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
eten
cy
,
o
f
“
wr
ites
v
ar
io
u
s
ty
p
es
o
f
tex
ts
”
(
ad
ap
ts
th
e
tex
t,
wr
ites
,
u
s
e
s
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
ev
alu
ates
th
e
tex
t)
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
o
n
o
t
ac
h
iev
e
4
2
%
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
ete
n
cies.
I
n
th
e
c
o
m
p
eten
cy
“
s
o
lv
es
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
f
d
ata
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
an
d
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
”
(
r
ep
r
esen
ts
d
ata
with
g
r
ap
h
s
an
d
s
tatis
tical
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
u
s
es
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
to
co
llect
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
ata,
co
m
m
u
n
icate
s
an
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
s
tatis
tical
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
s
u
s
tain
s
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
b
tain
ed
)
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
o
n
o
t a
ch
iev
e
t
h
e
co
m
p
eten
cies in
6
5
%.
Fro
m
th
e
ab
o
v
e,
it
ca
n
b
e
in
f
er
r
ed
th
at
4
th
an
d
5
th
y
ea
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
a
v
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
b
asic
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
,
wh
ich
b
ec
o
m
es
an
o
b
s
tacle
t
o
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
co
m
p
le
x
s
k
ills
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
B
er
to
lt
B
r
ec
h
t
Sch
o
o
l
h
as
d
ec
id
ed
to
im
p
lem
en
t
an
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
latf
o
r
m
th
at
allo
w
s
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
s
cien
tific
wr
itin
g
co
u
r
s
e
to
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
with
cr
itical
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
s
en
s
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
wr
itin
g
o
f
s
cien
tifi
c
ar
ticles,
wh
ich
will
b
e
d
is
s
em
in
ated
to
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
ity
an
d
to
v
ar
io
u
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
in
th
e
f
i
eld
o
f
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
: H
o
w
wil
l th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
an
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
latf
o
r
m
d
esig
n
b
ased
o
n
a
n
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
ese
ar
ch
s
k
ills
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
at
t
h
e
B
er
to
lt
B
r
ec
h
t
Sch
o
o
l?
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
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tio
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ased
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o
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e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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8
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I
n
t J E
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&
C
o
m
p
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g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
2
0
0
0
-
2
0
2
1
2002
B
er
to
lt
B
r
ec
h
t
S
ch
o
o
l.
Fo
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
an
ex
h
au
s
tiv
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
in
s
itu
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
to
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t w
as in
itiated
.
I
n
th
i
s
way
,
b
en
ef
itin
g
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
E
x
p
l
ai
n
i
n
g
I
n
t
h
is
s
e
cti
o
n
,
a
n
an
al
y
s
is
was
m
a
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
r
es
ea
r
c
h
s
k
ills
in
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
c
h
o
o
ls
ca
r
r
i
e
d
o
u
t
b
y
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
p
ec
ia
lis
ts
at
th
e
i
n
t
er
n
a
ti
o
n
al
,
r
eg
io
n
al
a
n
d
n
a
ti
o
n
al
l
e
v
els
to
h
a
v
e
a
b
r
o
a
d
o
v
e
r
v
iew
an
d
t
o
k
n
o
w
w
h
at
l
im
itat
io
n
s
,
g
a
p
s
a
n
d
t
r
e
n
d
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
r
ese
n
te
d
i
n
t
h
ese
i
n
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
s
.
I
n
t
h
is
wa
y
,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
t
o
f
i
n
d
o
u
t
w
h
at
m
et
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
t
h
e
y
h
a
v
e
u
s
e
d
,
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
o
b
tai
n
ed
a
n
d
th
e
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
s
t
h
e
y
h
av
e
r
e
ac
h
e
d
;
t
h
is
h
o
l
is
ti
c
v
i
ew
will
al
lo
w
a
m
o
r
e
o
b
je
cti
v
e
an
al
y
s
is
.
R
eg
a
r
d
in
g
t
h
e
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
ese
ar
ch
s
k
il
ls
,
th
es
e
a
r
e
n
o
t
n
ec
ess
a
r
il
y
f
o
r
m
ed
a
t
h
ig
h
er
l
e
v
els;
alt
h
o
u
g
h
it
c
an
b
e
a
f
f
i
r
m
e
d
t
h
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it
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t
th
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el
t
h
at
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h
e
r
e
is
g
r
ea
te
r
awa
r
e
n
ess
o
f
t
h
ese
c
o
m
p
ete
n
cies
; t
h
ese
,
t
o
a
la
r
g
e
e
x
te
n
t
,
a
r
e
a
cq
u
i
r
e
d
i
n
r
e
g
u
l
ar
b
asic
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
r
esear
c
h
s
k
ills
in
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
th
o
s
e
o
r
ien
ted
to
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
o
n
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
o
r
ie
n
tatio
n
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
I
n
th
is
s
en
s
e,
th
e
r
esear
ch
b
y
Hu
am
a
n
[
9
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
to
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
s
cien
tif
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th
in
k
in
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f
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o
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ar
y
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ch
o
o
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s
tu
d
en
ts
at
th
e
in
ter
n
atio
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a
l
lev
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All
th
is
t
o
s
y
s
tem
atize
th
e
r
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ch
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
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f
r
o
m
a
th
eo
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etica
l
as
well
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co
n
ce
p
tu
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Fo
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
an
an
aly
tical
r
ev
iew
h
as b
ee
n
ca
r
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ied
o
u
t to
m
ap
m
o
s
t o
f
th
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b
ib
lio
g
r
ap
h
ic
in
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o
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m
atio
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b
lis
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ed
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th
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R
ed
aly
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Sco
p
u
s
an
d
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
d
atab
ases
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
er
io
d
2
0
1
1
-
2
0
2
1
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
r
ee
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es:
th
e
p
o
liti
ca
l
p
er
s
p
ec
t
iv
e,
th
e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
-
d
i
d
ac
tic
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
an
d
th
e
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
ical
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e.
L
i
k
ewise,
elev
en
th
em
atic
ar
e
as
ar
e
s
u
g
g
ested
,
wh
ich
r
ev
ea
l
th
e
in
ter
est
in
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
to
im
p
le
m
en
t
an
d
p
u
t
in
to
p
r
ac
tice
th
i
s
way
o
f
th
in
k
i
n
g
an
d
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
k
ills
,
ab
ilit
ies,
attitu
d
es
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
eten
cies
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
a
n
d
d
id
ac
tic
s
tr
ateg
i
es
in
lin
e
with
th
e
p
o
liti
ca
l
an
d
cu
r
r
icu
lar
g
u
id
elin
es,
wh
ich
allo
w
th
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
g
en
er
al
an
d
p
ar
ticu
lar
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
s
cien
ce
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
esear
c
h
s
k
ills
;
a
s
well
as
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
a
s
cien
tific
m
o
d
el
an
d
cu
ltu
r
e.
I
t
is
co
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
th
is
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
in
k
in
g
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
m
ee
t
th
e
s
o
cial,
p
o
liti
ca
l
an
d
eth
ical
n
ee
d
s
o
f
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
en
ts
an
d
t
o
s
tu
d
y
n
ew
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
cu
r
r
icu
lar
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
f
r
o
m
an
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
s
tu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
t
h
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
cien
tific
o
r
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
at
s
ch
o
o
l.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
m
,
we
ca
n
m
en
tio
n
Salam
an
ca
et
a
l.
[
1
0
]
wh
o
ar
g
u
es
th
at
b
o
th
g
e
n
er
ic
an
d
tech
n
ical
in
v
esti
g
ativ
e
s
k
ills
ca
n
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
i
n
r
eg
u
lar
b
asic
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
.
H
o
wev
er
,
g
e
n
er
ic
s
k
ills
ar
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
th
e
co
lleg
ial
p
r
ac
tices
th
at
s
tu
d
en
t
s
h
av
e
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
eir
s
ch
o
o
l o
r
co
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r
s
e
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
,
s
u
ch
a
s
f
u
lf
illi
n
g
r
esear
ch
task
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
teac
h
er
'
s
d
em
an
d
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
th
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
-
q
u
alitativ
e
m
eth
o
d
,
wh
ich
allo
wed
it
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
r
esp
o
n
s
es
an
d
ex
tr
ac
t
th
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
ca
teg
o
r
ies
th
at
g
u
id
e
th
eir
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
co
u
r
s
e:
h
ig
h
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
co
m
p
l
ex
ity
,
b
o
r
in
g
an
d
lab
o
r
io
u
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
clu
d
es
th
at
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
r
m
o
d
el
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
f
o
r
th
is
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
h
as
to
p
ay
atten
tio
n
to
d
id
ac
tic
teac
h
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
s
tr
en
g
th
en
g
en
er
ic
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
ass
o
ciate
d
with
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
in
ter
est
an
d
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
r
esear
ch
,
as
well
as in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
an
d
co
lleg
ial
wo
r
k
am
o
n
g
teac
h
e
r
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
t
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies,
s
o
m
e
h
av
e
tak
en
in
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t
th
e
n
ew
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ce
n
ar
io
g
en
er
ated
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
h
ea
lth
em
er
g
en
cy
,
wh
ich
h
as
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
Ma
r
v
i
y
an
i
an
d
E
r
m
an
[
1
1
]
o
n
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
s
cien
ce
lear
n
in
g
in
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
m
eth
o
d
d
ir
ec
te
d
to
5
s
cien
ce
teac
h
e
r
s
an
d
1
5
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
3
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
c
h
o
o
ls
in
W
atu
lim
o
,
co
n
clu
d
es
th
at
th
e
lear
n
in
g
o
f
s
k
ills
in
th
e
s
cien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
was
d
im
in
is
h
ed
m
ain
ly
in
h
y
p
o
th
esis
s
tatem
e
n
t,
d
ata
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
an
d
ex
p
er
im
en
t
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
r
esu
lts
in
m
an
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
n
o
t
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
im
m
e
d
iately
to
ac
tiv
ities
,
tim
e
is
s
h
o
r
ter
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
a
n
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
ar
e
d
iv
e
r
s
e.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
teac
h
er
s
h
av
e
n
o
t
b
ee
n
ab
le
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
in
th
eir
m
ater
ials
an
d
wo
r
k
s
h
ee
ts
m
ater
ial
o
n
s
cien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ills
.
L
ik
ewise,
th
e
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Sab
ir
o
v
a
an
d
Z
a
k
ir
o
v
a
[
1
2
]
s
o
u
g
h
t
t
o
v
e
r
if
y
th
e
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
in
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
2
1
1
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
9
teac
h
er
s
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
r
o
m
th
r
ee
s
ch
o
o
ls
o
f
Kaz
an
in
T
atar
s
tan
,
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
th
e
R
u
s
s
ian
Fed
er
atio
n
,
p
ar
ticip
ated
.
Fo
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
ex
tr
ac
u
r
r
icu
la
r
ac
tiv
ities
wer
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
teac
h
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
to
th
e
y
o
u
n
g
e
r
o
n
es.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
th
e
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ic
al
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
o
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
s
k
ills
in
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
at
th
e
s
tag
es o
f
ad
ap
tatio
n
,
m
aster
y
an
d
s
elf
-
r
ea
lizatio
n
.
T
o
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
s
cien
tific
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ills
o
f
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
Har
ja
a
n
d
Sin
ag
a
[
1
3
]
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
a
v
e
r
ag
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
a
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
in
T
ap
ak
tu
an
(
I
n
d
o
n
esia)
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
is
v
er
y
lo
w.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
is
q
u
alitativ
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
d
th
e
m
u
ltip
le
-
ch
o
ice
test
was
ap
p
lied
to
ass
ess
th
ese
s
k
ills
an
d
co
n
clu
d
es
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
lev
e
l
f
ailed
to
e
x
ce
l
in
th
e
h
ig
h
ca
teg
o
r
y
(
0
%);
in
th
e
in
ter
m
ed
i
ate
ca
teg
o
r
y
,
o
n
ly
2
5
%
an
d
i
n
th
e
l
o
w
ca
teg
o
r
y
7
5
%.
T
h
e
m
ain
d
ef
icien
cy
is
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
th
e
s
k
ills
o
f
ask
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
p
lan
n
in
g
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
ts
an
d
a
p
p
ly
in
g
co
n
ce
p
ts
;
wh
ile
in
o
th
e
r
ca
teg
o
r
ies
s
u
ch
as
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
h
y
p
o
th
esis
o
r
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
v
ar
iab
l
es
th
ey
d
o
ac
h
iev
e
en
o
u
g
h
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
s
cien
tific
s
k
ills
ar
e
s
till
lo
w,
o
n
ly
r
ea
ch
in
g
an
av
er
ag
e
o
f
4
8
.
9
%.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Desig
n
o
f a
n
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
l p
la
tf
o
r
m
b
a
s
ed
o
n
a
n
in
n
o
va
tive
m
o
d
el
o
f
… (
La
b
eria
n
o
A
n
d
r
a
d
e
-
A
r
en
a
s
)
2003
Ab
o
u
t
th
is
,
Su
n
y
o
n
o
[
1
4
]
co
n
d
u
cted
a
s
tu
d
y
with
9
th
g
r
ad
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
2
0
1
6
/2
0
1
7
ac
a
d
e
m
ic
y
ea
r
in
I
n
d
o
n
esian
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
er
e
1
2
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
s
u
r
v
ey
ed
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
s
cien
tific
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ills
in
p
r
o
v
in
cial
s
tu
d
en
ts
a
r
e
lo
w
f
o
r
all
in
d
icato
r
s
(
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
,
class
if
y
in
g
,
p
r
e
d
ictin
g
,
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatin
g
)
.
B
esid
es,
th
e
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
No
v
i
tasar
i
an
d
Am
in
atu
n
[
1
5
]
ai
m
ed
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
s
cien
tific
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ills
o
f
p
u
b
lic
-
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
Keb
u
m
en
r
e
g
en
cy
ab
o
u
t
th
e
to
p
i
c
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
o
llu
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
1
5
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
class
XI
in
SMAN
Keb
u
m
en
r
eg
e
n
c
y
an
d
th
e
f
o
r
m
test
tech
n
iq
u
e
with
ess
ay
ty
p
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
was
u
s
ed
.
Fro
m
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
it
was
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
c
ien
tific
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ills
f
o
r
th
e
class
if
ic
atio
n
in
d
icato
r
o
b
tain
ed
7
0
.
1
2
%;
5
6
.
7
5
%
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
r
awin
g
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
in
d
icato
r
;
6
6
.
5
% f
o
r
th
e
d
r
awin
g
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
ca
teg
o
r
y
an
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
in
d
icato
r
s
6
7
.
7
5
%.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
ies
in
th
is
f
ield
s
h
o
w
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
in
ap
p
ly
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
an
d
ac
tiv
ities
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
at
s
ch
o
o
l
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
s
cien
tific
wr
itin
g
.
I
n
th
at
s
en
s
e,
th
e
ca
u
s
al
-
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Palin
es a
n
d
C
r
u
z
[
1
6
]
aim
e
d
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
o
f
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
a
Natio
n
al
Hig
h
Sch
o
o
l
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
u
n
d
er
th
e
s
cien
ce
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
(
STE
P).
Mo
r
e
p
r
ec
is
ely
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ated
t
h
e
f
ac
to
r
s
t
h
at
f
ac
ilit
ate
an
d
h
in
d
er
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
ab
ilit
y
to
wr
ite
an
d
p
r
esen
t
s
cien
tific
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
,
in
ter
m
s
o
f
wr
itin
g
,
is
p
er
ce
iv
ed
as
g
o
o
d
;
h
o
wev
er
,
t
h
e
p
r
ese
n
tatio
n
o
f
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
was
p
er
ce
iv
ed
as
f
air
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
teac
h
er
,
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
a
d
m
in
i
s
tr
ativ
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
n
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
.
An
o
th
er
in
ter
esti
n
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
Z
er
-
K
av
o
d
[
1
7
]
wh
ich
aim
ed
to
d
esig
n
an
d
ex
am
in
e
a
teac
h
in
g
a
n
d
lea
r
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
b
ased
o
n
ad
ap
ted
p
r
im
a
r
y
liter
atu
r
e
ca
lle
d
“
SW
I
M
,
”
wh
ich
s
tan
d
s
f
o
r
“
Scien
ce
wr
itin
g
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
m
o
d
el
.
”
T
h
e
aim
is
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
th
e
s
cien
tific
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
o
f
b
io
lo
g
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
a
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
i
n
I
s
r
ae
l.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
a
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
d
esig
n
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
c
o
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
f
o
u
r
p
h
ases
:
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
ase
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
in
q
u
ir
y
-
b
ased
wr
itin
g
in
b
io
lo
g
y
class
.
I
n
p
h
ase
I
I
,
th
e
p
r
i
n
cip
les
wer
e
d
ef
in
e
d
an
d
th
e
te
ac
h
in
g
-
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
was
d
esig
n
ed
.
T
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
p
h
as
e
I
I
I
.
I
n
p
h
ase
I
V,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
d
esig
n
wer
e
ev
alu
ated
a
n
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
wer
e
elab
o
r
ated
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
t
h
is
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
in
d
icate
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
lack
th
e
g
en
r
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
wr
ite
an
in
q
u
ir
y
p
r
o
ject
r
e
p
o
r
t.
Als
o
,
teac
h
er
s
p
r
esen
t
d
i
f
f
i
cu
lties
in
teac
h
in
g
s
cien
tific
wr
itin
g
.
Stu
d
en
ts
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
co
n
ten
t
an
d
n
o
t
o
n
th
e
g
en
r
e
o
f
th
e
ar
ticle,
wh
ich
is
n
o
t
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
cien
tific
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
.
Fro
m
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
is
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
o
d
el
,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ated
th
at
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
ar
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
an
d
s
h
ar
ed
am
o
n
g
th
e
teac
h
er
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
wh
ich
en
a
b
l
es
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
ev
en
tu
ally
th
e
s
o
cializa
tio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
way
s
o
f
k
n
o
win
g
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
with
in
th
e
d
is
cip
lin
e.
L
ik
ewi
s
e,
th
e
teac
h
in
g
o
f
wr
itin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
s
elf
-
r
eg
u
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es sh
o
u
l
d
b
e
tak
en
in
t
o
ac
co
u
n
t.
I
n
Per
u
,
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
b
y
law
to
f
o
llo
w
s
tr
ict
g
u
i
d
elin
es
o
n
f
o
s
ter
in
g
r
esear
ch
.
A
s
a
r
esu
lt,
r
esear
ch
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
an
in
d
is
p
en
s
ab
le
elem
en
t
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
is
a
r
ticle
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
t
h
e
tech
n
iq
u
es
a
p
r
i
v
ate
in
s
titu
tio
n
in
L
im
a
h
as
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
o
f
its
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
v
ir
tu
al
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
y
o
u
n
g
a
n
d
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
d
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
f
u
ll
-
tim
e
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
,
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
au
t
h
o
r
ities
h
as
m
a
d
e
th
is
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
T
h
ese
in
itiativ
es
h
av
e
s
im
p
lifie
d
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ject
co
m
p
letio
n
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
s
e
wo
r
k
s
ar
e
in
d
e
x
ed
in
Sco
p
u
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
th
esis
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
.
T
h
e
g
lo
b
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
d
u
s
tr
y
f
ac
ed
ch
allen
g
es
am
id
s
t
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
is
s
u
e
s
,
m
ea
s
u
r
es
wer
e
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
t
o
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
s
ea
m
less
lau
n
ch
o
f
v
ir
t
u
al
class
r
o
o
m
s
an
d
eq
u
ip
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
f
o
r
th
is
n
ew
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
A
tea
ch
er
tr
ain
i
n
g
p
ar
ad
i
g
m
was
d
ev
is
ed
,
u
tili
zin
g
v
ir
tu
al
co
u
r
s
es
with
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
asy
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
ese
c
o
u
r
s
es
co
v
e
r
v
a
r
io
u
s
to
p
ics
s
u
ch
as
less
o
n
p
lan
n
in
g
,
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
o
ls
,
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
d
esig
n
,
an
d
teac
h
er
in
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
es
wer
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
u
s
e
an
d
u
n
d
e
r
wen
t
in
itial
an
aly
s
is
,
a
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
p
o
s
al,
v
alid
atio
n
b
y
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
s
p
ec
ialis
ts
,
as we
ll a
s
a
s
u
r
v
ey
th
at
was a
p
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
y
8
5
.
5
% o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
.
Per
u
'
s
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Statu
te
3
0
2
2
0
m
an
d
ates
r
esear
ch
ce
n
t
er
s
f
o
r
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
to
b
e
lic
en
s
ed
an
d
ac
cr
ed
ited
.
A
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
an
in
v
en
tiv
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
co
n
n
e
ctin
g
co
m
p
u
ter
an
d
s
y
s
tem
s
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
r
esear
ch
to
th
e
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fiftee
n
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
w
er
e
in
ter
v
iewe
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
Ma
ltes
e
cr
o
s
s
an
d
s
o
f
t
s
y
s
tem
s
tech
n
iq
u
es,
an
d
AT
L
AS.ti
2
2
an
aly
ze
d
th
e
d
ata
[
2
0
]
.
Nin
ety
-
two
an
d
a
h
alf
p
e
r
ce
n
t
o
f
ex
p
er
ts
wh
o
ev
alu
ated
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
m
o
d
e
l
ag
r
ee
d
t
h
at
it
was
clea
r
,
co
h
er
en
t,
an
d
r
elev
a
n
t.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
r
esear
ch
co
u
r
s
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ir
s
t
to
th
e
last
s
em
ester
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
wh
en
im
p
lem
en
te
d
in
o
th
er
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
.
Stu
d
en
ts
p
er
ce
iv
e
m
ath
as d
if
f
icu
lt b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
way
it
i
s
o
f
ten
tau
g
h
t in
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
in
v
er
ted
class
r
o
o
m
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ca
n
ch
a
n
g
e
th
is
v
iew
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies.
R
esear
ch
o
n
elem
en
tar
y
m
ath
at
a
u
n
iv
er
s
it
y
in
Per
u
u
tili
ze
d
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
its
ef
f
ec
ts
b
etwe
en
2
2
7
p
u
p
ils
(
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
)
a
n
d
2
1
5
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
)
.
Aca
d
em
ic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
m
ath
em
atics
wer
e
ev
alu
ated
a
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
o
in
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
[
2
1
]
.
Su
b
s
tan
tial
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
wer
e
id
e
n
tifie
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
tatis
tical
test
s
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
o
n
th
e
d
ata,
th
u
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ted
cl
ass
r
o
o
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
2
0
0
0
-
2
0
2
1
2004
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
f
o
c
u
s
ed
th
eir
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
r
ee
m
a
in
lin
es
o
f
s
tu
d
y
.
On
t
h
e
o
n
e
h
an
d
,
th
e
r
e
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
th
eo
r
iz
e
o
n
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
ts
an
d
th
e
o
r
ies
o
f
s
cien
tific
th
o
u
g
h
t.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
ar
e
in
ter
ested
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
f
iles
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
an
d
f
in
ally
,
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
p
r
esen
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
in
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
in
ce
r
tain
s
u
b
jects.
Fr
o
m
th
is
,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ated
th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
cu
s
m
ain
ly
o
n
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
s
u
c
h
as
E
u
r
o
p
e
an
d
Asi
a;
h
o
wev
er
,
th
er
e
is
a
lack
o
f
s
tu
d
ies at
th
e
r
eg
io
n
al
an
d
Per
u
v
ian
le
v
els.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
er
e
is
n
o
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
c
u
r
r
icu
la
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
al
f
o
r
ar
ticu
latio
n
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
els,
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
.
Fo
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t stu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
es o
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
al
o
f
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
s
cien
tific
wr
itin
g
in
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
t
h
e
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
s
ec
to
r
at
th
e
n
atio
n
al
an
d
r
eg
io
n
al
lev
els.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
will
ad
o
p
t
a
n
e
x
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
a
n
d
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
n
o
n
-
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
d
esig
n
,
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
a
m
ix
ed
q
u
alitativ
e
-
q
u
an
titativ
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
m
ix
ed
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
ates
q
u
alitativ
e
an
d
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
s
,
en
a
b
lin
g
a
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
a
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
b
lem
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
t
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
ca
n
ad
d
r
ess
co
m
p
lex
is
s
u
es
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es,
wh
ich
b
r
o
ad
en
s
an
d
d
ee
p
en
s
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
tails
in
-
d
ep
th
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
an
d
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
d
ata
alo
n
g
s
id
e
th
e
co
llectio
n
an
d
an
aly
s
is
o
f
n
u
m
er
ical
d
ata
to
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
ely
ex
am
in
e
th
e
r
esear
ch
to
p
ic.
B
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
well
-
r
o
u
n
d
ed
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
b
o
th
q
u
al
itativ
e
n
u
an
ce
s
an
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
tr
en
d
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
will
allo
w
f
o
r
a
m
o
r
e
h
o
lis
tic
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
ject,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
u
n
d
er
s
tu
d
y
.
3
.
1
.
P
o
pu
la
t
io
n a
nd
s
a
m
ple
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
is
ce
n
ter
e
d
o
n
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
h
i
g
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
eir
f
o
u
r
th
an
d
f
if
th
y
ea
r
s
o
f
s
tu
d
y
,
tar
g
etin
g
an
a
g
e
g
r
o
u
p
ty
p
ically
ar
o
u
n
d
1
6
-
1
8
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
.
A
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
2
5
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
ese
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
r
a
d
e
lev
els
wa
s
ch
o
s
en
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
a
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
s
u
b
s
et
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
to
b
e
ex
am
i
n
ed
.
T
h
is
s
am
p
lin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
s
u
r
e
s
th
at
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
ap
p
ly
to
th
is
p
a
r
ticu
lar
s
eg
m
en
t
o
f
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
v
alu
a
b
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
eir
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
attitu
d
es,
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
[
2
3
]
.
3
.
2
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
co
ns
t
ruct
io
n
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
two
m
o
m
en
ts
f
o
r
wh
ic
h
two
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
wer
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
q
u
an
titativ
e
p
ar
t,
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
m
e
asu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
,
wh
ich
co
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o
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ee
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:
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itin
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ar
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m
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ic
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itin
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ter
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e.
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h
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s
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en
ts
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ief
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o
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air
e
[
2
4
]
.
3
.
3
.
Va
lid
a
t
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n a
nd
re
lia
bil
it
y
o
f
t
he
ins
t
rum
ent
3
.
3
.
1
.
Va
lid
a
t
io
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I
t
was
an
aly
ze
d
b
y
c
r
iter
ia
wh
er
e
r
elev
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will
b
e
(
R
)
co
h
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(
C
O)
an
d
clar
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(
C
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ap
p
ly
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g
Aik
en
V
co
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f
f
icien
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o
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th
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m
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s
t
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d
g
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ter
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an
0
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8
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f
o
r
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o
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ly
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g
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h
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n
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9
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8
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p
lace
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f
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an
al
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[
2
5
]
.
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ab
l
e
1
s
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ests
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in
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h
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e,
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item
with
th
e
h
i
g
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est
s
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is
“
Yo
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(
u
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f
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9
7
.
T
h
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in
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icate
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ate
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th
at
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wev
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“
C
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to
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7
5
,
in
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icatin
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id
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ay
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ased
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in
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9
4
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co
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with
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r
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atica
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
7
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8
Desig
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f a
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tio
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l p
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a
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tive
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… (
La
b
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o
A
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-
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r
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a
s
)
2005
r
u
les,
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
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f
s
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lid
ar
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m
en
ts
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u
s
e
o
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ef
f
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ter
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m
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ate
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m
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ated
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p
aid
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s
p
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citatio
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,
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d
th
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u
s
e
o
f
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eliab
le
s
o
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r
ce
s
.
T
h
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r
esu
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s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
o
s
e
ev
alu
ated
ar
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
wr
itin
g
q
u
ality
ac
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ts
,
tak
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to
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s
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m
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f
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it
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r
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t
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m
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in
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ey
asp
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,
wh
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in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
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p
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ts
ca
n
o
r
g
an
ize
t
h
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id
e
as
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
,
u
s
e
s
o
lid
ar
g
u
m
e
n
ts
an
d
m
ai
n
tain
h
i
g
h
s
tan
d
a
r
d
s
o
f
lin
g
u
is
tic
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d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
q
u
ality
in
th
ei
r
ar
g
u
m
en
tativ
e
te
x
ts
.
T
ab
le
1
.
R
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
i
o
n
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
I
t
e
ms
R
CO
C
M
e
a
n
Y
o
u
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
t
h
e
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
t
h
e
me
a
n
d
s
u
b
t
h
e
m
e
s
o
f
a
t
e
x
t
.
0
.
8
9
0
.
9
3
0
.
9
3
0
.
9
2
Y
o
u
u
s
e
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s (u
n
d
e
r
l
i
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
m
a
r
g
i
n
n
o
t
e
s)
f
o
r
t
e
x
t
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m
p
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e
h
e
n
si
o
n
.
0
.
9
6
0
.
9
6
1
0
.
9
7
Y
o
u
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
a
n
d
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
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h
a
r
a
c
t
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s
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n
t
h
e
st
o
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y
.
0
.
9
6
0
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8
9
0
.
9
3
0
.
9
2
Y
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a
r
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a
b
l
e
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a
w
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n
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l
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h
e
r
e
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d
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g
.
0
.
9
3
0
.
8
9
0
.
8
9
0
.
9
0
Y
o
u
c
a
n
r
a
i
se
q
u
e
st
i
o
n
s fr
o
m t
h
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r
e
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d
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g
.
0
.
8
9
0
.
9
6
0
.
9
3
0
.
9
2
Y
o
u
c
a
n
e
st
a
b
l
i
s
h
s
y
n
o
n
y
ms,
a
n
t
o
n
y
ms,
a
n
a
l
o
g
i
e
s
a
n
d
me
t
a
p
h
o
r
s f
o
r
sp
e
c
i
f
i
c
t
e
r
ms
y
o
u
h
a
v
e
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
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r
e
a
d
i
n
g
.
0
.
7
8
0
.
7
4
0
.
7
4
0
.
7
5
T
ab
le
2
.
W
r
itin
g
an
d
ar
g
u
m
en
tatio
n
d
im
en
s
io
n
I
t
e
ms
R
CO
C
M
e
a
n
Y
o
u
o
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g
a
n
i
z
e
t
h
e
i
d
e
a
s
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n
y
o
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r
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r
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t
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a
r
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r
a
p
h
s
.
0
.
9
3
0
.
8
9
0
.
8
9
0
.
9
0
Y
o
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c
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n
s
i
d
e
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g
r
a
mm
a
r
a
n
d
sp
e
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l
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n
g
r
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l
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s i
n
y
o
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r
a
c
a
d
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t
e
x
t
s
.
0
.
9
3
0
.
9
3
0
.
9
3
0
.
9
3
Y
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su
p
p
o
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t
y
o
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r
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d
e
a
s
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si
n
g
c
l
e
a
r
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n
d
c
o
h
e
r
e
n
t
a
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g
u
m
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s
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h
a
t
a
l
l
o
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y
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r
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h
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s
.
0
.
8
9
0
.
9
3
0
.
9
3
0
.
9
2
Y
o
u
u
s
e
c
o
u
n
t
e
r
a
r
g
u
me
n
t
s
t
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s
u
p
p
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r
p
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t
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n
.
0
.
9
6
0
.
9
3
0
.
9
3
0
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9
4
Y
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u
w
r
i
t
e
i
n
a
n
o
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d
e
r
l
y
ma
n
n
e
r
t
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e
se
q
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n
c
e
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f
a
n
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
v
e
t
e
x
t
(
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
,
d
e
v
e
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o
p
me
n
t
a
n
d
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o
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)
.
0
.
9
3
0
.
9
3
0
.
8
9
0
.
9
2
Y
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u
c
h
e
c
k
t
h
e
c
o
h
e
r
e
n
c
e
,
c
o
h
e
si
o
n
,
s
p
e
l
l
i
n
g
,
c
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t
a
t
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n
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itin
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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I
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t J E
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15
,
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wr
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3
.
3
.
2
.
Relia
bil
it
y
T
h
e
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eliab
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co
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f
f
icien
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in
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also
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ter
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0
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o
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1
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v
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clo
s
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to
1
in
d
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r
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[
2
6
]
.
A
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f
0
.
9
7
3
was o
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4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
4
.
1
.
Ana
ly
s
is
o
f
t
he
inte
rv
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T
h
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co
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in
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p
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ce
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s
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ed
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is
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tex
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ch
as
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'
tex
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es
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d
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e
g
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ap
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ical
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s
.
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e
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e
an
aly
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d
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in
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o
p
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a
m
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ata,
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o
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e
o
b
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e
n
o
m
en
a.
Fig
u
r
es
1
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2
,
a
n
d
3
illu
s
tr
ate
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e
r
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o
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ated
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Fig
u
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o
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ies in
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en
ts
allo
w
u
s
to
h
av
e
a
b
r
o
ad
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
in
ter
v
iew
co
n
d
u
cted
.
A
c
o
n
tr
ad
ictio
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
is
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
s
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
s
u
ch
a
s
an
n
o
tatio
n
s
,
an
d
u
n
d
er
lin
in
g
,
am
o
n
g
o
th
e
r
s
;
h
o
wev
er
,
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
ey
d
o
n
o
t
u
s
e
th
em
s
tr
ateg
ically
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
it
is
in
th
e
in
f
er
en
tial a
r
ea
wh
er
e
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
r
esen
t m
o
r
e
d
if
f
icu
lt
y
[
2
7
]
.
D6
:
On
e
o
f
th
e
a
r
ea
s
w
h
ere
th
ey
a
r
e
lo
w
est
is
in
u
n
d
ers
ta
n
d
in
g
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
s
o
th
ese
a
r
e
a
s
p
ec
ts
th
a
t
w
e
n
ee
d
to
w
o
r
k
h
a
r
d
er
o
n
.
Th
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
u
n
d
ers
ta
n
d
in
g
is
,
g
en
era
lly,
in
feren
tia
l
is
w
h
ere
it
i
s
mo
s
t
d
iffi
cu
lt
,
fo
r
ch
ild
r
en
to
b
e
a
b
le.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
o
v
id
ed
,
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
t
h
at
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
a
r
ea
s
wh
er
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
p
r
esen
t
th
e
g
r
ea
test
d
if
f
icu
lty
is
in
th
e
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
te
x
ts
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
in
t
h
e
in
f
er
e
n
tial
ar
ea
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
ey
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
m
ak
e
in
f
er
en
ce
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
ey
r
ea
d
,
wh
ich
li
m
its
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
f
u
lly
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
tex
t
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
q
u
ality
tex
ts
o
f
t
h
ei
r
o
wn
.
I
r
ao
la
-
R
ea
l
et
a
l.
[
2
8
]
also
ex
p
r
ess
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
i
n
ter
p
r
etin
g
tex
ts
f
r
o
m
r
e
g
u
lar
b
asic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
in
ce
in
th
is
way
th
ey
d
ev
el
o
p
th
eir
s
k
ills
an
d
ab
ilit
ies as a
b
asis
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
.
D7
:
N
o
w
,
in
terms
o
f
text
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
,
w
h
ere
w
e
h
a
ve
s
ee
n
in
r
ec
en
t
ye
a
r
s
th
a
t
s
tu
d
en
t
s
h
a
ve
h
a
d
g
r
ea
ter
d
iffi
cu
lty
in
q
u
esti
o
n
s
a
t a
n
in
f
eren
tia
l le
ve
l,
d
ed
u
ctio
n
q
u
est
io
n
s
.
D1
0
:
A
n
o
th
er
d
iffi
cu
lty
th
a
t
h
a
s
a
ls
o
b
ee
n
ev
id
e
n
t
is
th
a
t
th
ey
s
till
p
r
esen
t
p
r
o
b
le
ms
w
h
en
in
ferr
in
g
,
d
ed
u
cin
g
.
T
h
e
teac
h
er
s
'
co
m
m
e
n
ts
ag
r
e
e
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
d
if
f
icu
lti
es
in
in
f
er
e
n
tial
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
tex
ts
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
ey
h
av
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
m
ak
in
g
d
ed
u
ctio
n
s
an
d
in
f
e
r
en
ce
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
th
e
tex
t.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
it
is
d
if
f
icu
lt
f
o
r
t
h
em
to
g
o
b
e
y
o
n
d
wh
at
is
ex
p
licitly
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
th
e
tex
t,
wh
ich
lim
its
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
f
u
lly
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
m
ea
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
t
ex
t.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t'
s
in
f
er
en
tial
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
cc
u
r
s
wh
en
th
ey
u
s
e
th
e
id
ea
s
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
in
th
e
tex
t,
c
o
m
b
in
ed
with
th
eir
p
er
s
o
n
al
an
d
i
n
tu
itiv
e
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
,
to
f
o
r
m
u
late
h
y
p
o
th
eses
o
r
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
to
p
i
cs
th
ey
ar
e
r
ea
d
in
g
[
2
9
]
.
D1
0
:
Ho
w
ev
er,
s
o
me
d
iffi
cu
lties
h
a
ve
a
ls
o
b
ee
n
id
e
n
tifi
ed
,
fo
r
ex
a
mp
le,
w
h
en
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
in
g
th
eir
id
ea
s
o
r
ma
kin
g
s
u
mma
r
ies,
co
n
ce
p
t
ma
p
s
,
visu
a
l
o
r
g
a
n
iz
ers
w
ith
th
e
in
fo
r
ma
tio
n
fr
o
m
th
e
text,
it
is
ev
id
en
t
th
a
t
th
e
ma
jo
r
ity
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
t
ill
c
o
p
y
th
e
en
tir
e
p
a
r
a
g
r
a
p
h
o
r
co
mp
lete
s
en
ten
ce
s
to
d
ea
l
w
it
h
to
s
u
mma
r
iz
e;
Ho
w
ev
er,
it
is
kn
o
w
n
th
a
t
th
ey
s
h
o
u
ld
esta
b
lis
h
ke
ywo
r
d
s
s
o
th
a
t
th
ey
ca
n
,
in
th
is
w
a
y,
b
etter
u
n
d
ers
ta
n
d
th
e
text.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Desig
n
o
f a
n
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
l p
la
tf
o
r
m
b
a
s
ed
o
n
a
n
in
n
o
va
tive
m
o
d
el
o
f
… (
La
b
eria
n
o
A
n
d
r
a
d
e
-
A
r
en
a
s
)
2007
L
ik
ewise,
s
tu
d
en
ts
also
h
av
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
o
r
g
an
izi
n
g
id
ea
s
l
o
g
ically
an
d
co
h
e
r
en
tly
in
a
t
ex
t.
T
h
ey
f
ail
to
id
en
tify
th
e
m
ain
id
ea
s
an
d
ex
p
r
ess
th
em
in
th
eir
o
wn
wo
r
d
s
,
wh
ich
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
eir
wr
itin
g
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
y
d
o
n
o
t
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
to
o
ls
s
u
ch
as
co
n
ce
p
t
m
ap
s
to
o
r
g
a
n
ize
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
th
e
tex
t.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
er
e
is
a
ten
d
en
cy
to
co
p
y
v
er
b
atim
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
tex
t
wh
en
m
ak
in
g
s
u
m
m
ar
ies
o
r
co
n
ce
p
t
m
ap
s
.
T
h
is
in
d
ica
tes
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
n
o
t
p
r
o
c
ess
in
g
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
ee
p
ly
an
d
ar
e
n
o
t
u
s
in
g
th
eir
o
wn
wo
r
d
s
to
e
x
p
r
ess
th
e
id
ea
s
in
t
h
e
tex
t.
Stu
d
en
ts
f
ac
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
e
in
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
,
esp
ec
ially
i
n
th
e
in
f
er
e
n
tial
ar
ea
.
T
h
is
ar
ea
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
esen
ts
o
b
s
tacle
s
f
o
r
th
em
to
m
a
k
e
in
f
er
en
ce
s
an
d
d
e
d
u
ctio
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
esen
t
in
th
e
tex
t,
wh
ich
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
li
m
its
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
f
u
lly
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
it
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
q
u
ality
tex
ts
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
in
f
er
en
tial
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
also
ex
p
er
ien
ce
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
r
g
an
izin
g
th
eir
id
e
as
lo
g
ically
an
d
co
h
e
r
en
tly
,
wh
ich
n
eg
a
tiv
ely
im
p
ac
ts
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
eir
wr
itin
g
.
Ad
d
e
d
to
th
is
i
s
th
e
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies s
u
ch
as u
n
d
er
lin
in
g
an
d
n
o
te
-
tak
in
g
,
wh
ich
ar
e
n
o
t
u
s
ed
s
tr
ateg
ically
,
wh
ich
f
u
r
th
er
lim
it
s
th
eir
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
te
x
t.
Sev
er
al
ex
p
e
r
ts
ag
r
ee
th
at
th
e
co
o
r
d
i
n
ated
u
s
e
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
s
tr
ateg
ies,
s
u
ch
as
u
n
d
er
lin
i
n
g
,
an
n
o
tatio
n
s
,
h
y
p
o
th
esis
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
,
r
ef
lectio
n
,
a
n
d
s
u
m
m
ar
izin
g
,
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
ar
g
u
m
e
n
tativ
e
tex
ts
.
T
h
ey
em
p
h
asize
th
at
t
h
e
co
m
b
in
ati
o
n
o
f
th
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
an
d
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
te
x
tu
al
s
u
p
er
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
f
a
v
o
r
in
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
s
u
ch
tex
ts
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
Fin
ally
,
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
s
u
m
m
ar
izin
g
an
d
cr
ea
tin
g
co
n
ce
p
t
m
a
p
s
.
I
n
s
tead
o
f
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
an
d
u
s
in
g
th
eir
o
wn
wo
r
d
s
,
th
e
y
ten
d
to
co
p
y
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
tex
t,
wh
ich
s
h
o
ws
a
lack
o
f
d
ee
p
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
co
n
te
n
t.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
2
0
0
0
-
2
0
2
1
2008
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
o
f
wr
itin
g
an
d
ar
g
u
m
en
t
atio
n
,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
th
e
s
u
b
ca
teg
o
r
ies
o
f
wr
itin
g
an
d
a
r
g
u
m
en
tatio
n
.
W
ith
in
th
is
ca
teg
o
r
y
,
th
er
e
is
s
til
l
a
n
o
ticea
b
le
n
ee
d
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
p
ellin
g
,
p
r
o
p
e
r
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
,
an
d
th
e
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
o
f
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
d
e
v
elo
p
th
em
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
in
ter
m
s
o
f
ar
g
u
m
en
tatio
n
,
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
p
ar
tially
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
th
eir
ar
g
u
m
en
tat
iv
e
s
k
ills
.
Ho
wev
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s
o
m
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s
tu
d
en
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co
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ter
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if
f
icu
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ely
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h
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al
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f
a
co
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ar
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t
is
n
o
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to
d
ef
en
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o
n
e'
s
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
b
u
t
to
ch
allen
g
e
th
at
o
f
th
e
o
th
er
.
T
h
e
s
p
ea
k
e
r
m
u
s
t
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
o
th
er
'
s
o
p
in
io
n
as u
n
ac
ce
p
tab
le
an
d
b
eliev
e
t
h
at
th
ey
h
av
e
s
o
lid
ar
g
u
m
en
ts
to
co
n
tr
a
d
ict
it
[
3
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
W
r
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ar
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p
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if
ic
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f
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im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
ea
ch
s
tu
d
en
t'
s
wr
itin
g
.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
in
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
,
t
h
er
e
is
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
k
ill
lev
els
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
W
h
ile
s
o
m
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
p
ar
tial
m
aster
y
in
co
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
s
o
lid
ar
g
u
m
e
n
ts
,
o
th
er
s
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
d
ef
en
d
th
ei
r
id
ea
s
co
n
v
i
n
cin
g
ly
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
is
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
o
f
f
er
in
g
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
al
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ar
g
u
m
en
tativ
e
s
k
ills
,
s
u
ch
as
id
en
tify
in
g
r
elev
a
n
t
ev
id
en
ce
,
lo
g
ical
ar
g
u
m
en
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
an
d
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
co
u
n
ter
-
ar
g
u
e
in
a
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
an
d
r
esp
ec
tf
u
l m
an
n
er
.
D6
:
I
n
th
a
t
s
en
s
e,
I
th
in
k
th
a
t
s
o
meth
in
g
th
a
t
h
a
s
b
ee
n
imp
leme
n
ted
la
s
t
ye
a
r
b
y
b
ein
g
a
b
le
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
a
te
th
is
s
cien
tifi
c
w
r
it
in
g
co
u
r
s
e
h
a
s
mea
n
t
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
kid
s
ca
n
a
ls
o
w
a
ke
u
p
to
w
h
a
t
a
ma
tr
ix
is
,
w
h
a
t
va
r
ia
b
les
a
r
e,
a
n
d
th
ey
h
a
ve
i
n
clu
d
ed
m
o
r
e
la
n
g
u
a
g
e.
a
n
d
th
ey
h
a
ve
b
ee
n
n
o
u
r
is
h
ed
b
y
th
a
t,
b
u
t
p
er
h
a
p
s
th
ey
h
a
ve
a
ls
o
s
ee
n
it
a
s
ve
r
y
co
mp
lex
a
n
d
w
h
en
th
ey
s
ee
it
a
s
ve
r
y
co
mp
lex.
[
…]
tw
o
th
in
g
s
h
a
p
p
en
:
eith
er
w
e
r
ejec
t it
o
u
tr
ig
h
t b
ec
a
u
s
e
w
e
s
a
y
I
a
m
g
o
in
g
to
fa
il h
ere
o
r
I
s
ee
it a
s
a
ch
a
llen
g
e.
D8
:
Th
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
is
th
a
t
th
ey
a
r
e
crea
tive
,
th
ey
fo
llo
w
th
e
d
id
a
ctic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
te
r
ms
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
th
ey
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
p
la
n
n
in
g
,
th
ey
a
r
e
ve
r
y
mo
tiva
tin
g
in
th
is
.
B
u
t
th
ere
i
s
s
t
ill
a
n
e
ed
to
r
ein
fo
r
ce
,
fo
r
ex
a
mp
le,
in
th
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
a
n
d
co
h
eren
ce
o
f th
eir id
ea
s
w
h
en
w
r
itin
g
,
th
e
lo
g
ica
l o
r
d
er
in
g
r
a
mma
r
,
fo
r
ex
a
mp
le,
a
ls
o
to
r
ein
fo
r
ce
th
ese
s
p
ellin
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
a
lth
o
u
g
h
th
ey
ma
n
a
g
e
th
e
s
p
ellin
g
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u
les,
th
ey
s
till
n
ee
d
to
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ein
fo
r
ce
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em.
T
ex
ts
D6
an
d
D8
ag
r
ee
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
n
ee
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
eir
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
teac
h
er
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
s
cien
tific
wr
itin
g
c
o
u
r
s
e
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
co
n
c
ep
ts
s
u
ch
as
m
atr
ix
an
d
v
a
r
iab
les,
an
d
f
o
r
t
h
em
to
ex
p
a
n
d
t
h
eir
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
ig
h
t
f
in
d
th
e
c
o
u
r
s
e
co
m
p
lex
,
wh
ich
co
u
ld
lead
th
em
to
r
ejec
t
it
o
r
v
iew
it
as
a
ch
allen
g
e.
O
n
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
s
p
ec
if
ic
ar
ea
s
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
in
wh
ich
s
tu
d
en
ts
n
ee
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e,
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
s
e
q
u
en
ce
a
n
d
co
h
er
en
ce
o
f
id
ea
s
wh
en
wr
itin
g
[
2
9
]
,
lo
g
ical
o
r
d
e
r
in
g
r
am
m
ar
,
an
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
o
r
th
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
D9
:
I
n
th
e
r
ev
is
io
n
a
n
d
c
o
r
r
ec
tio
n
,
a
lth
o
u
g
h
it
is
tr
u
e
th
ere
is
p
r
o
g
r
es
s
,
b
u
t
d
eficien
cies
w
i
th
r
esp
ec
t
to
s
p
ellin
g
,
u
s
in
g
co
n
n
ec
to
r
s
w
ell,
a
n
d
p
u
n
ctu
a
tio
n
ma
r
ks,
th
ere
a
r
e
ve
r
y
few
s
tu
d
en
ts
w
h
o
d
o
ma
n
a
g
e
a
d
eq
u
a
te
w
r
itin
g
,
b
u
t m
a
n
y
s
till
h
a
ve
ma
n
y
d
is
a
d
va
n
t
a
g
es.
D1
0
:
Ho
w
ev
er,
s
o
me
d
iffi
cu
lties
a
ls
o
a
r
is
e,
s
u
ch
a
s
s
p
ellin
g
err
o
r
s
ev
en
in
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l,
a
ls
o
in
terms
o
f
th
e
co
h
esio
n
o
f
th
e
id
ea
s
th
ey
mu
s
t
h
a
ve
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
u
n
ctu
a
t
io
n
ma
r
ks,
k
n
o
w
in
g
w
h
e
n
a
n
i
d
ea
is
fin
is
h
ed
,
kn
o
w
in
g
w
h
en
We
mu
s
t
s
u
d
d
e
n
ly
u
s
e
th
e
co
mma
,
th
e
s
emic
o
lo
n
,
s
o
th
a
t
it
ca
n
h
a
ve
mu
ch
mo
r
e
s
en
s
e
a
n
d
p
r
ec
is
ely
co
h
esio
n
a
n
d
c
o
h
ere
n
ce
in
terms
o
f th
e
text;
Th
o
s
e
a
r
e
th
e
ma
in
d
iffi
cu
lties
.
C
o
m
m
en
ts
D9
an
d
D1
0
r
ev
e
al
th
at
th
e
wr
itin
g
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
b
o
th
p
r
im
ar
y
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
,
p
r
esen
ts
d
ef
icien
cies
in
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
t
s
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
s
p
ellin
g
e
r
r
o
r
s
,
in
ad
eq
u
ate
u
s
e
o
f
co
n
n
ec
to
r
s
to
co
n
n
ec
t
id
ea
s
,
d
if
f
icu
lties
with
p
u
n
ctu
atio
n
an
d
p
o
o
r
wr
itin
g
in
g
en
er
al,
with
p
o
o
r
ly
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
ed
s
en
ten
ce
s
an
d
lack
o
f
clar
ity
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
tex
ts
ar
e
n
o
t
alwa
y
s
co
h
esiv
e
an
d
co
h
er
e
n
t,
wh
ich
m
ak
es
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
d
if
f
icu
lt.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
co
n
n
ec
to
r
s
as
co
m
m
o
n
to
o
ls
to
u
n
if
y
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
an
d
in
itiate
n
ew
p
ar
a
g
r
ap
h
s
ca
n
p
r
esen
t
ce
r
tain
ch
allen
g
es
[
3
3
]
.
D
3
:
R
eg
a
r
d
in
g
t
h
e
d
ev
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
o
f
a
r
g
u
m
en
t
a
t
i
ve
s
k
i
l
l
s
,
I
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
p
r
o
g
r
e
s
s
,
I
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
a
b
le
t
o
l
i
s
t
e
n
to
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
a
t
th
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
ma
k
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
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