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s
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ty
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n
d
lo
w
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s
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f
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d
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h
a
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e
r
a
tes
[
1
]
.
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,
[
3
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.
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u
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o
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b
a
tte
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p
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i
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d
[
4
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,
[
5
]
.
T
h
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e
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tili
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ex
te
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s
i
v
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ly
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a
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ti
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a
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s
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m
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tr
ati
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t
h
ei
r
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d
ap
ta
b
il
it
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a
n
d
l
o
n
g
ev
it
y
.
Ne
v
e
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t
h
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less
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t
h
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m
a
y
d
et
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i
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ate
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n
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c
h
t
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at
a
b
at
te
r
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
en
t s
y
s
t
em
(
B
MS
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w
ill
h
a
v
e
t
o
b
e
u
s
e
d
i
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
s
o
l
v
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t
h
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is
s
u
es
.
A
B
M
S
is
a
cr
u
cial
co
m
p
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en
t
o
f
m
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tr
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d
ev
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f
r
o
m
th
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s
m
allest
to
th
e
lar
g
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s
u
ch
as
elec
tr
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v
eh
icle
(
E
V)
b
atter
ies.
I
t
m
ain
tain
s
th
e
s
af
ety
an
d
p
er
f
o
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m
an
ce
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tem
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d
al
s
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atter
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n
d
itio
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esti
m
ates,
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ll
b
alan
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an
d
th
er
m
al
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
[
6
]
.
B
MSs
s
h
o
u
ld
m
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n
ito
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an
d
r
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u
late
ch
ar
ac
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is
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s
u
ch
as
s
tate
o
f
ch
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g
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(
SOC
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s
ta
te
o
f
h
ea
lth
(
SOH)
,
cu
r
r
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n
t,
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an
d
tem
p
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r
atu
r
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o
f
th
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atter
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ce
lls
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
A
m
o
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g
th
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f
ea
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r
es,
SOC
esti
m
atio
n
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
o
r
b
att
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life
esti
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,
ch
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t
an
d
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ll
b
alan
cin
g
d
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r
in
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
[
9
]
.
A
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
tili
zin
g
o
p
en
-
ci
r
cu
it
v
o
ltag
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(
OC
V)
lo
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k
u
p
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d
ad
d
itio
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a
l m
ac
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in
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lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els th
at
wer
e
a
b
le
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
SOC
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
f
r
o
m
a
B
MS
its
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[
1
0
]
.
C
lo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
a
n
d
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
ar
e
b
e
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lo
o
k
e
d
in
to
to
e
n
h
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ce
t
h
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ir
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p
ab
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th
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ap
p
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an
ag
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b
atter
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Sev
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s
tr
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s
u
ch
as
m
o
d
el
p
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tr
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l
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MPC
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,
h
av
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m
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atter
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s
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ly
,
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a
tter
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s
p
an
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d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
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8
8
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6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
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&
Dr
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s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
5
:
35
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44
36
ef
f
icien
cy
[
1
1
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.
A
p
r
o
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in
[
1
2
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in
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ates
wh
eth
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atter
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g
y
lev
els.
A
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
b
at
ter
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
a
n
d
life
tim
e
s
u
ch
th
at
m
an
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
n
ef
it f
r
o
m
t
h
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
B
MS
in
to
th
e
d
esig
n
s
u
ch
as sh
o
wn
in
[
1
3
]
was d
esig
n
ed
.
T
h
e
B
MS
d
esig
n
h
as
th
r
ee
m
ai
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
,
b
alan
cin
g
an
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
.
A
well
-
d
esig
n
ed
B
MS
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ab
le
to
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e,
cu
r
r
en
t,
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e,
SO
C
,
SOH
,
an
d
p
o
wer
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
in
wh
i
ch
it
is
b
ein
g
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
.
T
h
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
with
in
a
B
MS
m
o
n
ito
r
s
v
o
ltag
e,
cu
r
r
en
t,
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
,
an
d
p
o
te
n
tial r
is
k
o
f
f
ir
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t c
h
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
cy
cles.
C
ell
b
alan
cin
g
is
es
s
en
tial
f
o
r
s
er
ies
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
s
to
m
ain
tain
v
o
ltag
es
an
d
ch
ar
g
e
ca
p
ac
ities
.
I
t
im
p
r
o
v
es
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
to
ler
an
ce
s
an
d
c
ell
s
elf
-
d
is
ch
ar
g
e,
ex
ten
d
in
g
th
e
b
atter
y
life
an
d
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
ce
lls
[
1
4
]
-
[
1
9
]
.
A
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
b
o
t
h
ac
tiv
e
an
d
p
ass
iv
e
ce
ll
b
alan
cin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es is
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
As th
e
p
ap
er
s
u
g
g
ests
,
th
e
p
r
o
ject
was c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
in
g
p
ass
iv
e
ce
ll
b
alan
cin
g
in
wh
ich
t
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
im
p
le
r
esis
to
r
s
in
an
elec
tr
ic
cir
cu
it
t
o
b
alan
ce
th
e
v
o
ltag
es
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
b
atter
y
,
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
o
v
er
c
h
ar
g
in
g
an
d
u
n
d
er
-
d
is
ch
a
r
g
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
esis
to
r
s
d
is
s
ip
ate
ex
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
in
to
h
ea
t
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
m
ain
tain
th
e
b
atter
y
ce
ll v
o
ltag
e
in
p
ass
iv
e
b
alan
cin
g
wh
ich
th
is
m
eth
o
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
life
ex
p
ec
tan
cy
.
T
h
e
B
MS
is
es
s
en
tial
to
ev
er
y
s
y
s
tem
b
ec
au
s
e
it
m
ax
im
izes
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
en
s
u
r
es
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
af
ety
in
wh
ich
a
B
MS
is
cr
u
c
ial
to
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
s
af
ety
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
[
2
1
]
-
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
ese
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
v
o
ltag
e,
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
ar
e
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
wh
ile
s
af
ety
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
b
atter
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
2
5
]
.
An
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
e
in
win
d
-
b
atter
y
-
ass
is
ted
h
y
b
r
id
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
s
y
s
tem
s
in
clu
d
es
a
co
n
tr
o
ller
th
at
r
eg
u
lates
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
e/
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
cy
cles
an
d
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
th
at
p
r
e
v
en
ts
o
v
er
lo
a
d
an
d
d
ee
p
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
an
d
m
ain
tain
s
s
m
o
o
th
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
,
a
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
iz
e
d
B
M
S
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
.
I
n
a
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
i
z
e
d
B
MS
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
,
o
n
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
u
n
i
t
o
v
e
r
s
e
es
al
l
b
at
t
e
r
y
p
a
c
k
c
el
l
s
,
w
h
ic
h
m
a
k
es
it
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
m
p
l
es
t
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
.
T
h
e
a
r
t
i
cl
e
i
s
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
e
d
a
s
f
o
l
l
o
ws
:
i
)
T
h
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
d
e
s
i
g
n
a
r
e
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
s
ec
t
i
o
n
2
;
t
h
e
n
i
n
i
i
)
S
e
c
ti
o
n
3
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
B
M
S
d
e
s
i
g
n
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
t
e
s
t
e
d
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
,
c
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
i
n
g
t
o
e
a
c
h
o
f
i
t
s
m
a
i
n
f
u
n
c
t
io
n
s
;
i
i
i
)
I
n
s
e
c
ti
o
n
4
,
t
h
e
t
es
t
r
e
s
u
lt
s
w
il
l
b
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
e
d
i
n
d
e
t
a
il
f
o
r
ea
c
h
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
o
b
j
e
c
ti
v
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
B
M
S
,
s
u
c
h
as
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
,
b
a
l
a
n
c
i
n
g
a
n
d
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
;
a
n
d
f
i
n
a
l
l
y
,
i
v
)
T
h
e
c
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
a
n
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
w
o
r
k
s
a
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
i
n
s
ec
t
i
o
n
5
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Pas
s
iv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
v
s
ac
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
[
2
0
]
A
sp
e
c
t
P
a
ssi
v
e
c
e
l
l
b
a
l
a
n
c
i
n
g
A
c
t
i
v
e
c
e
l
l
b
a
l
a
n
c
i
n
g
P
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
M
a
k
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
sh
u
n
t
r
e
si
s
t
o
r
t
o
d
i
ss
i
p
a
t
e
s
e
x
c
e
ss
e
n
e
r
g
y
t
o
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
c
e
l
l
's
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
o
r
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
s
t
h
a
t
h
e
l
p
s
i
n
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
r
i
n
g
e
n
e
r
g
y
f
r
o
m
h
i
g
h
e
r
t
o
l
o
w
e
r
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
e
l
l
s
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
Lo
w
e
r
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
d
u
e
t
o
e
n
e
r
g
y
l
o
ss
a
s h
e
a
t
H
i
g
h
e
r
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
a
s
e
n
e
r
g
y
i
s
d
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
c
e
l
l
s
C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
S
i
mp
l
e
d
e
si
g
n
w
i
t
h
f
e
w
e
r
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
t
o
b
e
i
mp
l
e
me
n
t
e
d
M
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
r
y
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
me
n
t
s
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
s
y
st
e
m
C
o
s
t
N
o
r
mal
l
y
l
o
w
e
r
c
o
s
t
d
u
e
l
e
ss
e
r
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
H
i
g
h
e
r
c
o
s
t
d
u
e
t
o
mu
c
h
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
sy
s
t
e
m
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
S
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
h
a
t
i
s
b
u
d
g
e
t
c
o
n
sc
i
o
u
s
U
sed
i
n
h
i
g
h
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
s
y
st
e
m
t
h
a
t
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
i
s c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
st
M
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
S
i
mp
l
e
r
t
o
ma
i
n
t
a
i
n
a
n
d
l
o
w
e
r
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
c
o
st
R
e
q
u
i
r
e
s m
o
r
e
ma
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
e
r
c
o
s
t
d
u
e
t
o
i
t
s
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
2.
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
2
.
1
.
P
r
o
po
s
ed
B
M
S
des
ig
n
A
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
ce
n
tr
alize
d
B
MS
h
as
b
ee
n
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
th
is
p
r
o
ject
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
im
p
licity
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e.
T
h
ese
s
ec
tio
n
s
wi
ll
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
d
etailed
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
v
ar
i
o
u
s
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
e
d
e
s
ig
n
an
d
ac
t
as
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
ll
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
o
f
th
e
B
MS.
Fig
u
r
e
1
b
elo
w
is
a
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
th
at
was im
p
lem
en
ted
,
as it
s
h
o
ws th
e
f
u
lly
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
B
MS
d
esig
n
th
at
will in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ate
s
o
m
e
ty
p
es
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
cu
r
r
en
t,
v
o
ltag
e,
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
a
n
d
h
u
m
id
ity
s
en
s
o
r
s
in
a
ce
n
tr
alize
d
B
MS
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
All
th
ese
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
will
b
e
c
o
n
n
ec
t
ed
d
ir
ec
tly
to
t
h
e
m
aster
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
,
i
n
wh
ich
a
n
o
d
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
u
n
it
(
No
d
eM
C
U
)
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
is
p
r
o
ject
an
d
wh
ich
will
l
ater
s
to
r
e
co
llected
d
ata
wh
ile
s
h
o
win
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
p
ar
am
eter
r
ea
d
in
g
s
o
n
th
e
o
r
g
an
ic
lig
h
t
-
em
itti
n
g
d
io
d
e
(
OL
E
D)
d
is
p
lay
.
2
.
2
.
P
r
o
po
s
ed
a
lg
o
rit
hm
o
f
t
he
B
M
S
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
was
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
m
ain
tain
in
g
r
ec
h
ar
g
ea
b
le
b
atter
y
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
lo
n
g
ev
ity
in
wh
ich
,
af
ter
in
itializin
g
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
,
th
e
ce
lls
'
v
o
ltag
e,
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
ar
e
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
an
d
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
th
e
m
ai
n
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
W
h
en
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
in
d
s
its
way
to
th
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
tag
e,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
B
a
tter
y
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t sys
tem
emp
lo
yin
g
p
a
s
s
ive
co
n
tr
o
l m
eth
o
d
(
Mu
h
a
ma
d
A
q
il Mu
q
r
i
Mu
h
a
ma
d
F
a
h
mi
)
37
it
b
alan
ce
s
th
e
ce
ll
s
wh
en
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
≥
4
.
1
V
af
ter
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
alu
e
an
d
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
en
,
ea
ch
ce
ll
r
ea
ch
es
its
ch
ar
g
in
g
lim
it
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
;
th
e
b
alan
cin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
will
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
th
e
b
a
tter
y
f
r
o
m
o
v
er
ch
ar
g
in
g
b
y
d
is
s
ip
atin
g
ex
tr
a
en
er
g
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
h
ea
t
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
b
alan
cin
g
r
esis
to
r
.
T
h
e
cr
ea
te
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
will
also
s
to
p
b
alan
cin
g
an
d
ch
ar
g
in
g
th
e
b
att
er
ies
if
ea
ch
ce
ll
's
v
o
ltag
es
s
u
r
p
ass
th
e
lim
it
s
et
b
ef
o
r
e.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
n
ab
les
a
B
MS
to
b
alan
ce
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
ce
lls
,
g
u
ar
an
teein
g
m
ax
im
u
m
b
atter
y
co
n
d
itio
n
a
n
d
a
lo
n
g
life
s
p
an
.
L
astl
y
,
i
n
t
h
e
s
et
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
h
ase,
th
e
ce
ll
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
will
m
o
n
ito
r
ce
ll
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
tr
ig
g
er
th
e
cu
to
f
f
m
ec
h
an
is
m
wh
en
it
f
alls
b
elo
w
≤
2
.
8
V,
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
an
y
f
u
r
t
h
er
o
v
er
-
d
is
ch
ar
g
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
B
MS
d
esig
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
B
MS
alg
o
r
ith
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
5
:
35
-
44
38
2
.
3
.
P
r
o
po
s
ed
B
M
S wo
rk
ing
princip
le
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
wo
r
k
in
g
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
atte
r
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
(
B
MS)
will
b
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
e
B
MS
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
r
ee
k
ey
f
u
n
cti
o
n
s
: m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
,
b
alan
cin
g
,
an
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
.
2
.
3
.
1
.
M
o
nito
ring
T
h
e
B
MS
s
h
o
u
l
d
ac
c
u
r
ate
ly
t
r
ac
k
a
n
d
m
e
asu
r
e
b
a
tte
r
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
et
r
i
cs
s
u
ch
t
h
at
t
h
es
e
v
a
r
i
ab
les
in
c
lu
d
e
v
o
lt
a
g
e
,
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
,
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e,
a
n
d
SOC
f
o
r
ea
c
h
o
f
t
h
e
b
at
te
r
i
es.
T
h
e
B
MS
ca
p
t
u
r
es
r
ea
l
-
t
im
e
d
ata
u
ti
lizi
n
g
h
i
g
h
-
p
r
ec
is
i
o
n
s
en
s
o
r
s
a
n
d
m
o
n
it
o
r
i
n
g
ci
r
c
u
i
ts
s
im
u
l
tan
e
o
u
s
ly
.
T
h
e
No
d
eM
C
U
E
S
P3
2
m
i
cr
o
co
n
t
r
o
ll
er
m
o
n
i
to
r
s
th
e
ce
l
l'
s
b
eh
av
i
o
r
a
n
d
g
at
h
er
s
h
u
m
i
d
it
y
d
a
ta
f
r
o
m
th
e
D
H1
1
s
e
n
s
o
r
,
w
h
i
c
h
a
cts
as
a
s
u
p
p
l
em
en
ta
r
y
s
en
s
o
r
if
n
e
e
d
e
d
t
o
b
e
im
p
l
em
e
n
te
d
i
n
a
n
y
h
u
m
i
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
To
m
o
n
it
o
r
c
ell
v
o
lta
g
e,
a
v
o
lta
g
e
d
i
v
i
d
e
r
ci
r
c
u
i
t
is
u
s
e
d
.
T
w
o
r
esis
t
o
r
s
att
ac
h
e
d
to
t
h
e
c
ell'
s
p
o
s
iti
v
e
a
n
d
n
e
g
at
iv
e
te
r
m
in
als
e
n
s
u
r
e
v
o
lta
g
e
l
ev
el
r
ea
d
i
n
g
s
f
it
wit
h
i
n
th
e
a
n
a
lo
g
-
to
-
d
i
g
i
tal
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
(
A
DC
)
A
DS1
1
1
5
'
s
1
6
-
b
i
t
p
r
e
cisi
o
n
.
ADC
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
s
v
o
l
ta
g
e
d
i
v
i
d
e
r
cir
c
u
it
a
n
al
o
g
v
o
l
ta
g
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
i
n
t
o
d
i
g
it
al
d
at
a
f
o
r
N
o
d
eM
C
U
E
SP
3
2
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
No
d
eM
C
U
E
SP
3
2
is
th
e
m
ain
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
win
g
to
i
ts
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
ea
s
e
an
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
.
I
t
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ce
ll
v
o
ltag
es
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
ADC.
Af
ter
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
u
s
in
g
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
d
iv
id
er
as
in
(
1
)
,
th
ese
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
o
n
t
h
e
OL
E
D
d
is
p
lay
f
o
r
ea
s
y
b
att
er
y
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
.
=
2
1
+
2
×
(
1
)
2
.
3
.
2
.
B
a
la
ncing
T
h
e
b
ala
n
cin
g
asp
ec
t
o
f
t
h
e
B
MS
is
a
s
im
p
le
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
th
at
u
tili
ze
s
th
e
b
leed
i
n
g
r
esis
to
r
s
to
d
is
s
ip
ate
ex
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
atter
i
es
wh
ile
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
u
n
til
ea
c
h
o
f
th
e
b
atter
ies
is
f
u
lly
ch
a
r
g
ed
.
T
h
e
b
atter
ies
wer
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
p
ar
allel,
a
n
d
ea
ch
b
atter
y
was
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
b
lee
d
in
g
r
esis
to
r
also
in
p
ar
allel
to
it.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
allo
ws f
o
r
th
e
d
i
s
s
ip
atio
n
o
f
ex
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
wh
en
th
e
b
atter
y
r
ea
ch
es a
ce
r
tain
v
o
ltag
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
wh
ich
is
s
et
b
y
th
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
i
n
E
SP
3
2
MCU.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
b
leed
in
g
r
esis
to
r
is
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
way
f
o
r
t
h
e
ex
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
to
f
l
o
w
an
d
b
e
d
is
s
ip
ated
,
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
o
v
e
r
ch
a
r
g
in
g
o
f
th
e
b
atter
ies
as
h
ea
t
t
o
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
s
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
av
o
id
o
v
er
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
th
e
E
SP
3
2
MCU
h
as
b
ee
n
s
et
at
a
4
.
1
V
u
p
p
er
lim
it
v
o
lta
g
e
th
at
ca
n
m
itig
ate
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
o
v
er
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
wh
ich
th
e
m
ain
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
l
ler
E
SP
3
2
en
g
ag
es
an
N
-
ch
an
n
el
m
etal
-
o
x
id
e
-
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
(
NM
OS
)
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
wh
en
t
h
e
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e
ex
ce
ed
s
t
h
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
th
r
es
h
o
ld
.
T
h
is
NM
OS
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
er
v
es a
lo
w
r
esis
tan
ce
p
ath
way
,
allo
win
g
s
u
r
p
l
u
s
e
n
er
g
y
to
b
y
p
ass
th
e
f
u
lly
ch
a
r
g
ed
b
atter
y
t
o
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
ass
ig
n
ed
b
leed
in
g
r
esis
to
r
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
will
d
is
s
ip
ate
ex
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
c
h
ar
g
in
g
,
p
r
e
v
en
tin
g
o
v
er
ch
a
r
g
in
g
wh
ils
t
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
v
o
ltag
e
b
elo
w
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
lim
it
in
o
r
d
er
to
av
o
id
b
at
ter
y
s
wellin
g
an
d
d
am
ag
e
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
r
eq
u
ir
es
tr
an
s
f
er
r
in
g
s
u
r
p
l
u
s
en
er
g
y
i
n
to
h
ea
t
a
n
d
th
e
n
al
lo
win
g
it
to
ch
ar
g
e
all
b
atter
ies u
n
if
o
r
m
ly
an
d
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
b
atter
y
l
o
n
g
e
v
ity
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
2
.
3
.
3
.
P
ro
t
ec
t
io
n
T
h
e
B
MS
p
r
o
tectio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
will
en
s
u
r
e
b
atter
y
s
af
ety
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
.
B
atter
y
s
af
ety
co
m
p
r
is
es
co
n
tr
o
lled
cu
r
r
en
t
cu
to
f
f
wh
en
ch
a
r
g
in
g
o
r
d
r
ain
in
g
at
a
s
et
th
r
esh
o
ld
in
wh
ic
h
th
e
two
P
-
ch
an
n
el
m
etal
-
o
x
id
e
-
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
(
PMOS
)
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
wer
e
u
tili
ze
d
as
o
n
e
s
er
v
in
g
as
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
MO
SF
E
T
an
d
o
n
e
f
o
r
c
h
ar
g
in
g
MO
SF
E
T
.
T
h
e
c
h
ar
g
e
MO
SF
E
T
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
a
s
witch
an
d
b
lo
c
k
s
o
f
f
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
wh
en
e
v
er
t
h
e
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e
ex
ce
ed
s
an
al
g
o
r
ith
m
-
s
et
th
r
esh
o
ld
d
u
r
i
n
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
p
r
ev
en
t
s
o
v
er
ch
ar
g
in
g
a
n
d
b
atter
y
f
u
r
th
er
d
am
a
g
e
to
th
e
ce
lls
.
On
ce
th
e
b
atter
y
v
o
lta
g
e
d
r
o
p
s
b
el
o
w
a
p
r
ed
eter
m
in
ed
lo
wer
th
r
esh
o
l
d
d
u
r
in
g
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
MO
SF
E
T
cu
ts
o
f
f
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
to
p
r
ev
en
t
o
v
er
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
p
r
eser
v
e
b
atter
y
life
.
T
h
ese
co
u
p
led
PMOS
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
eliab
le
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
to
th
e
B
MS
wh
ich
u
tili
ze
s
MO
S
FET
s
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
r
elay
g
ate
to
co
n
tr
o
l
b
atter
y
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
an
d
m
ain
tain
s
af
e
b
atter
y
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
E
ac
h
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
m
u
s
t
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ate
in
ter
m
ed
iate
c
u
to
f
f
r
elay
s
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
r
o
m
f
lo
win
g
o
u
t
f
r
o
m
ce
lls
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
a
n
d
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
h
ases
.
B
o
th
o
f
th
e
PMOS
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
in
ter
m
ed
iate
cu
to
f
f
s
witch
es
ar
e
s
tr
ateg
ical
ly
p
lace
d
b
etwe
en
ea
ch
b
atter
y
an
d
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
b
u
s
f
o
r
th
e
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
ter
m
in
als.
T
h
e
cu
to
f
f
ch
a
r
g
in
g
MO
SF
E
T
en
g
a
g
es
wh
en
a
b
atter
y
h
its
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
v
o
ltag
e
th
r
es
h
o
ld
,
s
ig
n
alin
g
a
co
m
p
let
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
b
atter
ies
an
d
th
is
r
elay
s
to
p
s
ch
ar
g
in
g
t
h
e
b
atte
r
y
an
d
k
ee
p
s
ea
ch
ce
ll a
t its
o
p
tim
al
v
o
ltag
e
.
2
.
4
.
P
r
o
po
s
ed
B
M
S
s
chem
a
t
ic
dia
g
ra
m
Fig
u
r
e
3
d
is
p
lay
s
a
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
em
atic
d
iag
r
am
f
o
r
th
e
B
MS
d
esig
n
in
wh
ich
th
e
d
iag
r
am
was
cr
ea
ted
u
s
in
g
E
asy
E
DA
web
-
b
ased
E
DA
to
o
l
s
u
ite.
I
t
is
an
o
n
lin
e
p
latf
o
r
m
th
at
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
d
esig
n
,
s
im
u
latio
n
,
a
n
d
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
PC
B
d
esig
n
s
.
T
h
e
d
iag
r
am
b
elo
w
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
elem
en
ts
an
d
co
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
s
in
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
B
MS,
p
r
esen
tin
g
a
co
n
cise
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
o
v
er
all
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
u
tili
zin
g
E
asy
E
DA
en
ab
les
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
p
r
ec
is
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it
d
ia
g
r
am
,
g
u
a
r
an
teein
g
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
B
MS
d
esig
n
is
b
o
th
o
p
er
atio
n
al
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
B
a
tter
y
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t sys
tem
emp
lo
yin
g
p
a
s
s
ive
co
n
tr
o
l m
eth
o
d
(
Mu
h
a
ma
d
A
q
il Mu
q
r
i
Mu
h
a
ma
d
F
a
h
mi
)
39
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
B
MS
s
ch
em
atic
d
iag
r
am
2
.
5
.
P
r
o
t
o
t
y
pe
dev
elo
pm
ent
o
f
t
he
pro
po
s
ed
B
M
S
des
ig
n
T
esti
n
g
an
d
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
wer
e
d
o
n
e
u
s
in
g
a
b
r
e
ad
b
o
ar
d
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
at
f
ir
s
t
an
d
th
en
th
e
p
r
o
ject
p
r
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ce
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e
d
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
m
o
r
e
d
u
r
a
b
le
an
d
co
m
p
ac
t
v
e
r
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
B
MS
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
a
Ver
o
b
o
ar
d
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
r
ea
d
b
o
ar
d
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
wer
e
ca
r
ef
u
lly
s
o
ld
er
ed
o
n
to
th
e
Ver
o
b
o
ar
d
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
ac
cu
r
at
e
p
lace
m
en
t
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
s
ig
n
al
in
te
r
f
er
en
ce
.
T
h
is
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
a
Ve
r
o
b
o
ar
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
a
p
er
m
an
en
t
s
etu
p
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
a
n
d
lo
n
g
e
v
ity
o
f
th
e
B
MS
s
y
s
tem
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
d
ep
icts
th
e
s
ea
m
less
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
n
t
h
e
Ver
o
b
o
ar
d
b
y
s
o
ld
er
in
g
all
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
t
h
e
B
MS
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
em
atics.
I
n
T
ab
le
2
d
escr
ip
tio
n
f
o
r
,
th
e
lis
t
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
u
s
ed
h
as
b
ee
n
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
with
th
eir
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
alp
h
ab
ets as illu
s
tr
ated
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Descr
ip
tio
n
f
o
r
Fig
u
r
e
4
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
A
ESP
3
2
B
B
u
c
k
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
C
B
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
D
O
LED
d
i
sp
l
a
y
E
I
N
A
2
1
9
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
e
n
so
r
F
C
u
t
o
f
f
M
O
S
F
ET
G
A
D
S
1
1
1
5
A
D
C
H
D
H
1
1
S
e
n
s
o
r
I
C
e
l
l
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
r
p
o
r
t
i
o
n
J
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
d
i
v
i
d
e
r
K
Li
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
L
C
o
n
n
e
c
t
l
o
a
d
/
c
h
a
r
g
e
r
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Pro
t
o
ty
p
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
B
MS
d
esig
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
5
:
35
-
44
40
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
A
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
test
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
an
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
th
e
b
al
an
cin
g
test
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
test
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
leted
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
B
MS
d
esig
n
.
E
ac
h
test
will
b
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
d
etail,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
,
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
m
ad
e
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
test
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
all
ch
a
r
g
e
MO
SF
E
T
,
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
MO
SF
E
T
h
av
e
b
ee
n
la
b
eled
a
s
C
HA
R
GM
OS
FET
an
d
DI
SC
HARGMO
SF
E
T
r
es
p
ec
tiv
ely
.
3
.
1
.
M
o
nito
ring
t
est
du
ring
cha
rg
ing
Fig
u
r
e
5
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
o
v
er
al
l
r
esu
lts
o
f
b
atter
y
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
p
h
ase.
T
h
is
test
is
d
o
n
e
to
v
alid
ate
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
B
MS
d
e
s
ig
n
was
wo
r
k
in
g
as
in
ten
d
ed
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
was
ch
ar
g
ed
u
s
in
g
an
ex
ter
n
al
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
th
at
s
u
p
p
lies
p
o
wer
to
th
e
b
atter
y
with
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
2
5
0
m
A
o
f
c
u
r
r
en
t
at
1
4
V.
T
h
e
b
atter
ies we
r
e
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
d
f
o
r
a
b
o
u
t t
h
r
ee
an
d
a
h
alf
h
o
u
r
s
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws th
at
all
th
e
m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
B
MS
wer
e
wo
r
k
in
g
f
lawless
l
y
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
o
f
ea
ch
ce
ll’s
v
o
ltag
es,
b
alan
ce
r
co
n
d
itio
n
,
a
n
d
c
h
ar
g
in
g
MO
SF
E
T
co
n
d
itio
n
wer
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
as s
ec
tio
n
b
elo
w.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Pro
tectio
n
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
(
a
)
ce
lls
v
o
ltag
e
d
u
r
in
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
test
an
d
(
b
)
b
ala
n
ce
r
co
n
d
itio
n
d
u
r
in
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
B
a
tter
y
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t sys
tem
emp
lo
yin
g
p
a
s
s
ive
co
n
tr
o
l m
eth
o
d
(
Mu
h
a
ma
d
A
q
il Mu
q
r
i
Mu
h
a
ma
d
F
a
h
mi
)
41
3
.
2
.
B
a
la
ncing
a
nd
pro
t
ec
t
io
n t
est
du
ring
cha
rg
ing
An
a
ly
zi
n
g
f
u
r
t
h
er
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
b
al
a
n
ci
n
g
test
d
u
r
i
n
g
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
ca
n
b
e
v
is
u
ali
ze
d
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
b
at
te
r
y
s
ta
r
t
ed
c
h
a
r
g
in
g
at
a
n
i
n
it
ial
ch
a
r
g
e
o
f
3
.
8
8
V
,
3
.
7
9
V
,
a
n
d
3
.
3
1
V,
r
es
p
ec
ti
v
el
y
,
to
e
ac
h
ce
ll
1
,
2
,
a
n
d
3
.
Af
t
er
s
o
m
e
ti
m
e
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
e
en
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
(
a
)
th
at
C
ell
1
h
as
r
ea
ch
ed
t
h
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
li
m
i
t
o
f
≥
4
.
1
V
at
ti
m
e
4
,
5
7
9
s
,
t
h
u
s
t
r
i
g
g
e
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
co
n
d
iti
o
n
f
o
r
B
a
la
n
c
er
1
t
o
b
e
o
n
t
h
e
H
I
GH
(
ON
)
p
o
s
i
ti
o
n
,
as
c
an
b
e
s
e
en
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
in
d
i
ca
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
r
e
d
a
r
r
o
ws.
T
h
is
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
is
als
o
m
et
wit
h
ea
c
h
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
ll
o
wi
n
g
c
ells
s
u
ch
t
h
a
t
ce
ll
2
r
e
ac
h
es
t
h
e
c
h
a
r
g
e
l
im
i
t
o
f
≥
4
.
1
V
at
tim
e
8
,
8
5
9
s
,
w
h
i
ch
tr
i
g
g
e
r
s
B
al
an
ce
r
2
t
o
b
e
i
n
t
h
e
H
I
GH
(
ON
)
p
o
s
iti
o
n
.
Du
r
i
n
g
t
h
is
ti
m
e
,
all
t
h
e
b
al
an
ce
r
s
w
o
r
k
t
o
b
ala
n
c
e
th
e
b
a
tte
r
y
l
ev
el
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
d
is
s
ip
ati
o
n
o
f
h
e
at
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ce
m
e
n
t
r
esis
to
r
(
b
le
e
d
i
n
g
r
esis
to
r
)
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
B
MS
d
esi
g
n
.
I
t
al
s
o
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
v
en
t
h
at
wh
e
n
ea
ch
r
esis
t
o
r
was
at
t
h
e
HI
GH
(
O
N)
p
o
s
iti
o
n
o
f
th
e
b
ala
n
c
er
,
t
h
e
r
esis
t
o
r
g
en
er
ate
d
h
ea
t t
h
at
c
o
u
ld
b
e
f
elt
b
y
t
o
u
c
h
i
n
g
it
.
T
h
en
,
as
c
an
b
e
s
ee
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
i
n
d
ic
ate
d
b
y
t
h
e
la
b
e
l
C
HARGMOSF
E
T
g
r
a
p
h
a
t
t
h
e
b
o
t
to
m
o
f
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
,
it
s
h
o
ws
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
ec
ti
o
n
w
o
r
k
e
d
as
i
n
t
en
d
ed
.
T
h
e
C
H
AR
GM
OSFE
T
h
as
b
ee
n
tr
i
g
g
e
r
e
d
t
o
a
H
I
GH
(
ON
)
p
o
s
i
tio
n
as
s
o
o
n
as
al
l
t
h
e
b
ala
n
c
er
s
ar
e
als
o
in
HI
GH
(
ON
)
c
o
n
d
iti
o
n
.
T
h
e
n
,
th
e
B
MS
au
t
o
m
at
ic
all
y
cu
ts
o
f
f
t
h
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
l
y
t
o
th
e
b
at
te
r
y
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
n
o
o
v
er
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
o
c
c
u
r
s
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
C
HARGMOSF
E
T
is
a
PMO
S
th
a
t
wil
l
t
u
r
n
o
f
f
wh
en
a
H
I
GH
(
1
)
is
g
i
v
en
to
its
g
at
e
p
i
n
.
F
ig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
als
o
s
h
o
ws
th
a
t
al
l
t
h
e
b
atte
r
y
c
ells
h
av
e
s
t
ab
i
liz
e
d
t
h
ei
r
v
o
lt
ag
e
l
ev
el
a
f
t
e
r
t
h
e
C
H
AR
GM
OSF
E
T
was
t
u
r
n
e
d
ON
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
t
ec
ti
o
n
t
est
f
o
r
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
wa
s
a
s
u
cc
ess
an
d
was
a
b
l
e
to
b
al
an
ce
a
n
d
p
r
o
tec
t t
h
e
b
a
tte
r
i
es
f
r
o
m
o
v
er
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
test
wer
e
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
t
h
is
test
was to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
B
MS
in
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
ea
c
h
o
f
th
e
ce
lls
’
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
an
d
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
o
u
tp
u
ts
a
s
tab
le
f
lo
w
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
th
e
ce
lls
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
with
an
in
itial
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
o
f
4
.
0
0
V
f
o
r
C
ell
1
,
3
.
9
6
V
f
o
r
C
ell
2
,
an
d
3
.
8
6
V
f
o
r
C
ell
3
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
tak
es
ab
o
u
t
h
alf
a
n
h
o
u
r
to
c
o
m
p
lete
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
cy
cle,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
ells
v
o
ltag
e
d
u
r
in
g
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
test
3
.
3
.
P
r
o
t
ec
t
io
n
t
est
du
ring
d
is
cha
rg
ing
L
astl
y
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
an
aly
s
i
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
test
co
n
d
u
c
ted
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
wer
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
i
s
test
was
to
as
s
es
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
B
MS
in
p
r
o
tectin
g
th
e
b
atter
y
ag
ai
n
s
t
p
o
ten
ti
al
h
az
ar
d
s
,
s
u
ch
as
o
v
er
-
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
test
in
v
o
l
v
ed
s
u
b
jectin
g
th
e
b
atter
ies to
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
a
1
0
W
lo
ad
th
at
wo
u
l
d
d
r
ain
th
e
b
atter
ies d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
test
.
As
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
a
)
,
th
e
b
atter
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
is
ch
ar
g
ed
with
a
c
u
r
r
en
t
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
1
,
0
1
3
m
A
an
d
with
th
e
p
o
wer
th
at
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
1
0
,
7
8
0
m
W
o
n
th
e
in
itial
d
is
ch
ar
g
e.
T
h
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
h
ase
to
o
k
ab
o
u
t
1
,
9
4
5
s
ec
o
n
d
s
o
r
3
2
.
3
6
m
in
u
tes,
wh
ich
tr
ig
g
er
e
d
th
e
a
u
to
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
o
f
B
MS.
As
th
e
g
r
ap
h
ab
o
v
e
s
h
o
ws,
b
o
th
cu
r
r
en
t a
n
d
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
d
r
o
p
p
ed
to
ze
r
o
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
5
:
35
-
44
42
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
at,
th
e
au
to
cu
t
-
o
f
f
f
r
o
m
o
v
er
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
ca
n
b
e
s
h
o
wn
in
d
etail
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
DI
SC
HARGMO
SF
E
T
h
as
b
ee
n
tr
ig
g
er
ed
to
tu
r
n
OFF
th
e
o
u
t
g
o
in
g
f
lo
w
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
s
u
p
p
ly
to
th
e
lo
ad
as so
o
n
as t
h
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
an
y
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
ce
lls
r
ea
ch
es b
elo
w
2
.
8
0
V
an
d
as d
ep
icted
in
th
e
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
,
th
e
DI
SC
HARG
MO
SF
E
T
cu
ts
o
f
f
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
ly
wh
en
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
ce
ll
3
r
ea
ch
es
2
.
7
9
8
V
d
u
r
in
g
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
u
s
,
it h
as b
ee
n
p
r
o
v
e
n
th
at
th
e
o
v
er
-
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
was w
o
r
k
i
n
g
as
in
ten
d
ed
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
B
MS
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
o
f
(
a)
cu
r
r
en
t a
n
d
p
o
wer
u
s
ed
d
u
r
in
g
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
a
n
d
(
b
)
ce
ll v
o
ltag
es a
n
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
MO
SF
E
T
d
u
r
in
g
d
i
s
ch
ar
g
in
g
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
r
o
ject
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
B
MS
d
esig
n
ef
f
icien
tly
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
ad
d
r
e
s
s
es
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
b
s
tacle
s
.
T
h
e
B
MS
d
esig
n
r
e
g
u
lates
h
ea
t
f
r
o
m
h
ig
h
er
e
n
er
g
y
ce
lls
in
a
b
att
er
y
p
ac
k
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
d
am
ag
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
p
r
o
m
o
tes
b
atter
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
in
ev
er
y
b
atter
y
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
B
MS
d
esi
g
n
en
h
an
ce
s
b
atter
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
life
s
p
an
b
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ef
f
i
cien
cy
an
d
tr
u
s
two
r
th
in
ess
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
B
a
tter
y
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t sys
tem
emp
lo
yin
g
p
a
s
s
ive
co
n
tr
o
l m
eth
o
d
(
Mu
h
a
ma
d
A
q
il Mu
q
r
i
Mu
h
a
ma
d
F
a
h
mi
)
43
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
h
as
b
ee
n
p
ar
tia
lly
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
Petr
o
n
as
R
esear
ch
SDN
B
HD
u
n
d
er
g
r
a
n
t
n
u
m
b
e
r
SP
P2
2
-
124
-
0
1
2
4
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
M
.
S
a
l
a
d
o
,
R
.
G
o
n
ç
a
l
v
e
s,
C
.
M
.
C
o
s
t
a
,
a
n
d
S
.
La
n
c
e
r
o
s‐
M
é
n
d
e
z
,
“
L
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s,”
i
n
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
S
t
o
ra
g
e
i
n
t
h
e
S
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.
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3
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6
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9
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3
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4
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[
1
5
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.
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,
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.
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,
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.
Li
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S
C
EEC
S
5
7
9
2
1
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
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0
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3
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8
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
5
:
35
-
44
44
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Mu
h
a
m
a
d
Aq
il
Mu
q
r
i
Mu
h
a
m
a
d
Fa
h
m
i
re
c
e
iv
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d
t
h
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b
a
c
h
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lo
r’s
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
u
ter
-
in
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
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e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Isla
m
ic
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
M
a
lay
sia
(IIUM
)
in
2
0
2
3
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
p
u
rs
u
in
g
t
h
e
m
a
ste
r’s
d
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re
e
in
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lec
tro
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ic
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g
in
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rin
g
i
n
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Isla
m
ic
Un
iv
e
rsity
M
a
l
a
y
sia
(IIUM
).
H
e
is
a
stu
d
e
n
t
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
IEE
E,
a
g
ra
d
u
a
te
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
o
f
B
o
a
rd
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rs
M
a
lay
sia
.
His
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
m
icro
g
rid
,
a
n
d
m
a
c
h
in
e
lea
rn
i
n
g
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
a
q
il
m
u
q
ri
.
f@li
v
e
.
i
iu
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
S
iti
H
a
ja
r
Yus
o
ff
re
c
e
iv
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d
th
e
M
.
En
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
(Ho
n
s.)
i
n
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
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g
in
e
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rin
g
a
n
d
t
h
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P
h
.
D.
d
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g
re
e
i
n
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lec
tri
c
a
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g
i
n
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rin
g
fro
m
th
e
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
No
tt
in
g
h
a
m
,
U.K.
,
i
n
2
0
0
9
a
n
d
2
0
1
4
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
I
n
2
0
2
1
,
s
h
e
b
e
c
a
m
e
a
n
a
ss
o
c
iate
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
with
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Isla
m
ic
Un
iv
e
rsity
M
a
la
y
sia
(IIUM
),
G
o
m
b
a
k
.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
Lec
tu
re
r
i
n
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s.
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r
re
s
e
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
i
n
c
lu
d
e
c
o
n
tro
l
li
n
g
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
v
e
rt
e
rs
a
n
d
d
riv
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s,
m
a
tri
x
a
n
d
m
u
lt
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lev
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l
c
o
n
v
e
rters
,
t
h
e
I
o
T,
sm
a
rt
m
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ter,
wire
les
s
p
o
we
r
tran
sf
e
r
fo
r
d
y
n
a
m
ic
c
h
a
rg
i
n
g
i
n
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s
(EVs)
,
a
n
d
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
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m
a
il
:
siti
y
u
s
o
ff@ii
u
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
Te
d
d
y
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u
r
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a
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u
n
a
wa
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th
e
B.
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n
g
.
d
e
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re
e
(
C
u
m
la
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d
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)
in
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lec
tri
c
a
l
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n
g
in
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rin
g
fro
m
t
h
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In
stit
u
t
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
Ba
n
d
u
n
g
(IT
B),
I
n
d
o
n
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sia
,
i
n
1
9
9
8
,
th
e
M
.
E
n
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
fro
m
th
e
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Na
n
y
a
n
g
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ica
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
S
i
n
g
a
p
o
re
,
in
2
0
0
1
a
n
d
th
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
fro
m
t
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S
c
h
o
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f
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e
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tr
ica
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En
g
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rin
g
a
n
d
Tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
Th
e
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Ne
w
S
o
u
th
Wa
les
,
Au
stra
li
a
,
in
2
0
0
7
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
s
p
e
e
c
h
a
n
d
a
u
d
io
p
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
,
b
i
o
m
e
d
ica
l
sig
n
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
a
n
d
i
n
stru
m
e
n
tatio
n
,
ima
g
e
a
n
d
v
i
d
e
o
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
a
n
d
p
a
ra
ll
e
l
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
.
He
wa
s
a
wa
rd
e
d
th
e
Be
st
Re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
Aw
a
rd
fro
m
IIUM
,
in
2
0
1
8
.
He
wa
s
a
Ch
a
irma
n
o
f
t
h
e
IEE
E
In
str
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
a
n
d
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
S
o
c
iety
–
M
a
lay
sia
S
e
c
ti
o
n
(2
0
1
3
,
2
0
1
4
a
n
d
2
0
2
0
),
a
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
(si
n
c
e
2
0
1
9
),
th
e
He
a
d
o
f
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
(fro
m
2
0
1
5
to
2
0
1
6
)
wi
th
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
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lec
tri
c
a
l
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n
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m
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ter
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g
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a
n
d
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a
d
o
f
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r
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ra
m
Ac
c
re
d
it
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ti
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n
d
th
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a
li
t
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ss
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ra
n
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e
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r
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a
c
u
lt
y
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f
En
g
i
n
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e
rin
g
(fr
o
m
2
0
1
7
t
o
2
0
1
8
),
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Isla
m
ic
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
M
a
lay
sia
.
He
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
Ch
a
rtere
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
(IE
T,
U.K.)
a
n
d
P
ro
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
As
so
c
iate
(P
II,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
)
sin
c
e
2
0
1
6
,
a
re
g
istere
d
ASE
AN
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
sin
c
e
2
0
1
8
a
n
d
a
n
ASE
AN
C
h
a
rt
e
re
d
P
ro
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
r
si
n
c
e
2
0
2
0
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
tsg
u
n
a
wa
n
@ii
u
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
S
u
r
iza
Ah
m
a
d
Z
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b
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re
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B.
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n
g
.
d
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re
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in
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tri
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g
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g
fro
m
G
e
o
rg
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h
in
g
to
n
U
n
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y
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t
h
e
M
.
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c
.
d
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g
re
e
i
n
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o
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p
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ter
a
n
d
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rm
a
ti
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e
n
g
in
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rin
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fro
m
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Isla
m
ic
Un
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rsity
M
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lay
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,
i
n
2
0
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3
a
n
d
th
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P
h
.
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d
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re
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fro
m
th
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F
a
c
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lt
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o
f
En
g
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g
,
In
tern
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ti
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n
a
l
Isla
m
ic
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
M
a
lay
sia
.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
n
As
so
c
iate
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
a
t
t
h
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
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rin
g
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Isla
m
ic
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
M
a
lay
sia
.
He
r
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
t
e
re
sts in
c
lu
d
e
fre
e
sp
a
c
e
o
p
ti
c
,
o
p
ti
c
a
l
wire
les
s,
v
isib
le
li
g
h
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
wire
les
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
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n
a
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
.
S
h
e
is
a
m
e
m
b
e
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o
f
th
e
Bo
a
r
d
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
M
a
lay
sia
a
n
d
t
h
e
IE
EE
P
h
o
t
o
n
ic S
o
c
iety
,
M
a
lay
sia
B
ra
n
c
h
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
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m
a
il
:
su
riza
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m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
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Mo
h
d
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h
a
h
r
in
Abu
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n
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ste
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n
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g
a
n
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c
t
o
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g
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g
d
e
g
re
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s
fro
m
T
o
k
a
i
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Ka
n
a
g
a
wa
,
Ja
p
a
n
,
in
2
0
1
2
a
n
d
2
0
1
6
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
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is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
n
As
sista
n
t
P
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
with
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Isl
a
m
ic
Un
iv
e
rsity
M
a
lay
sia
,
G
o
m
b
a
k
.
H
e
is
tea
c
h
in
g
p
r
o
g
ra
m
m
in
g
fo
r
e
n
g
in
e
e
rs
a
n
d
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
e
le
c
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
s
c
o
u
rse
s.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
p
o
we
r
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
n
e
two
rk
re
c
o
n
fig
u
ra
ti
o
n
,
se
rv
ice
re
sto
ra
ti
o
n
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
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n
u
si
n
g
a
m
u
lt
i
-
o
b
jec
ti
v
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s
a
lg
o
ri
t
h
m
,
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lec
tri
c
v
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h
icle
c
h
a
r
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in
g
sta
ti
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n
teg
ra
ti
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in
th
e
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
n
e
two
r
k
s,
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
d
istr
ib
u
ted
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
re
n
e
wa
b
le en
e
rg
y
in
m
icro
g
ri
d
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
sh
a
h
rin
@ii
u
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.